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John Sununu Issues Files
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Originally Processed With FOIA(s):
FOIA Number:
1998-0004-F[2]
S
FOIA
MARKER
This is not a textual record. This is used as an
administrative marker by the George Bush Presidential
Library Staff.
Record Group/Collection:
George H.W. Bush Presidential Records
Collection/Office of Origin: Chief of Staff, White House Office of
Series:
Sununu, John, Files
Subseries:
Issues Files
OA/ID Number:
29160
Folder ID Number:
29160-003
Folder Title:
Health Care 1991 [3]
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15
25
2
5
MEMORANDUM
6/21
TO:
Governor Sununu
FROM:
Tom Scully Tan
RE:
Demographics of the Uninsured
Attached is the material on the demographics of the uninsured that
you requested at our Wednesday meeting. If you'd like any additional data
I have quite a bit.
The Uninsured -- Trends and Characteristics
Thirty-one million Americans were uninsured in 1988 -- 13.0 percent
of the population.
--
There has been a modest reduction in the number of the
uninsured between 1985 and 1988, in part reflecting the strength
of the overall economy during this period.
--
Most Americans (72 percent) had continuous coverage during a
28 month period, but 28 percent were uninsured for at least a
month while nearly 19 percent were uninsured for a half-year or
more.
Most Americans (70 percent) receive insurance coverage as an
employment-based fringe benefit directly or through a family member.
--
Insurance coverage is directly related to wage levels. Forty-seven
percent of workers earning $5 an hour or less are uninsured
compared only 6 percent for workers earning $15 an hour or
more.
--
Coverage also varies with relation to labor force attachment.
Part-time or part-year workers are much less likely to have
coverage.
Most of the uninsured (61 percent) have incomes below 200 percent of
poverty.
--
Because of Medicaid eligibility rules, comparatively few poor
pregnant women, mothers, and children are uninsured, while
40 percent of other poor adults are without coverage.
While the likelihood of being uninsured is greatest for young adults, 30
percent of the uninsured are between 35 and 64 years old and have
significant health care needs.
J-1
Betweem 1985 and 1988 Two Million
Became Insured but 31 Million, or
1 in 7 Americans, Remained Uncovered
Millions
40
20%
35
30
15%
25
J-2
20
10%
15
10
5%
5
0
0%
1985
1986
1987
1988
# of Uninsured
% of Population
----
Unemployment Rate
Source: SIPP, 4th quarter 1985-1988
Most Americans Have Continuous Coverage,
But 28% Are Uninsured For A Month And
Nearly 1 in 5 Are Uninsured 6+ Months
(in a 28 month period)
80%
60%
J-3
40%
20%
0%
Always Insured
Uninsured 1+ Months Uninsured 6+ Months
Source: SIPP, 1986 Panel
Most Americans Receive Health Insurance
Coverage Through Employment
Uninsured 13%
CHAMPUS/VA 2.4%
Medicaid 6.2%
J-4
Medicare 11.1%
Employment 68.4%
Source of Insurance Coverage
Source: SIPP, 4th Quarter 1988
Individuals With Weak Attachment
To the Work Force Are More Likely
To Be Uninsured
Percent Uninsured
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
FT, All Year PT, All Year FT, Part YearPT, Part Year No Work
<15 Years
Work Force Attachment
As Are Low-Wage Workers
Percent Uninsured
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
< $5.00
$5.00-$10.00
$10.00-$15,00
$15.00+
Hourly Wage
Source: CPS data for 1988
J-5
7
But Over A Quarter Of The Uninsured
Work Full-Time, All Year
Part-Time, All Year
4%
Full-Time, All Year
26%
Full-Time, Part Year
17%
Part-Time, Part Year
7%
No Work, All Year
Under Age 15
25%
21%
Percent of Uninsured
Source: CPS Date for 1988
J-6
Most Of The Uninsured Have Incomes
a
Below 200 Percent of Poverty
Less Than Poverty
30%
100-199%
31%
400+%
12%
300-399%
200-299%
9%
17%
Income as a Percent of Poverty
And The Likelihood of Being Insured
Is Directly Related To Income
Percent Uninsured
35%
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
Below Poverty
100-199%
200-299%
300-399%
400+%
Income As A Percent Of Poverty
Source: CP8 data for 1988
J-7
Because Of Medicaid Rules, Fewer Poor
Children, Mothers, and Pregnant Women
Are Uninsured
80%
60%
39.6%
41.93%
40%
22.06%
18.6%
20%
15.2%
0%
Children <6 Pregnant/Mothers Children 5+
Fathers
Other Adults
Poverty Population
Medicaid
Other Insurance
Uninsured
But Medicaid Covers Only Half Of The
Poor and 10 Percent of the Near Poor
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Below Poverty
101-200% Poverty
Type of Coverage
Medicaid
IIII
Other Insurance
Uninsured
Source: TRIM2 using CPS data for 1988
J-8
Younger People Are More Likely
To Be Uninsured
Percent Uninsured
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
Under 18
18-24
25-34
35-64
65+
Age
But 30 Percent Of The Uninsured
Are Between 35 and 64 Years Old And
Have Significant Health Care Needs
65+
1%
Under 18
35-64
26%
30%
18-24
19%
25-34
24%
Source: CP8 date for 1988
J-9
United States General Accounting Office
GAO
Fact Sheet for the Chairman,
Subcommittee on Health for Families
and the Uninsured, Committee on
Finance, U.S. Senate
February 1991
HEALTH INSURANCE
COVERAGE
A Profile of the
Uninsured in Selected
States
UNITED
STATES
GENERAL ACCOUNTING 5721 OFFICE
GAO/HRD-91-31FS
United States
GAO
General Accounting Office
Washington, D.C. 20548
Human Resources Division
B-241836
February 8, 1991
The Honorable Donald W. Riegle, Jr.
Chairman, Subcommittee on Health for
Families and the Uninsured
Committee on Finance
United States Senate
Dear Mr. Chairman:
This fact sheet responds to your request for profiles of individuals
without health insurance.¹ It presents income, employment, age, marital
status, and other characteristics of the uninsured populations in various
states and the United States as a whole in 1988. We used the Bureau of
the Census' March 1989 Current Population Survey for our analysis and
selected states where the survey sample size was expected to be large
enough to provide usable results. The 15 states we selected are Ala-
bama, California, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Louisiana, Michigan, New
Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee,
Texas, and Virginia.
Background
For most of the 1980s, estimates show that more than 30 million Ameri-
cans were not covered by health insurance, one of the most important
channels of access to our health care system. These estimates suggest
that gaps remain in the health insurance coverage of our nation's citi-
zens despite the almost total coverage of the elderly through Medicare,
the expansions in Medicaid coverage, and the large percentage of the
population with private insurance protection provided through
employer- or union-sponsored health plans. Although employer-
provided plans are the primary source of health insurance, most of the
uninsured are employed.
Results in Brief
In 1988, about 32 million Americans (under age 65),2 or 15 percent of
this population, did not have some form of health insurance coverage.
Although uninsured rates varied among the states, the uninsured popu-
lations in the 15 states we evaluated had many of the same demographic
characteristics as the nationwide uninsured population. The uninsured
1 Health insurance coverage is based on individual self-reporting of health insurance status in 1988
from the Bureau of the Census' March 1989 Current Population Survey.
²Because about 99 percent of individuals 65 and older had Medicare or private insurance, we
excluded this group from our study.
Page 1
GAO/HRD-91-31FS A Profile of the Uninsured
B-241836
tended to be concentrated among the lower income, minority, youth,
unmarried, and less educated segments of the population.
Of particular significance was that a large majority of the uninsured
were employed. Part-time/part-year workers represented the highest
percentage of uninsured workers in most of the states we examined.
However, full-time workers also make up a substantial share of the
uninsured population in most of these states. In terms of industry cate-
gories, the uninsured rates for workers in service industries (such as
wholesale and retail trade, real estate, and entertainment) for the most
part, were higher than those in manufacturing industries (such as motor
vehicles and textile and chemical products).
Objectives, Scope, and
We agreed to focus on identifying and comparing the characteristics of
uninsured people in various states and the United States in 1988 using
Methodology
the Bureau of the Census' 1989 Current Population Survey. These data
became available in early 1990 (see app. I for a description of the
survey).
The Census survey was not designed specifically to capture representa-
tive samples of state uninsured populations. We selected states where
the survey sample size was expected to be large enough to provide
usable results. Even in some of the states we selected, large sampling
errors for selected data items suggest that users of these data should
exercise caution. About 65 percent of the nation's uninsúred population
resided in the 15 selected states (see table II.1, p. 12). The sampling
errors associated with estimates of uninsured populations stated at the
95-percent confidence level, are presented in appendix VIII.
GAO's Analysis
Uninsured Rates Varied
While 15 percent of the U.S. population under age 65 was uninsured in
Widely Among the States
1988, there was considerable variation in uninsured rates among the 50
in 1988
states and the District of Columbia. Uninsured rates among all the states
ranged from 8 percent in Michigan and Rhode Island to 26 percent in
New Mexico and Texas. The higher rates tended to occur in the West
South Central section of the United States, and the lower in the upper
Midwest and Northeast sections (see fig. II.1 and table II.2, pp. 13 and
14).
Page 2
GAO/HRD-91-31FS A Profile of the Uninsured
B-241836
Employment-Based Health
In 1988, most of the population had health insurance that was provided
Insurance Most Common
through employers or unions. Variation in rates of health insurance cov-
erage among states were associated with the level of employment-based
insurance provided (see tables III.1-III.16, pp. 16-24). States with higher
rates of employer-based private insurance coverage-like Illinois, Mich-
igan, New Jersey, Ohio, and Pennsylvania-tended to have a lower pro-
portion of their populations without health insurance.
