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Fort McHenry - "Our Country" Bicentennial Festivities, Baltimore, MD, 7/4/75 (1)
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Fort McHenry - "Our Country" Bicentennial Festivities, Baltimore, MD, 7/4/75 (1)
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John O. Marsh Files (Ford Administration)
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American Revolution Bicentennial, 1776-1976
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The original documents are located in Box 67, folder "Fort McHenry - "Our Country"
Bicentennial Festivities, Baltimore, MD, 7/4/75 (1)" of the John Marsh Files at the Gerald
R. Ford Presidential Library.
Copyright Notice
The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code) governs the making of
photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted material. Gerald R. Ford donated to the United
States of America his copyrights in all of his unpublished writings in National Archives collections.
Works prepared by U.S. Government employees as part of their official duties are in the public
domain. The copyrights to materials written by other individuals or organizations are presumed to
remain with them. If you think any of the information displayed in the PDF is subject to a valid
copyright claim, please contact the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library.
Digitized from Box 67 of The John Marsh Files at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library
-2-
Let us resolve that it shall be an era of achievement rather than of
apathy. Let us resolve that it shall be a time of promise rather than
of regret.
The countdown to Independence 200 has begun. For each of us each
day should be a step forward in Achievement USA.
Between now and July '76, let us learn to know one another better.
From coast to coast, and border to border, let us learn through
visitation
exploration and now associations the strengths and ways of our diverse
both
and by ways
people. Let us travel the trails and super highways that weave their
way across the mountains and prairies, that reach from shore to shore
enabling to enable all Americans to be neighbors.
and by study
Through personal experience 1 let us learn to know new Americans,
how they earn their livelihood, their hopes and desires, and Ignge
our common goals.
GERALD LEBRARY
As a Nation in the Year '76, let's get America moving, revive our
economy, curb the ravages of inflation, expand our trade, develop
In the you ahead we must
address the remain grinner
that have # gripped our land
and
X too many
caused handships In to mong of
our freen citizens. The secinty This
will require determination, patient
you and dedication - patience
and persenance but we are
going to get the economy moving- -
then are going to be jobs for the
jobler. and 76 will be a better
year for amina, if we put an
showed to the whal - and we will.
nothing is so irtal to our
FORD LIBRAR is 03RA70
ecomic well being as our energy
Inclysundence Co it took years to
win through force of arms our
individual and politional englishem
in the 18th Century
new two centuries ego it is going to
take years to urin our energy underse
in the 20th But we must start
now, Sacrifier and hand choice are
sumetimes part of necessary in the
pursent of happiness Toward This
nation must begin its determined
march This nation whose
will
economic life blood is oil can not
march toward its BiCentermil
your to the tum of a FORD distant
drummer
GERALD LISAARY
two Scaning
Spiralling Inflation, suppling
definds, profligate time, Uncontrolled
and
spending A stoggering deficits, these
sap the strength of these United
states. They are the opper oppressers of the
pow and the chains that
find shackle growth and
economic progress possion a nation
we were
which 200 years ago uses underdeing velo-
material weatth
in reserve
and and poor let us not abserve
limital
but managed any reservice in a
a was and crer
way that to win our freedom In
the present age of material
Today we are the most development
and richest nation in The
world, but Our charlenge is the
management of our resource not to
win - but to key our freedom
NOW
Each of us should begin to
always
ask this Question - can my country
afford to pay-for the things FORD I ash
my Cong resuman to do?
GERALD 4898817
It is important in the year ahead
come
that America learn to know one
and the better and also learn
more about their country
Same of the things we might
seah to achevir in the cening year
appear to may appear to be
single yet I feel they are vital to
our national well being
It's essential for the appreciation
To form a more perfect union we
of We need to learn name of
over country and its people American
understand
need to home are another other america
appreciate
FORD LIBRARY & GERALD
and 1 the divising of our land. Barendarie
of regionalism and urbangation must
give why to and a Bi Centenuial understanday
of me nation - one people T
poor
In the couning year it is necessary
we recognize and make the B.Cent
a nation unde event. The american
Revolution and its legacy these helory to san
the
our
of states and for flung The
COM ideas that were for ged and
foreght wer for is an the 13 colonies
crossed the applacin, sparmed the
said fess on
plains foctoried the america
for went will
Clipper ships, road with the Conestoge
wayons, rode in the Pay Express
Dictate
Clipper shys and Conestage wagons
Pary Express reders and Western
sconts.
BERALD FORD
There are literally Thousands of
comminitees this in to @
located in every state engaged
in some form of B, Cent project
Jashih These project cover a
broad ronge from einic improvements
to pageants. I would made the
following appeals to every america
at this time
First that you make inpiry
to see that your county
does have a BE Cent prog ram,
Second, if it does sech to part-
injote in it. program-
Think - of it does not take steps
to start one. If you need
DERALO FORD VERARA
simply
additional information, address
your inpury l me at the
White House
There is one thing all of eis can
do between now and next july to observe
the B: Cent which I equired to this
is a personal examination of our post
by as told lay the peoper easter
timed a have written of the Cemen
Saga
GERALD FORD
Ft. Mc Henry
althor the event for which we
remember this place is from The
was of 1812 the construction of This
Fat McH sender a different name
occurred in the american Revolution
The strategic of the Baltimone
hunbor was apparent in both was.
The repulse of the British fleet by the
brave
ganison at meHerny not only inspired
our national anther but it may have
blocked an attack have Changed
from blunted topped an attach that
:
FORD
GERALD
changed dramatically the cherse of the
was in from of the for the British
School children the
pride words words of Key patriolfor and Johns
H. me Devay
Fravens Seith Key would enslion
forever the events in Balter Haba
in of 1814. The patriotism and
national pride surrending our flog,
our country and their depense that
day en form of great odder and ton.-
certain outcase are. our haritage in
song and verse. as we sing of the
7 land of the free and the Lane of the
brance"
BERALD FOR
We must not become so
or blass that we ignore these single
but eloquent lessons from our past.
Ces America approaches its
third Century of Indyendence let us
learn from the two that juseed
it.
Our first Century was marked
by
The hacemach of our first centure
was the establishmt of our government:
Inj the for of great oddr 13 desparate
colories were to become a fledgling
nation whose freture was insecure
Dearing that 100 years the western
nevement began, states joinal the curin,
FORD is LIBRARY GERALD
vast termtories were acquired, grave
Constitutional the issues were raised
and was were foreght. none more
devastmenting than the wi that Termal
american against american - state
against stole - brother againt
brother - father against son, yet
from from that terrible turnor holocant
it was
two great issues was resolved
the nation requed not expist hay
slowe - hay free. The Great
american arrive spolen of which written Lunisha
and had spoking and wratten was
vision of the
preserved, The Gatesyburg address have
those berome descriming to all
Currence
FORD is GERALD LIBRAR
By our Centernial an 1876 the
Republic had All fundaments relationship Quotime
the gant
had been resolved of the state
more shorply defined, the Federal lenion
upr the Cerression Rejublec had been
established of this fact there was
no doubt - at home, or abroad,
Our second Century would see
the building has been marked
by the growth of american industrient
and economic power. The
proneer spirit that canned us Westwand
was Turned into to new Charlenge
Raihoad sparmed the continut
and become a web of steel
linking, city to city, region to
region, town to town
The automob a and Harry fards
assembly line changed forever both
transportation and the manufacture
proce process.
FORD i LIBRARY 07V89
The Wright masteral powered feight
at Kith Hawk and an industry
when borne. which To this tay
In scarcity more than
a half century from this those
after souring only for a relatively
few feet an andia UCU dunes of
the Carolina Cenneran would
explane the araters on the surface
of the mom "The Eagle Has Candul"
is a any for the headersly
of this nation in a thousand
endeavor that have benefitled all
maintain
Communication - The letegram
the telephone, Radio, television - all
are post 8 the comemeniation
revolution you in 2nd second
century.
Science, medicine, agricultured
production, marketing, these have
modern
been just a few of the ^ frontiers since
GERALD P FORD
1874
be one
The Third century I believe will
that
one challenges individualis. Man today
finds himself in a modern world
compontal by mass. Governments grown
too large and bureaucration, pit statism the
induridual against a frestrating station
That gevernment exists to serve people realther
and the state is the creative of the
propulage is a functurental prem of
American we need to rember a
we observe the Bi Cent-
The Industrial Revolution has
sparemed a modern wilderman upon which
the indurded find he is committed.
It is seeke the mass of population in which
he loses identity and often loses degrity
suchs
where surrounded by people he still
and
because where lives are orderally
finds himself a stranger the desolote
subject to the reginientate N organization
that are
FORDO is LIBRARY GERALD
With the cities
Our tach in next next Country
will be leaving to coju with the modern
world
FORD is LIBRARI
the year 2000 - a prearter of a
century is not singly the end of a
century it is the close of an age.
The and of a millenium the beginn
of a new.
