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[Binder]: The Bush Administration Record: President's Copy [3]
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[Binder]: The Bush Administration Record: President's Copy [3]
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Records of the White House Office of the Chief of Staff to the President (George H. W. Bush Administration)
Samuel K. Skinner Files
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Originally Processed With FOIA(s):
FOIA Number:
2012-2320-F
2012-2320-F
FOIA
MARKER
This is not a textual record. This is used as an
administrative marker by the George Bush Presidential
Library Staff.
Record Group/Collection:
George H.W. Bush Presidential Records
Collection/Office of Origin: Chief of Staff, White House Office of
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Skinner, Sam, Files
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OA/ID Number:
29420
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29420-003
Folder Title:
[Binder]: The Bush Administration Record: President's Copy [3]
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O
O
THE BUSH ADMINISTRATION RECORD ON
THE NEW WORLD ORDER
"We stand today at a unique and extraordinary
moment. The crisis in the Persian Gulf, as grave
as it is, also offers a rare opportunity to move
toward a historic period of cooperation. Out of
these troubled times
a new world order can
emerge; a new era -- freer from the threat of
terror, stronger in the pursuit of justice, and
more secure in the quest for peace, an era in
which the nations of the world, East and West,
North and South, can prosper and live in harmony."
-- President George Bush
September 11, 1990
The Bush Administration has been a force for a world order based
on respect for the rule of international law and on international
cooperation in pursuit of shared goals. It was instrumental in
forging a grand coalition to battle tyranny and aggression in the
Persian Gulf. It has provided assistance to emerging democracies
throughout the world, encouraged the growth of free trade, and
has provided a beacon of freedom to those who have suffered the
stifling weight of oppression.
Guiding Principles
Because of the strength of its people, institutions, and vision,
the United States plays a key leadership role in the formation of
the new world order. The new world order is more than just a
slogan; it is a quest for all humanity -- a quest for a world in
which nations settle disputes through cooperation, not
confrontation; where the strong protect the weak; where people
are governed by the rule of law and not the tyranny of despots;
where people are free to choose their own leaders and form of
government; and where they can travel and enjoy the fruits of
their own labor free from oppression.
The Gulf War
The Gulf War was the first example of the emerging new world
order. During this conflict, the Bush Administration worked
tirelessly to forge a unique partnership of nations to confront
Saddam Hussein's threat to the Middle East. This coalition
included new alliances among old antagonists and -- with the
assistance of a strengthened United Nations -- beat back
Hussein's aggression.
2
Democracy
The Bush Administration has encouraged the development of new
democracies where people can build their futures based on the
knowledge that their lives will be governed by their own laws and
not by the whims of despots or oppressive bureaucracies. From
Nicaragua to Argentina, Ethiopia to Ukraine and other republics
of the former USSR, the United States is providing financial,
intellectual, and moral support to those who choose the path of
self-determination and freedom.
International Cooperation
As seen during the Gulf crisis, the United Nations has begun to
fulfill the role with respect to ensuring collective security and
maintaining peace that its founders envisioned over 45 years ago.
In addition, the United Nations has played a major role in
encouraging new dialogues in the Middle East, Africa, Asia and
Europe. It has actively negotiated the release of Western
hostages in Lebanon; stationed troops along contested borders;
chartered nuclear, biological and chemical inspection teams; and
held firm on sanctions against Iraq. Regional organizations have
also played a major role in working for solutions to regional
crises --- the Gulf Cooperation Council in the Gulf War, the
Organization of American States in Haiti, and the European
Community in Yugoslavia.
Open Borders and Open Trade
The Administration has worked tirelessly to dismantle artificial
barriers to trade and travel. The last four years have witnessed
the end of the Cold War, the destruction of the Berlin Wall, the
elimination of travel restrictions in most of Eastern Europe, and
the rebirth of democracy in Eastern Europe. In addition, the
Administration has played a major role in lowering tariffs and
other restrictions on trade.
The Bush Administration has nurtured the vision of a new
partnership of nations based on consultation, cooperation,
collective action, and the rule of law. It is a partnership
whose goals are to encourage democracy, increase prosperity, and
strengthen the peace.
(February 18, 1992)
THE BUSH ADMINISTRATION RECORD ON
SOUTH AFRICA
"[A]partheid must be eliminated. We've worked
with the nations of the world to bring an end to
this system of racial prejudice. Progress has
been slow and often painful. But progress has
definitely been made
I firmly believe
that this progress is irreversible."
-- President George Bush
July 10, 1991
President Bush has long believed that apartheid must end -- and
that the United States must help build a new, democratic, post-
apartheid South Africa. Disputes over policy towards South
Africa have not been disputes over ends but over means -- and the
Bush Administration is confident the means it uses are the most
effective at promoting both democratic change and market-oriented
economics.
Promoting Political Change
At the beginning of the Administration, the President urged the
South African government to unban political parties, release
political prisoners including nationalist leader Nelson Mandela,
and begin a negotiated settlement that would lead to a democratic
South Africa. In an historic reversal of apartheid policy,
President F. W. deKlerk began opening up South Africa's political
system. Mandela was released in February 1990 and a few months
later visited the White House and held talks with President Bush.
Because of the historic changes in South Africa, including the
release of Mandela and other political prisoners and the
abolition of such pillars of apartheid as the Group Areas Act and
the Population Registration Act, the Administration determined in
July 1991 that the five criteria described in the Comprehensive
Anti-Apartheid Act (CAAA) of 1986 had been fulfilled. President
Bush signed an Executive Order terminating the CAAA sanctions.
In doing so, the Administration helped mark the end of the
apartheid era and contributed to South Africa's entry into the
post-apartheid period.
In September 1990, State President F. W. deKlerk made an official
visit to Washington -- the first face-to-face meeting between a
U.S. and South African leader in over 40 years. At that time,
President Bush reiterated his support for a constitutional
democracy in South Africa.
Progress continues on constitutional and political reform. In
December 1991, the Convention for a Democratic South Africa
(CODESA) was launched, and South Africans of all races together
began negotiating a new political structure. The Bush
Administration continues to act as a facilitator and observer to
these historic and difficult political and constitutional
negotiations.
Promoting a Market Economy
The Bush Administration has also emphasized the importance of a
strong, market-oriented economy. In his various meeting with key
South African political figures including State President de
Klerk, President of the African National Congress Nelson Mandela,
and Zulu Chief Mangosuthu Gatsha Buthelezi, President Bush has
focused on the need for a healthy economy led by the private
sector.
Part of our commitment includes assistance that will help prepare
black South Africans to participate fully in the revitalization
of their economy and to help meet the most pressing needs of
black South Africans in the areas of housing and education.
As President Bush remarked in July, "This is a moment in history
which many believed would never be attained." Much remains to be
done, but South Africa is on the road to building a new democracy
for all of its people.
(February 18, 1992)
THE BUSH ADMINISTRATION RECORD ON
THE ENTERPRISE FOR THE AMERICAS INITIATIVE
"[The Enterprise for the Americas Initiative]
is a prescription for greater growth and a
higher standard of living in Latin America
-- and right here at home, new markets for American
products, and more jobs for American workers."
-- President George Bush
June 27, 1990
The Enterprise for the Americas Initiative has supported the
economic revitalization of Latin America and the Caribbean. It
has bolstered the commitment to market-oriented reforms and
investment liberalization by Latin American leaders by producing
tangible results for their developing economies while also
providing new, profitable opportunities for U.S. trade and
investment. As a result:
Net capital inflows to the region more than tripled, from $4
to $14 billion, between 1989 and 1990;
Foreign exchange reserves increased by $13 billion, the
largest increase in a decade;
As one of the fastest growing markets for American products,
U.S. exports to the region grew by 10% in 1990, with growth
forecast at 14% for 1991; and
U.S. direct investment in Latin America rose by more than
15% in each of the last two years.
The three pillars of the Enterprise for the Americas are trade,
investment, and debt reduction. To expand trade, President Bush
proposed that we begin the process of creating a hemisphere-wide
free trade zone; to increase investment, the President proposes
that we adopt measures to create a new flow of capital into the
region; and to further ease the burden of debt, the Administra-
tion has announced a new approach to debt in the region -- with
important benefits for our environment.
Trade
President Bush's proposal to create a free trade zone in the
Americas is a goal now widely accepted throughout the hemisphere.
As a first step, the United States has already successfully
negotiated bilateral trade framework agreements with thirty
countries. We are engaged in intense negotiations with our
Canadian and Mexican colleagues on the North American Free Trade
Agreement. Chile could also be a free trade agreement candidate
based on its open trade and investment regimes and prudent
macroeconomic management.
Our neighbors are responding by reducing trade barriers and
introducing reforms that offer opportunities for American exports
and investment. U.S. exports to the region grew by 10% in 1990
and approximately 14% in 1991, creating more jobs for Americans.
A market of close to five hundred million people is opening up to
American business and the products of American labor.
Investment
The Inter-American Development Bank (IADB) is taking the lead in
a new investment sector lending program aimed at helping Latin
American and Caribbean countries undertake dramatic liberaliza-
tion of their investment regimes. Such loans have already been
negotiated with Chile, Bolivia, Jamaica, and Colombia.
Negotiations are now underway with Argentina, Costa Rica, El
Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Trinidad and Tobago, and Uruguay.
The United States has also proposed an innovative Multilateral
Investment Fund, with a one-time capitalization of approximately
$1.5 billion. The Fund (MIF), to be administered by the IADB,
will provide resources for privatization, strengthening the
productive capacities of the work force, and making capital more
easily available to the smaller entrepreneur. Japan, Spain,
Portugal, and Canada have all expressed their enthusiastic
support, with Japan and the United States each pledging $500
million over five years for capitalization. Major Latin
countries have also stated their intention to join the Fund. The
MIF agreement was signed on February 11, 1992.
Chile, Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Venezuela, and others have
initiated the difficult process of privatization, creating
opportunities for local businesses as well as American companies.
Debt Reduction
The Bush Administration has signed debt agreements under EAI with
Chile, Bolivia, and Jamaica on the basis of their commitment to
economic reform, eliminating a total of $263 million in food
assistance debt. We are seeking further authority and
appropriations from Congress to reduce foreign economic
assistance debt and to sell a limited portion of Eximbank and
Commodity Credit Corporation assets for debt/equity, debt-for-
nature, or debt-for-development swaps.
Protecting the Environment
The Enterprise for the Americas Initiative is not just about
promoting economic growth; it has other tangible benefits for the
people of the hemisphere, particularly by encouraging protection
of the environment.
2
The Bush Administration is negotiating a comprehensive plan with
Mexico to deal with bilateral environmental concerns in the
context of the broad Enterprise for the Americas effort.
Chile, Bolivia, and Jamaica have already signed Environmental
Framework Agreements with the United States, and we expect more
nations to follow. These Agreements enable them to make interest
payments on their reduced debt obligations in local currency to
support grass roots environmental projects. This element of the
EAI has received strong support from the environmental community
and includes their active participation through the new "U.S.
Environment for the Americas Board" to review the local
environmental programs.
The Enterprise for the Americas initiative is helping hemispheric
countries grow and develop as never before; Venezuela, Argentina,
Mexico, and Chile by are all experiencing good rates of growth.
High growth rates produce employment and better living standards,
reducing immigration pressures and the threat of authoritarian
government. For Americans, EAI means greater access to foreign
markets, increased U.S. exports, greater opportunities for
investment abroad, and an increased emphasis on protecting our
common hemispheric environment.
(February 18, 1992)
3
THE BUSH ADMINISTRATION RECORD ON
THE ANDEAN TRADE PREFERENCE INITIATIVE
"This legislation will expand economic alterna-
tives for these countries and help halt the
production, processing, and shipment of illegal
drugs."
-- President George Bush
December 4, 1991
In September 1989, the President approved an Andean Counter-Drug
Initiative that expanded military, economic, law enforcement, and
intelligence cooperation for selected Andean countries for the
purpose of strengthening their counternarcotics efforts. The
Andean Trade Preference Initiative is part of that strategy; its
goal is to reduce the flow of cocaine to the U.S.
At the Cartagena summit in February 1990, President Bush joined
the Andean Presidents in a commitment to fight drug trafficking
through a strategy of mutually reinforcing actions to cut demand
and supply. To the Bush Administration, that commitment includes
supporting the Andean nations, through the Andean Trade Prefer-
ence Act (ATPA), in the development of new export opportunities
to give people an alternative to the cocaine economy.
U.S.-Andean Counternarcotics Cooperation
The Administration recognizes the need to provide help to those
who take economically and politically painful action to fight the
production of illegal drugs. At Cartagena, the Andean Presidents
appealed to President Bush to provide new trade opportunities to
encourage legal sources of employment to displace permanently the
cocaine economy. Last December, the President was able to
fulfill his commitment by signing the ATPA. Modeled after the
Caribbean Basin Initiative (CBI), the ATPA gives Colombia, Peru,
Ecuador, and Bolivia duty-free treatment for almost 6,100
products (two-thirds of all U.S. tariff categories) for a ten-
year period. About $300 million worth of Andean products now
charged duties will become duty-free.
Economic Benefits to the U.S.
Looking at the hemisphere's economy as a whole, as our imports
increase, our neighbors generally grow more prosperous. The CBI
experience and recent trade patterns throughout the hemisphere
show that we can also generally expect to sell more to countries
that sell more to us. The Bush Administration believes that ATPA
will promote economic growth among the Andean countries and that
this growth will translate into larger imports of U.S. goods and
services.