Coverage by the federally sponsored Medicaid program varied consider-
ably in the 15 states. Nationally, about 7 percent of the under-age-65
population was covered by Medicaid, while the rate of coverage varied
between 4 percent in New Jersey and 12 percent in Louisiana (see tables
III.1-III.16, pp. 16-24).
Uninsured Rates Higher in
Generally, the percentages of uninsured workers in the service sector of
Service and Other
the economy and other industries (such as agriculture, mining, construc-
Nonmanufacturing
tion, public utilities, and transportation) continued to be higher than
Industries
those in the manufacturing sector. In 1988, the service and other indus-
tries had a 15-percent and 21-percent uninsured rate, respectively, com-
pared to an 11-percent rate for the manufacturing sector. In 12 of the 15
selected states,³ manufacturing had the lowest rates of the three major
industry categories (see fig. IV.1 and table IV.1, pp. 25 and 26). Unin-
sured rates varied considerably among individual industries within and
between states.
Income an Important
People in families with low incomes are more likely to be without health
Indicator of Insurance
insurance. Nationally, 34 percent of persons in families with incomes
Status
below the poverty level were without health insurance (see fig. V.1, p.
28). Uninsured rates, however, varied widely among the states. Among
the 15 selected states, the percentages of people in families with incomes
below the poverty level that were uninsured ranged from 17 percent in
New York to 58 percent in Texas. The uninsured rate for people in fami-
lies below the poverty level exceeded 25 percent in 11 of the 15 states
(see table V.1, p. 29).
Most of the uninsured were in families with incomes less than twice the
poverty level in the United States (see fig. V.2, p. 31). However, lack of
health insurance coverage was not restricted to the low-income popula-
tion. While more than half of uninsured workers in the United States
3In five of these states, the differences are statistically significant at the 95-percent confidence level.
Page 3
GAO/HRD-91-31FS A Profile of the Uninsured
B-241836
had less than $20,000 income in 1988, 46 percent of uninsured workers
had incomes of $20,000 or more. Fifteen percent of uninsured workers
had income of $40,000 or more (see fig. V.3 and table V.2, pp. 31 and
32).
The Unemployed Have
Unemployed people had the highest uninsured rate (50 percent) among
Higher Uninsured Rates,
the employment status groups of people aged 19-64 nationwide. In
states with sufficient data to measure the uninsured rate by employ-
but Most Uninsured Are
ment status, the unemployed generally had the highest uninsured rates
Employed
ranging from 31 percent in Louisiana to 68 percent in Texas (see fig.
VI.1 and table VI.1, pp. 34 and 35).
However, attachment to the labor force is no guarantee of health insur-
ance coverage. Many employed people also were without health insur-
ance. In each of the 15 states, most of the uninsured were employed.
Particularly hard hit were workers with part-time or part-year jobs.
Workers with full-time jobs, however, were not immune to the problem.
Over a third of all uninsured aged 19-64 had full-time jobs in 1988 (see
fig. VI.2 and table VI.2, pp. 36 and 37).
Young Adults, Minorities,
The likelihood of being uninsured in the United States is greater among
the Unmarried, and Less
young adults, minorities, unmarried people, and those with less than a
high school education. Likewise, in most of the 15 selected states the
Educated More Likely to
uninsured rates were highest for people who were aged 19-24, were
Be Uninsured
either black or Hispanic, were separated or divorced, and had no more
than a grade school education (see tables VII.1-VII.5 and figs. VII.1-
VII.5, pp. 38-48).
Minorities make up a disproportionate segment of the uninsured. In
1988, 33 percent of Hispanics and 21 percent of blacks were uninsured
compared to 12 percent of whites. In each of the 15 states, the unin-
sured rates for blacks exceeded that for whites.⁴ In states that have a
substantial Hispanic population (California and Texas), uninsured rates
within the Hispanic population were the highest among the racial/ethnic
groups. In California, for example, 35 percent of Hispanics were unin-
sured compared to 13 percent of whites and 15 percent of blacks (see
tables VII.2 and VII.3, pp. 41 and 43).
⁴In 9 of these states, the differences are statistically significant at the 95-percent confidence level.
Page 4
GAO/HRD-91-31FS A Profile of the Uninsured
B-241836
Although the uninsured rates for minorities are high, the white popula-
tion still makes up the majority of the uninsured population. In fact, in
12 of the 15 states (all except California, Georgia, and Texas), more than
half of the uninsured populations were white.
As requested by your staff, we did not obtain agency comments on this
fact sheet. We are sending copies of this report to the Secretary of
Health and Human Services and the 15 states selected for analysis. We
will also make copies available to others on request.
If you or your staff have any questions concerning this fact sheet,
please contact me on (202) 275-6195. Other major contributors are listed
in appendix IX.
Sincerely yours,
Mark V. nadel
Mark V. Nadel
Associate Director for National and
Public Health Issues
Page 5
GAO/HRD-91-31FS A Profile of the Uninsured
Contents
1
Letter
10
Appendix I
Current Population
Survey
12
Appendix II
Uninsured Populations
in the United States
16
Appendix III
Health Insurance
Coverage of
Populations
25
Appendix IV
Uninsured Rates for
Workers by Industry
Group
28
Appendix V
Uninsured Rates by
Income Status
34
Appendix VI
Uninsured Rates by
Employment Status
38
Appendix VII
Uninsured Rates by
Demographic
Characteristics
GAO/HRD-91-31FS A Profile of the Uninsure
Page 6
Contents
Appendix VIII
49
Sampling Errors of
Percentages
Appendix IX
58
Major Contributors to
This Fact Sheet
Tables
Table II.1: Fifteen States With Highest Numbers and
12
Rates of Uninsured Under Age 65 (1988)
Table II.2: Uninsured Populations by Region, Division,
14
and State (1988)
Table III.1: Health Insurance Coverage of Individuals
16
Under Age 65 in the United States (1988)
Table III.2: Health Insurance Coverage of Individuals
17
Under Age 65 in Alabama (1988)
Table III.3: Health Insurance Coverage of Individuals
17
Under Age 65 in California (1988)
Table III.4: Health Insurance Coverage of Individuals
18
Under Age 65 in Florida (1988)
Table III.5: Health Insurance Coverage of Individuals
18
Under Age 65 in Georgia (1988)
Table III.6: Health Insurance Coverage of Individuals
19
Under Age 65 in Illinois (1988)
Table III.7: Health Insurance Coverage of Individuals
19
Under Age 65 in Louisiana (1988)
Table III.8: Health Insurance Coverage of Individuals
20
Under Age 65 in Michigan (1988)
Table III.9: Health Insurance Coverage of Individuals
20
Under Age 65 in New Jersey (1988)
Table III.10: Health Insurance Coverage of Individuals
21
Under Age 65 in New York (1988)
Table III.11: Health Insurance Coverage of Individuals
21
Under Age 65 in North Carolina (1988)
Table III.12: Health Insurance Coverage of Individuals
22
Under Age 65 in Ohio (1988)
Table III.13: Health Insurance Coverage of Individuals
22
Under Age 65 in Pennsylvania (1988)
Table III.14: Health Insurance Coverage of Individuals
23
Under Age 65 in Tennessee (1988)
Page 7
GAO/HRD-91-31FS A Profile of the Uninsured
Contents
Table III.15: Health Insurance Coverage of Individuals
23
Under Age 65 in Texas (1988)
Table III.16: Health Insurance Coverage of Individuals
24
Under Age 65 in Virginia (1988)
Table IV.1: Uninsured Rates in Most of the 15 States Are
26
Lower in Manufacturing Than in Service and Other
Industries (1988)
Table V.1: Low-Income Families Have Higher Uninsured
29
Rates in the 15 States (1988)
Table V.2: Most Uninsured Workers in 15 States
32
Generally Had Incomes Less Than $20,000 per Year
(1988)
Table VI.1: The Unemployed and Part-Time/Part-Year
35
Workers Had Higher Uninsured Rates (1988)
Table VI.2: The Majority of the Uninsured Aged 19-64 in
37
the 15 States Were Employed (1988)
Table VII.1: The Likelihood of Being Uninsured in the 15
39
States Is Greater Among Those Aged 19-24 (1988)
Table VII.2: The Likelihood of Being Uninsured in the 15
41
States Is Greater Among Minorities (1988)
Table VII.3: Minorities Make Up a Disproportionately
43
Large Segment of the Uninsured Population in Most
of the 15 States (1988)
Table VII.4: The Likelihood of Being Uninsured in Most of
46
the 15 States Is Greater Among the Separated and
Unmarried (1988)
Table VII.5: The Likelihood of Being Uninsured in 15
48
States Is Greater Among Those With No More Than a
Grade School Education (1988)
Table VIII.1: Sampling Errors (Percentage Points) for
49
Table IV.1
Table VIII.2: Sampling Errors (Percentage Points) for
50
Table V.1
Table VIII.3: Sampling Errors (Percentage Points) for
51
Table V.2
Table VIII.4: Sampling Errors (Percentage Points) for
53
Table VI.1
Table VIII.5: Sampling Errors (Percentage Points) for
53
Table VI.2
Table VIII.6: Sampling Errors (Percentage Points) for
54
Table VII.1
Table VIII.7: Sampling Errors (Percentage Points) for
54
Table VII.2
GAO/HRD-91-31FS A Profile of the Uninsured
Page 8
Contents
Table VIII.8: Sampling Errors (Percentage Points) for
55
Table VII.3
Table VIII.9: Sampling Errors (Percentage Points) for
56
Table VII.4
Table VIII.10: Sampling Errors (Percentage Points) for
57
Table VII.5
Figures
Figure II.1: Uninsured by Percentage of State Populations
13
(1988)
Figure IV.1: Uninsured Rate in the United States Is Lower
25
in Manufacturing Than in Service and Other
Industries (1988)
Figure V.1: A High Percentage of Low-Income Families in
28
the United States Is Uninsured (1988)
Figure V.2: Most Uninsured in the United States Have
31
Incomes Less Than Twice the Poverty Level (1988)
Figure V.3: Most Uninsured Workers in the United States
31
Have Incomes Less Than $20,000 per Year (1988)
Figure VI.1: Uninsured Rate Is Highest Among the
34
Unemployed in the United States (1988)
Figure VI.2: Most Uninsured in the United States Aged 19-
36
64 Were Employed (1988)
Figure VII.1: The Likelihood of Being Uninsured in the
38
United States Is Greatest Among Those Aged 19-24
(1988)
Figure VII.2: The Likelihood of Being Uninsured in the
40
United States Is Greater Among Minorities (1988)
Figure VII.3: Minorities Make Up a Disproportionately
42
Large Segment of the Uninsured Population in the
United States (1988)
Figure VII.4: The Likelihood of Being Uninsured in the
45
United States Is Greater Among the Separated and
Unmarried (1988)
Figure VII.5: The Likelihood of Being Uninsured in the
47
United States Is Greater Among Those With No More
Than a Grade School Education (1988)
Abbreviations
CHAMPUS Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Uniformed
Services
CPS
Current Population Survey
Page 9
GAO/HRD-91-31FS A Profile of the Uninsured
Appendix I
Current Population Survey
The Bureau of the Census' Current Population Survey (CPS) is the source
of most official government statistics on employment and unemploy-
ment. For the survey, households are scientifically selected on the basis
of area of residence to represent the nation as a whole, individual states,
and other specified areas. The sample used in the March 1989 survey
consists of about 56,500 households. The universe is the civilian non-
institutional population of the United States and members of the Armed
Forces living with their families in civilian housing units or on a military
base. A probability sample is used in selecting housing units. Each
household is interviewed once a month for 4 consecutive months during
a 1-year period, and again for the corresponding time period a year
later. This technique enables Census to obtain month-to-month and year-
to-year comparisons at reasonable cost.