If marks a 1000 years f human
history that began in the depths 8 the
the
Darh ager Scanly painfilly western
Burligitin would would enrage and
the br the Magne Charta, the both
the English Parliament, the invention
of the printing press, the Renaison
FORD JORAN
the discovery of the new world and
with enlighlement came human value
The american evalution is a part, a
progremin in Wastern mans' much to
freedom and the opportunity for indusidual
achievement. The Declaration is a
colong man's road as he has sought
to pursue happiness
However, that canfl
However, those few years from Careml
Bridge to York town that an handly the
with of an eye when we view the
total age take on a profound influence
The shot has been heard sound the world
The miracle at Philadogia This Republic
today
GERALD FORD
is 4 a great and strong nation, If does
reflect the Values of its Dellaration, its
The Through the
Constitute, it But of Reguts and it has singht
years it has extended the Other nations
have. The ideas of this Republic what aue
at has influenced the
many take for granted have shaped the
destiny of millions beyond our shown. It
stud
shall remains the greatert hogh for
manhind
Can earlier Revision marked are
our broke the grip marked the
energence from the Dah ages, fear,
ignoran, gave way to
learning, reason, and sulighten must
That Renaison was the document
force in the fust hay of This
GERALD is. FORD LIBRARY
nuclemn
I am comment that when The
views the sway 2 a thousand years
of human fronther the 2000
histonian history the writere View us from The
vantage point of a new year chailenium
that they will view this america nations
Experience and cenclude that from
a second
Revolution there used come Remanin
has Shall
shape
One
that a shaped indiality a this world in for
centuries. Same The Gestona in another day
and then pour Shall write that
that
this Renmars - american
aloma
hinbom have Dan 20mg from
3
at
main
for
- -5-
the
let us think of where we will be and what we can achieve by next
by
by
July 4th, ^ the next decade, the 200th Anniversary of our Constitution,
4
finale
and the Year 2000.
A
our
By these yardsticks, let us measure the progress on the course
we set for ourselves and our Nation.
Let us resolve that this shall be an era of hope rather than
despair. Let us resolve that it shall be an era of achievement
rather than of apathy. Let us resolve that it shall be a time of
promise rather than of regret.
The countdown to Independence 200 has begun. For each of
us, each day should be a step forward to Achievement-USA.
The Bicentennial Year for each of us should be a year of
self-examination and individual accomplishment - quality and
-7-
much to the West Coast as they do to the East. Wherever the
$
American flag went, also went the concept of this great Republic.
American Clipper ships took the story to the far corners of the
globe. American jet liners carry it everyday across the skies
does Not
of distant lands. Indeed, this event A belongs to others than just
Americans.
The appreciation of our past is essential to understanding the
present and charting a course for the future. Every American
can enrich the quality of the Bicentennial by looking at the past.
The saga of America is an inspiring one. It has been told not
only by historians, but in poetry, prose and song. Let us read
again the writings of our great poets and authors who recount
the life and times of these last 200 years. The Buckskin Tales, the
world of Washington Irving, the Bret Harte's story of the American
-9-
as meaningful as possible to as many as possible. It should stress
the American Experience including the history, culture, achievements
and values we associate with our way of life.
The best criteria is a program which when viewed in a year,
a decade, a century hence continues to have m meaning to the
communi 4 and is identified with the event that inspired it.
The Year 2000 - a quarter of a century, is not simply the
end of a century, it is the close of an age. The end of one
millennium, the beginning of a new.
It marks a 1000 years of human history that began in the
depths of the Dark Ages. The American Revolution is the
greatest progression in Western Man's march to freedom and the
opportunity for individual achievement. The Declaration of
M
In the coming year, we must be certain the Bicentennial is
a nationwide event. The American Revolution and its legacy
belong to each of the states and our far flung territories.
The appreciation of our past is essential to understanding the
present and charting a course for the future. Every American
can enrich the quality of the Bicentennial by looking at the past.
The ideas that were forged and fought for in the 13 colonies
crossed the Appalachians, they followed the Conestoga wagons and
rode with the Pony Express. They crossed the Mississippi and the
Missouri, spanned the plains and the deserts. They belong as
much to the West Coast as they do to the East. Wherever the
American flag went, also went the concepts of this great Republic.
American Clipper ships took the story to the far corners of the
earth. American jet liners carry it everyday across the skies
of distant lands. Indeed, this event does not belong just to Americans.
The saga of our Country is an inspiring one. It has been told not
only by historians, but in poetry, prose and song. Let us sing anew
the songs of this Republic. Let us read again the writings of our great
poets and authors who recount the life and times of these last 200 years.
The Leatherstocking Tales of Cooper, the world of Washington Irving,
Bret Harte's stories of the American West, Walt Whitman's Leaves of
Grass and the immortal Tom Sawyer of Mark Twain -- these are
only a small part of a rich literary heritage we share and can enjoy.
In the coming year, we must be certain the Bicentennial is
a nationwide event. The American Revolution and its legacy
belong to each of the states and our far flung territories.
The appreciation of our past is essential to understanding the
present and charting a course for the future. Every American
can enrich the quality of the Bicentennial by looking at the past.
The ideas that were forged and fought for in the 13 colonies
crossed the Appalachians, they followed the Conestoga wagons and
rode with the Pony Express. They crossed the Mississippi and the
Missouri, spanned the plains and the deserts. They belong as
much to the West Coast as they do to the East. Wherever the
American flag went, also went the concepts of this great Republic.
American Clipper ships took the story to the far corners of the
earth. American jet liners carry it everyday across the skies
of distant lands. Indeed, this event does not belong just to Americans.
The saga of our Country is an inspiring one. It has been told not
only by historians, but in poetry, prose and song. Let us sing anew
the songs of this Republic. Let us read again the writings of our great
poets and authors who recount the life and times of these last 200 years.
The Leatherstocking Tales of Cooper, the world of Washington Irving,
Bret Harte's stories of the American West, Walt Whitman's Leaves of
Grass and the immortal Tom Sawyer of Mark Twain -- these are
only a small part of a rich literary heritage we share and can enjoy.
FUNDLI
GERALDS
LIBRARY
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
une 5, 1975
TO: Jack out Marsh
If you FR OM: have PAUL time to THEIS work or on **
McHenry bicentennial speech, attached
is some backup material which may be
of help. Call either Susan Gregory or
myself if you need additional information
on this
Thanks!
Pspacile
DATE:
May 22, 1975
WRITER'S ASSIGNMENT SHEET
(to be returned with first draft)
JACK MARSH
WRITER:
SUBJECT: Independence Day ceremony -- Our Country Program
Ft. McHenry
TIME/WORD LENGTH OF SPEECH/ARTICLE: 10 - 15
TIME, DATE AND PLACE OF PRESIDENTIAL USE:
Friday, July 4, 8 p.m., Baltimore, Md.
DEADLINE FOR FIRST DRAFT: June 25
BASIC RESEARCH MATERIALS SUPPLIED:
Scheduling
PERSONS TO CONTACT FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
Barbara Franklin - - Nati:onal Park Service lizison, Bivent. office
343-4961
RESEARCHER ASSIGNED TO WORK WITH WRITER: Durfee
WRITER'S SUGGESTIONS FOR CLEARANCE:
WRITER'S COMMENTS:
April 25, 1975
Dear Mr. Orlinsky:
The President has asked me to acknowledge
and thank you for your very kind letter
inviting him to attend the Independence
Day ceremony at Fort McHenry this July.
Your invitation is being carried forward
for eareful consideration on the President's
July calendar and I will be in touch with
you again closer to the date of the evast.
In the meantime, the President sends his
thanks for your thoughtful invitation and
his best wishes.
Sincerely,
William V. Nicholson
Deputy Director
Scheduling Office
Mr. Walter S. Orlinsky
Chairman
Baltimore City Bicentennial
Committee
Room 701
26 South Calvert Street
Baltimore, Maryland 21202
WWN:MFW:jem
Mary Widner with incoming for follow-up
CC: 2 copies Nancy Gemmell
LISSAMY GERALD : FORD
Walter S. Critisky. Chairman
Room 761.05 S. Calvert Street
Baltimore. Maryland 21202
(301) 396-1804
T/D
SCHEDULE
BD.
DATE RECEIVED
APR 21 1975
April 17, 1975
MESCAGE
SPEAKERS BUREAU
OTHER
President Gerald R. Ford
REPORTMENT OFFICE
The White House
1600 Pennsylvania Avenue
Washington, D.C.
Dear Mr. President:
As I am sure you are aware, the American Revolution
Bicentennial Administration has recognized July 4, 1975 as
the official opening of the Bicentennial Era in our City.
We in Baltimore have been pleased to learn that Fort
McHenry, birthplace of our National Anthem, has been
selected as the location for the opening event of the
Bicentennial Era.
"By the Dawn's Early Light", an historical commemora-
tion will begin at sunrise with an Interfaith Service led
by His Eminence Laurence Cardinal Shehan. Other highlights
include a ceremonial re-enactment by ships from the Naval
Academy and from the Admiralty of the British Fleet.
We feel it most appropriate that you, The President of
the United States of America be present at this opening
event of our Bicentennial Era. I would, therefore, as
Chairman of the Baltimore Bicentennial Committee, like to
extend to you our most sincere invitation to join us at
"The Dawn's Early Light" on July 4, 1975.
It is my hope that you will give serious consideration
to attending what I hope shall be an important and
memorable event.
Respectfully yours,
Walter S. Orlinsky
Joseph HL Commail
Robert Hieranimus
More
Addrical Docald Stewart
Samuel A. Colora, For
Inter Hirsh
dates David
Ressdures
Randall
Hichard Paus
Dea A. Klink
Krish Rowleson, :-
Chipper
Homorable Julian haldes
James Dont
Professor Whime: J. LeBiane
Thomas
Prof Lines
Penneable
Vergo
The Misima
describe 6.