(February 18, 1992)
THE BUSH ADMINISTRATION RECORD ON
CANADA
"We have always enjoyed superb relations with
Canada, and a unified, strong Canada is a great
partner; has been and will continue to be. "
-- President George Bush
April 10, 1990
President Bush has conducted relations with Canada with the goal
of deepening our partnership. In world affairs, trade, and the
environment, the United States and Canada have worked together to
advance the common interests of our two nations.
Canadian Partnership in World Affairs
President Bush and Prime Minister Brian Mulroney have sought to
advance common Western interests globally. Canada took a
dramatic step by contributing military forces to the
international coalition the President built to respond to Iraq's
invasion of Kuwait. Canada was in the forefront among NATO
allies in proposing initiatives aimed at reaching out to the new
democracies in the East -- including the establishment of the
North Atlantic Cooperation Council. Within this hemisphere,
Canada -- which has recently joined the Organization of American
States -- helped support U.S. policies toward Haiti.
Air Quality Agreement
On March 13, 1991, in Ottawa, President Bush and Prime Minister
Mulroney signed the U.S.-Canada Air Quality Accord. This
historic agreement resolved a long-standing environmental concern
between the two countries by establishing an effective bilateral
mechanism to address transboundary air pollution issues. It
recognizes that pollution does not respect national boundaries
and can be reduced to the benefit of both countries through
cooperative action.
The agreement contains specific emission standards for reducing
sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides emissions, the precursors of
acid rain. For sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, the agreement
commits the United States to implement the requirements of the
Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, which were signed into law by
President Bush on November 15, 1990. It also commits Canada to
implement current air quality requirements, and to adopt several
stringent new requirements for controlling pollution.
Bilateral Trade Relations
The U.S.-Canada Free-Trade Agreement (CFTA) established the
world's largest and most comprehensive bilateral free trade area.
The total value of goods and services which flow between the two
countries is approximately $200 billion. The CFTA entered into
force on January 1, 1989, and implementation has proceeded
smoothly over the past three years. Traders and investors on
both sides of the border have moved to take advantage of the many
opportunities opened by the progressive reduction and elimination
of trade and investment barriers.
One of the main features of the CFTA is the accelerated
elimination of tariffs, accomplished at the initiative of the
private sector and with the concurrence of Congress and the
Canadian Government. In May 1990, the first round of tariff
acceleration was concluded, covering over 400 products valued at
almost $6 billion. In September 1991, the second round of
negotiations produced accelerated elimination of tariffs on over
250 products worth $2 billion. The Administration initiated in
late 1991 a third round of this trade liberalizing exercise
widely supported on both sides of the border.
Now, the United States, Canada, and Mexico are engaged in
intensive negotiations to produce a North American Free Trade
Agreement (NAFTA). When completed, this will establish a single
market of 350 million consumers and producers and $6 trillion in
annual output.
(February 18, 1992)
THE BUSH ADMINISTRATION RECORD ON
CENTRAL AMERICA
"I can see a democratic Central America in which
all of the nations of the region live in peace
with each other; where the citizens of the region
are safe from the violence of the state or from
revolutionary guerrillas; where resources now
devoted to military defense could be channeled to
build hospitals, homes, and schools."
-- President George Bush
March 24, 1989
The Bush Administration recognized early that a sustained,
bipartisan policy of democracy, peace, and development for
Central America was a critical national interest. Because of
historic political and economic problems; the isthmus' proximity
to the United States; and the strong human, economic, and
historic ties we have with the region, Central America and the
United States have remained closely linked.
Strengthening Democracy
Elected, civilian presidents hold office in each of the Central
American states, and the principle of consent of the governed is
now firmly established. Political pluralism has expanded.
Privileged institutions such as the military are under increasing
pressure to become more accountable to civilian authority. In
Nicaragua, Sandinistas and supporters of President Chamorro's
coalition actively debate the nation's future. In El Salvador,
President Alfredo Cristiani is opening the way for electoral
reform and more plural legislative representation.
The Bush Administration has actively supported both democratic
processes and expansion of the rule of law. The protection of
basic individual freedoms and human rights are cornerstones for
successful democracy. We have programs in areas as diverse as
the administration of justice, electoral support, and legislative
assistance. Strengthening democracy has also involved attempts
to reduce polarizing violence. The United States has moved to
support the goal of national reconciliation. It has also worked
actively with the United Nations and Organization of American
States peacekeeping and verification activities in the region.
The Quest for Peace
Early on, the Bush Administration recognized opportunities for
helping to end the period of conflict in Central America. The
Administration worked to build support behind the Esquipulas II
Accord of August 7, 1987. In numerous diplomatic and political
fora, the Administration recognized that a binding Central
American commitment to the Esquipulas formula was key to the
success of the peace process.
2
The Nicaraguan people in February 1990 freely elected President
Violeta Chamorro and have built a genuine democracy, the first
for Nicaragua in the 20th century. This event permitted a
negotiated end to the Nicaraguan civil war and the return and
demobilization of the Nicaraguan Resistance. The United States
immediately removed trade sanctions against Nicaragua and rushed
more than $400 million in emergency assistance to the new
Chamorro government.
The Bush Administration has consistently supported the U.N.-
mediated negotiations to end the eleven-year-old war in El
Salvador. The Administration focused on developing all possible
means of support to move the negotiations toward a permanent
settlement and a U.N.-monitored cease fire. This included a
dramatic departure -- U.S.-Soviet cooperation -- in support of
the Salvadoran peace process. The U.S. has committed itself to
working with the Salvadorans, the United Nations, and the
international community to consolidate and guarantee the success
of peace.
Regionally, the Administration has supported political and
security cooperation. A regional policy of cooperation and
integration is beginning to take hold. The Central Americans
inaugurated their Central American Parliament in November 1991.
In July 1990, the Central Americans resumed disarmament and
reduction talks with the goal of a regional agreement that would
reduce burdensome arms expenditures. The Nicaraguan military,
which formerly threatened the regional military balance, has been
reduced to fewer than 20,000 soldiers in 1991.
Functional ties of trade and commerce, as well as shared interest
in developing stronger democratic procedures and institutions,
are knitting the states of the region together from Panama to
Mexico.
Support for Development
The Administration has worked to provide substantial assistance
to the region. Approximately three quarters of a billion dollars
in non-military assistance has flowed annually to Central
America. In the exceptional year of 1990, more than one billion
dollars in aid went to the region. This assistance is used to
address problems ranging from balance of payments problems to
meeting the basic human needs of the region's people. The United
States in 1991 also provided major debt relief to Honduras and
Nicaragua, forgiving most of these countries' official debt
obligations to the United States.
(February 18, 1992)
THE BUSH ADMINISTRATION RECORD ON
MEXICO
"Relations
between the United States of
America and Mexico have never been better. Mexico
has a bold new President, Carlos Salinas. He's
reformed that economy dramatically. And he's
extended the hand of friendship to the United
States of America, and I've been proud on your
behalf to reach out and shake that hand."
-- President George Bush
March 19, 1991
A Special Relationship
President Bush has assigned a high priority to relations with
Mexico. He has met with Mexican President Salinas six times,
most recently at Camp David on December 14, 1991. Cooperation
with Mexico has progressed on a wide range of issues, including
narcotics, trade, the environment, immigration, and border
issues. Eleven U.S. Cabinet members and agency heads met with
their Mexican counterparts in Mexico City in September 1991 to
discuss our bilateral agenda, a unique event that symbolized
recognition of our mutual interdependence.
A Growing Market
During the last four years, as Mexico reduced import barriers and
introduced a wide range of reforms, U.S. exports have more than
doubled, generating over 250,000 additional jobs for American
workers. Mexico is our third largest trading partner. Under the
North American Free Trade Agreement proposed by the Bush
Administration and now under negotiation, we will do even better.
We will continue to benefit from Mexico's growth -- exports and
jobs will increase. For every dollar Mexico spends on imports,
70 cents is spent on imports from the United States; for each
dollar of GNP growth, 15 cents is spent on U.S. goods. The Bush
Administration remains committed to completing negotiations on a
Free Trade Agreement as soon as possible.
Counternarcotics Cooperation
Mexican-U.S. cooperation in the war on drugs is becoming
increasingly effective, as President Salinas has declared the war
on drug trafficking a national priority. More arrests are being
made and more crops eradicated. Nearly fifty tons of cocaine,
mostly destined for the United States, was seized in Mexico
during 1990. A binational Mixed Permanent Commission has been
established to coordinate policies and enforcement activities
with Mexico. A Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty came into force in
May 1991. This treaty is a valuable law enforcement agreement
aimed at the mutual goal of fighting criminals whose illegal
activities, including narcotics activities, transcend national
boundaries.
2
Environmental Cooperation
President Bush and President Salinas agreed in Monterrey, Mexico
in November 1990 that the environmental agencies of the two
countries would prepare an integrated plan for the border area,
expected to be completed by the end of 1992. Both governments
are committed to environmental progress, with wastewater
treatment, hazardous waste disposal, and air pollution receiving
priority. The goal of this initiative is simple: to protect
human health and the environment along the border
comprehensively.
The Bald and Aztec Eagles
The ties between Mexico and the United States grow stronger every
day. Most important, of course, are the close and friendly ties
between our peoples -- families, tourism, and commerce. The
Bush Administration, for its part, has worked hard to advance our
relationship with Mexico, and those achievements will benefit the
American people in many practical ways -- more jobs, a cleaner
environment, and reducing the inflow of narcotics over our common
border.
(February 18, 1992)
THE BUSH ADMINISTRATION RECORD ON
NICARAGUA
"On this day, Nicaraguans can celebrate their
nationhood with the knowledge that they are truly
independent and truly free."
-- President George Bush
Nicaraguan Independence Day
September 15, 1991
The Establishment of Democracy
In Nicaragua, the Bush Administration took a chance on democracy.
The results have been impressive. Where Nicaragua was run by a
totalitarian regime, it now has a pluralistic, vibrant democracy
under the leadership of President Violeta Chamorro. To achieve
this, the Bush Administration worked with a range of diverse
political forces in Nicaragua, including the hostile Sandinistas
who had ruled Nicaragua for a decade, to establish a dialogue and
encourage democratic processes. In early 1989, the Sandinistas
agreed to elections, and over the next year the Administration
worked to ensure the elections would be free and fair.
Recognizing the unequal contest between the Sandinistas and
democratic forces, the Bush Administration received Congressional
permission to provide overt assistance to the Nicaraguan
opposition and to the electoral process itself. The
Administration pushed for the elections to take place under the
scrutiny of international observers. The resulting elections
were a genuine expression of the will of the majority.
From War to Peace
The Administration actively encouraged the demobilization of the
Nicaraguan Resistance and its reintegration into civilian life
and has vigorously sought foreign governments' contributions to
the demobilization and reintegration effort. The Administration
has encouraged Nicaragua to reduce its army, once one of the
largest and best-equipped in the region, by 75%.
Towards Economic Recovery
The Bush Administration's economic assistance has been a major
factor in the success of President Chamorro's efforts to break
the back of the hyperinflation inherited from ten years of
Sandinista rule and to breathe life into an economy that had been
reduced to shambles. Inflation, which reached an annual rate of
13,500% in 1990, has been reduced to essentially 1% per month
since May 1991. The budget deficit has been eliminated, private
banks have opened, 350 state enterprises are to be privatized,
and the trade regime has been liberalized.
(February 18, 1992)
THE BUSH ADMINISTRATION RECORD ON
ASEAN
"Organizations such as ASEAN, which promote
security, more open political systems, and open
markets, form the building blocks for what I've
called the new world order."
-- President George Bush
January 4, 1992
"Our relations with the countries of the
Association of Southeast Asian Nations are at the
core of our engagement in this dynamic subregion."
-- Secretary James A. Baker III
Foreign Affairs, Winter 1991/92
ASEAN, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, was founded in
1967 to strengthen regional cohesion and self-reliance. The
original five members -- Thailand, the Philippines, Singapore,
Malaysia, and Indonesia -- have since added Brunei. The six
maintain cooperative formal relations with a number of "Dialogue
Partners" including the United States. All meet together
annually at the ASEAN Ministerial Meeting. ASEAN encompasses a
population of almost 340 million people and is America's fifth
largest trading partner, rivaling U.S. commerce with Germany.
The United States is ASEAN's largest export market.
Economic Cooperation with ASEAN
Dynamic growth and trade mark ASEAN economies. The subregion is
the fifth largest U.S. trading partner, and the U.S. is ASEAN's
largest market. Increasing deregulation and shifts in economic
policies are opening ASEAN markets to U.S. trade and investment.
The U.S. has contributed significantly to ASEAN nations'
development through the security shield afforded by the U.S.
military presence in the region and through imaginative foreign
assistance programs which have helped nations like Indonesia and
the Philippines deregulate their economies, expand stock markets,
or begin to modernize their commercial law.
The Bush Administration has continued these successful U.S.
policies. In December 1990, the United States and ASEAN formally
created a Trade and Investment Cooperation Committee which
provides a structure for discussions on trade, investment and
technology transfer. USTR has worked particularly closely with
ASEAN governments to ensure protection of intellectual property.
2
In Singapore on January 4, 1992, the President announced a U.S.-
Asia Environmental Partnership to address the range of vital
environmental issues. ASEAN states figure as key partners in
this effort to link academic, government, and private business
talent, energy, and skills to address a basic issue confronting
the nations of Asia. The partnership should lead to a
significant increase in U.S. exports to the region.
ASEAN is also at the core of the concept of Asia-Pacific Economic
Cooperation (APEC), which the Bush Administration has strongly
supported. APEC provides scope for U.S.-ASEAN cooperation in the
larger Pacific Rim region. The United States strongly supports
APEC, believing it will further stimulate growth and trade.
