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Records of the White House Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff (Reagan Administration)

Michael K. Deaver's Correspondence Files

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Ronald Reagan Presidential Library Digital Library Collections This is a PDF of a folder from our textual collections. Collection: Deaver, Michael Folder Title: May 1985 Incoming and Outgoing (2) Box: 25 To see more digitized collections visit: https://reaganlibrary.gov/archives/digital-library To see all Ronald Reagan Presidential Library inventories visit: https://reaganlibrary.gov/document-collection Contact a reference archivist at: [email protected] Citation Guidelines: https://reaganlibrary.gov/citing National Archives Catalogue: https://catalog.archives.gov/ WITHDRAWAL SHEET Ronald Reagan Library Withdrawer Collection Name DEAVER, MICHAEL: FILES KDB 7/29/2011 File Folder MAY 1985 INCOMING AND OUTGOING (2) FOIA F97-0066/19 COHEN, D Box Number 27 64 DOC Doc Type Document Description No of Doc Date Restrictions Pages NO TRAVEL VOUCHER (PARTIAL OF 1 ND B6 1 FORM FRONT) JOHN LOUGHNEY II TO DEAVER (PAGES 2 4/23/1985 B6 2 LETTER 2-3, PARTIAL) Freedom of Information Act - [5 U.S.C. 552(b)] B-1 National security classified information [(b)(1) of the FOIA] B-2 Release would disclose internal personnel rules and practices of an agency [(b)(2) of the FOIA] B-3 Release would violate a Federal statute [(b)(3) of the FOIA] B-4 Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential or financial information [(b)(4) of the FOIA] B-6 Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy [(b)(6) of the FOIA] B-7 Release would disclose information compiled for law enforcement purposes [(b)(7) of the FOIA] B-8 Release would disclose information concerning the regulation of financial institutions [(b)(8) of the FOIA] B-9 Release would disclose geological or geophysical information concerning wells [(b)(9) of the FOIA] C. Closed in accordance with restrictions contained in donor's deed of gift. NATIONAL WILDLIFE FEDERATION NATIONAL WILDLIFE FEDERATION ® 1412 Sixteenth Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036 202-797-6800 May 6, 1985 Thank Mr. Michael Deaver The White House 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue Washington, D.C. 20500 Dear Mike: I am enclosing an advance copy of National Wildlife which contains the exclusive interview I had with President Reagan. This magazine will be going into 900,000 homes later this month. Mike, again I want to thank you for helping make this interview possible. And I wish you all of the best in your new venture. Sincerely, John Strohm Editor Enclosure National JUNE-JULY 1985 WILDLIFE PUBLISHED BY THE NATIONAL WILDLIFE F Have a Good Eye? There's still time to enter EDITORIAL CREED: National Wildlife's fifteenth annual To create and encourage an awareness among the people of the world photo contest. The deadline is June 30. of the need for wise use and proper management of those resources of the Earth For more details, turn to page 28 upon which our lives and welfare depend: the soil, the air, the water, the forests, the minerals, the plant life and the wildlife. Dr. Jay D. Hair, Chairman, Editorial Board NATIONAL WILDLIFE FEDERATION Board of Directors Carl N. Crouse, President and Chairman of the Board Leonard A. Green, George H. Hulsey, Ernest E. Day, Vice Presidents Directors Ralph W. Abele, Phil E. Alexander, Virginia Beall Ball, Frank E. Copeland, Jr., Burnett C. Dahl, Richard Day, Delano Deen, Benjamin C. Dysart, III, Robert H. Gardiner, Jr., John S. Gottschalk, Donald Hamilton, Charles T. Haskell, Walter H. Hoff, Ervin G. Kreischer, Anne LaBastille, Henry Lyman, Gordon G. Meyer, Rudolph J. H. Schafer, Phillip W. Schneider, Clarence A. Schoenfeld, Frederick R. Scroggin, Gene G. Stout, William E. Towell, Hester L. Turner, Paul H. Wendler, C. Clifton Young; Harry Val, Treasurer. Honorary Presidents Claude Moore, Thomas L. Kimball, Joseph Y. Hickman Past Presidents G. Ray Arnett, Benjamin C. Dysart, III, Paul A. Herbert, Claude D. Kelley, Louis D. McGregor, Walter L. Mims, Frederick R. Scroggin, C. Clifton Young, Donald J. Zinn. Joseph D. Hughes, Greer Ricketson (NWF Endowment, Inc.) FEDERATION EXECUTIVE STAFF Jay D. Hair, Executive Vice President James D. Davis, Senior Vice President for Membership Development and Publications A. Dale Clark, Senior Executive Assistant to the