Dr. CW
Mrs. Megh Matin
Edward
Pass
dates
Patrick M Can
John C. Maden
Normals Rrs
tos Chade-Williams
Emest
E. McCannis
Income Cardool Shehan
MEMORANDUM
90 To Batrimore AT thereon there
THE WHITE HOUSE
That Night,
WASHINGTON
SUBJ: Proposed Presidential Travel to F Mettenry,
Billimore Marylandon July 4th
Barbana
Franklin
? p.m. /9:45
Our Country"
8:30
SWEAR:PE 50 75 New CITIZENS
Curemory raising A replica of
Original flag,
fireworks of NATIONAL Anther together
15/20,000 AND
Speakers plattorn FN front of for
Milivory political, VETEVANS,
Scouts-
\
LIBRARY GERALD B. FORD
festivities START AT 4 with
formal (Evenont) AT 8 pm. Pris
CAN Arrive AT 8:30 TO 9:00 pm. of Then
closed by ANThEr +Fireworks
OUR COUNTRY /BICENTENAL DAY
Fort McHenry National Monument and Historic Shrine
0:00 p.m., July t, 1974
Program Script
7:55 p.m. - Band and Court or. stage.
STATE
states imp Protect extant acction
All other participants in place.
8:00 p.m. - Overture
-nen
'cge'
Invott
- US Marine Corps
Band
8:03 p.m. - Welcome and introduce
- Mr. Harry 0'Bryant,
Mr. Paul Lawrence, Chairman, Our Country Committee,
Supt, Fort McHenry
or Mr. James Etgen, Chairman, Baltimore FEB.
Natl Monument and
Historic Shrine
8:04 p.m.
- Remarks and introduce
- Mr. Lawrence
United States Marine Corps Band,
or
Major Jack Kline conducting.
Mr. Etgen
8:05 p.m. - Patriotic Concert
- Band with Harrator
8:20 p.m. - Introduce self and ask Sand to play
- Hon. Louise Gore,
"Maryland My Maryland".
Chairman, Maryland
ARBC; and Band
8:22 p.m. - Remarks and introduce
- Miss Gore
Mr. John Koenig, Maryland Jaycees.
8:25 p.m. - Remarks
- Mr. Koenig
Kickoff Spirit of '76 Program.
8:23 p.m. - Introduce
- Miss Gore
Capt. Harry Allendorfer, Director, Special Events,
ARBA.
8:29 p.m. - Remarks and turn back to Sand.
- Capt. Allendorfer
8:30 p.m.
- Resume Concert
- Band with Narrator
8:37 p.m. - Sunset - Lower small Flag.
- Fort McHenry Rangers
8:45 p.m. - Introduce:
- Miss Gore
Baltimore Mayor William D. Schaefer
(If Mayor Schaefer is delayed, continue Concert
until his arrival.)
FORD is LIBRARY GERALD
8:46.p.m. .. Remarks
: Mayor Schaefer
8:50 p.m. - Introduce
- Miss Core
Maryland Governor Harvin Handel.
8:51 p.m. - Remarks
- Governor Mandel
8:55 p.m. - Turn back to Band.
- Miss Gore
8:56 p.m. - "Give Me Your Tired and Your Poor"
- Band, Vocalist and
Narrator
8:59 p.m. - Convene
- Mr. Alan P.. Swendiman
US District Court, District of Maryland; and
Law Clerk
Announce
Honorable Edward S. Northrop,
Chief Judge, presiding.
Proceed to Bench --
- Judge Northrop
Naturalization proceedings for 92 Immigrants
from 24 Nations.
9:18 p.m. - Complete proceedings with remarks ending with
- Judge Northrop
words "...the land of the free and the home
of the brave."
Drum Roll (New Citizens rise).
- Band
Commence raising 40-foot Flag.
- Fort McHenry Rangers
"To the Colors" (When Flag first appears).
- Band
Turn on spotlights (When Flag first appears).
- Fort McHenry Rangers
9:21 p.m. - (When Flag two blocked)
- Band and Vocalist
Pledge of Allegiance -- Musical.
9:22 p.m. - Drum Roll (Start Fireworks).
- Band and
Dr. Robert Mendell,
Fireworks Operator
The National Anthem (Commence on first Fireworks
- Band
burst).
Continue Fireworks through The National Anthem
- Dr. Mendell
(1 minute 29 seconds).
9:23:30
- Announce Court adjourned.
- Mr. Suendiman
p.m.
Leave Bench.
- Judge Hershrop
2
FORDO is LIBRARY GERALD
9:23:35 - Drun RA11
- Band
p.m.
( ) Date Roll) Fire three overhead rockets.
- Dr. Mendell
"America the Beautiful" (Commence on first
- Band
rocket burst).
9:25 p.m.
(28 bars before end of "America the Beautiful")
- Dr. Mendell
-
Resume Fireworks and continue for 15 minutes.
9:40 p.m.
- Pause in Fireworks and advise Band Finale ready.
- Dr. Mendell
9:40:30
- (On Dr. Mendell's cue) Drum Roll.
- Band
p.m.
Commence Fireworks Finale.
- Dr. Mendell
"Stars and Stripes Forever" (Commence on trio
i Band
when first burst appears).
(Finale time - 2 minutes 15 seconds.)
9:42:45
- End Fireworks and
- Dr. Mendell
p.m.
"Stars and Stripes Forever"
- Band
9:43 p.m.
-
"The Marines' Hymn"
- Band
End of Program
BERALD FORD LIBRARY
3
national park service
NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
For Inmediate Helease
Miller (215) 597-9652
OLD FORT McHENRY
INSPIRES NEW AMERICANS
Editor's Note: One of a series of newsfeatures on Bicentennial areas,
this article deals with Fort McHenry, a national monument and historic
shrine.
In an event witnessed by thousands of visitors who crowded into
Fort McHenry last Fourth of July, 92 immigrants took their oath of
allegiance as new Americans.
Beneath the fort's huge flag -- 30 by 42 feet -- Federal District
Judge Edward S. Northrop led the naturalization ceremony, proclaiming
the newcomers as U.S. citizens.
It was not the first time that McHenry's gallant banner had added
its grace and color to a historic moment.
It was the sight of the fort's flag waving proudly by dawn's early
light on September 14, 1814, that inspired a young Baltimore lawyer
named Francis Scott Key to put his emotions on paper in the form
of the poem that became the nation's anthem.
Bicentennial visitors to the fort recall the familiar story of
America's "second war for independence".
A seasoned British expeditionary force, fresh from driving the U.S.
federal government out of Washington, D.C., and setting the White House
to the torch, struck at the busy port of Baltimore. In a pincers
movement, the British army marched on the city by land; 2 British fleet
of 16 warrhips converged on the fort by way of the Patapsco River.
The ships anchored two miles below the fort -- just out of range
of McHenry's gins. In a 25 hour bombardment, the British threw some
1,500 bombo, rockets, and shells at the defenders.
Key watched this crunching onslaught against his countryman from
a truce ship cafely waiting behind the British firing line. Cloaked
by darkness, fearful of the outcome, he could only guess whether the
fort still stood.
(more)
FORD & LIBRARY BERALD
Daim infolded. Key gazed shoreward. Old Glory still waved!
Fort McHenry still held. Baltimore Was safe; the nation survived.
The attackers, frustrated, called off the bombardment and sailed
back down the river, never to regain the battle initiative.
Deeply moved, the young lawyer translated his feelings into the
stirring words that now thrill the nation as the "Star Spangled Banner".
Fort McHenry today looks out not on square-rigged nen-of-war but
a busy traffic of merchant ships that continue to make Baltimore one
of the country's busiest ports. But visitors who walk through the
star-shaped fort quickly get a feel for its days of battle. Park
rangers dressed in 1812 uniforms demonstrate musket firing using the
von Steuben manual of arms. Women dressed as junior officer's wives
guide sightseers, do hand stitchery, and tell of a barracks life long
past.
Special events mark McHenry's summer schedule. Each Wednesday at
dusk a precision drill team of U.S. Marines presents a colorful military
tattoo. Drums roll and bugles blare as the Fort McHenry Guard performs
a precise infantry drill taken from U.S. Drill Regulations of 1812.
Orders of the day are read and the guard passes in review before the
honorary colonel -- a distinguished citizen or military official.
On Flag Day each June, a contingent from 2 branch of the U.S.
armed forces offers 2 demonstration. This year the U.S. Coast Guard
displayed its search-and-rescue capability. The Coast Giard band and
drill team also performed as Maryland officials watched from the
reviewing stand.
Each July 4th, the Baltimore area Federal Executive Board, as well
as national and state Bicentennial organizations, sponsor an "our
Country" program that brings together civic and government agencies.
Defenders Day in September reenacts the battle of 1814 with a mock
bombardment of the fort and evening fireworks. This year a U.S. Navy
destroyer will fire blanks at the "defenders" while U.S. Army artillery
pieces answer the attack from within the fort.
Although it was the War of 1812 that brought fame to Fort McHenry,
the fortification actually dates back to the Revolutionary War. The
Continental Aray built its predecessor, Fort Whetstone, at the same
spot in 1776 to protect Baltimore harbor. The structure later was
strengthened and renamed for James McHenry, 2 Baltinore resident who
served as surgeon and secretary during the Revolution for General
Washington. He later served as Secretary of War under Presidents
Washington and John Adams.
Fort Mollenry remains open seven days a week during the summer, from
is :.... to 8 p.n. Tours of the resparts are conducted regularly. A
visitor center and notion picture put the fort in perspective for the
2
ERALD FORD LIBRA
But no matter what time of day the visitor arrives, he will see
the Star Spangled Banner snapping in the breeze from a tall ship's
mest, Fort McHenry, by Presidential proclamation, is permitted to
fly its flag 24 hours each day.