Political and Security Issues
ASEAN is the key factor in regional stability. Two of ASEAN's
members, the Philippines and Thailand, have bilateral defense
treaties with the United States. The United States has worked
closely with ASEAN leaders on regional issues such as promoting a
peaceful settlement in Cambodia Their leaders have discussed
vital issues of regional stability, such as the situation in
Cambodia at the annual Ministerial Meeting and in relevant
international fora.
The reduce worldwide threat resulting from the demise of
communism has prompted changes in the U.S. military presence in
all of Asia. U.S. air and naval forces are leaving long-standing
bases in the Philippines. ASEAN states are working with the
United States to continue the American role as regional
stabilizer and balancer as the strategic threat diminishes.
Access agreements to facilities such as Singapore exemplify the
nature of the future U.S. security presence in the region.
(February 18, 1992)
THE BUSH ADMINISTRATION RECORD ON
CAMBODIA
"Just a few weeks ago American diplomats arrived
in Phnom Penh for the first time in 16 years.
[T]he Cambodian Peace Accord
offers
the very real hope of national reconciliation to
the long-suffering people of Cambodia."
-- President George Bush
January 4, 1992
Since 1979, when Vietnamese forces invaded Cambodia and chased
the brutal, murderous Khmer Rouge leadership of Cambodia into the
border regions, the United States has closely coordinated efforts
with Thailand, the treaty ally most immediately threatened and
other members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations to
bring about a political settlement. Our object was to craft a
just and durable peace, a settlement which would enable the
Cambodian people to voice their will in free and fair elections
and, at the same time, to limit the armed threat posed by the
Khmer Rouge, a threat the Vietnamese had been unable to destroy.
The Bush Administration has finally achieved success in this
effort to begin the process of restoring peace to Cambodia. The
agreements signed in Paris on October 23, 1991, represented the
culmination of a long and intense U.S. effort, focused on working
through the five Permanent Members of the U.N. Security Council.
The UN Role
The United States supports the strong UN role envisioned in the
Paris agreements. Since late December 1991, the U.N. Advanced
Mission in Cambodia has been deployed in an observer role. UN
Secretary-General Boutros Ghali has named his Special
Representative for Cambodia; earlier a Force Commander was
designated to take charge of peacekeeping elements of the U.N.
Transitional Authority for Cambodia (UNTAC). The UN will
appropriate operating funds for UNTAC in February to begin the
largest and most expensive peacekeeping and political operation
the world body has ever undertaken. Such a strong UN role and
the virtually unprecedented cooperation among the Permanent Five
members of the Security Council is a fruit of President Bush's
strong support for the UN and his efforts to increase its
effectiveness. American financial and political and moral
support for that effort is indispensable to ensure that peace
comes to Cambodia and that we can move into a new era with the
nations of Indochina.
(February 18, 1992)
THE BUSH ADMINISTRATION RECORD ON
CHINA
"The demonstrators in Tiananmen Square were
advocating basic human rights, including the
freedom of expression, freedom of the press,
freedom of association
Throughout
the world we stand with those who seek
greater freedom and democracy."
-- President George Bush
June 5, 1989
The Bush Administration has advanced our interests and ideals in
China: broader democratization and respect for human rights,
restraint in weapons exports, and free and fair trade. Since the
President's February 1989 visit to China, the world has changed
irrevocably. During this dynamic period, our policy of
engagement has allowed us to keep faith with the Chinese people,
elicit essential cooperation in the UN Security Council and other
global and regional fora, and advance American economic interests
in China and the Asia/Pacific region.
After Tiananmen Square: Sanctions Remain in Place
The Administration's relations with China began positively in
February 1989 with a Presidential working visit that set the
stage for mutually beneficial relations with the People's
Republic. However, the Chinese decision to brutally suppress
popular and peaceful demonstrations on June 4, 1989, resulted in
an immediate suspension of normal relations between our two
countries that continues to this day.
The Administration and Congress agree that we cannot resume fully
normal ties with the PRC until our concerns are favorably
addressed. Through Administration and Congressional action, key
elements of our bilateral ties remain suspended. Some sanctions
have been lifted, others imposed -- all in an effort to coax the
Chinese to be more responsive to our concerns. We continue to
engage the Chinese to press for progress on our human rights,
nonproliferation, and trade agendas.
Most-Favored Nation Status: The Case for Engagement
The Administration's support for continued Most-Favored Nation
(MFN) status for China since 1989 has generated controversy.
Some critics have sought to censure China by revoking MFN. They
advocate cutting our ties and isolating the PRC. Yet rather than
a blunt signal of disapprobation, MFN status is in fact a means
2
to promote the expansion of market-oriented reform in China and
sustain Hong Kong and Taiwan investment in China's economic
reform program. More than two million Chinese are proving that
privatization can work in South China -- and MFN is their
lifeline to free trade. In 1990, U.S. exports to China totalled
$4.8 billion: that translates into tens of thousands of jobs
sustained in the U.S.
Isolation Serves No One
We have benefitted from China's participation in international
efforts ranging for the Gulf War to the Middle East Arms Control
talks initiated by the President to the realization of genuine
hope for peace in Cambodia. The Administration's policy of
engagement with China helps to sustain our ability to elicit
Chinese contributions to global peace and security. Rising
tension in the Korean peninsula illustrates the continuing need
for dialogue with China to foster cooperation in areas of mutual
interest. Dialogue with China in these areas is especially
important in the United Nations Security Council.
Secretary Baker's November Visit: A Milestone
The President's decision to send the Secretary of State to China
paid dividends. The Chinese committed to formalize their
accession to the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty no later than
March 1992 and declared their intention to adhere to Missile
Technology Control Regime guidelines (in exchange for removal of
proliferation sanctions designed to produce precisely such
adherence). The Secretary made our case for substantial
improvement in human rights face-to-face with China's senior
leaders.
Trade issues remain a high priority. We have been engaged in
Section 301 trade investigations of China's inadequate protection
of intellectual property rights and market access barriers.
Negotiations on China's intellectual property rights practices
were successfully concluded on January 17, 1992, resolving that
investigation. While China's intellectual property rights regime
will remain flawed until the Memorandum of Understanding signed
on that day is implemented, China has committed itself to
improving protection for U.S. intellectual property, providing
strong protection for U.S. inventions and trade secrets and
copyrighted works such as computer software and sound recordings.
Much hard bargaining remains on market access; we are encouraging
China to undertake trade reforms that will improve our commercial
ties as well as advance China's application to join the GATT.
3
The Future
It has now been two and one-half years since the Tiananmen
tragedy. The Administration has repeatedly demonstrated a
commitment to improved US-China ties and to the well-being of the
Chinese people. We are looking to China to continue to address
the problems in our relationship in a sustained manner that will
benefit the American and Chinese people.
(February 18, 1992)
THE BUSH ADMINISTRATION RECORD ON
JAPAN
"The United States and Japan today stand on the
threshold of a new era in cooperation, in which
our nations seek to build a new world of freedom
and democracy. The task before us is daunting --
one which will require vision and courage. But it
is one from which we cannot shrink."
-- President George Bush
January 9, 1992
The Bush Administration has improved job-creating trade relations
with Japan and made important strides toward free, fair, and open
trade between the two economic powers. In the past four years,
exports to Japan have increased 30% while imports from Japan have
increased only 3%.
In January 1992, President Bush and Prime Minister Miyazawa
issued the Tokyo Declaration, which outlines the broad strategic,
political, and economic relationship between the U.S. and Japan.
Together with the U.S.-Japan Treaty of Mutual Assistance and
Security, this pronouncement of Global Partnership between the
U.S. and Japan represents the substance and vision in the
Administration's promotion of peace, stability, and free and open
trade, not just in Japan, but throughout the world.
Economics and Trade
The President is committed to strengthening U.S. trade with
Japan. He has worked successfully with the Japanese Government
to open new markets for American goods and services and eliminate
barriers to our trade. The Administration's policies have
contributed to a sharp decline in the bilateral trade deficit,
achieved by expanding U.S. exports and jobs, not protectionism or
managed trade.
As part of its market-opening strategy, the Bush Administration
has aggressively challenged unfair trade practices. We have used
Section 301 and other provisions of U.S. trade law to negotiate
agreements to eliminate Japan's barriers to U.S. semiconductors,
amorphous metals, telecommunications, satellites, supercomputers,
construction services, and forest products.
1
President Bush and former Prime Minister Uno launched the
Structural Impediments Initiative (SII) in July 1989. This
initiative represents a unique and extensive endeavor between the
U.S. and Japan to integrate our economies by solving structural
problems that stand as impediments to trade and balance of
payments adjustment. One early result has been to open the
Japanese retail distribution system to large scale American
marketers. The SII process was reconfirmed during the
President's trip to Japan in January; the President opened a
branch of an American chain store to symbolize the opening of the
Japanese retail market under SII in his Administration.
The trade deficit with Japan has dropped 30% since 1987, and
exports have increased, adding $20 billion in exports and
thousands of American jobs. Our exports to Japan in sectors
where we have trade agreements have increased at an even faster
pace than U.S. exports to Japan overall. Exports in U.S.
manufactured goods to Japan now account for about 64% of U.S.
exports to Japan, up from 55% in 1985. From 1987 to 1990, U.S.
beef exports to Japan doubled, from $558 million to over $1
billion. U.S. citrus exports also rose, including orange juice
exports which rose six-fold from $2.7 million to $18.5 million.
Since 1988, U.S. merchandise exports to Japan have risen by an
astounding 30% to $49 billion. U.S. merchandise exports to Japan
have grown 50% faster than U.S. exports to the rest of the world.
American exports to Japan in 1990 were greater than our exports
to West Germany, France, and Italy combined.
In specific sectors:
Telecommunications exports are up 180% since 1988, to about
$735 million in 1991.
Semiconductor exports rose from $920 million in 1986 to
nearly $2.4 billion in 1990.
Since the June 1990 satellite agreement was signed, one $600
million contract has been awarded; a U.S. firm won.
U.S. firms have won three out of eight contracts since the
June 1990 supercomputer agreement was signed. Prior to the
agreement, U.S. supercomputers were chosen in only two out
of 43 awards.
U.S. industry expects the June 1990 wood products agreement
to increase U.S. exports of plywood and other processed wood
products by over $1 billion annually.
The President's recent trip to Japan substantially improved our
access to Japan's $65 billion paper market, the $4 billion flat
glass market, and improved our access to Japan's automobile and
auto parts markets as well.
2
We remain concerned about Japanese impediments to market access
and continue to work vigorously to remove these impediments
through both bilateral and multilateral talks.
During the President's January 1992 visit to Japan, he agreed on
a package of unprecedented measures that will significantly
improve access of American products in Japan:
Private Japanese companies have pledged significantly
increased trade and opportunities for U.S. businesses. For
auto exports alone, the Japanese have announced their
intention to more than double their imports of U.S.-made
auto parts from $9 billion to $19 billion by 1994.
The Japanese government committed itself to a growth package
which we sought in order to increase domestic demand. In
concert with us, the Japanese government moved to lower
interest rates, which could help stimulate global growth.
New agreements will provide billions of dollars in market
opportunities for American exporters of paper goods, glass,
and computers.
The President and Prime Minister Miyazawa agreed to expand
the Structural Impediments Initiative by adding new
commitments that will improve the business environment and
help the Administration continue its progress toward free
and fair trade with Japan.
Political/Security Cooperation
In 1991 we concluded a new host nation support agreement which
will bring an estimated $1.7 billion in total new Japanese
contributions to the support of U.S. forces in Japan between now
and 1995. In addition, we reached agreement providing for co-
development of the next generation Japanese fighter support
aircraft (FSX), to be funded entirely by the Japanese Government.
The agreement guarantees at least a 40% workshare for U.S.
companies and provides for the transfer of all technology derived
from U.S. technology applied in the project to the U.S. without
charge. Moreover, Japan has agreed to continuation of a
substantial ($500 million per year) Facilities Improvement
Program (FIP) which provides new and modern facilities and
buildings to U.S. forces forward deployed in Japan.
Japan provided a substantial contribution ($11 billion) to the
multinational effort in the Gulf War, as well as an additional $2
billion in direct assistance to the states in the region most
adversely affected by the crisis. The U.S. received about $10
billion of Japan's $11 billion contribution in cash payments and
in-kind support, including the purchase of U.S. equipment and
transportation services.
3
Under this Administration, the United States has enjoyed
unprecedented cooperation with the Japan in international affairs
and formally launched a global partnership that will be a major
force for peace, stability, and prosperity in the world:
With American leadership, Japan has begun to participate
more directly in key regional initiatives. Japan dispatched
four minesweepers to international mine-clearing operation
in Persian Gulf and sent an international disaster relief
team with helicopters to Bangladesh.
Japan has agreed to link aid allocations to progress on arms
control, democratization, market-oriented reform, and human
rights, forming new opportunities for cooperation by the
U.S. and Japan.
President Bush believes that the world's two leading economic
powers should work together, not apart. This will provide
significant benefits for Americans. Our economic and trade
relations with Japan are improving. While the Administration
remains concerned about access to the Japanese market, we cannot
let trade disputes of themselves harm the alliance and
cooperation our nations share in so many fields of human
endeavor.
(February 18, 1992)
4
THE BUSH ADMINISTRATION RECORD ON
KOREA
"[A]s the world itself stands on the threshold of
a new era, so too we now enter a new era in U.S.-
Korean relations. What began in the heat of war
as a military alliance has grown into a broader
relationship, a partnership anchored in shared
economic interests and common political ideals."