Executive Vice President Alric H. Clay, Vice President for Administration James R. De Santis, Vice President for Public Affairs Francis A. DiCicco, Vice President for Financial Affairs Lynn A. Greenwalt, Vice President for Resources Conservation William W. Howard, Jr., Vice President for Affiliate Services George A. McMahon, Vice President for Operations S. Douglas Miller, Vice President for Wildlife Research and Program Development John C. Stone, Vice President for Conservation Education Joel T. Thomas, General Counsel Regional Executives Bruce N. Apple, Pacific Northwest; Robert E. Apple, South Cen- tral; Wayne Baron, North Central; Thomas J. Dougherty, Mid- Atlantic; Ed Easton, Caribbean; Dale T. Gaskill, Western; Charles J. Griffith, Northern Rockies; David L. Herbst, Western Great Lakes; Russell R. Hyer, Central; George A. Kaminski, Rocky Mountain; Larry J. Schweiger, Eastern Great Lakes; Charles Shaw, Southeast; E. Warner Shedd, New England. Federation Offices Correspondence about memberships, magazine deliveries, nature merchandise, contributions and general conservation matters should be addressed to the National Wildlife Federation, 1412 16th Street N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036. Article proposals and pho- tographs should be addressed to Editor, National Wildlife, 1412 16th Street N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036. National Wildlife cannot be responsible for unsolicited material. Change of Address Allow six weeks for change to take effect; send both old and new addresses to National Wildlife Membership Services, 8925 Lees- burg Pike, Vienna, Virginia 22180 National Wildlife (ISSN 0020-9112) is published bimonthly by the National Wildlife Federation, a nonprofit corporation, 8925 Lees- burg Pike, Vienna, Virginia 22180. Second class postage paid at Vienna, Virginia, and at additional mailing offices. Printed by Holladay-Tyler Printing Corp., 1900 Chapman Avenue, Rockville, Maryland 20852. National Members receive National Wildlife; International Members receive International Wildlife; annual BARN OWL BY LYNN STONE dues for each $12.00. World Members receive both magazines; annual dues $19.00. Add $2.00 for National Wildlife or Interna- tional Wildlife, $4.00 for World Associate Membership for address outside United States. Life membership $500.00. Copyright 1985 by the National Wildlife Federation. All rights reserved. Postmaster: Send address changes to National Wildlife, 8925 Leesburg Pike, Vienna, Virginia 22180. National WILDLIFE ® Volume 23, Number 4 June-July 1985 A Talk with Ronald Reagan 4 HUCK FINN'S RIVER ROLLS ON By Russ Rymer AS EVERYONE agrees - from Tip O'Neill to The Mississippi has undergone some dramatic changes the folks who voted for him in a 49-state in the hundred years since Mark Twain wrote his novel election sweep - President Ronald Reagan is a warm and charismatic person who 12 THE CROC HOLDS ITS OWN makes you feel at home, even when he's in By Mike Toner the Oval Office. (See our exclusive inter- The endangered reptile is surviving in some unusual view, page 16.) haunts in southern Florida When I visited with him, we talked about the amazing variety of wildlife on his ranch, 16 INTERVIEW: RONALD REAGAN including bears and mountain lions, and he Editor John Strohm's exclusive interview with the President said he loved them all - well, all, that is, 20 NIGHT STALKER except the ground squirrels. And then he By Mike Lipske quickly added that they're considered a pest 4 in California. Washington, D.C., is the setting for an intensive study of urban raccoons As I was leaving, he recalled the day that one of his Secret Service men came running out of the woods on the ranch. Everyone 25 REPORT ON NWF ANNUAL MEETING could see he was scared to death. It turned Federation's Growth Gives Muscle to Programs out he had just come face-to-face with a big mountain lion. And he hadn't had training 29 IN ONE DAY for that sort of thing! By Tom Parker I asked how he would feel about us send- Americans can rack up some astonishing statistics ing out one of our crack nature photogra- phers to take pictures of the wildlife found 30 SMOOTHING THE WAY FOR SALMON on his ranch. He paused momentarily, then By Phillip Johnson said, "Well, you know mountain lions just Throughout the Pacific Northwest, volunteers are don't sit around waiting to have their pic- restoring streams to help the fish tures taken." 