###
LIBRARY GERALD R. FORD
7/24/74
United States Department of the Interior
NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
Fort McHenry National Monument and
IN REPLY REFER TO:
Historic Shrine
A8227
Baltimore, Maryland 21230
May 2, 1975
Ms. Barbara Franklin
c/o Bicentennial Office
Room 3073
National Park Service
Department of the Interior
Washington, D. C. 20240
Dear Ms. Franklin:
In response to your request yesterday for further information in regard
to the Our Country Program, I have enclosed the following material;
some extra copies of last program and an outline map showing the physical
facilities and area where the event is held at Fort McHenry.
I have an up date on the Naturalization Ceremony also. We are planning
this year to have 75 new citizens inducted by Judge Northrop and 75 in
1976.
I neglected to mention on the phone that the Our Country Program was
awarded a Freedoms Foundation Award for last years program. This award
is being presented on May 23, this year here in Baltimore. Committees
are currently working in putting the schedule, the program, the entire
day together. While the final results are yet incomplete, if you desire
an up date from time to time please advise me and I will keep you informed.
If you need anything further, please give me a call.
Very truly yours,
Kent Rugness
Kent M. Redgrave
Director, Our Country Program
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HISTORIC
AMVERIT GERALD ? FORD
FORT MCHENRY NATIONAL MONUMENT
'ND HISTORIC SHRINE
MIDDLE
&
Schedule of Events
12:00 Noon to 6:00 PM
"OUR COUNTRY/BICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION"
OUR COUNTRY/BICENTENNIAL PROGRAM
July 4, 1974
LIBRARY
July 4, 1974
Fort MeHenry
FORD
National Monument
is
and
078839
Historic Shrine
Baltimore, Maryland
presented by
Model Rocket Firing Demonstrations -
1:15 PM, 3:15 PM, 4:30 F
Baltimore Federal Executive Board
Star Spangled Banner Rocket Club, NARHAMS
in cooperation with
American Revolution Bicentennial
Radio Controlled Model Yacht Exhibition Races - 1:30 PM, 3:30 PM, 4:45 P
Administration
Radio Controlled Model Boaters of Baltimore
City of Baltimore
Joint Veterans Committee of Maryland
Maryland Bicentennial Commission
Space Mobile Presentations - NASA
2:00 PM, 4:00 PM, 6:00 PI
Maryland Port Administration
Propeller Club of the U.S. Port of Balto.
Ortho Walk Demonstrations, Naval Reserve Bldg.
WBAL Radio
2:15 PM, 4:30 PM, 6:30 PM
ILC Dover & Md. Rehabilitation Center
Your Host
K-9 Corps Demonstrations - Baltimore City
3:00 PM, 5:00 PM
National Park Service
Police Department
U.S. Department of Interior
and
Superintendent and Staff Fort McHenry
Square Dancing - The Spinning Wheels
5:00 PM
Open House - USS Steinaker
1:00 PM to 4:00 PM
Award Presentations
3:45 PM, 4:15 PM
AMERICAN REVOLUTION WENTENNING
Tennis Clinic - Baltimore Banners
3:00 PM to 5:00 PM
1776-1976
We gratefully acknowledge the help and contributions of:
Baltimore Volunteer Rescue and First Aid Squad, Inc.
LIBRARY
for stand-by and emergency medical aid
FORD
Baltimore Amateur Radio Club (BARC)
... for communications
i
07V839
Baltimore Naval Brigade
DAY PROGRAM
for logistical support
Brotherhood of Carpenters District Council (Balto. & vicinity)
12:00 Noon
GATES OPEN T
for professional assistance
PUBLIC
Ensign C. Markland Kelly, Jr. Memorial Post No. 174
12:30 . 7:30 p.m.
EXHIBITS, DISPLAYS, AN
The American Legion
DEMONSTRATIONS
... for flags to our new citizens
Maryland Housing Corp.
... for materials for display booths
Maryland Shipbuilding and Drydock Company
EVENING PROGRAM
... for logistical support
7:30 p.m.
WELCOME AND OPENING CEREMONY
Southern States Cooperative, Inc.
for parking facilities
KEYNOTE SPEECH
Hon. William Donald Schuefe
97th US Army Reserve Command
... for picnic benches and logistical support
SPIRIT OF '76
Maryland Jaycees
510th Field Depot
... for logistical support
NATURALIZATION CEREMONY
Edward S. Northrup
(for 100 new citizens)
Chief Judge, United
US District Court for the District of Maryland
States District Court
for naturalization ceremony
District of Maryland
US Marine Corps Band -- "The President's Own"
for concert and program contributions
RAISING OF STAR-
Featuring United State
SPANGLED BANNER AND
Marine Banc
Inspector-Instructor Staff, 4th Engineer Battalion
NATIONAL ANTHEM
US Marine Corps Reserve
... for picnic benches and display booths
FIREWORKS DISPLAY
US Naval Reserve Center
for facilities and equipment
USS Steinaker
for open house
REVOLUTION
and the dozens of individuals who have worked long and hard to give this day true
.
meaning - thanks and well done. To those whose names are omitted due to publishing
deadlines we are no less grateful.
Paul Lawrence, Chairman
Kent M. Rodgrave, Director
OUR COUNTRY/BICENTENNIAL Committee
OUR COUNTRY/BICENTENNIAL Program
AMERICAN
DICENTENNIAL
James R. Etgen, Chairman
Bortimore Federal Executive Board 1973-74
1776-1976
Walter 3. Orlinsky, Chairman
Room 701. 26 S. Calvert Street
Maryland 21202
(301) 396-2804
May 9, 1975
Mr. William W. Nicholson
Deputy Director
Scheduling Office
The White House
Washington, D.C.
Dear Mr. Nicholson:
Thank you for your letter of April 25, 1975, in which
you informed us that our invitation to the July 4th event
at Fort McHenry in "The Dawn's Early Light" had been carried
forward for careful consideration.
As I indicated in my last letter, Laurence Cardinal Shehan,
who will be coordinating the sunrise interfaith service
following the re-enactment of the bombardment at Fort McHenry,
is very excited about the possibility of the President's
attendance. Further, the Federal Executive Board, pending the
President's acceptance, would like to express their wish for
the President to officiate at the naturalization ceremony to
be held at this event.
Once again, it is my hope that we will hear in the near
future of the President's decision in this matter.
Sincerely,
Walter S. Orlinsky
cc: Captain Harry Allendorfer
FORD
GERALD
B.Adems
Joseph Common
Robert
Service Crimit Eng.
James
David
Criper
Look Battagha
Germat
John (
Fort McHenry
NATIONAL MONUMENT AND HISTORIC SHRINE . MARYLAND
0301.3 BERALD
RUS
0 jay can you on Hungk by the dawn's easty light,
what so proudly we hail'd at the twilight's Cash glearning,
u hose bries stripes 9 bright stans through the penilious fight
O'er the ramparts are watch'd were so allantly streaming
The present site of Fort McHenry was recog-
"THE STAR SPANGLED BANNER"
ABOUT YOUR VISIT
nized early in the Revolutionary War as a stra-
tegic location for military defenses to protect
Fort McHenry and our national anthem will be
Fort McHenry National Monument and Historic
the water approaches to Baltimore. Fort Whet-
forever associated in the minds of Americans.
Shrine is 3 miles from the center of Baltimore,
stone, a temporary fortification with exterior
"The Star Spangled Banner" is actually an ac-
and is readily accessible over East Fort Avenue,
batteries, was constructed here in 1776 and its
count of the emotions felt by Francis Scott Key
which intersects Md. 2.
presence deterred British cruisers operating in
as he witnessed the September 13-14, 1814, at-
Chesapeake Bay from molesting the city.
tack on Fort McHenry. Key, who had come to
The fort is open 7 days a week from 9 a.m. to
Baltimore to secure the release of a friend seized
5 p.m. From late June through Labor Day,
In the 1790's when war with either England or
by the British, remained on the deck of an Amer-
the visiting hours are from 8 a.m. to 8 p.m.
France seemed likely, it was decided that Balti-
ican truce ship throughout the bombardment,
Groups receive special services if advance ar-
more was sufficiently important to merit a more
permanent defense. The Federal Government
anxiously watching the fort and reassured by
rangements are made with the superintendent.
and the citizens of Baltimore both contributed
the sight of its large flag. At night, when the flag
You can make your visit safe and enjoyable by
was no longer visible, he knew that his country-
funds for this purpose. The outer batteries were
observing commonsense rules of safety. Climb-
men still held the fort so long as the British con-
rebuilt and strengthened and a new fort was
ing on the cannons, monuments, and trees, ven-
tinued to fire rockets and bombs. There were
constructed, called Fort McHenry in honor of
turing too close to the edge of the fort walls, and
several lulls in the bombardment, and for Key
James McHenry of Baltimore, sometime secre-
walking on the seawall are not allowed. Please
these were moments of suspense and anxiety.
tary to George Washington during the Revolu-
help preserve all natural and historical features.
At dawn, he again saw the flag-still waving
tion and U.S. Secretary of War from 1796 to
defiantly over the ramparts. Even as the British
1800. The new star-shaped fort was replete with
bastions, batteries, magazines, and barracks.
fleet prepared tó leave, Key began writing "The
Star Spangled Banner" to express what he felt.
Until the War of 1812, life at Fort McHenry was
On the day following Key's return to Baltimore,
routine and uneventful. In 1814 British troops,
printed copies of his poem were widely circu-
fresh from the capture and burning of Washing-
lated through the city. Soon the poem was being
ton, appeared at the mouth of the Patapsco Riv-
sung to the music of an English song, "To Ana-
er. A joint land and naval attack on Baltimore
was planned and on September 12 a landing was
creon in Heaven." The song increased so much
made at North Point. Encountering only moder-
in popularity that in 1931 Congress declared it
our national anthem.
ate resistance, the British forces advanced to
within 2 miles of the city, where they awaited
the arrival of the fleet before attempting to
ROAD
storm Baltimore's defenses.