-- President George Bush
January 6, 1992
President Bush's September 1991 announcement of a reduction in
U.S. nuclear forces lent momentum to the rapid pace of positive
developments in the dialogue between North and South Korea that
offers hope of permanent peace on the peninsula.
Improving Market Access
U.S. efforts to open Korea's markets have yielded concrete
results. Korea is now our seventh largest export market. U.S.
exports are projected to be 33% above their 1988 level, and our
bilateral trade deficit, which peaked at $11.4 billion in 1988,
has dwindled to nearly zero.
We have made substantial progress in removing trade barriers in
Korea. In 1989, we reached agreement on a tariff reduction plan
that will bring Korean tariffs down to OECD levels by 1994. We
also elicited Korean agreement to simplify import and direct
investment procedures. At our prompting, Korea has begun
negotiations to permit foreign companies access to government
procurement contracts and has recently begun to liberalize its
financial markets, though much more remains to be done.
We have expanded agricultural trade: exports have grown from
$2.5 billion in 1987 to $3.2 billion in 1990. Korea is now our
third largest agricultural export market after Japan and Canada.
Moreover, agreements in 1991 greatly expanded market access for
U.S. firms in the service sector, including telecommunications,
civil aviation, and trucking. Korea has also eased restrictions
on its distribution market and on travel services.
International Initiatives and Cooperation
We helped President Roh achieve the long-sought objective of
becoming a member of the UN in 1991. In addition, Korea was one
of the first countries to offer assistance in the Gulf conflict.
1
Seoul donated $500 million to U.S., coalition, and frontline
states and dispatched a medical team to the conflict.
Direct Talks between North and South Korea
With the support and encouragement of the Bush Administration,
North/South talks have gained significant momentum. To
contribute toward common U.S. and South Korean policy objectives,
we concurred in the South's decision to suspend Team Spirit joint
military exercises in 1992. The U.S. has supported South Korea's
lead in dealing with the North, resisting North Korea's attempt
to negotiate with the U.S. directly and thereby undermine the
legitimacy of the South Korean government.
North Korea's recent actions offer indications of great promise,
but we have learned from experience also to exercise great
caution. Administration officials met with North Korean Party
Secretary for International Affairs Kim Young Sun in New York in
January 1992 to explore the prospects for improved bilateral ties
if Pyongyang follows through on its commitments in the North-
South dialogue, specifically compliance with International Atomic
Energy Agency and bilateral inspection regimes.
Democratization
The Administration has strongly promoted continued democratiza-
tion in Korea. With U.S. encouragement, President Roh Tae Woo
has overseen a steady strengthening and expansion of Korea's
democratic institutions, including a solid commitment to civilian
rule; a National Assembly with active opposition parties; greater
local autonomy; improved human rights; increased independence of
the judiciary; and growth of a vigorous free press.
Evolving Security Relationship
The U.S. commitment to the defense of the Republic of Korea
remains unwavering; at the same time, our security alliance is
evolving to meet the new opportunities of the increased economic
strength of the South, the collapse of imperialistic communism
and the subsequent modification of America's defense priorities.
At our initiative, Korea has agreed that it should take
increasingly greater command and financial responsibilities for
its defense. Last year, Korea committed to fund one third of the
local costs of U.S. deployments in Korea by 1995. The U.S. force
structure in Korea will be adjusted to keep pace with the
changing situation in consonance with the actual security threat
as assessed by U.S. and Korean leaders.
(February 18, 1992)
2
THE BUSH ADMINISTRATION RECORD ON
THE PHILIPPINES
"The end to the Cold War gives the United States
an opportunity to restructure its military.
Having said that, I want to assure you and all of
our many friends in this part of the world, that
the closing of bases in the Philippines will not
spell an end to American engagement."
-- President George Bush
January 4, 1992
"[0]ur overriding concern is to sustain good
relations with a democratic and economically
resurgent Philippines. And second, regardless of
the future of our military presence at Subic Bay,
our security engagement in Southeast Asia will
remain undiminished, even if realized through
other arrangements."
-- Secretary of State James Baker
Foreign Affairs, Winter 91/92
The relationship between the U.S. and the Philippines is
changing. Two developments underlie the change and promise a
new, mature association between us:
First, the democratic election of Corazon Aquino prefigured an
Asian-wide movement toward pluralism. The U.S. assisted at the
birth of this movement and helped Filipinos protect it at vital
stages over the past few years, as seen when the President
authorized the use of U.S. military aircraft on behalf of the
elected authorities threatened by a coup and by our sparking a
multi-billion dollar Multilateral Assistance Initiative (MAI) to
promote sustained economic growth and improved living conditions.
Second, the end of the Cold War lessened the strategic logic for
U.S. military bases in the Philippines. That reality, natural
disaster, and elements of Philippine nationalism combined to
bring about an end to more than 90 years of U.S. military
presence at bases there. At the Philippine Government's request,
U.S. naval forces will leave Subic Bay by the end of 1992.
Economic Relations
The U.S. has an important stake in the Philippines and is working
to help Filipinos bring about democracy and a responsive economic
system. About 125,000 American citizens, many of Philippine
origin, live there. A total of $1.8 billion of American funds
are invested in the Philippines, and two-way trade was $5.6
billion in 1991. Overall, the Philippines is the sixth largest
recipient of U.S. development and security assistance. The
Administration inspired the July 1989 launch of the MAI. This
multilateral effort involves 26 donor countries, including Japan
and the World Bank, and concretely demonstrates the U.S.
commitment through a $1 billion pledge over a five year period.
Security Relations and the Future
The Philippines has the only communist insurgency active in Asia.
Our security assistance has aided the Philippines to reduce the
size of the insurgency and reclaim much of the countryside.
The factors that ended the 90-year American military presence at
bases in the Philippines risked to undermine and damage U.S.-
Philippine relations at the outset of this new, post-Cold War
era. The Administration moved carefully through the set of
negotiations for a Treaty that would keep a presence there for
the rest of the century. When the Philippine Senate rejected
that Treaty, we accepted President Aquino's offer to talk about a
three-year period of withdrawal. That proved too complex to
effect, and we are now complying with the existing Treaty's
timetable for full withdrawal in one year. Our nations remain in
formal military alliance through the 1952 Mutual Defense Treaty.
Filipino and American leaders are determined to see our relations
evolve and mature in this new era. Our shared commitment to
democracy and U.S. assistance to Philippine efforts to redress
economic problems and to deal with the underlying causes of
insurgency and the threat of armed violence and terrorism
demonstrate that determination.
(February 18, 1992)
2
THE BUSH ADMINISTRATION RECORD ON
POW/MIA and VIETNAM
"We are now normalizing our ties with Laos and have begun to
move with Vietnam along a path marked by implementation of
the Paris accords [on Cambodia], and for the sake of many,
many American families, the satisfactory resolution of our
concerns, our deep concerns about POW and MIAs."
-- President George Bush
January 4, 1992
"The conflict in Indochina has preoccupied this Nation for
years. Finally, we've entered into a period of healing and
constructive cooperation. We will work step by step to
resolve the painful issues left by that war
=
-- November 12, 1991
President Bush is determined to obtain the fullest possible
accounting for our servicemembers who are recorded as Prisoners
of War or Missing in Action from the Vietnam War. Vietnamese
performance on this humanitarian issue will determine the pace
and scope of the process of normalizing relations with Vietnam,
as well Hanoi's implementation of the comprehensive settlement
agreements for Cambodia.
POW/MIA: A Humanitarian Issue
Since 1987, the President's Special Emissary to Hanoi for
POW/MIA, former Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General
John Vessey, has visited Hanoi regularly to seek agreement to
courses of action and to assess progress on this issue.
Vietnamese officials at all levels have publicly and privately
committed their nation to helping effect that fullest possible
accounting. Fifteen joint investigations have taken Vietnamese
and American teams to remote areas to excavate crash sites and
interview witnesses. A U.S. Defense Department office opened in
Hanoi on July 8, 1991, to work with Vietnamese authorities to
investigate crash sites and reports of live Americans.
In the Administration's view, there is still much more that
Vietnam can do: give over more remains and grant access to
archives which have details that would resolve the fates of many
of the POW/MIAs. The Administration will continue to press the
Vietnamese government and work with other governments in the
region to obtain the fullest possible accounting of these
servicemen. Their families deserve no less.
2
Normalization of Relations
As the President has said on many occasions, resolution of our
concerns on POW/MIA issues is a precondition to normal relations
with Vietnam. U.S. policy on normalization of relations was
explained to the Vietnamese authorities on April 9, 1991, in a
document known as the "roadmap." It lays out a phased process of
mutual steps which will end with an exchange of ambassadors. The
first official talks on normalization took place in New York on
November 21, 1991. The process was still in Phase I in
February 1992.
(February 18, 1992)
THE BUSH ADMINISTRATION RECORD ON
SOUTH ASIA
"Today marks the start of a new chapter in the
history of Afghanistan. For the first time in
over nine years, Soviet forces no longer occupy
that country. This development marks an
extraordinary triumph of spirit and will by the
Afghan people, and we salute them for it. "
-- President George Bush
February 16, 1989
South Asia receives relatively little notice from most Americans.
Yet it is home to one-fifth of the world's people, to great and
ancient civilizations, and to thriving democracies and economies.
Afghanistan
Soon after the Bush Administration took office, the last Soviet
military forces left Afghanistan. Nearly a decade of U.S.
effort had paid dividends, as Soviet imperialism had been
rebuffed. This successful resistance by a brave Muslim people
working with the help of the United States played a key part in
bringing an end to the Cold War. Afghanistan is no longer a major
irritant in East-West relations. Today, as a result, we can
dedicate our energies not to waging war but to negotiating peace.
The Subcontinent
Progress toward ending the Afghan war, coupled with the end of
the Cold War, has created new opportunities for the more than one
billion people of South Asia and for the United States. The
United States is taking the lead on working to improve relations
between India and Pakistan; a May 1990 mission led by Deputy
National Security Advisor Robert Gates helped alleviate tension,
especially over Kashmir, that threatened to erupt in another
tragic and violent conflict between the region's most populous
and powerful states.
Currently, the United States is fostering new diplomatic efforts
to improve relations between India and Pakistan and tackle the
danger posed by the proliferation of nuclear and other weapons.
The United States is also working to support political and
economic reform. We welcomed the return of democracy to Pakistan
and the emergence of new democratic governments in Nepal and
Bangladesh. Trade with and investment in the region is growing,
paralleling the initiation of market economic reforms.
2
The end of the Cold War also offers an opportunity for continued
improvement in U.S.-India relations. India's recent approval of
several longstanding U.S. proposals for investment in India is
but one fruit of this growing cooperation. The world's two
largest democracies have much to share.
A Humanitarian Effort
In the wake of major floods in the spring of 1991, the United
States in Operation Sea Angel acted to alleviate human suffering
in Bangladesh, saving thousands of lives in the process.
Bangladesh, among the world's poorest nations, was an early
contributor of armed forces to the coalition arrayed against
Saddam Hussein's invasion of Kuwait.
Our goal is a South Asia no longer preoccupied with violence and
conflict but instead able to devote the great energies and
talents of its people to promoting economic growth and political
stability. We believe that the people and countries of the
region, together with the United States, are making progress
toward that goal.
(February 18, 1992)
THE BUSH ADMINISTRATION RECORD ON
EUROPE
A Europe Whole and Free
"For 40 years, the seeds of democracy in Eastern
Europe lay dormant, buried under the frozen tundra
of the Cold War. And for 40 years, the world has
waited for the Cold War to end
But
passion for freedom cannot be denied forever. The
world has waited long enough. The time is right.
Let Europe be whole and free."
-- President George Bush
May 31, 1989
"Just two years ago today, the revolution swept
away that stark and searing symbol of Europe's
division, and that wall came crashing down. But
history allows little time for celebration. With
change comes new challenges
We must help
the nations of the East secure the freedoms they
have won."
-- November 9, 1991
From the first days of the Administration, President Bush
vigorously supported the seeds of reform and democracy starting
to bud first in Eastern and Central Europe and in the former
Soviet Union itself. Like the President's early call for moving
"beyond containment" in U.S.-Soviet relations toward a new era of
cooperation, his vision of a Europe "whole and free" aimed not
merely at improving East-West relations but at bringing an end to
the Cold War and Europe's cruel division.
A Cautious Policy Produces Results
The Administration pursued a carefully calibrated policy of
encouragement for the official "perestroika" efforts in these
countries, vigorous support for the respect of human rights in
the East and the unofficial democracy movements, and pursuit of
an historic cooperation in resolving international problems with
the government of the Soviet Union. As a result, the Administra-
tion successfully promoted the dramatic transformation which has
swept communism from power in practically all of Europe.
2
Help for New Democracies
However, President Bush also recognized that if this vision of an
undivided democratic Europe was to be assured, the struggling
democracies of Central and Eastern Europe needed help -- relief
from debt, access to Western markets, and financial and technical
assistance. The Administration rallied our European partners and
others to undertake a major coordinated assistance program, which
has already proven vital for the stability of these new
democracies.
The Fiscal Year 1993 Budget will request $520 million for
assistance to Central and Eastern Europe. In addition to funds
made available in previous years, this will bring to over $1.7
billion the level of U.S. assistance to these new democracies.
Besides extending Most Favored Nation tariff treatment to
countries which now qualify for it, the Administration granted
preferential access to U.S. markets for Poland, Hungary, and
Czechoslovakia under the Generalized System of Preferences
program.
We and our key allies are mounting another essential assistance
effort to support the democratic and reform forces in the former
Soviet Union. The President has proposed that Congress approve
over $600 million for new technical assistance and humanitarian
efforts. In addition to assistance previously announced, this
will bring to over $5 billion the level of various forms of U.S.
assistance to these people in their time of need.