CPS also provides monthly labor force data, including supplemental data
on work experience, income, noncash benefits, and migration. Compre-
hensive information is collected on the employment status, occupation,
and industry in which individuals work. Additional data are available
on the number of weeks and hours per week worked by individuals and
their total income. Although the main purpose of the survey is to collect
data on the employment situation, the secondary purpose, also impor-
tant, is to gather information on the demographic status of the popula-
tion. This includes age, sex, race, marital status, educational attainment,
and family structure. The results serve to update similar information
collected through the decennial census. Government policymakers and
legislators use the data as indicators of our nation's economic situation
and to plan and evaluate many government programs.
In addition, the survey provides current estimates of the economic
status and activities of the nation's population. Because it is not possible
to develop one or two overall figures (such as the number of unem-
ployed) that would adequately describe the whole labor market, the
survey is designed to provide a large amount of detailed and supplemen-
tary data. Such data are made available to users of labor market infor-
mation to meet various needs.
The survey provides the only data available on the distribution of
workers by number of hours worked for the population as a whole (as
distinguished from aggregate or average hours for an industry). This
permits separate analyses of part-time workers, workers on overtime,
and other groups. Also, the survey is the only comprehensive, current
source of information on the occupation of workers and the industries in
Page 10
GAO/HRD-91-31FS A Profile of the Uninsured
Appendix I
Current Population Survey
which they work. Information is available not only for people currently
in the labor force, but also for those outside it.
In March of every year, Census asks questions about health insurance
coverage at any time during the previous year. Beginning in March
1988, Census implemented a major change in its health insurance ques-
tions. In previous surveys, Census determined private health insurance
coverage for dependents through questions focused on policyholders
(e.g., who else was covered by this policy or plan?). Under its new proce-
dures, Census supplemented these questions by focusing questions on
overall health insurance coverage to better gain information about the
health insurance status of each household member. According to
Census, the decline in the estimate of the uninsured population can
almost certainly be attributed to the questionnaire modifications on the
March 1988 CPS.
CPS was not designed to capture representative samples of state unin-
sured populations that would enable users to make refined estimates of
some characteristics of the uninsured. Because of the many variables we
analyzed on the 15 states' uninsured population, users of this report
should exercise caution when interpreting these data because sampling
errors would vary depending on the sufficiency of the population base.
Sampling errors for the data elements in this report were computed at
the 95-percent confidence level (see app. VIII).
Page 11
GAO/HRD-91-31FS A Profile of the Uninsured
Appendix II
Uninsured Populations in the United States
This appendix shows the number and percentage of uninsured people by
state, region, and division. Figure II.1 depicts rate groupings in different
geographic areas of the United States. Table II.1 lists the 15 states with
the highest numbers and rates of uninsured people. Table II.2 gives
uninsured rates by state categorized by region and division.
Table II.1: Fifteen States With Highest
Numbers and Rates of Uninsured Under
Number of
Uninsured as a
Age 65 (1988)
uninsured
percentage of
State
(thousands)
state population
Highest numbers of uninsured
California
4,937
20
Texas
3,946
26
Florida
2,208
21
New York
1,855
12
Illinois
1,141
11
Georgia
993
18
Louisiana
963
25
Ohio
943
10
Pennsylvania
921
9
North Carolina
787
14
Alabama
675
19
Virginia
671
13
New Jersey
658
10
Michigan
646
8
Tennessee
644
15
Highest rates of uninsured
New Mexico
351
26
Texas
3,946
26
Louisiana
963
25
Nevada
225
23
Oklahoma
621
23
Arkansas
467
22
Mississippi
491
22
Florida
2,208
21
Arizona
618
20
California
4,937
20
Alabama
675
19
District of Columbia
95
19
Alaska
84
19
Georgia
993
18
Kentucky
559
18
Page 12
GAO/HRD-91-31FS A Profile of the Uninsured
Appendix II
Uninsured Populations in the United States
Figure II.1: Uninsured by Percentage of State Populations (1988)
Below 10 percent
From 10 thru 14 percent
From 15 thru 19 percent (includes the District of Columbia)
From 20 thru 24 percent
From 25 thru 26 percent
Page 13
GAO/HRD-91-31FS A Profile of the Uninsured
Appendix II
Uninsured Populations in the United States
Table II.2: Uninsured Populations by
Number of
Uninsured as a
Region, Division, and State (1988)a
uninsured
percentage of
Region/division/state
(thousands)
state population
Northeast Region
New England:
282
10
Connecticut
112
11
Maine
Massachusetts
485
9
120
12
New Hampshire
68
8
Rhode Island
57
12
Vermont
Middle Atlantic:
658
10
New Jersey
New York
1,855
12
921
9
Pennsylvania
Midwest Region
East North Central:
Illinois
1,141
11
600
12
Indiana
646
8
Michigan
943
10
Ohio
388
9
Wisconsin
West North Central:
211
9
lowa
215
10
Kansas
382
10
Minnesota
591
13
Missouri
161
12
Nebraska
60
10
North Dakota
91
15
South Dakota
West Region
Mountain:
618
20
Arizona
Colorado
410
15
150
17
Idaho
116
17
Montana
225
23
Nevada
New Mexico
351
26
196
13
Utah
63
15
Wyoming
(continued)
Page 14
GAO/HRD-91-31FS A Profile of the Uninsured
Appendix II
Uninsured Populations in the United States
Number of
Uninsured as a
uninsured
percentage of
Region/division/state
(thousands)
state population
Pacific:
Alaska
84
19
California
4,937
20
Hawaii
103
11
Oregon
402
17
Washington
480
12
South Region
East South Central:
Alabama
675
19
Kentucky
559
18
Mississippi
491
22
Tennessee
644
15
West South Central:
Arkansas
467
22
Louisiana
963
25
Oklahoma
621
23
Texas
3,946
26
South Atlantic:
Delaware
60
10
District of Columbia
95
19
Florida
2,208
21
Georgia
993
18
Maryland
410
10
North Carolina
787
14
South Carolina
437
15
Virginia
671
13
West Virginia
255
16
The data include only people under age 65.
Page 15
GAO/HRD-91-31FS A Profile of the Uninsured
Appendix III
Health Insurance Coverage of Populations
This appendix contains information on the health insurance coverage of
individuals under age 65 in the United States and 15 states. It shows the
estimated numbers and percentages for uninsured people and also for
individuals with health insurance coverage provided through private
insurance and public programs, such as Medicaid and Medicare.
Table III.1: Health Insurance Coverage of
Individuals Under Age 65 in the United
Number
States (1988)
Type of insurance
(thousands)
Percent
Private
Employer- or union-provided
141,769
66
Individual-provided
17,615
8
Public
Medicaid
15,312
7
Medicare
2,400
1
CHAMPUS,ᵃ Veterans Affairs, Military Healthᵇ
5,163
2
Subtotal
182,259
84
No insurance coverage
32,405
15
Total
214,663ᶜ
100c
The Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Uniformed Services (CHAMPUS) is operated by the
Department of Defense. The program provides reimbursement for covered medical care rendered in
civilian facilities to wives and children of active military personnel, retired military personnel and their
dependents, and dependents of deceased personnel.
Members of the Armed Forces and their dependents living in off-base housing or on-base military
housing.
°Figures do not add due to rounding.
Page 16
GAO/HRD-91-31FS A Profile of the Uninsured
Appendix III
Health Insurance Coverage of Populations
Table III.2: Health Insurance Coverage of
Individuals Under Age 65 in Alabama
Number
(1988)
Type of insurance
(thousands)
Percent
Private
Employer- or union-provided
2,203
63
Individual-provided
219
6
Public
Medicaid
275
8
Medicare
59
2
CHAMPUS,ᵃ Veterans Affairs, Military Healthb
48
1
Subtotal
2,804
80
No insurance coverage.