BALTIMORE
PHILADELPHIA
At dawn on September 13, a British fleet of 16
1814
war ships anchored about 2 miles below Fort
NORTH POINT ROAD
Site of Battle of North Point
McHenry and commenced a heavy bombard-
ment of this key defense work. During the next
NORTH
Whetstone Point
4557
25 hours, between 1,500 and 1,800 bombs, rock-
ets, and shells were fired by the British but they
BRANCH
inflicted only moderate damage to the fort.
Casualties also were low-4 men killed, 24
ORT
MCHENRY
wounded. Convinced that Fort McHenry could
notbe taken, the British cancelled their attack on
Baltimore and withdrew their forces. The siege
BRANCH
PATAPSCO Position of Briti Fleet
ROUTE
was over and the city was saved.
OF
Fort McHenry never again came under enemy
FERRY
U.S. Truce Ship
BRITISH
fire, although it continued to function as an
active military post for the next 100 years.
with Francis Scott Key Aboard
During the Civil War the fort was used by the
Federal Government as a prison camp for cap-
tured Confederate soldiers. From 1917 until
1923, a U.S. Army General Hospital was located
0
2
RIVER
Landing of British
here to serve returning veterans of World War I.
SCALE IN MILES
In 1925 Congress made Fort McHenry a national
North
Point
park; later it was redesignated a national monu-
CHESAPEAKE BAY
ment and historic shrine.
15
9
8
6
5
7
8
14
4
front of the parade ground and just beyond the
sally port is the flagpole site (7), from which
spot the 42-by-30-foot battle flag flew during
A TOUR THROUGH FORT McHENRY
the bombardment and inspired Francis Scott
Key to write "The Star Spangled Banner."
Begin your tour of the fort and grounds at the
visitor center where exhibits and a film depict
3
The guardhouses (8), on either side of the en-
the history of the fort and the writing of "The
trance, date from 1835, and the cells, where
Star Spangled Banner." You will find other ex-
Civil War prisoners were held, from 1857. From
hibits along the numbered route marked on. the
one of the five bastions (9) you have a view of
map. Audio stations, where you can hear addi-
the Patapsco, where the British fleet lay at an-
tional details of the fort's history, are marked
chor in 1814. A taped message here describes
by stars.
the fort's strategic importance.
Opposite the visitor center is Armistead Plaza
In a semi-circle around the parade ground are
(1), containing a statue of the commander of
the several buildings that served as living quar-
Fort McHenry during the 1814 bombardment,
ters for the soldiers of the fort. The regular 60-
Maj. George Armistead. From this point you can
man garrison was housed in the soldiers' bar-
also see the outlines of several original service
racks (10 and 11). These buildings, like the
buildings. Along the trail to the fort, two
2
other quarters at the time of the bombardment,
markers (2) identify the site of a tavern of the
were 1½ stories high with gabled roofs and dor-
early 1800's and the historic road-now recon-
mer windows, and porchless. They appear today
structed-that in 1814 led into Baltimore.
much as they did in the 1830's. Each contains
exhibits that help to interpret the fort. Also on
Fort McHenry itself, with its five-bastioned
display is the E. Berkley Bowie collection of fire-
trace, is built upon a French design that dates
arms, spanning the period from the mid-1700's
from the reign of Louis XIV (1643-1715). On your
to World War I. The first floor of the adjoining
right as you approach the fort, the raised mound
building (12) were junior officers' quarters.
(3) is the remaining part of the dry moat that
originally encircled the fort and protected many
During the bombardment, the powder magazine
of its defenders during the 25-hour bombard-
(13) was struck by a 186-pound British bomb which
ment. At that time the moat was 5 feet deep and
did little damage since it failed to explode. The
30 feet wide. The V-shaped outwork (4) to your
magazine was afterwards rebuilt and enlarged to
left and opposite the fort entrance is a ravelin
its present size. The restored quarters of the com-
strategically designed and placed to protect the
VISITOR
manding officer (14) were used by Major Armi-
entrance against a direct attack. The under-
CENTER
stead as his headquarters in 1814. At that same
ground magazine, which you may enter, was
time, the end room was a separate building that
added after 1814.
served as a guardhouse.
At the time of the British attack the entrance to
There are several places of interest to visit on
the fort was an unroofed passageway cut through
1
the outer grounds. These include the Civil War
the rampart. Today you enter through an arched
batteries (15) which replaced the 1814 water
sally port (5) constructed after the battle with
battery of 36 cannon located between the rave-
underground rooms on each side. These rooms
lin and the waterline; the Civil War powder mag-
were originally bombproofs, but during the Civil
azine near the entrance to the grounds; and the
War, Confederate prisoners were held here. On
statue of Orpheus, a mythological Greek hero of
the parade ground (6) is a cannon believed to have
music and poetry, erected in 1922 to honor the
been used in the defense of Baltimore. It bears the
memory of Key and the soldiers and sailors who
monogram of King George III of England. At the
participated in the 1814 defense of Baltimore.
# OPO 1973 515 883/80 REPAINT 1973
ADMINISTRATION
Fort McHenry is administered by the National
Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior.
A superintendent, whose address is Baltimore,
MD 21230, is in immediate charge.
As the Nation's principal conservation agency,
the Department of the Interior has basic respon-
sibilities for water, fish, wildlife, mineral, land,
park, and recreational resources. Indian and Ter-
ritorial affairs are other major concerns of
America's "Department of Natural Resources."
The Department works to assure the wisest
choice in managing all our resources so each
will make its full contribution to a better United
States-now and in the future.
National Park Service
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Coventry Machinists' Co. Ltd.) and patented new models.
Gregariousness is a common trait. The birds may feed or roost
the late 1S60s, however, he became interested in the early
in large flocks, and some nest in colonies. The nest may be in
- of bicycle then appearing. (through his firm's manufacture
a hole in a tree, bank or building or may be an oval, pensile struc-
zelocipèdes first for the French and later for the British
ture. The eggs are plain or spotted.
surket). Starley's first invention was the "C" spring and step
A number of starlings are kept as cage birds, notably the talking
-wime. popularly known as the Coventry model. He followed
mynas and several other southeast Asian species. The African
success in 1871 with the Ariel bicycle, notable for its centre
oxpeckers, genus Buphagus, that eat ticks off the skin of hoofed
TTE steering; then the Tangent; and, in 1876, the still excellent
animals are aberrant starlings. ,See also BIRD. (A. L. RD.; X.)
oventry tricycle. Starley also invented the double-throw crank,
STAR-SPANGLED BANNER, the national anthem of
chain, and the chain wheel drive, all of which became standard
the United States of America. It was officially adopted by an act
parts of every bicycle.
of Congress signed by Pres. Herbert Hoover on March 3, 1931,
Starley died at Coventry on June 17, 1881. See also BICYCLE:
although it had been in common use for well over a century before
Brit
For "Ordincry" "Bicycle.
that date. The words were written by an American lawyer,
STARLING, ERNEST HENRY (1866-1927), English
Francis Scott Key (q.v.), Sept. 13-14, 1814. The music, long a
one of the foremost of his age, was born in London,
subject of considerable controversy, is now generally credited to
17, 1866. Educated at King's College school, he entered
the British composer, John Stafford Smith (1750-1836). The
ST'S hospital in 1882 and graduated M.D. in 1890. In that year
argument that Samuel Arnold, Smith's predecessor as organist of
#23 appointed lecturer in physiology at Guy's. He was elected
the Chapel Royal, was the composer was effectively answered by
brook of the Royal society in 1899, and in 1900 became Jodrell
Oscar G. Sonneck, chief of the Division of Music of the Library
memor of physiology at University college, London, where he
of Congress in a report in 1914.
wered until, in 1922, he retired from the Jodrell chair and was
The original version of the melody was written for a social
united Foulerton research professor of the Royal society.
club, the Anacreontic Society of London, with the title "To
lbs subjects for investigation that particularly attracted Star-
Anacreon in Heaven," with words by the organization's president,
were those physiological processes that seemed capable of
Ralph Tomlinson, probably about 17S0. There were no less than
surrepretation in terms of chemistry and physics. The conditions
five early publications of the words and music without credit to
memining transudation from the vessels and lymph flow occu-
the composer, but in 1799 the combination appeared in Smith's
his attention for several years, and he showed that the hydro-
Fifth Book of Canzonets, Catches, Canons and Glees, as "har-
and osmotic pressures within the vessels supplied the balance
monized by the author," and since all the other melodies were
NAME necessary to explain the previously perplexing experi-
of his own creation, there seems to be no reason for making an
facts. His researches on the movements of the intestines,
exception of "the Anacreontic Song."
majunction with Sir William Bayliss (q.v.), demonstrated the
This historic ditty naturally lauded the Greek poet Anacreon,
memuscular mechanisms involved. Their discovery of secretin
the Society's pàtron saint, who wrote mostly about wine and
only laid bare the way in which the secretion of the pancreas
women, as emphasized in the closing couplet of each stanza, which
exhed forth and adjusted, but also stimulated further research
urged the members to "entwine the myrtle of Venus with
the chemical integration of the body functions. By ingenious
Bacchus's vine." It is not generally realized that the Anacreontic
paymental methods Starling was successful in maintaining the
tune was used many times, with a variety of words of political,
kidney, isolated from all connection with the body, in
patriotic, social, and sometimes ribald, nature. Richard Hill, a
name of functional activity, thereby bringing to light new facts
successor to Sonneck at the Library of Congress, reported the
acceming renal secretion. His most important researches, how-
discovery of more than 80 such texts for this one melody.
were those dealing with the heart and circulation. He demon-
The outstanding American adaptation of "To Anacreon in
the mechanism by which the heart is able to increase
Heaven" (before "The Star-Spangled Banner") was a song called
senstically the energy of each contraction in proportion to the
"Adams and Liberty," written for the presidential campaign of
sentanical demand made upon it and, apart from the nervous sys-
John Adams by a certain Thomas Paine, who called himself
to adapt its work to the needs of the body.