Today, America is more secure and the peoples of the former
communist bloc are on the pathway to democracy and prosperity.
The task of securing the democratic revolutions of the last three
years is as critical as any we faced during the Cold War, if we
are to usher in a new era of peace, prosperity, and cooperation
in Europe and America.
(February 18, 1992)
THE BUSH ADMINISTRATION RECORD ON
THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY
"I have made clear from the outset of this
Administration my view that a strong, united
Europe is very much in America's interest.
[W]e also expect that the new Europe will assume
new responsibilities for maintaining and
strengthen-ing the world economic system. This
means working with us to bridge our bilateral
differences, to expand an open global trading
system by successfully concluding the Uruguay
Round, and to avoid the dangers of protectionism."
-- President George Bush
December 11, 1991
President Bush has worked tirelessly to build an effective and
cooperative relationship with the European Community and its
member states. This builds upon shared strategic objectives and
promotes America's trade and investment interests.
"EC 92:" The Single Market
During the last four years, the European Community has made
significant progress in its program to create a single European
market by the end of 1992. The Administration is determined to
assure that American companies and investors will not be
discriminated against in this process and will be able to compete
fairly in this expanded and profitable market.
Evolving US-EC Political Cooperation
The Bush Administration has developed procedures for regular
consultations with the European Community on a range of political
and economic issues. There are now semi-annual Presidential
consultations with the EC Presidency as well as regular exchanges
at the ministerial and experts levels. This pattern of close
cooperation has already borne fruit, for example in assuring
close cooperation during the Gulf War.
In Central and Eastern Europe, the Administration has worked
closely with the EC and its member states to support the
transformation of these societies from communism. This same
pattern of close partnership is evident in efforts to aid the
former Soviet Union. In both cases, the European Community is
making major contributions of funds and expertise to assure our
common goal of a Europe whole and free.
2
But the cooperation with the new Europe goes farther; for
instance, the Administration has invited the EC to participate as
a partner in the search for peace in the Middle East.
Support for European Unity
The member states of the European Community have agreed on new
treaties increasing the political and monetary integration of the
Community. The President, like all his predecessors since World
War II, supports European unity out of the strong conviction that
it is good for Europe, good for the Atlantic partnership, and
good for the world. The President has worked closely with the
leaders of our European allies to ensure that Europe's steps
toward unity will strengthen our renewed Atlantic Alliance. A
strengthened EC can be a more effective partner for the United
States in assuring a stable and democratic Europe and a more
peaceful world order.
The World Trading System
The President has consistently made clear that the United States
will defend its economic interests and will work for a free and a
fair international trading system in the context of the Uruguay
Round negotiations. He and his senior advisors have devoted
significant effort to working with the Community and its member
states to solve our differences over such questions as subsidies
for agricultural trade, market access and intellectual property
rights. While progress has been made, significant differences
remain to be resolved before the Uruguay Round can be success-
fully concluded. The Administration will not yield in its
efforts to support American interests and to build a trading
system which promotes prosperity for all on the basis of free and
fair competition.
(February 18, 1992)
THE BUSH ADMINISTRATION RECORD ON
CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE
"Poland is where the Cold War began -- and now the
people of Poland can help bring the division of
Europe to an end
....
In part because of what
you are doing here, the genuine opportunity exists
for all of us to build a Europe which many thought
was destroyed forever in the 1940s. That Europe
-- the Europe of our children -- will be open,
whole, and free."
-- President George Bush
July 10, 1989
Support for democratic change in central and eastern Europe was
at the forefront of President Bush's agenda from the very
beginning -- long before the idea became fashionable. The
President's first major foreign policy address was on eastern
Europe: speaking in Hamtramck, Michigan, in April 1989, at the
time of the historic Roundtable Agreement in Poland, he announced
eight specific steps to provide economic assistance, each
conditioned on real progress toward economic and political
reform.
Economic Assistance
In July 1989, President Bush was the first foreign leader to
address the first freely elected Eastern European parliament in
more than four decades. While in Poland and Hungary, he
announced a further set of U.S. assistance measures, including
the creation of Polish-American and Hungarian-American Enterprise
Funds to support the development of a private sector and market
reforms. Immediately thereafter at the Paris Economic Summit, G-
7 leaders accepted the President's proposal for concerted Western
action in support of democratic change and market reforms in
central and eastern Europe. The result of this initiative -- the
Group of 24 -- has served to pool and channel Western resources,
with more than $36 billion now committed to assist these new
democracies.
As democratic change swept the region, the President called for
further U.S. assistance and appointed Deputy Secretary of State
Lawrence Eagleburger Coordinator for U.S. Assistance to Eastern
Europe. He also established the Citizens Democracy Corps to
serve as a center and clearinghouse for American private
voluntary activities in support of democratic change.
Total U.S. assistance and credits for eastern Europe, including
grants under Treasury, AID, and USDA programs and loans and
guarantees reached $955 million for FY 1990 and $1.123 billion
for FY 1991. The President's budget for FY 1993 proposes $520
million in budget authority for grants.
Promoting Trade and Investment
Recognizing that trade and investment, not Western aid alone,
would be the real engines of economic progress, the President set
a high priority on encouraging U.S. investment, stimulating
trade, and opening American markets to the products of the new
democracies.
In March 1990, he announced the American Business and Trade
Enhancement Initiatives and, at the July 1990 Paris Economic
Summit, encouraged other Western countries to follow the U.S.
lead. In addition to assisting the Central and East European
countries in their unprecedented transitions from command to
market economies, these measures also serve to open important new
markets to American business.
Building a Europe "Whole and Free"
The President also took the initiative in promoting the eventual
full integration of the new democracies into the community of
free nations. At the London Summit in July 1990, NATO endorsed
the President's proposal for establishing new liaison
relationships with these countries, inviting them to accredit
permanent representatives to NATO headquarters in Brussels.
A year later, again at U.S. initiative, NATO established a new
North Atlantic Cooperation Council comprised of NATO and East
European foreign ministers. Similarly, at the November 1990
Paris Summit of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in
Europe, the President gained agreement for new CSCE institutions
and mechanisms to ensure the full incorporation of the new
democracies on central and eastern Europe.
As these new democracies continue their transitions, they have
become not merely recipients of U.S. aid but our close partners
in world affairs. They are strong champions of a continuing
strong U.S. role in Europe, and they were among the first to join
the international coalition against Iraqi aggression in the
Persian Gulf. Indeed, because of Poland's strong help, it was
chosen to be the representative of U.S. interests in Iraq -- our
"protecting power" -- when our Embassy there could no longer
operate.
(February 18, 1992)
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THE BUSH ADMINISTRATION RECORD ON
GERMANY: UNITED IN PEACE AND FREEDOM
"The United States and the Federal Republic
have always been firm friends and allies.
But today we share an added role: partners
in leadership."
-- President George Bush
Mainz, Germany; May 31, 1989
Even before the opening of the Berlin Wall and the collapse of
the East German communist regime, President Bush took the lead in
supporting the process of German unification. American
leadership was decisive in achieving a Germany united in peace
and freedom, the agreed withdrawal of Soviet forces stationed in
the heart of Europe, and the end of Europe's post-war division.
With the end of the Cold War, the United States can now build
with united Germany and its other European partners a wider
transatlantic community of peace, prosperity, and shared values.
The President Takes the Lead
In late October 1989, when several of Germany's neighbors were
expressing reservations about the prospect of a united Germany,
the President publicly expressed his support for German
unification and his confidence in Germany's democracy and
commitment to the Western alliance system. Six weeks later,
addressing a NATO summit meeting in Brussels, he outlined, and
NATO endorsed, a four-point approach for the achievement of
German unification. The Administration's position strongly
affirmed the right of the German people to self-determination.
After 45 years, Germany had the right, if its people so chose, to
live in a single state without limitations on its sovereignty.
Less than one year later, the President's leadership and resolve
helped achieve what few thought possible: a Germany united in
peace and freedom, remaining a full member of NATO and America's
strong partner in the new Europe.
The Diplomacy of Two Plus Four
In February 1990, the Administration gained agreement for
discussions among the two German states and the four wartime
powers -- the U.S., U.K., France, and the U.S.S.R. -- which
continued to exercise rights and responsibilities within Germany
under post-war arrangements. Together with the Federal Republic,
the Administration took the strong position that internal process
of unification was for the two German states to work out; the
2
"Two Plus Four" mechanism should be confined to the external
aspects of unification -- the termination of Four Power rights
and responsibilities and the restoration of full German
sovereignty from the moment of unification.
After a meeting at Camp David in late February, the President and
Chancellor Kohl discussed German unification and announced that a
united Germany would remain a full member of NATO, including its
integrated military structures. In subsequent meetings with
British Prime Minister Thatcher and French President Mitterrand,
the President cemented agreement on the agenda and strategy for
the Two Plus Four talks.
Addressing Soviet Security Concerns
Responding to strong Soviet objections to Germany's remaining in
NATO, the Administration stressed that a united Germany, like any
other state under the UN Charter and the Helsinki Final Act, had
the right to join or leave alliances. In their Washington Summit
meeting in May-June 1990, however, the President assured
President Gorbachev that the United States and its allies were
prepared to address legitimate Soviet security concerns arising
from German unification. In light of these assurances, President
Gorbachev agreed at the end of the Summit that the matter of
alliance membership was for the Germans to decide.
The President's initiatives at the July NATO Summit -- calling
for further conventional and nuclear force reductions and
extending NATO's hand of friendship to former Warsaw Pact
adversaries -- paved the way for ultimate Soviet acceptance of
German unification and of united Germany's remaining a full
member of the Atlantic Alliance. Following a further series of
Two Plus Four negotiations, agreement was reached on the "Treaty
on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany" in September.
Formal unification of the two German states followed in October.
The President signed the Instrument of Ratification of this
Treaty on October 18, 1990.
"Partners in Leadership"
As German Chancellor Kohl has said many times, the achievement of
German unity would not have been possible without the help of the
United States and of the President and Secretary Baker
personally. The President's strong support was crucial not only
to our German friends but also to U.S. interests, which are
served by the advent of a democratic, united, fully sovereign
Germany as a strong partner of the United States, capable of
assuming new responsibilities in Europe and beyond.
3
America's relationship with united Germany has remained strong.
American business has been welcomed into investing in the five
new Federal States of eastern Germany, and our two nations
continue to cooperate on a wide range of bilateral and
multilateral initiatives. Notably, in Operations Desert Shield
and Desert Storm, Germany provided $6.45 billion, including $5.77
billion in cash, in support of the U.S. and coalition effort to
liberate Kuwait and resist Iraqi aggression. Strong cooperation
with Germany, the world's fourth largest economy, is good for two
nations, for the transatlantic partnership, and for the world.
(February 18, 1992)
THE BUSH ADMINISTRATION RECORD ON
RELATIONS WITH THE FORMER USSR
"For over forty years, the United States led the West in the
struggle against Communism and the threat it posed to our
most precious values. This struggle shaped the lives of all
Americans. It forced all nations to live under the specter
of nuclear destruction. That confrontation is now over.
The nuclear threat -- while far from gone -- is receding.
Eastern Europe is free. The Soviet Union itself is no more.
This is a victory for democracy and freedom. It is a
victory for the moral force of our values. Every American
can take pride in this victory."
-- President George Bush
December 25, 1991
The President has led the international community in supporting
the historic shift in the former USSR from communism to a new era
of hope based upon a foundation of democracy and free markets.
The President has welcomed this change and has given active
support to reformers in the new independent states.
The President's policy during the last three years was critical
in transforming U.S.-Soviet relations from an era of Cold War
confrontation to a time of unprecedented engagement and
cooperation in arms control, regional issues, human rights, and
economic development. His personal diplomacy during this period
with President Gorbachev, Russian President Yeltsin, Ukrainian
President Kravchuk and others was critical for the success of
western attempts to support democratic change. Amid the
tremendous upheaval of the last three years, American policy was
firm in its support of those seeking democracy, generous in its
relief to those suffering from privation, and visionary in
pointing the way toward a new and more hopeful future.
Political Change in Europe and Human Rights
The President's leadership and personal diplomacy in
supporting change behind the Iron Curtain was instrumental
in enabling the liberation of Eastern Europe from communism
in 1989 and German unification in NATO in 1990.
Our unstinting 51-year advocacy of Baltic rights and the
President's behind-the-scenes work with Gorbachev and
Yeltsin were critical in securing Baltic independence in
1991 and the liberation of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania
from Soviet rule.
The Administration's firm resolve to defend the rights of
refuseniks and those who wished to emigrate freely led to
the passage of a landmark Soviet law on free emigration in
1991. Soviet emigration practices resulted in the movement
of hundreds of thousands of Soviet Jews, Pentecostals, and
others to the U.S., Israel, and other western countries.
2
Historic Cooperation in Resolving International Problems
The President's constructive engagement with Gorbachev led to a
stunning reversal of U.S.-Soviet rivalry around the world and
produced peaceful settlements of long-standing disputes such as:
Free elections in Nicaragua and the establishment of a
democratic government;
Namibian independence;
A ceasefire in Angola;
A ceasefire and mutual cutoff of arms in Afghanistan;
The Cambodian peace conference
The President's diplomacy also produced unprecedented cooperation
from the USSR in forging the alliance against Saddam Hussein.
Promoting Political Change Within the USSR
The President demonstrated clear U.S. support for democrats
and reformers in their quest to transform the USSR.
The President's leadership and support for President
Gorbachev during the attempted coup in August 1991
galvanized worldwide sentiment against the coup plotters.