675
19
Total
3,478°
100°
ᵃCHAMPUS is operated by the Department of Defense. The program provides reimbursement for COV-
ered medical care rendered in civilian facilities to wives and children of active military personnel, retired
military personnel and their dependents, and dependents of deceased personnel.
ᵇMembers of the Armed Forces and their dependents living in off-base housing or on-base military
housing.
°Figures do not add due to rounding.
Table III.3: Health Insurance Coverage of
Individuals Under Age 65 in California
Number
(1988)
Type of insurance
(thousands)
Percent
Private
Employer- or union-provided
14,758
59
Individual-provided
1,904
8
Public
Medicaid
2,429
10
Medicare
249
1
CHAMPUS,ᵃ Veterans Affairs, Military Healthᵇ
632
3
Subtotal
19,972
81
No insurance coverage
4,937
20
Total
24,910ᶜ
100°
ᵃCHAMPUS is operated by the Department of Defense. The program provides reimbursement for cov-
ered medical care rendered in civilian facilities to wives and children of active military personnel, retired
military personnel and their dependents, and dependents of deceased personnel.
ᵇMembers of the Armed Forces and their dependents living in off-base housing or on-base military
housing.
°Figures do not add due to rounding.
Page 17
GAO/HRD-91-31FS A Profile of the Uninsured
Appendix III
Health Insurance Coverage of Populations
Table III.4: Health Insurance Coverage of
Number
Individuals Under Age 65 in Florida (1988)
Type of insurance
(thousands)
Percent
Private
6,104
59
Employer- or union-provided
1,026
10
Individual-provided
Public
538
5
Medicaid
135
1
Medicare
CHAMPUS,ᵃ Veterans Affairs, Military Healthᵇ
408
4
8,211
79
Subtotal
2,208
21
No insurance coverage
10,420ᶜ
100
Total
ᵃCHAMPUS is operated by the Department of Defense. The program provides reimbursement for cov-
ered medical care rendered in civilian facilities to wives and children of active military personnel, retired
military personnel and their dependents, and dependents of deceased personnel.
Members of the Armed Forces and their dependents living in off-base housing or on-base military
housing.
°Figures do not add due to rounding.
Table III.5: Health Insurance Coverage of
Number
Individuals Under Age 65 in Georgia
(thousands)
Percent
(1988)
Type of insurance
Private
Employer- or union-provided
3,527
63
451
8
Individual-provided
Public
339
6
Medicaid
96
2
Medicare
CHAMPUS,ᵃ Veterans Affairs, Military Healthᵇ
158
3
4,571
82
Subtotal
993
18
No insurance coverage
5,564
100
Total
aCHAMPUS is operated by the Department of Defense. The program provides reimbursement for COV-
ered medical care rendered in civilian facilities to wives and children of active military personnel, retired
military personnel and their dependents, and dependents of deceased personnel.
ᵇMembers of the Armed Forces and their dependents living in off-base housing or on-base military
housing.
Page 18
GAO/HRD-91-31FS A Profile of the Uninsured
Appendix III
Health Insurance Coverage of Populations
Table III.6: Health Insurance Coverage of
Individuals Under Age 65 in Illinois (1988)
Number
Type of insurance
(thousands)
Percent
Private
Employer- or union-provided
7,147
71
Individual-provided
773
8
Public
Medicaid
831
8
Medicare
118
1
CHAMPUS,ᵃ Veterans Affairs, Military Healthᵇ
84
1
Subtotal
8,953
89
No insurance coverage
1,141
11
Total
10,094
100
ᵃCHAMPUS is operated by the Department of Defense. The program provides reimbursement for cov-
ered medical care rendered in civilian facilities to wives and children of active military personnel, retired
military personnel and their dependents, and dependents of deceased personnel.
ᵇMembers of the Armed Forces and their dependents living in off-base housing or on-base military
housing.
Table III.7: Health Insurance Coverage of
Individuals Under Age 65 in Louisiana
Number
(1988)
Type of insurance
(thousands)
Percent
Private
Employer- or union-provided
1,938
50
Individual-provided
305
8
Public
Medicaid
474
12
Medicare
48
1
CHAMPUS,ᵃ Veterans Affairs, Military Healthᵇ
118
3
Subtotal
2,883
74
No insurance coverage
963
25
Total
3,847°
100c
"CHAMPUS is operated by the Department of Defense. The program provides reimbursement for cov-
ered medical care rendered in civilian facilities to wives and children of active military personnel, retired
military personnel and their dependents, and dependents of deceased personnel.
ᵇMembers of the Armed Forces and their dependents living in off-base housing or on-base military
housing.
°Figures do not add due to rounding.
Page 19
GAO/HRD-91-31FS A Profile of the Uninsured
Appendix III
Health Insurance Coverage of Populations
Table III.8: Health Insurance Coverage of
Number
Individuals Under Age 65 in Michigan
Type of insurance
(thousands)
Percent
(1988)
Private
5,952
73
Employer- or union-provided
627
8
Individual-provided
Public
790
10
Medicaid
107
1
Medicare
CHAMPUS,ᵃ Veterans Affairs, Military Healthᵇ
83
1
7,559
93
Subtotal
646
8
No insurance coverage
8,205
100c
Total
ᵃCHAMPUS is operated by the Department of Defense. The program provides reimbursement for cov-
ered medical care rendered in civilian facilities to wives and children of active military personnel, retired
military personnel and their dependents, and dependents of deceased personnel.
Members of the Armed Forces and their dependents living in off-base housing or on-base military
housing.
°Figures do not add due to rounding.
Table III.9: Health Insurance Coverage of
Number
Individuals Under Age 65 in New Jersey
(thousands)
Percent
(1988)
Type of insurance
Private
Employer- or union-provided
5,030
76
547
8
Individual-provided
Public
292
4
Medicaid
58
1
Medicare
CHAMPUS,ᵃ Veterans Affairs, Military Healthᵇ
48
1
5,975
90
Subtotal
658
10
No insurance coverage
6,633
100
Total
°CHAMPUS is operated by the Department of Defense. The program provides reimbursement for cov-
ered medical care rendered in civilian facilities to wives and children of active military personnel, retired
military personnel and their dependents, and dependents of deceased personnel.
ᵇMembers of the Armed Forces and their dependents living in off-base housing or on-base military
housing.
Page 20
GAO/HRD-91-31FS A Profile of the Uninsured
Appendix III
Health Insurance Coverage of Populations
Table III. 10: Health Insurance Coverage
of Individuals Under Age 65 in New York
Number
(1988)
Type of insurance
(thousands)
Percent
Private
Employer- or union-provided
10,375
68
Individual-provided
1,059
7
Public
Medicaid
1,656
11
Medicare
241
2
CHAMPUS,ᵃ Veterans Affairs, Military Healthᵇ
182
1
Subtotal
13,513
89
No insurance coverage
1,855
12
Total
15,367°
100c
°CHAMPUS is operated by the Department of Defense. The program provides reimbursement for COV-
ered medical care rendered in civilian facilities to wives and children of active military personnel, retired
military personnel and their dependents, and dependents of deceased personnel.
Members of the Armed Forces and their dependents living in off-base housing or on-base military
housing.
°Figures do not add due to rounding.
Table III.11: Health Insurance Coverage
of Individuals Under Age 65 in North
Number
Carolina (1988)
Type of insurance
(thousands)
Percent
Private
Employer- or union-provided
3,819
69
Individual-provided
460
8
Public
Medicaid
231
4
Medicare
91
2
CHAMPUS,ᵃ Veterans Affairs, Military Healthᵇ
188
3
Subtotal
4,789
86
No insurance coverage
787
14
Total
5,576
100
CHAMPUS is operated by the Department of Defense. The program provides reimbursement for cov-
ered medical care rendered in civilian facilities to wives and children of active military personnel, retired
military personnel and their dependents, and dependents of deceased personnel.
ᵇMembers of the Armed Forces and their dependents living in off-base housing or on-base military
housing.
Page 21
GAO/HRD-91-31FS A Profile of the Uninsured
Appendix III
Health Insurance Coverage of Populations
Table III.12: Health Insurance Coverage
of Individuals Under Age 65 in Ohio
(1988)
Type of insurance
Number
(thousands)
Private
Percent
Employer- or union-provided
7,130
73
Individual-provided
638
Public
7
Medicaid
817
Medicare
8
110
1
CHAMPUS,ᵃ Veterans Affairs, Military Healthᵇ
77
Subtotal
1
8,772
90
No insurance coverage
943
Total
10
9,717c
100c
ᵃCHAMPUS is operated by the Department of Defense. The program provides reimbursement for
military personnel and their dependents, and dependents of deceased personnel.
ered medical care rendered in civilian facilities to wives and children of active military personnel, retired COV-
Members housing. of the Armed Forces and their dependents living in off-base housing or on-base military
°Figures do not add due to rounding.
Table III.13: Health Insurance Coverage
of Individuals Under Age 65 in
Pennsylvania (1988)
Type of insurance
Number
(thousands)
Private
Percent
Employer- or union-provided
7,752
75
Individual-provided
793
Public
8
Medicaid
661
Medicare
6
132
1
CHAMPUS, Veterans Affairs, Military Healthᵇ
147
Subtotal
1
9,485
91
No insurance coverage
921
Total
9
10,405ᶜ
100
ᵃCHAMPUS is operated by the Department of Defense. The program provides reimbursement for
military personnel and their dependents, and dependents of deceased personnel.
ered medical care rendered in civilian facilities to wives and children of active military personnel, retired COV-
Members housing. of the Armed Forces and their dependents living in off-base housing or on-base military
°Figures do not add due to rounding.