Robert Treat Paine, Jr., to avoid confusion with his more famous
During World War I Starling was director of research at the
namesake. The same author used the Anacreon tune again as
Army Medical Corps college and engaged in devising defen-
the musical setting of a poem entitled "Spain," and it is logical
athods against poison gas. Subsequently, 1917-19, he was
to assume that Francis Scott Key was familiar with one OI both
of the Royal society's food committee, scientific adviser
of these songs.
ministry of food and British scientific delegate on the Inter-
The story of Key's creation of his immortal lines has often been
Food commission. He died on May 2, 1927.
told, with some conflicting details. The significant facts are that
TARLING, the name for birds of the passerine family
the young lawyer, then living in Georgetown, near Washington,
which contains about 103 species. The normal range
D.C., was asked to negotiate with the British Navy for the release
family is Africa, Europe and Asia, to Australia, with most
of his friend, William Beanes, of Upper Marlborough, Md., a doc-
If the tropics. Certain species have been introduced into
tor who had been taken into custody as a result of his own highly
other parts of the world, such as Madagascar and Hawaii,
irregular arrests of stragglers from the invading British army. Ac-
North America, where the common starling of Europe,
cording to Key's own account, he was taken on board one of the
trigaris, is widespread.
British ships that were then preparing for an attack on Baltimore
indescent plumage char-
by way of Fort McHenry (or M'Henry as it was often written).
many starlings, but
Obviously neither he nor Beanes could be released until the
bends exist, and one species
battle had taken place, and thus the stage was set for the all-night
white. Bare, coloured
vigil of Sept. 13-14, which inspired the poem first called "The
skin, or wattles, deco-
Defence of Fort M'Henry" and eventually "The Star-Spangled
reads of some. Certain
Banner."
the tropical forest are
Francis Scott Key watched the bombardment by the light of
sporeal and eat fruit;
bombs (as artillery shells were then called) and rockets; at
country walk about
dawn he saw that the American flag was still flying over the
FORD
and eat insects.
fort, proof that the fort had not been captured. Using the back
are familiar birds,
of an envelope, Key started writing his poem while on board
houses and gardens,
the British ship. He continued it in the small boat that later
may cause annoyance
4. GERARD
STARLING (STURNUS VULGARIS),
took him and Beanes ashore and finished it at a hotel in
the nesting site of
COMMON TO EUROPE AND NORTH
Baltimore. He showed it to his brother-in-law, Judge J. H.
AMERICA (WINTER PLUMAGE)
Nicholson, who immediately had it printed and distributed in
140
broadside form. "The Defence of Fort M'Henry" appeared in
as 1227. The mining of potash salts began in 1S61; since
the Baltimore Patriot of Sept. 20, 1814, and the following day
Stassfurt has been known as the cradle of the German
also in the Baltimore American, both papers indicating that it
mining industry. First mentioned in the chronicles in 810.
should be sung to the tune of "To Anacreon in Heaven." The
ceived its municipal charter in 1276, when it was transferred
title was soon changed to "The Star-Spangled Banner," appearing
the duchy of Saxony to the archbishopric of Magdeburg.
thus in the 1814 catalogue of Carr's Music Store in Baltimore and
1680 it belonged to the electorate of Brandenburg, and be:
in several popular "songsters" (collections) of the same year.
1807 and 1813 to the kingdom of Westphalia.
An actor named Ferdinand Durang is given credit for having
STATE. When the first studies of organized political
sung "The Star-Spangled Banner" for the first time in public,
were made in Greece, mainly by Plato and Aristotle, in the
at a tavern next to the Holiday Theatre, where it soon became a
century B.C., the unit of study was the polis or city-state.
regular feature of the performance. Durang claimed that he
Romans, adapting Greek political ideas, applied them to a
fitted the Anacreon tune to the words, but little fitting was required
térritorial unit, the respublica, which may be freely transl:
because Key clearly had this music in mind when he wrote the
public concern; or the status rei publicae, state of the
words. He had, in fact, written an earlier song, "The Warrior's
concern. It is this Roman application of the term that is
Return," to the same melody.
commonly used today. It is altogether probable that we
The music of "The Star-Spangled Banner" has been criticized
the word state from the Roman status. In the early 16th
on the ground that it covers too great a range (an octave and a
Machiavelli used the term "state" extensively in his works
fifth) for à song meant to be sung by everyone. Difficult it un-
modern meaning.
doubtedly is, but in the key of Bb, A, or Ab, it is by no means
Authorities agree on certain essential properties of a
unsingable. Innumerable publications of the song through the
population, territory, a government clothed with a monope
years have shown variations in both words and music. An official
force for the preservation of peace and order, and having a
arrangement was prepared by John Philip Sousa for the U.S.
tude of authority within the state independent of external
Army and Navy, and music educators have spent much time and
except that of international law. Since a state cannot fund
effort in arriving at a practical version for American schools.
under that law unless it is recognized by the members of
The second and third stanzas are customarily omitted out of
community of nations, such diplomatic recognition is ofte:
courtesy to the British. The accepted text of "The Star-Spangled
sidered another property of the state. In addition, most poli
Banner" is as follows:
theorists emphasize purpose or end in their definition of
Oh, say can you see by the dawn's early light
state; this purpose is stated as the promotion of the
What so proudly we hail'd at the twilight's last gleaming,
good or general welfare.
Whose broad stripes and bright stars through the perilous fight
Two terms are to be distinguished from the term
O'er the ramparts we watch'd were so gallantly streaming?
namely, society and nation. The free association of people
And the rockets' red glare, the bombs bursting in air,
Gave proofthrough the night that our flag was still there.
families and in social and cultural groupings constitutes a
Oh, say does that star-spangled banner yet wave
these groups lie largely outside of political control. The
O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave?
strictly speaking, is a unit of society with a common
tradition, and culture that may or may not coincide with
On the shore dimly seen through the mists of the deep,
boundaries.
Where the foe's haughty host in dread silence reposes,
What is that which the breeze, o'er the towering steep,
The states of the United States do not constitute states
As it fitfully blows, half conceals, half discloses?
accepted meaning of the term. Nor may the term be app
Now it catches the gleam of the morning's first beam,
protectorates or semi-independent commonwealths, such as
In full glory reflected now shines in the stream.
Tis the star-spangled banner, oh, long may it wave
Rico. The term "estates-general" derives from the French
O'er the land of the free and the home of the bravel
("estates"), referring to the various. orders or condition
society, as the clergy, nobility, and third estate or common
And where is that band who so vauntingly swore
ple, which were represented in European states-general
That the havoc of war and the battle's confusion
medieval period.
A home and a country should leave us no more?
Their blood has wash'd out their foul footstep's pollution.
See also SOVEREIGNTY.
No refuge could save the hireling and slave
BIBLIOGRAPHY.-W. W. Willoughby, Fundamental Concern
From the terror of flight or the gloom of the grave,
Public Law (1924) R. M. MacIver, The Modern State (1926)
And the star-spangled banner in triumph doth wave
Ford, Natural History of the State (1915) J. Maritain, Mo.
O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave.
the State (1951).
(J.G.)
Oh, thus be it ever when freemen shall stand
STATE, DEPARTMENT OF: see GOVERNMENT
Between their lov'd home and the war's desolation?
PARTMENTS.
Blest with vict'ry and peace may the heav'n-restund land
Praise the power that hath made and preserv'd usea nation!
STATE GOVERNMENT (U.S.). In 1776 the 13
Then conquer we must, when our cause it is just
colonies in America proclaimed themselves to be index
And this be our motto, "In' God is our Trust,"
states, and in 1781, under the Articles of Confederation
And the star-spangled banner in triumph shall wave
formed a "perpetual union." The perpetuality of the unit
O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave.
not assured, however, for the articles which established that
(S. SP.)
league of friendship" provided also that each state should
STARVATION is a state of extreme malnutrition caused by
"sovereignty, freedom, and independence," and in the
the long-continued deprivation of essential nutrients. It usually
years the states showed a strong disposition to exercise the
results from insufficient food intake, either because food is not
eignty thus retained. The federal Constitution, drafted
available or because the person is unable to eat, due to illness or
and put into effect two years later, established a stronger
other factors. Starvation may also result from disturbances in
government, the "more perfect" union that was needed. THE
digestion, absorption or utilization of food. See MALNUTRITION;
stitution made no reference to the troublesome question of
FAMINE.
eignty, leaving that to be disposed of by time-to be den
STASSFURT, a Kreisstadt (county capital) of East Ger-
states, as it turned out, by the Civil War.
many in the Besirk (district) of Magdeburg, German Demo-
Constitutional Division of Powers.-The federal
cratic Republic. Pop. (1964) 24,803. The town is 25 mi. (40
tution divides the powers of government between the
km.) S of the district capital, Magdeburg, and on the Bode River.
(commonly called federal) government and the states.