Following the attempted coup, the President made efforts to
build new U.S. relations with Russia, Ukraine, Armenia, and
other democratic governments among the republics.
Promoting Economic Change Within the Former USSR
The President led the international effort to help transform the
Soviet economy from command mechanisms to the market economics:
The President called in December 1990 for the IMF and World
Bank to form a Special Association with the USSR. The
Administration has since called for IMF/World Bank
membership for the new states that have arisen from the
ashes of communism.
The Administration supported Soviet participation in the
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and the Organization
for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
The President took other steps to expand U.S. business
opportunities in the former USSR such as passage of the
U.S.-Soviet Trade Agreement, granting of Most Favored Nation
Status, and introduction of Export-Import Bank and Overseas
Private Investment Corporation programs.
3
Humanitarian Assistance
We and our key allies are mounting an essential assistance effort
to support the democratic and reform forces in the former Soviet
Union. The President called for an international coordinating
conference in Washington in January 1992 to ensure an effective
global response to this humanitarian crisis. The President
proposed over $645 million for new technical assistance and
humanitarian efforts. If passed by Congress, in addition to
assistance previously announced, this will bring to over $5
billion the level of various forms of U.S. assistance to these
people in their time of need.
The President acted in December 1990 to begin U.S.
humanitarian food and medical assistance to needy people.
This permitted the Government to provide $3.75 billion in
American grains and other bulk commodities to the former
USSR in 1991.
The U.S. is prepared to provide $265 million to provide food
grant aid to particularly hard-hit regions this winter. The
U.S. military will also make 54 flights to cities in each of
the new states in mid-February, delivering food and medical
supplies to those in need.
The President's emergency medical initiative attracted $25
million in donations of medical supplies from American
citizens and the U.S. private sector.
(February 18, 1992)
THE BUSH ADMINISTRATION RECORD ON
THE GULF CRISIS
"The test we face is great -- and so are the stakes. This
is the first assault on the new world we seek, the first
test of our mettle. Had we not responded to this first
provocation with clarity of purpose; if we do not continue
to demonstrate our determination, it would be a signal to
actual and potential despots around the world. America and
the world must defend common vital interests. And we will."
-- President George Bush
September 11, 1990
With the end of the Cold War, the crisis in the Gulf became the
defining event of the new world order. Aggression could not be
allowed to stand lest the future become one of war and violence.
After great sacrifice and effort, aggression was defeated. It
was a victory for law, for decency, and for American leadership.
The crisis began on August 2, 1990, with Iraq's unprovoked and
premeditated attack on and subsequent occupation of defenseless
Kuwait. At stake were the resources vital to the functioning of
the world and the principles that would govern the next era of
international relations. The world was understandably shaken by
the brazen ruthlessness of Iraq's invasion.
Diplomatic Efforts
From early August until mid-January 1991, the United States and
the world sought to convince Iraq to withdraw without condition
and without further delay from Kuwait. Iraq would not heed the
call of the international community. Iraq ignored a dozen
resolutions of the UN Security Council and the diplomatic
approaches by fellow Arab and Muslim states as well as those by
the Soviet Union and the United States. Indeed, in early
January, Secretary of State Baker travelled to Geneva to meet
with Iraq's Foreign Minister. Eight hours of conversation came
to nought as Iraq once again rejected the will of the world.
2
War in the Gulf
The war, like the diplomacy that preceded it, was carried out
with unprecedented international cooperation forged by American
leadership. Thirty-three countries joined in an international
coalition to achieve the liberation of Kuwait. Fighting came to
an end after six weeks. The pessimists were proved wrong; so too
were those who counselled unlimited patience, as time only would
have provided Saddam with the opportunity to produce nuclear
weapons. The depth of Saddam's ruthlessness was demonstrated by
his missile attacks on Israeli and Saudi Arabian cities and by
"torching" more than 600 Kuwaiti oil wells, an act of
environmental terror.
Post-War Opportunities
The United States has been central in shaping the post-war Gulf
region. We played a leading role in helping to extinguish
Kuwait's fires, and we will continue to do what we can in
assisting Kuwait's physical and political reconstruction. New
security arrangements are being negotiated with key friends. The
President announced on May 29, 1991, a comprehensive initiative
to slow and where possible stop the spread of conventional and
nonconventional weapons.
The coalition that fought and won the war is keeping the pressure
on Iraq to ensure full compliance with all UN resolutions --
particularly those demanding Iraq be denied all weapons of mass
destruction. And the United States will not rest until a new
Iraqi leadership emerges, one prepared to live in peace with its
own people and all the peoples of the region. Firm leadership in
the Gulf Crisis has had broader regional benefits as well; Arab-
Israeli peace talks have begun, and American hostages in Lebanon
have returned home.
(February 18, 1992)
THE BUSH ADMINISTRATION RECORD ON
DEFENSE
"We have entered a new era, one whose outline would
have been unimaginable only three years ago."
-- President George Bush
August 1991
The Bush Administration has made the most dramatic change to our
defense strategy in the last fifty years. Shifting the focus
from the threat of a global war with the Soviet Union and its
allies, our military forces are being restructured to deal with
regional contingencies with a force level 25 percent smaller than
they were in 1990. The new defense strategy emphasizes nuclear
deterrence, forward presence, crisis response capability, and an
ability to reconstitute large forces should that ever be
required.
The Defense Agenda
President Bush announced the new defense strategy on August 2,
1990, the very day Iraq invaded Kuwait. The strategy provided
for capabilities to deal with intensive operations such as
Operation Desert Storm. It was a sound approach before the
events of August 1991 in the Soviet Union and before President
Bush's historic nuclear initiative of September 27, 1991, and it
remains a sound approach now.
Defense Budget
By Fiscal Year 1997, Defense outlays will fall to approximately
3.4 percent of GNP and 16% of Federal spending, the lowest levels
since before World War II. Over 100 separate weapons programs
have been eliminated since March 1989, and efforts are underway
to close over 300 military installations worldwide.
The President's budget for FY 1993 reduces the Department of
Defense's six year FY 1992-1997 defense plan by $63.8 billion in
budget authority and $36.7 billion in outlays compared to the
February 1991 plan. Compared to the February 1991 plan, this
plan reduces $50.4 billion in budget authority and $27.4 billion
in outlays, adjusting for Congressional action, technical
corrections, and inflation reestimates.
2
Smaller Forces
The reduced force levels will be realized by deactivating one-
third of the Army's active divisions, eliminating about 100 Navy
ships, and reducing active Air Force fighter wings by 35%.
Today, there are fewer active troops on duty than before the
Korean War.
Military Operations
The decisive results of Operation Just Cause in Panama and
Operation Desert Storm in the Middle East demonstrated the superb
capabilities inherent in our Armed Forces. Operation Provide
Comfort in Turkey and Operation Sea Angel in Bangladesh showed
how military forces could support humanitarian efforts.
Arms Control and Proliferation
The Administration has made significant progress in arms control,
including conclusion of START and Conventional Forces in Europe
(CFE) agreements. In his State of the Union address, the
President proposed far-reaching reductions in nuclear weapons
that go well below negotiated levels of the START treaty.
Efforts continue for agreements on chemical weapons, expansion of
the membership of the Non-Proliferation Treaty and the Biological
Weapons Convention, and arms control in the Middle East (ACME).
(February 18, 1992)
THE BUSH ADMINISTRATION RECORD ON
THE DEFENSE BUDGET
"These cuts are deep, and you must know my
resolve: This deep, and no deeper. To do less
would be insensible to progress, but to do more
would be ignorant of history."
-- President George Bush
January 28, 1992
The basis for our Nation's defense budget has drastically and
fundamentally changed from the planning of the last 40 years. In
his 1992 State of the Union address, President Bush proposed a
$50 billion reduction in defense spending over the next five
years in addition to reductions already planned. The dramatic
downsizing of the U.S. military will reduce defense outlays to
approximately 3.4 percent of GNP and 16% of total Federal outlay
by Fiscal Year 1997, the lowest levels since before World War II.
Budget Trends
The President's FY 1993 budget provides $267.6 billion in DOD
budget authority and $272.8 billion in outlays. This authority
level is $9.9 billion below the FY 1992 level enacted by
Congress, a decline of 7% in real terms. The outlay level is
$10.4 billion below that enacted for FY 1992.
From FY 1992 through FY 1997, DOD budget authority will decline
in real terms by an average of 4% per year. By FY 1997, the
cumulative real decline in budget authority will be 37% from FY
1985, the peak year, and 29% from FY 1989. Outlays decline in
real terms by 26% from FY 1985 and 30% from FY 1989.
Restructuring
These reductions are being realized by dramatic cuts in force
structure -- fewer people; fewer divisions and airwings; fewer
ships, aircraft, and tanks. Savings also result from cuts in
infrastructure, in the pace and scope of modernization programs,
and through management reform.
By FY 1995, force structure will decline by about 25% from the FY
1990 level. Reductions include ten Army divisions; ten Air Force
tactical fighter wings; and 95 battle force ships, including
three aircraft carriers.
2
Active military personnel is expected to decline by more than
500,000 between FY 1990 and FY 1997, reserve manpower by over
250,000, and civilian end-strength by over 200,000.
Defense Management
A series of consolidation and efficiency initiatives undertaken
by the Bush Administration will produce estimated savings for the
1991-1997 period of $70 billion. Consolidation of maintenance
operations, laboratories, and supply depots are already showing
evidence that these savings are achievable.
Savings from base closings resulting from the 1988 and 1991 Base
Closure Commissions will be more than $2 billion annually when
the Commissions' recommendations are fully implemented.
Burdensharing
Joined by the world's leading nations, the United States
successfully worked to create a coalition in which 33 countries
joined forces to liberate Kuwait. Foreign commitments to the
United States, including commitments of both cash and in-kind
assistance to offset the costs of Operations Desert Shield and
Desert Storm, total $54 billion. The record to date is one of
truly remarkable contribution, cooperation, and achievement.
Over 97% of foreign commitments have been received, and we
expect the remainder in the near future.
The Administration continues to emphasize achieving equitable
defense burdensharing among U.S. allies. Our NATO allies provide
the majority of forces and equipment deployed in Western Europe.
To offset the cost of U.S. forces deployed in Europe, Germany
currently provides real estate and family housing with an annual
value of $900 million. The U.S. military presence in Europe will
decline from the current level of approximately 300,000 to about
150,000 by the mid-1990s.
In Asia, the U.S. and Japan negotiated a new host nation
agreement which by 1995 will result in Japan's assuming more than
75% of the cost of stationing U.S. forces there, compared to
roughly 50% in 1991. The Republic of Korea is increasing its
contribution to host nation support; by 1995, Korea will assume
33% of the cost of stationing U.S. forces there.
3
U.S. allies in Asia have responded positively to Administration
requests for a more equitable sharing of the defense burden. In
early 1991, the U.S. and Japan negotiated a new host nation
agreement, which by 1996 will result in Japan's assuming more
than 50% of the cost of stationing U.S. forces there. The
Republic of Korea is increasing its contribution to host nation
support while maintaining its defense expenditures at roughly 5%
of its GNP.
"We were resolute in the Cold War. And we have gained
greater security for our commitment. We were resolute in
the Persian Gulf War. And we have forestalled what would
have become a much larger danger there. Now, as we reduce
our forces, we must not forget the deterrent value of highly
capable, although smaller forces. We must not ignore the
importance of shaping -- at least in those regions critical
to us -- an environment within which peace and democracy and
prosperity can flourish."
-- Secretary Dick Cheney
January 31, 1992
(February 18, 1992)
THE BUSH ADMINISTRATION RECORD ON
DEFENSE RESTRUCTURING
"The United States would be ill-served by forces
that represent nothing more than a scaled-back or
shrunken-down version of the ones we possess at
present
What we need are not merely
reductions -- but restructuring."
-- President George Bush
August 2, 1990
The Bush Administration is making dramatic changes in the
structure of our Armed Forces. Through planned reductions, our
forces will be reduced to the smallest acceptable level, a "Base
Force" below which further reductions would not be prudent.
Four Basic Force Packages
Strategic Forces will include all three legs -- land, sea, and
air -- of the strategic triad and will continue to meet the
enduring demands of nuclear deterrence and defense. Atlantic
Forces will deal with the threats, primarily ground threats,
characteristic of Europe and Southwest Asia, while Pacific Forces
will be structured for what is essentially a maritime theater.
Contingency Forces will be largely based in the United States and
will consist of selected units of all four military services,
able to respond rapidly to unpredictable crises.
The Base Force
By Fiscal Year 1995, the essential elements of the force will
consist of 18 Army divisions (12 active), 452 combat ships
including 13 aircraft carriers, and 26 tactical fighter wings (15
active). This force is 25 percent smaller than the FY 1990 force
of 28 Army divisions, 547 combat ships including 16 carriers, and
36 Air Force tactical wings. The number of active duty personnel
will decrease by 520,000 -- from 2.1 million to 1.6 million.
Defense Infrastructure and Operations
Overseas bases and sites will be reduced by 14% and domestic
bases by 9% by 1995. Over 100 separate weapons programs have
been eliminated since March 1989. A new investment strategy will
place emphasis on technology demonstration and prototype
development necessary to preserve future military capabilities.
In addition, the high readiness levels achieved in the late 1980s
will continue to be maintained.
2
Adjustment Programs
For communities which will be affected by base closures and other
realignments, the Economic Adjustment Committee coordinates the
efforts of 23 Federal agencies -- five of which were added by
this Administration -- to minimize the economic impact and
provide resources and assistance in converting these facilities
to alternative uses. The Commerce Department's Economic Develop-
ment Administration has $50 million in funding for this effort.