Page 22
GAO/HRD-91-31FS A Profile of the Uninsured
Appendix III
Health Insurance Coverage of Populations
Table III.14: Health Insurance Coverage
of Individuals Under Age 65 in
Number
Tennessee (1988)
Type of insurance
(thousands)
Percent
Private
Employer- or union-provided
2,699
63
Individual-provided
405
9
Public
Medicaid
422
10
Medicare
79
2
CHAMPUS, Veterans Affairs, Military Healthᵇ
53
1
Subtotal
3,658
85
No insurance coverage
644
15
Total
4,303°
100
ᵃCHAMPUS is operated by the Department of Defense. The program provides reimbursement for cov-
ered medical care rendered in civilian facilities to wives and children of active military personnel, retired
military personnel and their dependents, and dependents of deceased personnel.
Members of the Armed Forces and their dependents living in off-base housing or on-base military
housing.
°Figures do not add due to rounding.
Table III.15: Health Insurance Coverage
of Individuals Under Age 65 in Texas
Number
(1988)
Type of insurance
(thousands)
Percent
Private
Employer- or union-provided
8,668
57
Individual-provided
1,150
8
Public
Medicaid
830
6
Medicare
106
1
CHAMPUS,ᵃ Veterans Affairs, Military Healthᵇ
520
3
Subtotal
11,274
75
No insurance coverage
3,946
26
Total
15,221°
100c
ᵃCHAMPUS is operated by the Department of Defense. The program provides reimbursement for COV-
ered medical care rendered in civilian facilities to wives and children of active military personnel, retired
military personnel and their dependents, and dependents of deceased personnel.
ᵇMembers of the Armed Forces and their dependents living in off-base housing or on-base military
housing.
°Figures do not add due to rounding.
Page 23
GAO/HRD-91-31FS A Profile of the Uninsured
Appendix III
Health Insurance Coverage of Populations
Table III.16: Health Insurance Coverage
of Individuals Under Age 65 in Virginia
Number
(1988)
Type of insurance
(thousands)
Percent
Private
Employer- or union-provided
3,545
67
Individual-provided
413
8
Public
Medicaid
265
5
Medicare
64
1
CHAMPUS,ᵃ Veterans Affairs, Military Healthᵇ
355
7
Subtotal
4,642
88
No insurance coverage
671
13
Total
5,312°
100c
CHAMPUS is operated by the Department of Defense. The program provides reimbursement for cov-
ered medical care rendered in civilian facilities to wives and children of active military personnel, retired
military personnel and their dependents, and dependents of deceased personnel.
ᵇMembers of the Armed Forces and their dependents living in off-base housing or on-base military
housing.
°Figures do not add due to rounding.
Page 24
GAO/HRD-91-31FS A Profile of the Uninsured
ppendix IV
Uninsured Rates for Workers by
industry Group
This appendix shows uninsured rates in employment sectors of the
economy for the United States and 15 states. Individual industries are
combined into three categories-manufacturing (e.g., durable and
nondurable goods); services (e.g., wholesale and retail trade, insurance,
real estate, entertainment, and recreation); and other (e.g., agriculture,
fisheries, construction, and public utilities).
Figure IV.1: Uninsured Rate in the United
States Is Lower in Manufacturing Than in
30 Percent Uninsured
Service and Other Industries (1988)
25
20
15
10
5
0
/
Service
ONIO
Combined Industry Categories
Notes: Based on individuals aged 19-64 who responded to industry-related questions.
Manufacturing industries include durable goods (such as motor vehicles and equipment) and
nondurable goods (such as textile and chemical products) industries.
Service industries include wholesale trade; retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; business and
repair services; personal services; entertainment and recreation services; professional and related ser-
vices; and public administration.
Other industries include agriculture, forestry, and fisheries; mining; construction; and transportation,
communications, and other public utilities.
Source: Bureau of the Census, CPS (Washington, D.C., 1988).
Page 25
GAO/HRD-91-31FS A Profile of the Uninsured
Appendix IV
Uninsured Rates for Workers by
Industry Group
Table IV.1: Uninsured Rates in Most of
the 15 States Are Lower in
Employment figures in thousands
Manufacturing Than in Service and Other
Combined industry categories
Industries (1988)*
Manufacturingᵇ
Servicesᶜ
Otherd
Total
Alabama
Employment
487
1,058
279
1,824
Percentage of workers uninsured
16
20
25
20
California
Employment
2,519
9,109
2,217
13,845
Percentage of workers uninsured
19
20
24
20
Florida
Employment
707
4,055
1,155
5,917
Percentage of workers uninsured
16
18
31
20
Georgia
Employment
716
1,858
558
3,131ᵉ
Percentage of workers uninsured
17
18
24
19
Illinois
Employment
1,128
3,563
876
5,567
Percentage of workers uninsured
8
13
13
12
Louisiana
Employment
199
1,240
392
1,832
Percentage of workers uninsured
24
22
34
25
Michigan
Employment
1,105
2,790
559
4,454
Percentage of workers uninsured
6
10
14
9
New Jersey
Employment
805
2,467
651
3,923
Percentage of workers uninsured
9
10
13
10
New York
Employment
1,335
5,731
1,267
8,334ᵉ
Percentage of workers uninsured
12
12
18
13
North Carolina
Employment
927
1,849
533
3,309
Pércentage of workers uninsured
9
13
21
13
Ohio
Employment
1,258
3,217
772
5,247
Percentage of workers uninsured
4
12
15
11
Pennsylvania
Employment
1,225
3,697
894
5,815ᵉ
Percentage of workers uninsured
6
10
10
9
(continued)
Page 26
GAO/HRD-91-31FS A Profile of the Uninsured
Appendix IV
Uninsured Rates for Workers by
Industry Group
Combined industry categories
Manufacturingᵇ
Servicesᶜ
Otherd
Total
Tennessee
Employment
606
1,273
444
2,323
Percentage of workers uninsured
8
15
16
13
Texas
Employment
1,191
5,136
1,648
7,976e
Percentage of workers uninsured
18
23
33
24
Virginia
Employment
425
2,042
507
2,974
Percentage of workers uninsured
13
11
22
13
United States
Employment
22,543
76,471
20,475
119,489
Percentage of workers uninsured
11
15
21
15
The data are based on individuals aged 19-64 who responded to employment industry-related
questions.
Manufacturing includes durable goods (such as motor vehicles and equipment) and nondurable goods
(such as textile and chemical products) industries.
Service industries include wholesale trade; retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; business
and repair services; personal services; entertainment and recreation services; professional and related
services; and public administration.
Other industries include agriculture, forestry, and fisheries; mining; construction; and transportation,
communications, and other public utilities.
eNumbers do not add to total due to rounding.
Page 27
GAO/HRD-91-31FS A Profile of the Uninsured
Appendix V
Uninsured Rates by Income Status
This appendix shows uninsured rates by income class for the United
States and the 15 states. Income data are presented in terms of poverty
status and income level. Figures V.1 and V.2 and table V.1 give unin-
sured rates in relation to the ratio of family income to the federal pov-
erty level. Some proposals to extend coverage to individuals are defined
in terms of poverty level. For example, the Pepper Commission report
on comprehensive health care recommends that public health care subsi-
dies be available to families with incomes below two times the federal
poverty level. Table V.2 provides another perspective showing the rela-
tion between dollar income and health insurance status for the working
population by full-time and part-time employment status.
Figure V.1: A High Percentage of Low-
Income Families in the United States Is
40
Percent Uninsured
Uninsured (1988)
30
20
10
0
1.0-1.89
20 and
Ratio of family Income to poverty level
Note: Includes only people under age 65. Percentage of uninsured within poverty level ranges in the
United States is shown in table V.1.
Source: Bureau of the Census, CPS (Washington, D.C., 1988).
Page 28
GAO/HRD-91-31FS A Profile of the Uninsured
Appendix V
Uninsured Rates by Income Status
Table V.1: Low-Income Families Have
Higher Uninsured Rates in the 15 States
Numbers are in thousands unless otherwise noted
(1988)*
Ratio of family income to poverty level
1.0-
2.0 and
Under 1.0
1.99
over
Total
Alabama
Population in income class
675
834
1,969
3,478
Uninsured
306
238
131
675
Percent of income class uninsured
45
29
7
19
California
Population in income class
3,498
4,419
16,992
24,910b
Uninsured
1,235
1,569
2,133
4,937
Percent of income class uninsured
35
36
13
20
Florida
Population in income class
1,433
1,979
7,009
10,420b
Uninsured
678
715
814
2,208
Percent of income class uninsured
47
36
12
21
Georgia
Population in income class
781
1,060
3,723
5,564
Uninsured
299
312
382
993
Percent of income class uninsured
38
30
10
18
Illinois
Population in income class
1,293
1,496
7,306
10,094b
Uninsured
344
357
440
1,141
Percent of income class uninsured
27
24
6
11
Louisiana
Population in income class
883
872
2,092
3,847
Uninsured
327
353
283
963
Percent of income class uninsured
37
41
14
25
Michigan
Population in income class
1,042
1,223
5,940
8,205
Uninsured
210
173
263
646
Percent of income class uninsured
20
14
4
8
New Jersey
Population in income class
399
668
5,566
6,634b
Uninsured
114
127
418
659
Percent of income class uninsured
28
19
8
10
New York
Population in income class
2,127
2,143
11,097
15,367
Uninsured
358
470
1,027
1,855
Percent of income class uninsured
17
22
9
12
(continued)
Page 29
GAO/HRD-91-31FS A Profile of the Uninsured
Appendix V
Uninsured Rates by Income Status
Ratio of family income to poverty level
1.0-
2.0 and
Under 1.0
1.99
over
Total
North Carolina
Population in income class
651
1,109
3,816
5,576
Uninsured
226
247
314
787
Percent of income class uninsured
35
22
8
14
Ohio
Population in income class
1,251
1,675
6,791
9,717
Uninsured
251
324
368
943
Percent of income class uninsured
20
19
5
10
Pennsylvania
Population in income class
1,060
1,717
7,627
10,405b
Uninsured
229
269
423
921
Percent of income class uninsured
22
16
6
9
Tennessee
Population in income class
774
921
2,608
4,303
Uninsured
214
283
147
644
Percent of income class uninsured
28
31
6
15
Texas
Population in income class
2,755
3,020
9,446
15,221
Uninsured
1,589
1,258
1,100
3,946
Percent of income class uninsured
58
42
12
26
Virginia
Population in income class
573
697
4,042
5,312
Uninsured
191
175
306
671
Percent of income class uninsured
33
25
8
13
United States
Population in income class
28,419
37,240
149,004
214,663
Uninsured
9,658
10,133
12,614
32,405
Percent of income class uninsured
34
27
9
15
The data include only people under age 65.