It is a railway junction and has chemical, engineering, scientific
eral government has those powers that are delegated to
apparatus, and radio equipment enterprises. It is chiefly known,
Constitution and the authority to make all laws that
however, for its potash mines and the exploitation of other rock
"necessary and proper" to implement the powers so del
salts. The chronicles note the existence of salt deposits as early
The delegated powers are not numerous, but they 375
20
KEWEENAWAN-KEYNES
einster saints and chiefs of the 6th and early 7th century. How
born in Frederick county (now Carroll county), Md., Aug. 1,
nuch of all this is historical remains uncertain. The extant lives
He attended St. John's college, Annapolis, Md., 1789-96. E:
Prece (1919
i St. Kevin consist largely of hagiographical legends in which he
graduation, he studied law in Annapolis, and began to prace
stacks on I
often represented as a protector of animals. His feast day is
in 1801 in Frederick, Md. In 1805 Key moved to George:
& public fign
urie 3.
D.C., where he became a partner of his uncle Philip Barton K.
active in ec
The tory, immortalized by Thomas Moore, that Kevin rid him-
In Sept. 1814, after the burning of the city of Washington
peactical iss:
self ofs woman who had come to seduce him by throwing her into
the British during the War of 1812, Key was sent to the Bri-
exndard an
he lake is probably the romantic development of an episode in
fleet in Chesapeake bay to secure the release of his friend, WE
which he de
the Life, where young Kevin cools a girl's passion for him by flog-
Beanes. who had been captured after the defeat of the U.S. ic:
Until the
ging her with a bunch of nettles.
at Bladensburg, Md. Key was detained on his ship during
of unusual b
See C. Plummer, Vitae sanctorum Hiberniae, vol. 1, pp. lv-lvi, 234-
shelling of Ft. McHenry, one of the forts that successfully
be attained
257 (1910; edition of the earliest Life) J. F. Kenney, Sources for the
fended Baltimore. During the night of the bombardment. it.
arthodoxy a
Early History of Ireland, pp. 403-404 (1929).
(L. BR.)
13-14, Key's anxiety was at high pitch, and in the morning 22
analyze the
KEWEENAWAN: see PRECAMBRIAN TIME.
he discerned the American flag still flying over the fortress
demand in t
KEW GARDENS, the name popularly applied to the Royal
wrote "The Star-Spangled Banner." Released that day, he rew:
bibrium shor
Botanic gardens at Kew in the London borough of Richmond upon
the poem in a Baltimore hotel. It was immediately printed and:
rally settin
Thames, Eng., on the south bank of the river. The name is de-
mously under the title "Defence of Fort M'Henry," and on :
according L
rived from the grounds of Kew house. a former royal estate.
20 was published by the Baltimore Patriot. Set to the ture
and central
Starting with an original botanical collection begun by Lord Capel
the English drinking song, "To Anacreon in Heaven," it soon
tal goods an
in the late 1600s, Princess Augusta established the botanical gar-
came popular throughout the nation. It was later adopted by
inent during
den of 9 ac. about 1759 with the scientific help of the earl of Bute.
army and navy as the national anthem, but it was not until
and Theory
Since that time other grounds have been assimilated till by the end
that congress officially adopted it.
If these ic
world into t
of the 19th century the gardens covered 288 ac. Sir William
Key died in Baltimore on Jan. 11; 1843, and was buried in
Keynes had
Chambers designed the orangery, a superb example of Georgian
Olivet cemetery in Frederick.
(JA. B. R
a
architecture and also the pagoda, a Chinese-style building 163 ft.
KEY: see KEYS AND KEYWAYS; Lock; see also HARMONY
med contro
high, which serves as a landmark. George III continued to de-
KEYES, ROGER JOHN BROWNLOW KEYES,
ment and a I
velop the gardens with the help of Sir Joseph Banks who was, in
BARON (1872-1945), British admiral who planned and directed:
effect. director for 47 years. The gardens were handed over to the
of Keynes's
raid on the German base at Zeebrugge, Belg. (April 23, 19.
sugnificantly
nation in 1841 when Sir William Hooker became the first official
and thus helped to close the Straits of Dover to German :
At the les
director. They soon developed into an important botanical in-
marines. Born at Tundiani Fort, Punjab, India, on Oct. 4.
the Americ
stitution with a herbarium, which by the early 1960s contained
he entered the navy in 1885 and was promoted commander
Keynes had
more than 6,000,000 sheets exceptionally rich in "type" specimens,
bold action during the Boxer uprising of 1900. From 1912 to
they were }
and a specialized library of 55,000 volumes. There are three
he was commodore in charge of submarines, being responsible
lectual ingr
museums largely devoted to economic plant products and a labora-
the scheme which led to the battle of Heligoland Eight (q.r.'
recovery.
tory where. in addition to cytogenetical investigations, the struc-
1915 he became chief of staff to the commander of the Dardan-
author, his
ture of plants is studied, especially in relation to classification.
expedition. Appointed director of plans at the admiralty in i
of World \
The living colléctions comprise more than 40,000 different kinds
he began work on a plan for a raid on Zeebrugge and Ostend.
They were,
of plants. Among the greenhouses, which provide for the less
in 1918, as vice-admiral in charge of the Dover command, led
Keynes apr
hardy plants, the largest are the Temperate house, about an eighth
successful attack on Zeebrugge. He was created knight
leg infiatio
of a mile in length, and the Palm house, built in 1848, both from
mander of the Order of the Bath and after the Armistice was
hter-he wa
designs by Decimus Burton and housing magnificent collections
a baronet, and received a grant of £10,000. He became de:
the treasur
of tree ferns and cycads. The collections of tropical orchids,
chief of staff at the admiralty, 1921, commander in chief in
part in Brit
succulents and tropical ferns are exceptionally fine, and the Aus-
Mediterranean, 1925, and at Portsmouth, 1929-31, with the
letos. He
tralian house, erected in 1952 and built of aluminum alloy, contains
of admiral of the fleet from 1930. He was elected to parliar
1044, when
numerous plants native to Australia.
in 1934, retaining his seat until elevated to the peerage in :-
Internation
Kew originated the plantation industry of rubber and still plays
He retired from active service in 1935 but was recalled in
were works
an important role in plant introduction and as a quarantine station.
and acted as liaison officer to King Leopold of the Belgians.
U.S. ioan t
Its publications include numerous basic floras of commonwealth
sequently exerting himself to defend him from criticism of
areas, the Kew Bulletin and the Index Kewensis, for which supple-
surrender of the army in 1940. He then became director of
died on Ap
doease of
ments are periodically issued.
bined operations with special charge of commandos. After re:-
= years
See also BOTANICAL GARDENS.
(E. J. S.; G. T.)
ment in 1941 he remained a keen critic of the conduct of the:
See also
KEY, ELLEN (KAROLINA SOFIA) (1849-1926),
He died on Dec. 26, 1945, at Buckingham.
be Index.
Swedish essayist and educationalist whose radical ideas exerted a
KEYNES, JOHN MAYNARD KEYNES, IST Be
His other
wide influence. She was born on Dec. 11, 1849, at Sundsholm, the
(1883-1946), British economist who revolutionized econ
& Treatise c
daughter of the landowner and politician Emil Key (1822-92).
theories, critic and architect of national economic policies, poi:
and A Trea
Family misfortune obliged her to take up teaching in Stockholm
essayist, successful financier, bibliophile and patron of the
See R. F.
L & C. Rr
in the late 1870s and for the next 20 years she also lectured at the
was born at Cambridge, Eng., on June 5, ISS3. He was educ.
LAIL no.
workers' institute there. Barnets århundrade (1900; Eng. trans.,
at King's college, Cambridge, as a mathematician but his school
The Century of the Child, 1909) made her world-famous. Both
interests, then and throughout his life, were wide. He first SC
KEYS
this and Lifslinjer (1903-06; Eng. trans., Lines of Life) were
economics under Alfred Marshall (q.v.), founder of the Camb:
if is a m
translated into many languages. In 1903 she started lecture tours
school, in preparation for the civil service, in which he was
then: to a
abroad, particularly in Germany. She also propagated her ideas
in 1906 to the India office. He returned to Cambridge, how
circh or 4
through an enormous correspondence and many young authors
as a lecturer in economics in 1908 and remained an active fello
to 2 shaft
were influenced by her. Her liberal and radical opinions in most
King's for the rest of his life, exercising great influence over
if which t
fields of cultural life. and especially on love and marriage. led to
cessive generations of students. In 1915 he became a temp
controversy. She died at Strand. on Lake Vattern. April 25, 1926.
wartime civil servant in the British treasury and in 1919
*ch
BIELIOGRAPHY by G. Monod in La Reque bleu (1907) and
of its most senior officials, served as its chief representative
LE made
E. Faquet in La Revue latine (1907); M. Leche-Löigren, Ellen Key
the peace negotiations at Versailles. He found himself in
next
and
1930) U. Wittrock, Ellen Keys väg jrán kristendom till livstro (1953).
(U. K. T. W.)
ing disagreement, however, with the severity of the obligatic
***
be imposed, which he believed to exceed Germany's capaciti
]
KEY, FRANCIS SCOTT (1779-1843), U.S. lawyer and
make payment and to threaten disruption of the world econ
section car
author of the national anthem. "The Star-Spangled Banner," was
He finally resigned and wrote The Economic Consequences
in damag
254 MARYLAND
BALTIMORE 255
River a lone fisherman, sitting on the bank, took one look at the mechan-
militia, under the leadership of Judge Nicholson, related by marriage to
ical marvel and ran for his life.