For those civilians whose jobs are eliminated, the Federal
Government offers a full range of transition services, including
priority placement within the Defense Department and referrals to
other Federal agencies and State and local governments as well as
private employers. Individuals also can enroll in job placement
seminars for education and counseling services.
In conjunction with the States, a comprehensive array of
adjustment services are available to displaced workers through
the Job Training Partnership Act's $527 million Economic
Dislocation and Worker Adjustment Assistance (EDWAA) program. In
addition, for displaced workers whose job loss is due to base
closures and reductions in defense spending, EDWAA's $150 million
Defense Conversion Adjustment Program provides retraining, job
placement, and other adjustment services.
As President Bush has said about these communities, "we've got to
rebuild
And Washington can and will help."
(February 18, 1992)
THE BUSH ADMINISTRATION RECORD ON
CONVENTIONAL FORCES
"We are a rich and powerful nation, and the
elements of our power will remain formidable. But
our wealth and our strength are not without
limits. We must balance our commitments with our
means and, above all, we must wisely choose now
which elements of our strength will best serve our
needs in the future. This is the challenge of
strategy."
-- President George Bush
August 1991
The Bush Administration has a proven record in national defense
that has enhanced both the security of the United States and the
prospects for peace and stability around the world. We have seen
the fruits of this policy in the growth of democratic and market-
oriented governments in Central and Eastern Europe and the former
Soviet Union, as well as in the thwarting of Iraq's aggression.
One benefit of this more secure world -- and a goal of the
Administration -- is a reduction in our defense forces consistent
with declining threats.
The Current Force
The Administration has continued the essential policies of
maintaining a strong force, forward-deployed as necessary in
Europe and the Pacific, and forging solid alliances to contain
the threats we have faced since the end of the Second World War.
The combination of strong forces and effective alliances deterred
the Soviet Union, our most formidable adversary.
In 1990, our conventional forces included 28 Army divisions, a
Navy of 16 aircraft carriers and about 547 battle force ships,
and 36 tactical fighter wings in the Air Force. That force met
every challenge it faced. But the disintegration of the Warsaw
Pact and the break-up of the Soviet Union make it possible for us
to reduce our forces and reorient them to the diverse challenges
of the future.
The Future Force
By Fiscal Year 1995, the Army will be reduced by 10 divisions,
and the Navy will have three fewer aircraft carriers and close to
100 fewer ships. The Air Force will be reduced by eliminating
ten tactical fighter wings. This is a 25 percent reduction from
1990 force levels. By 1997, Defense outlays will fall to less
than 3.6% of GNP, the lowest level since before World War II.
These are dramatic savings the American people will reap as a
result of our steadfast defense posture of the 1980s and early
1990s. The future force, while smaller, will retain its
capabilities to perform successfully the missions required of it.
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The Uncertain World of the Next Century
The reductions the Bush Administration will make over the next
five years reflect the success of our policies vis-a-vis the
Soviet Union and other threats to our own and our allies'
interests. But the world is still a volatile place. Prudent
cuts can be made in defense spending; reckless cuts must not be.
There is no doubt that we must maintain the capability to defend
our interests around the world. As Desert Storm so dramatically
demonstrated, maintaining a strong, well-equipped, well-trained,
and professional fighting force is the surest way to guarantee
the protection of our interests and values around the world.
(February 18, 1992)
THE BUSH ADMINISTRATION RECORD ON
STRATEGIC FORCES
"[T]he deterrence issues of a new era are at hand.
Despite the threat posed by the existence of
Soviet nuclear weapons, the likelihood of their
deliberate use by the Soviet state is declining
These developments affect questions of
nuclear targeting, the alert status and opera-
tional procedures of our forces and, ultimately
the type and number of weapons sufficient to
ensure our safety and that of our allies.'
-- President George Bush
August 1991
The Bush Administration has sought to maintain strategic
deterrence and strengthen stability through a combination of arms
control and prudent force modernization. Despite acute economic
and political difficulties in the republics of the former USSR,
nuclear capabilities there remain substantial. Reductions in
nuclear forces, including those mandated by the START Treaty and
those President Bush has proposed will increase our knowledge and
predictability about these forces. These reductions will permit
us to be more selective in our force modernization efforts.
Strategic Modernization
The Administration has maintained a modern, capable, and
effective strategic triad of strategic ballistic missiles,
submarines, and bombers. The Trident submarine program has been
fixed at 18 submarines and its new missile, the D-5, has
successfully begun deployment. Continued development and flight
testing of the B-2 bomber has firmly planted US aerospace
industry in the new era of low-observable technology. The
Minuteman III intercontinental ballistic missile, proven during
years of deployment, will be upgraded.
START Treaty
After nine years of negotiation, President Bush and former
President Gorbachev signed the START Treaty on July 31, 1991.
START reduces the number of weapons deployed on missiles and
bombers by approximately 30 percent and the number of the most
destabilizing heavy ICBM warheads in the former USSR by 50
percent. The Treaty also establishes detailed procedures for
carrying out and verifying further reductions as may be decided
in the future.
September 1991 Nuclear Initiative
In response to the dramatic changes in the then-Soviet Union,
President Bush announced on September 27, 1991 a series of steps
to enhance stability and reduce dramatically the size and nature
of U.S. nuclear deployments worldwide. The President also
invited the Soviets to reciprocate these measures and called on
them to agree to eliminate all ICBMs with multiple warheads. As
a result of favorable response by former President Gorbachev on
tactical weapons, all ground-launched theater nuclear weapons are
to be eliminated, and theater nuclear weapons are to be removed
from ships, submarines, and naval aircraft on both sides.
President Bush also announced the removal of nuclear bombers and
certain ICBMs from alert status, an accelerated destruction of
Minuteman II ICBMs once START is ratified, and the cancellation
of mobile ICBM and nuclear short-range attack missile programs.
The President's January 1992 State of the Union Initiative
In his recent State of the Union address, President Bush
announced major unilateral reductions in U.S. strategic nuclear
modernization programs. The B-2 program will be limited to 20
aircraft, and the program for a new Small ICBM will be canceled.
Production of the W-88 warhead for Trident II (D-5) sea-launched
ballistic missiles will be terminated, and purchases of the
advanced cruise missile beyond those already funded will cease.
The President repeated his call for a ban on all land-based
ballistic missiles with multiple warheads. Should the leaders of
the former USSR respond positively to President Bush's proposal,
deployed strategic nuclear warheads for both sides would be less
than half the number permitted under START. For the U.S., in
addition to eliminating the multiple-warhead Peacekeeper missile,
warheads on the 500 Minuteman III ICBMs would decrease from three
to one, warheads deployed on Trident submarines would be reduced
by about one-third, and a substantial number of strategic bombers
would be oriented primarily toward conventional missions.
(February 18, 1992)
THE BUSH ADMINISTRATION RECORD ON
THE STRATEGIC DEFENSE INITIATIVE
" Even as we work to reduce arsenals and reduce
tensions, we understand the continuing, crucial
role of strategic defenses. They can defend us
against accidental launches -- or attacks from the
many other countries that, regrettably, are
acquiring ballistic missile capabilities. In the
1990s, strategic defense makes much more sense
than ever before."
-- President George Bush
February 7, 1990
The Bush Administration has vigorously pursued the Strategic
Defense Initiative (SDI). Building on the work begun under
President Reagan, SDI has continued to make enormous technical
progress. President Bush has reshaped SDI to keep pace with the
changing world. The result, Global Protection Against Limited
Strikes (GPALS), will be deployed starting in 1996, or as soon as
technologically feasible.
Strong Support for SDI
The President has been strongly supported SDI. Despite his
personal appeals, Congress has consistently cut his budget
requests -- over $3 billion since Fiscal Year 1990. For FY 1993,
the President requested $5.425 billion for SDI activities.
GPALS
The receding Soviet threat, together with the growing threat from
ballistic missile proliferation, led the President in January
1991 to set a new goal for SDI -- Global Protection Against
Limited Strikes. The aim is to protect the United States, our
forces abroad, and our allies against accidental, unauthorized,
or third world ballistic missile strikes.
The need for such a policy was brought home within a matter of
months as Iraqi SCUDs were fired at U.S. and coalition forces in
Saudi Arabia and at Israeli cities. The Patriot defense system
proved that we can shoot down such missiles, but we can do far
better with SDI technologies.
2
Despite limited budgets and restrictive testing procedures, SDI
has pioneered sensor, computer, and rocket propulsion
technologies. If the United States is to achieve the full promise
of SDI, Congress must provide the funding that the Administration
has requested.
(February 18, 1992)
THE BUSH ADMINISTRATION RECORD ON
DESERT STORM
"The nations of the world can and will act
collectively to deal with aggression [but] only
the United States can mobilize the international
community and then lead it."
-- President George Bush
January 9, 1991
In the Gulf War, the Bush Administration brought together an
unprecedented economic, political, and military coalition of 33
nations that enforced United Nations Security Council
Resolutions, evicted Iraqi forces from Kuwait, and reestablished
the sovereignty of that nation. America played a leadership role
that only it can exercise in the post-Cold War world.
Force: A Last Resort
From the outset of the Iraqi invasion, the Bush Administration's
actions were designed to protect our national interests, confront
and deter aggression, support our friends and allies, encourage
the broadest possible collective response, and gain the
endorsement of the United Nations. Only when negotiation failed
did the United States advocate the use of force to ensure
compliance with UN Security Council Resolutions. Finally, the
coalition military campaign will be remembered for its effort,
within the bounds of war, to be humane -- both during and after
the fighting.
Major Achievements
The U.S.-led victory in the Gulf War was also important for what
it signified in the post-Cold War era. International
cooperation, never before attempted or achieved at such a
widespread level, became a reality. This was manifested in a
resurgent United Nations and extraordinarily successful
multinational air, land, and naval operations. All operational
objectives were achieved and Iraq capitulated in only 1000 hours
of combat. The 32 other members of the coalition provided
205,000 troops alongside the U.S. forces of over a half-million
men and women.
2
The coalition effort destroyed over 3,700 Iraqi tanks, made
combat ineffective 42 Iraqi divisions, and captured over 70,000
POWs. The victory reflected political confidence in the
leadership of our armed forces, keen strategic planning and
insight, the validity of our past technological investment and
the extraordinary quality and capabilities of our military men
and women.
A Flexible Strategy
One distinguishing feature of the strategy used during the War
was that it was developed before the invasion of Kuwait, focusing
on potential regional threats rather than the global conventional
confrontation that was of decreasing likelihood. Another was the
application of lessons learned in the twenty years since Vietnam
-- strategically, operationally, and tactically. Third was the
successful and rapid transformation of U.S. efforts from
warfighting to humanitarian concerns inside Kuwait, with tens of
thousands of Iraqi POWs, and with the immense effort to help
Kurdish refugees in northern Iraq and southern Turkey. The men
and women of our armed forces again displayed the compassion that
reflects American principles and values.
(February 18, 1992)
THE BUSH ADMINISTRATION RECORD ON
CHEMICAL WEAPONS ARMS CONTROL
"Today, U.S. chemical weapons are being destroyed."
-- President George Bush
October 1, 1990
"The Gulf war has once again raised the specter of
chemical weapons and demonstrated that unscrupu-
lous regimes can and will threaten innocent
populations with these weapons of terror so long
as we permit them to exist. These stark events
renew and reinforce my conviction, shared by
responsible leaders around the world, that
chemical weapons must be banned -- everywhere in
the world. "
--- May 13, 1991
President Bush has personally led the United States' drive to ban
the terrible specter of chemical warfare from the face of the
Earth. His efforts have led to real results and the hope of
further progress. No nation, and no President, has done more
than the U.S. under President Bush to remove the scourge of
chemical weapons.
Bilateral Chemical Weapons Arms Control: U.S.-USSR
In 1990, Presidents Bush and Gorbachev signed an agreement
calling for the destruction of nearly all of both nations'
declared stockpiles of chemical weapons -- one of the most
comprehensive agreements in over 65 years. Designed to begin the
destruction of these uncivilized weapons and to provide an
incentive and model to others, the agreement provided that
destruction begin by 1992, reducing the number of chemical
weapons to about 10 percent of the parties' declared stocks by
2002. Yet the Bush Administration did not wait until 1992. It
quickly began a destruction program to develop and demonstrate
destruction technology meeting the most stringent safety and
environmental standards.
2
Multilateral Efforts
A treaty banning all chemical weapons has been under negotiation
in the Conference on Disarmament in Geneva since the early 1980s.
The United States has been a leader in this effort and urged
other nations to commit to serious negotiation in the hopes of
concluding the treaty as soon as possible.
Then-Vice President Bush tabled the first comprehensive draft of
a treaty in 1984 which is still the basis of the talks. In May
1991, President Bush announced a major initiative to push forward
the negotiations. This included the formal renunciation of the
use of chemical weapons by the U.S. for any reason including
retaliation and the unconditional commitment of the U.S. to
destroy all our chemical weapons within ten years of entry into
force of the treaty. Our efforts in Geneva are continuing.
(February 18, 1992)
THE BUSH ADMINISTRATION RECORD ON
COUNTERTERRORISM
"[T]he hostage-takers did more damage to their
cause than they did to American resolve
each
heartless act against innocents announced to the
world the inhumanity of the captors
This
Administration has followed a no-negotiation
policy since the beginning. Bargaining serves only
to make a currency of human lives -- and leads to
more of the evil it seeks to end."