ᵇNumbers do not add to total due to rounding.
Page 30
GAO/HRD-91-31FS A Profile of the Uninsured
Appendix V
Uninsured Rates by Income Status
Figure V.2: Most Uninsured in the United
States Have Incomes Less Than Twice
2.0 and over
the Poverty Level (1988)
30%
Under 1.0
39%
31%
1.0 1.99
Note: Includes only people under age 65. This chart shows the percentage distribution of the uninsured
in poverty level ranges. Income is shown above as a multiple of the poverty level. Table V.1 shows the
distribution of uninsured workers in numbers.
Source: Bureau of the Census, CPS (Washington, D.C., 1988).
Figure V.3: Most Uninsured Workers in
the United States Have Incomes Less
$40,000 and over
Than $20,000 per Year (1988)
15%
54%
$1 19,999
31%
$20,000 - 39,999
Note: Includes only people aged 19-64. Percentage of uninsured workers in income ranges in the United
States is shown in table V.2.
Source: Bureau of the Census, CPS (Washington, D.C., 1988).
Page 31
GAO/HRD-91-31FS A Profile of the Uninsured
Appendix V
Uninsured Rates by Income Status
Table V.2: Most Uninsured Workers in 15
States Generally Had Incomes Less
Percent of uninsured workers in personal income
Than $20,000 per Year (1988)*
ranges
$1-
$10,000-
$20,000-
$30,000-
$40,000
9,999
19,999
29,999
39,999
and over
Totalb
Alabama
Full-time/full-year
1
13
8
8
5
35
Part-time/part-year
33
22
7
3
0
66
Totalb
34
36
15
11
5
100
California
Full-time/full-year
3
12
13
11
13
52
Part-time/part-year
21
14
6
4
4
49
Totalb
23
27
19
14
17
100
Florida
Full-time/full-year
3
11
15
10
12
51
Part-time/part-year
22
17
6
3
2
49
Totalb
25
28
21
12
14
100
Georgia
Full-time/full-year
4
16
11
8
9
46
Part-time/part-year
25
16
6
3
4
54
Totalb
29
32
16
11
13
100
Illinois
Full-time/full-year
2
14
14
7
10
47
Part-time/part-year
20
19
6
4
4
53
Totalb
23
33
20
11
14
100
Louisiana
Full-time/full-year
1
9
13
7
9
39
Part-time/part-year
32
15
8
3
3
61
Totalb
34
24
21
10
12
100
Michigan
Full-time/full-year
2
10
12
7
14
45
Part-time/part-year
27
13
8
2
5
55
Totalb
29
23
20
9
18
100
New Jersey
Full-time/full-year
1
12
13
11
18
55
Part-time/part-year
12
17
8
3
5
45
Totalb
13
29
21
14
24
100
New York
Full-time/full-year
3
8
14
10
20
55
Part-time/part-year
14
16
7
4
5
45
Totalb
17
24
21
13
25
100
(continued)
Page 32
GAO/HRD-91-31FS A Profile of the Uninsured
Appendix V
Uninsured Rates by Income Status
Percent of uninsured workers in personal income
ranges
$1-
$10,000-
$20,000-
$30,000-
$40,000
9,999
19,999
29,999
39,999
and over
Totalb
North Carolina
Full-time/full-year
3
11
15
7
10
46
Part-time/part-year
27
14
7
4
3
54
Totalb
29
25
22
11
13
100
Ohio
2
10
9
5
9
34
Full-time/full-year
Part-time/part-year
27
21
9
5
5
66
Totalb
29
30
18
10
13
100
Pennsylvania
Full-time/full-year
4
8
13
10
10
45
Part-time/part-year
27
15
7
2
5
55
Totalb
31
23
20
12
15
100
Tennessee
Full-time/full-year
2
20
12
2
9
44
Part-time/part-year
21
19
9
3
4
56
Totalb
23
39
20
5
12
100
Texas
Full-time/full-year
3
13
14
6
9
45
Part-time/part-year
26
16
7
3
2
55
Totalb
29
30
21
9
12
100
Virginia
Full-time/full-year
1
9
15
11
15
51
Part-time/part-year
23
12
10
2
2
49
Totalb
24
21
25
14
17
100
United States
Full-time/full-year
3
11
13
8
11
46
Part-time/part-year
24
17
7
3
3
54
Totalb
26
28
20
11
15
100
The data include workers aged 19-64.
Numbers may not add to total due to rounding.
Page 33
GAO/HRD-91-31FS A Profile of the Uninsured
Appendix VI
Uninsured Rates by Employment Status
This appendix shows uninsured rates for the United States and 15 states
by employment status groups-full-time/full-year, part-time/part-year,
unemployed, and not in the work force. Also shown are uninsured rates
within employed populations. Table VI.1 shows uninsured rates for the
population aged 19-64 by employment status, while table VI.2 shows the
distribution of the uninsured population across the employment status
groups.
Figure VI.1: Uninsured Rate Is Highest
Among the Unemployed in the United
60
Percent Uninsured
States (1988)
50
40
30
20
10
0
1
NOTA S If
Employment status
Note: The data include only people aged 19-64.
Source: Bureau of the Census, CPS (Washington, D.C., 1988).
Page 34
GAO/HRD-91-31FS A Profile of the Uninsured
Appendix VI
Uninsured Rates by Employment Status
Table VI.1: The Unemployed and Part-
Time/Part-Year Workers Had Higher
Percentage of uninsured population within employment
Uninsured Rates (1988)*
status group
Full-time/
Part-time/
Not in work
State
full-year
part-year
Unemployed
force
Alabama
11
36
b
22
California
16
28
60
23
Florida
15
29
b
25
Georgia
13
32
b
17
Illinois
8
19
34
15
Louisiana
17
37
31
25
Michigan
7
14
b
9
New Jersey
8
16
b
13
New York
10
19
56
13
North Carolina
9
23
b
18
Ohio
6
19
35
11
Pennsylvania
6
15
46
12
Tennessee
10
20
b
22
Texas
17
36
68
30
Virginia
9
21
b
13
United States
11
24
50
18
The data include only people aged 19-64.
ᵇThe population base is too small to estimate a useful percent of uninsured.
Page 35
GAO/HRD-91-31FS A Profile of the Uninsured
Appendix VI
Uninsured Rates by Employment Status
Figure VI.2: Most Uninsured in the United
States Aged 19-64 Were Employed (1988)
3%
Unemployed
Not in work force
19%
36%
Full-time
42%
Part-time
Source: Bureau of the Census, CPS (Washington, D.C., 1988).
Page 36
GAO/HRD-91-31FS A Profile of the Uninsured
Appendix VI
Uninsured Rates by Employment Status
Table VI.2: The Majority of the Uninsured
Aged 19-64 in the 15 States Were
Percentage of uninsured population by employment
Employed (1988)
status group
Full-time/
Part-time/
Not in work
State
full-year
part-year
Unemployed
force
Total
Alabama
27
50
2
22
100ª
California
41
38
2
20
100ª
Florida
39
38
2
21
100
Georgia
40
44
1
15
100
Illinois
36
39
4
21
100
Louisiana
29
44
5
22
100
Michigan
35
43
4
18
100
New Jersey
43
34
4
19
100
New York
41
33
3
22
100ᵃ
North Carolina
37
43
2
19
100ª
Ohio
26
52
4
18
100
Pennsylvania
33
39
5
23
100
Tennessee
29
38
7
26
100
Texas
35
43
3
20
100ª
Virginia
40
38
7
16
100ª
United States
36
42
3
19
100
ᵃNumbers may not add to total due to rounding.
Page 37
GAO/HRD-91-31FS A Profile of the Uninsured
Appendix VII
Uninsured Rates by
Demographic Characteristics
This appendix contains uninsured rates by certain demographic charac-
teristics and highlights the type of individuals that are most likely to be
uninsured. The characteristics included are age, race and ethnic origin,
education, and marital status.
Figure VII.1: The Likelihood of Being
Uninsured in the United States Is
30
Percent Uninsured
Greatest Among Those Aged 19-24
(1988)
20
10
0
18 and
19-24
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
younger
Ranges of ages in years
Note: Percentage of uninsured within age groups in the United States is shown in table VII.1
Source: Bureau of the Census, CPS (Washington, D.C., 1988).