Francis Scott Key. One of the British fleets, under Rear Admiral Cock-
158. FORT MOHENRY (open 7 a.m. to 5:30 p.m., adm. 10¢), in the park
burn, operated for a time in the Patuxent River and formed a base for the
of the same name at the foot of Fort Ave., is on Whetstone Point over-
army divisions that marched on Washington and destroyed the principal,
looking the North West and Middle Branches of the Patapsco River. The
buildings in August IS14. This done, General Ross re-embarked his troops
star-shaped fort has brick walls 20 feet high. Outside the entrance, or
at Benedict, Maryland, and Rear Admiral Cockburn set sail for Baltimore,
sally port, is a detached bastion protecting the approach. This bastion,
to join forces with the flcet operating in the Patapsco under command of.
with a drawbridge on each side, was formerly an island in the moat that
Vice Admiral Cochrane. An unwilling passenger on the flagship that
surrounded the fort. Underground on both sides of the sally port are
sailed from Benedict was Dr. William Beanes, a wealthy physician of
dungeons entered through narrow wooden doors battened with iron
Upper Marlboro. Because of a supposed insult to the British troops,
supports. They housed some of the 6,000 prisoners held at McHenry
Dr. Beanes had been arrested in his home at midnight and, clad only in his
during the Civil War. Other Civil War prisoners were kept in the guard-
night shirt, had been compelled to ride a horse bareback all the way to
houses where cells are entered through low, heavy iron-grated doors..
Benedict. Word of Dr. .Beanes' plight was carried to Francis Scott Kcy in
In BUILDING A, once the commanding officers' quarters, ninetcenth-
Georgetown, and Key, equipped with a letter from President Madison,
century furniture and cooking utensils arc displayed.
set forth to aid his friend. While Key and the cartel officer of Baltimore
BUILDING B, formerly a powder magazine, has walls ten feet thick. A
were on board Admiral Cockburn's flagship negotiating for Beanes' re-
squat building, it stands over deep pits in which ammunition was stored.
lease, Cockburn's flect joined Cochrane's and Key was ordered to remain
BUILDING C, the junior officers' quarters, is now the office of the
on the cartel sloop Minden under guard of marines, as important events
National Park Service which has charge of the reservation.
were pending. These events materialized on September 13, when the com-
BUILDING D, once a barracks for enlisted men, now houses the BERK-
bined British fleets commenced a bombardment of Fort McHenry that
LEY BOWIE COLLECTION OF WEAPONS, which has 500 items; including a
continued throughout the day and into the night. The attack did little
match-lock pistol of the early sixteenth century, a Boone-or Kentucky-
damage although the sky was illuminated by bursting bombs and the red
rifle, Enfield rifles used in the World War, and swords and knives from all
light from Congreve rockets, used for the first time in warfare. Near mid-
parts of the world.
night Vice Admiral Cochrane ordered all boats out for a landing party and
BUILDING E, also a former barracks, houses the Maritime Collection,
an attempt was made to storm the fort. Lieutenant Colonel Armistead, in
small tools used by shipbuilders of the nineteenth century and pictures of
command of the fort, had reserved his fire, but on the approach of boats
early fighting vessels, also a relief model of the fort as it looked during the
carrying sailors and marines he began a vigorous defense. Practically
bombardment.
every attacking boat was sunk and for some time British sailors were scen
Between the fort and the Fort Avenue entrance to the reservation are
swimming in the Patapsco, awaiting rescue from their ships.
parade grounds. On either side of the road through the parade grounds are
All this was witnessed by the lawyer, Francis Scott Key, from the deck
plaques bearing the names of the States with the dates of their admission
of the Minden, and that night the words of The Star Spangled Banner were
into the Union. Behind them are oaks, one for each State.
born.
The FRANCIS Scotr KEY MONUMENT, near the Fort Avenue entrance,
On the morning of the 14th, with the flag still waving above Fort
is a heroic bronze figure of Orpheus, legendary Thracian musician and
McHenry, word came to the British commander that General Ross had
hero, mounted on a granite base. Its sculptor was Charles H. Niehaus.
been killed (see Tour 2a); Vice Admiral Cochrane ordered a retreat. Key
In 1776 Baltimorcans hurriedly threw up a crude fort of mud and logs
was put on shore, and the British flcet sailed down the Chesapeake to sca.
on Whetstone Point to protect the town against a British vessel. It was
Dr.Bcanes' fate is not certain; there is evidence that he was taken to
called Fort Whetstone and was closer to the river than is McHenry.
Halifax and imprisoned there for a year.
During the last decade of the eighteenth century the Federal Government
On April 19, 1861, after the clash with Federal troops, citizens paraded
appropriated $20,000 and Baltimoreans raised additional funds to build
through the town shouting Capture Fort McHenry.' The small garrison
the present strong defense which was named Fort McHenry, honoring
at the fort was worried. On the following day a vessel, the Spanlding, came
Colonel James McHenry of Baltimore, who had been an aide to General
from Fortress Monroc for coal and anchored under the fort. Army officers
Washington during the Revolution and was Secretary of War from 1796
spread the word that this ship had brought 800 troops, and to give color
to ISOO. At the outbreak of the War of I812 the citizens of
to the story, they ordered tents pitched. This hoax probably saved the fort
strengthened the armament of the fort.
R.
from attack and, in the opinion of some, prevented Maryland from SC-..
When two fleets of British warships entered Chesapeake Bay in 1814,
FORD
ceding. Exactly 47 years from the day Key wrote The Star Spangled Ban-
convoying transports carrying 7,000 troops commanded by General Ross,
ner, his grandson, Francis Key Howard, was arrested and imprisoned in
the force at Fort McHenry was increased to 1,000 men by the addition of
this fort with others, including the mayor of Baltimore and members of
BIT
256 MARYLAND
the assembly, suspected of sympathizing with the South. Howard was
taken to Fortress Monroe, where he was kept a prisoner for a long time.
From 1861 to 1900 the fort was an infantry post, but modern artillery
made it useless and the Government abandoned it. In 1915 the fort and
the grounds were leased to the city of Baltimore for a park but were re-
claimed by the Government during the World War and converted into a
hospital. In 1925 the area was made a National park.
POINTS OF INTEREST IN THE ENVIRONS
Patapsco State Park, 9.9 m. (see Tour 1b); Hampton, 10 m., Maryland Whippet
Club Track. 10.5 m., Brooklandwood, 10.9m, Loch Raven Dam, 13.2 m. (see Tear
1A); Folly Quarter, 16.6 m. (see Tour 1B); North Point Battlefield. 7.7 m., Bay
Shore Amusement Park, 16.7 m. (see Tour 2a); Doughoregan Manor, 16.3 m. (see Tour
2b); Timonium Fair Grounds, 11.3 m. (see Tour 13); Trentham, 11.3 m., State Game
Farm, 12 m.; Maryland Polo Club, 12.7 m., St. Thomas Church, Garrison Forest,
13.2 m. (see Tour 14).
OFFICE FOR
F
X
MARAGENNER
181
W75
MARYLAND
A GUIDE TO THE OLD LINE STATE
Federal Writers' Project. Mai
Compiled by workers of the A Writers'-Program
of the Work Projects Administration
in the State of Maryland
AMERICAN GUIDE SERIES
ILLUSTRATED
Sponsored by Herbert R. O'Conor, Governor of Maryland
OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS NEW YORK
OFFICE or
TERRARS
/
DRAFT/JOMarsh/6-16-75
Today in the 199th Year of our Independence, we mark the beginning
of the Bicentennial Year. I believe we stand at the threshold of a great
American experience.
Let us make It a year of promise. Let us make it a year of hope.
the coriery year
Let us make it a great year on America's agenda of achievements
1
is A symbol of own past- Its
Fort McHenry is a symbol of the written word. It tells the story
IS told in song and vense. May postenly so
of America's past.
move to the of Judymen
As we begin the Bicentennial Year, I call on every American to
1
OUR
set a goal for themselves and the country as to look to the close of
this century.
last Quaster of this
Century I ange;
TP
In the next 25 years, I would suggest three guide posts, goals for
IP
IP
the Bicentennial Year, goals for the next decade and goalds for the
IP
of one your, ten years and 25 years.
Year 2, 000. By these yardsticks, 1 let us measure the progress on the
TP
course we set for ourselves and our Nation. Let us resolve that this
shall be an era of hope rather than despair. Let us resolve that it shall
Independence / Indur dualision / Donester Twong
-2- of Apathy
cardamation
be an era of achievement rather than resignation. Let us resolve that
of Resignation Regret
begun.
it shall be a time of promise rather than (you stopped here).
IN For the year ahead, -as The We begin have the countdown to Independence, 200,1
For each of us
let every citizen resolve that each day shall should be a step forward in a to in
year of chievement. USA.
Between now sheed and July '76
In this year let us learn to know one another better. From coast
let us
exploration and
to coast, and border to border, may we learn through new associations
the strengths and waysof our diverse people. Let us travel the roads
and trails and super highways that weave their way across the mountains
that reach from shone to shone to enable
and prairies that are the center of Nationhood.
ace anrevior to be neaghbors
Through personal experiences, let us learn to know new Americans,
how they earn their livelihood, their hopes and desires, and forge
our common goals.
As a Nation in the Year '76, let get America moving, a
Comit on / Inter People change y
-3-
expande our
x
more jobs, revive our economy, and curb the ravages of inflation,
develop new pro docts
and find jobs for the jobless.
The Bicentennial Year for each of us should be a year of self-
- -
ce
examination and individual achievement. May quality and permanentness
should be the hallmark of everything we do.
In this year ahead, let us look candidly at the inadequacies of the
American system.
≤
instead of carping or
cretinger this speach
t contents came
with construction