-- President George Bush
December 12, 1991
The Bush Administration has followed a consistent, determined,
and successful policy regarding terrorists. It has persistently
pursued bringing to justice those responsible for terrorist
crimes against American citizens and interests; it does not
negotiate deals with terrorists. It has, with considerable
indirect support for terrorism.
friendly nations, and has discouraged all states from direct or
success, sought to expand counterterrorism cooperation among
In Pursuit of Justice
Almost three years after the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 over
Lockerbie, Scotland, U.S. and Scottish officials issued warrants
against two Libyan intelligence officials for their roles in the
with other governments, have produced conclusive evidence of
crime. Exhaustive investigations by both countries, cooperating
their deeds, and of the responsibility of the Libyan Government.
The United Nations Security Council unanimously passed a
resolution calling on the Libyan Government to permit these
officials to submit to trial.
In other significant cases, Mohammad Rashid, a Palestinian
terrorist wanted in connection for bombing a Pan Am flight in
1982, was tried and convicted in Greece of murder. Eight
terrorists responsible for the 1988 bombing of the motorcade of
Bolivian officials. These criminals were also responsible for
former Secretary Shultz were successfully prosecuted in 1991 by
the 1989 deaths of two U.S. Mormon missionaries. The Bush
bring the terrorists to justice.
Administration lent extensive support to foreign governments to
Hostages
We believe we are near the end of a tragic and criminal spate of
hostage-taking in Lebanon. Our policy has led to this final
phase without holding our policies or our nation hostage. Our
steadfast approach was the basis for the successful efforts of
former UN Secretary General Perez de Cuellar to secure the
release of Western hostages in Lebanon. Eight Western hostages,
including six Americans and the remains of two other Americans,
have been released. We remain deeply troubled by the continued
detention of others held hostage there and elsewhere and call for
their immediate and unconditional release and for a full
accounting of any who may have died in captivity.
Counterterrorism Cooperation
The Bush Administration has enhanced global cooperation against
terrorism. Exchanges of information, policy and philosophy, and
methodologies has been carried out on a regular basis with
friendly governments in Europe, Latin America, and Asia. New
programs have been undertaken with the newly democratic states in
Eastern Europe and with Middle Eastern states. Through the State
Department's Anti-Terrorism Assistance Program and those of other
agencies, we have improved other governments' abilities to
successfully fight terrorism. These efforts were essential in
the extensive, unprecedented international effort that thwarted
the plans of Iraqi terrorists following the invasion of Kuwait.
Recommendations of the President's Commission on Aviation
Security and Terrorism have resulted in better security for the
traveling public. The Rewards for Terrorism Information Program
has proven beneficial in soliciting information leading to the
prevention, frustration, or favorable resolution of terrorist
acts against U.S. persons or properties overseas.
In short, the Bush Administration takes seriously its commitment
to bring to an end the unlawful use of terrorist tactics wherever
they occur and to bring to justice those responsible for
terrorist acts. The steady decline in international terrorist
incidents shows the wisdom of our course.
(February 18, 1992)
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THE BUSH ADMINISTRATION RECORD ON
DEMOCRACY AND HUMAN RIGHTS
"The Nation's foreign policy has always been more
than simply an expression of American interest.
It's an extension of American ideals. This moral
dimension of American policy requires us to remain
active, engaged in the world."
-- President George Bush
May 27, 1991
We best safeguard peace and security by strengthening the forces
of democracy abroad and by encouraging governments to abide by
international standards of human rights. History has
demonstrated that rulers who respect the rights of their own
citizens are more inclined to respect the rights of their
neighbors than those who oppress their own people.
Translating Ideas into Action
In pursuing our human rights objectives, we have sought to engage
foreign governments in human rights dialogues. Where necessary
and appropriate we have rendered help to enable governments to
build or to strengthen institutions protective of human rights.
Where constructive dialogue could not be initiated we have
withheld assistance or otherwise curtailed our economic relations
with such countries.
Central and Eastern Europe
As the Communist structure has collapsed, the Administration has
responded with programs designed to enable the countries of
Central and Eastern Europe to democratize. A principal focus has
been on technical assistance designed to help these countries
develop productive market-oriented economies and establish a
framework of government by consent of the governed.
Africa
A tide of democratic reform is moving across Africa, and the Bush
Administration is encouraging and assisting its advance. Efforts
to improve human rights receive our strong moral and financial
support. We are helping transitional governments write new
constitutions, draft electoral codes, inform their citizens of
basic rights, and conduct free and fair elections -- which
sometime turn long-term incumbents out of office.
2
East Asia and the Pacific
The trend towards democracy in Asia includes the key milestone of
a comprehensive political settlement in Cambodia, drafted with
major U.S. participation, which has free and fair elections as
its goal. Elsewhere, nations are moving from Leninist pasts or
authoritarian regimes towards pluralism. A communist regime in
Mongolia transformed itself through free elections in 1990 with
our encouragement and support. In the Philippines, campaigning
is underway for Presidential elections in May 1992. Thailand's
coup government oversaw the drafting of a new Constitution, and
free elections are scheduled for March 1992. U.S. legal and
administrative efforts have fostered the return to democratic
governments there. Burma and China continue to run against this
trend, despite major Administration efforts of diplomacy and,
where necessary, sanctions.
Worldwide
Whether a country is large or small, advocates of freedom
throughout the world know that the United States is with them,
led by an Administration which avoids empty rhetoric and follows
a course deliberately and thoughtfully laid out to improve their
conditions of life, to get them out of prison, to let them speak
as they wish, to practice the religion of their choice.
International and Regional Institutions
Within the institutions of the international community, the
Administration has urged greater attention to human rights and
more practical steps to protect them. For instance, the
President has called upon the United Nations to play a greater
role in election monitoring. Secretary Baker has proposed the
establishment, under the auspices of the Conference for Security
and Cooperation in Europe, of an Office of Democratic
Institutions, which could serve as a clearing house for
assistance by traditional democracies to the new democracies.
As a member of the Organization of American States, the United
States supported energetic OAS roles to restore democracy and
human rights in Haiti and Nicaragua. The United States continues
to provide funds for the African Human Rights Center in the
Gambia. In a move which has been warmly received by human rights
advocates at home and abroad, the President has urged the Senate
to provide advice and consent on the International Covenant on
Political and Civil Rights. Finally, the country reports on
human rights practices prepared annually by the Department of
State have won increasing recognition as the most thorough and
credible accounts available.
(February 18, 1992)
THE BUSH ADMINISTRATION RECORD ON
NONPROLIFERATION
"We must redouble our efforts to stem the spread
of nuclear weapons, biological weapons, and the
ballistic missiles that can rain destruction upon
distant peoples."
-- President George Bush
October 1, 1990
The Bush Administration has acted boldly to thwart the spread of
weapons of mass destruction, strengthening U.S. export controls
and pursuing new initiatives to rid the world of chemical weapons
and promote arms control in the Middle East.
Nuclear Nonproliferation
The Bush Administration has been a steadfast supporter of the
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) and the International
Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). The United States has encouraged
other nations to join the NPT and adhere to IAEA safeguards on
the control and use of nuclear materials. The NPT regime has
5
been reinforced by the decisions of countries such as France,
China, and South Africa to join the treaty. Moreover, Argentina
and Brazil agreed to accept IAEA safeguards over all of their
nuclear activities. Meanwhile, the dangers of nuclear
proliferation in such irresponsible states as Iraq and North
Korea continue, requiring continued vigilance.
Ballistic Missiles
síoi
U.S. efforts to prevent the spread of ballistic missiles center
on the 18-member Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR);, which
seeks to control missile-related exports worldwide. The U.S.
hosted the MTCR Plenary in November 1991, where the Partners
agreed to a new list of equipment, subject to export controls We
will continue to encourage other nations to join the MTCR and to
further the emerging international consensus against the spread
of missile technology.
inserved
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Chemical and Biological Weapons
Through the Enhanced Proliferation Control Initiative, the Bush
Administration expanded U.S. export controls and proposed
stringent international controls over precursor chemicals,
recognizing that only multilateral measures will be truly
effective. This approach bore fruit in the 20-nation Australia
Group of major chemical producers, of which the United States is
a leading member, which agreed in 1991 to control common lists of
chemical weapons precursors and equipment usable in chemical
weapons manufacture. The Australia Group also agreed to pursue
export controls relevant to proliferation of biological weapons.
Iraq
The history of Iraq's reckless drive to acquire weapons of mass
destruction and the means to deliver them demonstrates the
dangers of the permitting the spread of nonconventional weapons
to go unchecked and the need for continued vigilance. American
actions during the Gulf War -- severely damaging sites used to
develop nonconventional weapons and seeking to destroy Iraq's
SCUD missile capability -- demonstrated the concern with which we
regard the spread of weapons of mass destruction and ballistic
missile technology. With the wholehearted support of the United
States, the UN Special Commission established by the UN Security
Council Resolution ending the Gulf War seeks to dismantle the
Iraqi programs for producing weapons of mass destruction and
ballistic missiles. These UN efforts have uncovered extensive
Iraqi cheating; they will continue as long as necessary.
Arms Control in the Middle East (ACME)
The Gulf War crystallized international concern over questions of
nonproliferation. On May 29, 1991, President Bush seized the
opportunity of this new climate to launch an arms control
initiative for the region of most acute danger: the Middle East.
The initiative called on the five major arms suppliers -- the
U.S., the U.K., France, the Soviet Union, and China -- to show
restraint and consult with each other to ensure that their
conventional arms transfers supported legitimate self-defense
needs. By October 1991, the five had agreed on a set of
guidelines governing such transfers; they will reconvene in the
U.S. in 1992 to continue their work. Elements of the President's
initiative requiring action by regional states -- such as a
freeze on producing or acquiring either surface-to-surface
missiles or nuclear weapons grade material -- will be addressed
in the context of the Middle East peace process.
(February 18, 1992)
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THE BUSH ADMINISTRATION RECORD ON
THE UNITED NATIONS
"
for the first time, we have a real chance
to fulfill the UN Charter's ambition of working to
'save succeeding generations from the scourge of
war, to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights
in the dignity and worth of the human person, in the
equal rights of men and women and nations large and
small, to promote social progress and better
standards of life in larger freedom.'
-- President George Bush
September 23, 1991
The Bush Administration has a solid record of pragmatic support for
the United Nations. President Bush is the first President who has
served as our Ambassador to the United Nations, and through our
leadership at the UN and President Bush's thorough knowledge of the
UN system, the UN passed its finest hour during the Gulf crisis and
its aftermath. We have supported the UN system, strengthening it
through leadership, action, and emphasis on reforms to improve its
effectiveness.
A Revitalized UN
Our goal is a strengthened, effective UN that can advance U.S.
principles and interests by enhancing international cooperation in
the new world order. The end of the Cold War offered a chance to
replace the rhetoric of conflict with the reality of cooperation
at the UN, and we have seized that opportunity. The UN is now
better positioned to fulfill its founders' vision than ever before.
We will continue our leadership at the UN to promote peace and
security with economic and social justice as the foundation for
world stability.
The UN in the Gulf Crisis
Strong U.S. leadership molded the successful UN response to Iraqi
aggression against Kuwait, which sent an strong warning to any
dictator or despot, present or future, that aggression, will be
unrewarded and meet collective resistance. The UN Security Council
passed no fewer than 12 resolutions relating to the crisis beföre
the beginning of Operation Desert Storm. This intense diplomatic
effort was unprecedented in UN history and showed the world the
possibilities of a revitalized UN in the international system.
Scrapping Iraq's Weapons of Mass Destruction
Following Iraq's defeat, U.S. leadership resulted in a UN Special
Commission (UNSCOM) which is charged to identify and destroy Iraq's
nuclear, chemical, biological, and ballistic weapons. UNSCOM has
uncovered the enormous extent of Iraq's weapons of mass
destruction; exposed and frozen its multiple efforts to develop a
nuclear device; commenced the destruction of its massive chemical
weapons program; revealed its biological warfare activities; and
destroyed dozens of SCUD missiles, including some with chemical
warheads. Strong US support will continue for this effort in the
face of Iraqi deceit and deception until all of Saddam' arsenal is
destroyed.
Peacemaking and Peacekeeping
The U.S. has publicly and privately supported UN-sponsored conflict
resolution in Iran-Iraq, Namibia, Afghanistan, Angola, Iraq-Kuwait,
the Western Sahara, Cambodia, and elsewhere. Major efforts are
continuing with El Salvador and Cyprus. The UN now has 11
peacekeeping operations, five of which began in the last year.
Humanitarian Concerns
The U.S. has been at the forefront of UN humanitarian activities,
perhaps best evidenced by the U.S. military role in rescuing
hundreds of thousands of Kurds who fled Saddam Hussein's brutality
to the Iraqi mountains this past year. We lead the world in
supporting UN refugee programs. President Bush delivered an
address to the World Summit for Children in 1990, indicating strong
U.S. backing for efforts to reduce childhood preventable deaths
(40,000 per day) and give children worldwide a better future.
We welcomed the humanitarian efforts of the UN Secretary General
and the UN organization which brought about the safe and
unconditional release of American hostages in the Middle East.
Election Initiative
President Bush proposed an initiative in 1990, adopted by the UN
General Assembly in 1991 with overwhelming support, to enable the
UN to respond capably and quickly to the requests of member states
for electoral assistance, thus supporting democratic growth
worldwide.
3
UN Reform for Greater Efficiency and Effectiveness
The U.S. has frequently called on the UN for more streamlined
operations and improved efficiency, especially demanding more
budget discipline.
As the UN continues to move from polemics to practical problem
solving, the U.S. is helping to shape a more meaningful UN role in
tackling such transnational threats as illicit drugs and
environmental degradation.
(February 18, 1992)