Page 38
GAO/HRD-91-31FS A Profile of the Uninsured
Appendix VII
Uninsured Rates by
Demographic Characteristics
Table VII.1: The Likelihood of Being
Uninsured in the 15 States Is Greater
Percentage of uninsured within age group
Among Those Aged 19-24 (1988)
18 and
State
younger
19-24
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
Alabama
18
31
25
17
11
15
California
17
35
23
16
16
15
Florida
22
28
26
17
17
16
Georgia
16
30
20
18
11
13
Illinois
9
20
16
9
7
10
Louisiana
25
29
31
27
19
16
Michigan
4
18
11
6
8
6
New Jersey
7
20
13
8
8
8
New York
9
20
16
11
11
9
North Carolina
14
23
15
12
10
11
Ohio
7
20
13
8
7
8
Pennsylvania
7
18
10
8
9
8
Tennessee
13
19
21
14
14
10
Texas
27
37
29
22
18
16
Virginia
11
21
14
11
14
9
United States
13
25
18
13
12
11
Page 39
GAO/HRD-91-31FS A Profile of the Uninsured
Appendix VII
Uninsured Rates by
Demographic Characteristics
Figure VII.2: The Likelihood of Being
Uninsured in the United States Is Greater
40
Percent Uninsured
Among Minorities (1988)
30
20
10
0
MAINE
Black
Oller
Note: Includes only people under age 65. Percentage of uninsured within racial/ethnic groups in the
United States is shown in table VII.2.
Source: Bureau of the Census, CPS (Washington, D.C., 1988).
Page 40
GAO/HRD-91-31FS A Profile of the Uninsured
Appendix VII
Uninsured Rates by
Demographic Characteristics
Table VII.2: The Likelihood of Being
Uninsured in the 15 States Is Greater
Percentage of uninsured within racial/
Among Minorities (1988)*
ethnic groups
State
White
Black
Hispanic
Alabama
16
28
b
California
13
15
35
Florida
16
28
39
Georgia
12
28
b
Illinois
9
17
22
Louisiana
21
34
b
Michigan
7
13
10
New Jersey
8
14
24
New York
9
18
21
North Carolina
11
23
b
Ohio
9
11
17
Pennsylvania
8
14
6
Tennessee
14
17
b
Texas
16
27
47
Virginia
10
23
15
United States
12
21
33
The data include only people under age 65.
ᵇThe population base is too small to estimate a useful percent of uninsured.
Page 41
GAO/HRD-91-31FS A Profile of the Uninsured
Appendix VII
Uninsured Rates by
Demographic Characteristics
Figure VII.3: Minorities Make Up a
Disproportionately Large Segment of the
Percent
Uninsured Population in the United
100
States (1988)
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
United I
UNITED III
White
Black
Hispanic
$
Other
Note: Includes only people under age 65. Percentage of the United States population as a whole and
the population uninsured are shown in table VII.3.
Source: Bureau of the Census, CPS (Washington, D.C., 1988).
Page 42
GAO/HRD-91-31FS A Profile of the Uninsured
Appendix VII
Uninsured Rates by
Demographic Characteristics
Table VII.3: Minorities Make Up a
Disproportionately Large Segment of the
Distribution of populations by racial/ethnic group
Uninsured Population in Most of the 15
State
White
Black
Hispanic
Other
Total
States (1988)*
Alabama
Population
71
28
b
b
100c
Uninsured
59
41
b
b
100
California
Population
57
7
26
10
100
Uninsured
38
6
46
10
100
Florida
Population
67
18
13
2
100
Uninsured
50
24
24
2
100
Georgia
Population
61
37
1
1
100
Uninsured
40
57
2
1
100
Illinois
Population
74
15
8
3
100
Uninsured
58
22
16
4
100
Louisiana
Population
65
33
2
1
100c
Uninsured
54
44
2
b
100
Michigan
Population
82
15
1
2
100
Uninsured
73
25
2
1
100c
New Jersey
Population
75
12
9
4
100
Uninsured
57
17
22
5
100c
New York
Population
70
14
12
4
100
Uninsured
51
21
21
7
100
North Carolina
Population
76
21
1
2
100
Uninsured
61
35
1
2
100c
Ohio
Population
87
12
1
1
100°
Uninsured
84
13
2
b
100c
Pennsylvania
Population
88
9
2
2
100c
Uninsured
81
13
1
5
100
Tennessee
Population
80
19
b
1
100
Uninsured
77
21
b
2
100
(continued)
Page 43
GAO/HRD-91-31FS A Profile of the Uninsured
Appendix VII
Uninsured Rates by
Demographic Characteristics
Distribution of populations by racial/ethnic group
State
White
Black
Hispanic
Other
Total
Texas
Population
59
13
27
2
100c
Uninsured
37
13
49
1
100
Virginia
76
19
2
3
100
Population
Uninsured
59
35
2
4
100
United States
Population
75
13
9
4
100c
Uninsured
58
18
20
5
100c
The data include only people under age 65.
ᵇLess than 1 percent of the uninsured in the state are represented by this racial/ethnic group.
°Numbers do not add due to rounding.
Page 44
GAO/HRD-91-31FS A Profile of the Uninsured
Appendix VII
Uninsured Rates by
Demographic Characteristics
Figure VII.4: The Likelihood of Being
Uninsured in the United States Is Greater
30 Percent Uninsured
Among the Separated and Unmarried
(1988)
20
10
0
I
//
Note: Includes only people under age 65. The Bureau of the Census classifies individuals' marital status
according to four major categories: married, widowed, divorced, and never married. Married persons
reported as "separated" include those:with legal separations, those living apart with intentions of
obtaining a divorce, and other persons permanently or temporarily estranged from their spouses
because of marital discord. Percentage of uninsured within marital status groups in the United States is
shown in table VII.4.
Source: Bureau of the Census, CPS (Washington, D.C., 1988).
Page 45
GAO/HRD-91-31FS A Profile of the Uninsured
Appendix VII
Uninsured Rates by
Demographic Characteristics
Table VII.4: The Likelihood of Being
Uninsured in Most of the 15 States Is
Percentage of uninsured within marital status group
Greater Among the Separated and
Married
Unmarried (1988)*
(excluding
Divorced or
Never
State
separated)
Widowed
separated
married
15
b
Alabama
33
21
California
16
33
21
22
Florida
16
26
27
24
Georgia
13
29
28
20
Illinois
6
22
24
14
Louisiana
19
22
43
27
Michigan
5
11
14
9
New Jersey
5
15
17
13
New York
9
16
20
14
North Carolina
9
26
20
17
Ohio
6
18
19
12
Pennsylvania
6
12
18
10
Tennessee
12
6
23
17
Texas
21
32
33
29
Virginia
7
21
23
16
United States
11
20
24
17
The data include only people under age 65.
ᵇThe population base is too small to estimate a useful percent of uninsured.
Page 46
GAO/HRD-91-31FS A Profile of the Uninsured
Appendix VII
Uninsured Rates by
Demographic Characteristics
Figure VII.5: The Likelihood of Being
Uninsured in the United States Is Greater
40
Percent Uninsured
Among Those With No More Than a
Grade School Education (1988)
30
20
10
0
Grade
High
College
school
school
Note: Includes only people under age 65. Percentage of uninsured within educational levels in the
United States is shown in table VII.5.
Source: Bureau of the Census, CPS (Washington, D.C., 1988).
Page 47
GAO/HRD-91-31FS A Profile of the Uninsured
Appendix VII
Uninsured Rates by
Demographic Characteristics
Table VII.5: The Likelihood of Being
Uninsured in 15 States Is Greater Among
Percentage of uninsured within educational
Those With No More Than a Grade
status group
School Education (1988)*
Grade
High
State
school
school
College
Alabama
31
22
12
California
49
22
13
Florida
40
25
13
Georgia
27
22
11
Illinois
28
13
9
Louisiana
33
31
14
Michigan
18
11
5
New Jersey
24
13
7
New York
20
15
10
North Carolina
22
17
9
Ohio
13
12
8
Pennsylvania
18
11
7
Tennessee
26
15
12
Texas
54
29
13
Virginia
31
18
5
United States
32
18
10
The data include only people under age 65.
Page 48
GAO/HRD-91-31FS A Profile of the Uninsured
Appendix VIII
Sampling Errors of Percentages
This appendix contains sampling errors for percentages of uninsured
individuals shown in all tables in appendixes IV through VII. The sam-
pling errors are computed at the 95-percent confidence level. The
Bureau of the Census recommends when using CPS data, that care be
exercised when interpreting analysis results based on a relatively small
number of cases or on small differences between estimates. Census
maintains that valid estimates cannot be made where the population
base is 75,000 or less.
Table VIII.1: Sampling Errors (Percentage
Points) for Table IV.1
Uninsured percentages of worker
populations by combined industry category
State
Manufacturing
Services
Other
Alabama
5
4
8
California
3
1
3
Florida
4
2
4
Georgia
5
3
6
Illinois
3
2
4
Louisiana
10
4
8
Michigan
2
2
5
New Jersey
3
2
4
New York
3
1
3
North Carolina
3
3
6
Ohio
2
2
4
Pennsylvania
2
2
3
Tennessee
4
3
6
Texas
4
2
4
Virginia
5
2
6
United States
1
0
1
Page 49
GAO/HRD-91-31FS A Profile of the Uninsured
Appendix VIII
Sampling Errors of Percentages
Table VIII.2: Sampling Errors (Percentage
Points) for Table V.1
Uninsured percentages of population groups based on
the ratio of their family income to the poverty level
State
Under 1.0
1.0-1.99
2.0 and over
Total
Alabama
10
8
3
3
California
4
4
1
1
Florida
7
5
2
2
Georgia
9
7
2
3
Illinois
6
5
1
2
Louisiana
8
8
4
3
Michigan
6
5
1
1
New Jersey
11
8
2
2
New York
4
4
1
1
North Carolina
9
6
2
2
Ohio
6
5
1
1
Pennsylvania
6
4
1
1
Tennessee
8
8
2
3
Texas
5
4
2
2
Virginia
10
8
2
2
United States
1
1
0
0
Page 50
GAO/HRD-91-31FS A Profile of the Uninsured
Appendix VIII
Sampling Errors of Percentages
Table VIII.3: Sampling Errors (Percentage
Points) for Table V.2
Percentages of uninsured workers by personal
income range
$1-
$10,000-
$20,000-
$30,000-
$40,000
State
9,999
19,999
29,999
39,999
and over
Total
Alabama
Full-time/full-year
1
6
5
5
4
8
Part-time/part-year
8
7
4
3
0
8
Total
8
8
6
5
4
California
Full-time/full-year
1
2
2
2
2
3
Part-time/part-year
2
2
1
1
1
3
Total
3
3
2
2
2
Florida
Full-time/full-year
2
3
3
3
3.
5
Part-time/part-year
4
4
2
2
1
5
Total
4
4
4
3
3
Georgia
Full-time/full-year
2
5
4
4
4
7
Part-time/part-year
6
5
3
2
3
7
Total
6
6
5
4
4
Illinois
Full-time/full-year
2
4
4
3
4
6
Part-time/part-year
5
5
3
2
2
6
Total
5
6
5
4
4
Louisiana
Full-time/full-year
2
4
5
4
4
7
Part-time/part-year
7
5
4
3
3
7
Total
7
7
6
5
5
Michigan
Full-time/full-year
2
5
5
4
5
8
Part-time/part-year
7
5
4
2
3
8
Total
7
7
6
5
6
New Jersey
Full-time/full-year
2
5
5
5
6
8
Part-time/part-year
5
6
4
3
4
8
Total
5
7
7
6
7
New York
Full-time/full-year
2
3
3
3
4
5
Part-time/part-year
3
4
3
2
2
5
Total
4
4
4
3
4
(continued)
Page 51
GAO/HRD-91-31FS A Profile of the Uninsured
Appendix VIII
Sampling Errors of Percentages
Percentages of uninsured workers by personal
income range
$1-
$10,000-
$20,000-
$30,000-
$40,000
State
9,999
19,999
29,999
39,999
and over
Total
North Carolina
Full-time/full-year
3
5
6
4
5
8
Part-time/part-year
7
5
4
3
3
8
Total
7
7
7
5
5
Ohio
Full-time/full-year
2
4
4
3
4
7
Part-time/part-year
6
6
4
3
3
7
Total
6
6
5
4
5
Pennsylvania
Full-time/full-year
3
4
5
4
4
7
Part-time/part-year
6
5
4
2
3
7
Total
7
6
6
5
5
Tennessee
Full-time/full-year
2
7
6
3
5
9
Part-time/part-year
8
7
5
3
4
9
Total
8
9
7
4
6
Texas
Full-time/full-year
1
3
3
2
2
4
Part-time/part-year
3
3
2
1
1
4
Total
3
3
3
2
2
Virginia
Full-time/full-year
2
5
6
5
6
8
Part-time/part-year
7
5
5
3
2
8
Total
7
7
7
6
6
United States
Full-time/full-year
1
2
3
2
2
4
Part-time/part-year
3
3
2
1
1
4
Total
3
3
3
2
3
Page 52
GAO/HRD-91-31FS A Profile of the Uninsured
Appendix VIII
Sampling Errors of Percentages
Table VIII.4: Sampling Errors (Percentage
Points) for Table VI.1
Uninsured percentages by employment status group
Full-time/
Part-time/
Not in work
State
full-year
part-year
Unemployed
force
Alabama
3
6
a
9
California
0
2
21
4
Florida
0
3
a
6
Georgia
0
5
a
7
Illinois
0
3
23
5
Louisiana
0
6
23
9
Michigan
0
3
a
4
New Jersey
0
3
a
6
New York
0
3
27
3
North Carolina
0
4
a
8
Ohio
0
3
27
5
Pennsylvania
0
3
28
4
Tennessee
0
4
a
9
Texas
0
3
22
6
Virginia
0
4
a
7
United States
0
1
7
1
ᵃNo sampling error was calculated because the population base is too small (less than 75,000).
Table VIII.5: Sampling Errors (Percentage
Points) for Table VI.2
Uninsured percentages by employment status group
Full-time/
Part-time/
Not in work
State
full-year
part-year
Unemployed
force
Alabama
7
8
2
6
California
3
3
1
2
Florida
4
4
1
3
Georgia
6
6
1
4
Illinois
5
5
2
4
Louisiana
6
6
3
5
Michigan
7
7
3
5
New Jersey
7
7
3
6
New York
4
4
2
4
North Carolina
7
7
2
5
Ohio
5
6
2
5
Pennsylvania
6
6
3
5
Tennessee
7
7
4
7
Texas
3
3
1
3
Virginia
7
7
4
5
United States
1
1
0
1
Page 53
GAO/HRD-91-31FS A Profile of the Uninsured
Appendix VIII
Sampling Errors of Percentages
Table VIII.6: Sampling Errors (Percentage
Uninsured percentages by age group
Points) for Table VII.1
18 and
State
younger
19-24
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
6
12
8
8
7
9
Alabama
California
2
5
3
3
4
4
4
7
5
5
5
5
Florida
4
9
6
7
6
7
Georgia
Illinois
2
6
4
4
4
5
9
9
Louisiana
6
12
8
10
Michigan
2
6
4
3
4
4
3
8
5
4
5
5
New Jersey
New York
2
5
3
3
3
3
4
9
5
5
6
6
North Carolina
2
6
4
3
4
4
Ohio
Pennsylvania
2
6
3
3
4
4
6
7
7
Tennessee
5
10
7
3
6
4
4
5
5
Texas
4
9
5
5
7
6
Virginia
United States
1
1
1
1
1
1
Table VIII.7: Sampling Errors (Percentage
Uninsured percentages by racial/ethnic group
Points) for Table VII.2
White
Black
Hispanic
State
4
9
a
Alabama
1
6
4
California
2
7
9
Florida
3
6
a
Georgia
6
9
Illinois
2
Louisiana
4
9
a
2
6
19
Michigan
New Jersey
2
8
11
1
6
6
New York
2
8
a
North Carolina
Ohio
2
6
24
Pennsylvania
1
8
13
3
8
a
Tennessee
2
7
5
Texas
2
9
25
Virginia
0
2
2
United States
ᵃNo sampling error was calculated because the population base is too small (less than 75,000).
Page 54
GAO/HRD-91-31FS A Profile of the Uninsured
Appendix VIII
Sampling Errors of Percentages
Table VIII.8: Sampling Errors (Percentage
Points) for Table VII.3
Percentages of populations by racial/ethnic group
State
White
Black
Hispanic
Other
Alabama
Population
4
5
1
0
Uninsured
9
121
1
0
California
Population
2
1
2
1
Uninsured
3
2
5
3
Florida
Population
2
2
2
1
Uninsured
5
6
6
2
Georgia
Population
3
4
1
1
Uninsured
8
10
3
2
Illinois
Population
2
2
2
1
Uninsured
7
8
7
4
Louisiana
Population
4
5
1
1
Uninsured
8
11
3
1
Michigan
Population
2
3
1
1
Uninsured
9
11
3
2
New Jersey
Population
3
3
2
2
Uninsured
10
10
11
5
New York
Population
2
2
2
1
Uninsured
6
6
6
4
North Carolina
Population
3
4
1
1
Uninsured
9
11
3
3
Ohio
Population
2
2
1
0
Uninsured
6
7
3
1
Pennsylvania
Population
2
2
1
1
Uninsured
6
7
2
4
Tennesssee
Population
3
4
1
1
Uninsured
8
11
0
4
(continued)
Page 55
GAO/HRD-91-31FS A Profile of the Uninsured
Appendix VIII
Sampling Errors of Percentages
Percentages of populations by racial/ethnic group
State
White
Black
Hispanic
Other
Texas
Population
2
2
2
1
Uninsured
4
4
5
1
Virginia
Population
3
4
1
2
Uninsured
9
12
3
5
United States
Population
0
0
0
0
Uninsured
1
1
1
1
Table VIII.9: Sampling Errors (Percentage
Points) for Table VII.4
Uninsured percentages by marital status group
Married
(excluding
Divorced or
Never
State
separated)
Widowed
separated
married
Alabama
5
a
14
5
California
2
12
4
2
Florida
3
15
7
3
Georgia
3
20
9
4
Illinois
2
16
7
2
Louisiana
5
21
14
5
Michigan
2
13
7
2
New Jersey
2
16
9
3
New York
2
9
6
2
North Carolina
3
20
9
4
Ohio
2
14
7
2
Pennsylvania
2
11
8
2
Tennessee
4
14
11
4
Texas
3
16
7
3
Virginia
3
19
11
4
United States
1
3
2
1
ᵃNo sampling error was calculated because the population base is too small (less than 75,000).
Page 56
GAO/HRD-91-31FS A Profile of the Uninsured
Appendix VIII
Sampling Errors of Percentages
le VIII.10: Sampling Errors
rcentage Points) for Table VII.5
Uninsured percentages by educational
status group
Grade
High
State
school
school
College
Alabama
13
5
6
California
6
2
2
Florida
10
3
3
Georgia
12
4
4
Illinois
10
3
3
Louisiana
13
6
6
Michigan
10
3
2
New Jersey
13
3
3
New York
7
2
2
North Carolina
11
4
4
Ohio
9
2
3
Pennsylvania
10
2
2
Tennessee
10
4
5
Texas
7
3
3
Virginia
12
4
2
United States
2
1
1
Page 57
GAO/HRD-91-31FS A Profile of the Uninsured
Appendix IX
Major Contributors to This Fact Sheet
Human Resources
Janet L. Shikles, Director, Health Financing and Policy Issues,
(202) 275-5451
Division,
Michael F. Gutowski, Assistant Director
Washington, D.C.
James O. McClyde, Assignment Manager
David W. Bieritz, Evaluator-in-Charge
Paula J. Bonin, Computer Specialist
(108757)
Page 58
GAO/HRD-91-31FS A Profile of the Uninsured