38 STRIKE FORCE After you've read the Reagan interview, By Mark Wexler I'd appreciate having your personal reactions. In Los Angeles, a tough investigative team is 12 making life miserable for corporate polluters John Strohm 42 DO BIRDS HAVE A MEMORY? 38 By Peter Steinhart EDITOR Our feathered friends may be smarter than we thought 46 WHERE BEACH MASTERS REIGN By Fred Bruemmer An intrepid journalist spends an unforgettable summer EDITORIAL STAFF in the midst of thousands of Steller sea lions John Strohm Editor Bob Strohm Executive Editor 42 Mark Wexler Managing Editor Dan Smith Art Director John Nuhn Photo Editor Jonathan Fisher, Russ Rymer, Patricia Daniels Senior Editors Stephen B. Freligh Associate Editor Eileen M. Levitan Assistant Photo Editor ABOUT OUR COVERS Leah Barash Assistant Editor Front: Steve Kaufman photographed two Dall sheep Mark R. Bacon, Phyllis Nunn Art Associates resting in Alaska's Denali National Park. Kaufman Sally Blackburn Staff Assistant used a Nikon F2 camera, a Nikkor 80-200mm zoom Kathy E. Groves Editorial Secretary lens and Kodachrome 64 film. Phyllis Lehmann McIntosh Contributing Editor George H. Harrison Field Editor Back: In a Michigan woodland, Ted Nelson Roger Tory Peterson, Norman Myers, John K. Terres photographed a brown-winged red skimmer, wet Roving Editors with morning dew, clinging to a rose pogonia stem. James D. Davis Senior Vice President for Publications Nelson used a Pentax MX camera, a 100mm macro Priscilla Sharpless Quality Control lens and Kodachrome 25 film. / Huck Finn's Rolls On The Mississippi has undergone some dramatic changes in the hundred years since Mark Twain wrote his novel By Russ Rymer J UST BEFORE DAWN, Penny Eckstein's port somewhere south of side. It soon left them be- Memphis, the old hind and all they could passed the new on see were the red paddles the Mississippi River. The churning up its wake. It NATHAN BENN (WOODFIN CAMP); ART BY HENRY MUHEIM FROM ADVENTURES OF HUCKLEBERRY FINN, SAALFIELD PUBLISHING COMPANY, 1941; BUFFALO AND ERIE COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY deckhands of the Penny was "the Queen," all Eckstein - a towboat right, the Delta Queen - pushing 25 grain barges one of the last of the south from Illinois to sternwheelers that had New Orleans - had just once ruled the river. assembled for breakfast The Penny Eckstein in the small room next to and the Delta Queen rep- the galley. The smell of resent much that has biscuits and gravy min- changed on the Missis- gled in the air with the sippi. Surely one is heir to odor of diesel oil and the dank smell of the other - tugs like the Eckstein have the river. The men talked about who brought commerce back to the Missis- was due a spell of shore leave and who sippi on a scale it hasn't seen since the was responsible for what on deck that War Between the States ended the era of day until "Rooster," the first mate, spot- paddle wheelers more than a century ted something through the window. ago. In effect, the Eckstein's captain, "It's the Queen," he cried. The Jim Wilkinson, and its relief captain, crewmen crowded outside onto the nar- Terry Boyles, are the modern descen- row deck and looked out over the water dants of Samuel Clemens who, before at a towering apparition of colored assuming his career as writer Mark lights and tiers of carved wooded gin- Twain, piloted riverboats over this same gerbread floating majestically by on the stretch of water. But the river that Wil- kinson and Boyles know so well is dif- ferent from the one Twain described in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Symbol of another era, a paddle wheeler In the hundred years since the publi- wends its way up the Mississippi, along the same route that Samuel Clemens cation of that epic river adventure, the followed when he piloted a similar boat Mississippi has been dammed, chan- more than a century ago. Today, the neled, polluted and populated. Its cur- river is contained with levees and rent has been contained with levees and locks, and barges dominate the water. restrained with locks, and in some areas 5 does not even flow along the same Today, the river - both upper and course it once did. Yet, just as when lower-is primarily the province of the Mark Twain piloted its waters and Huck towboat. The Penny Eckstein is typical Finn and runaway slave Jim escaped on of many of these barge-pushing craft. its current, the Mississippi River re- Forty-five feet wide and 135 feet long, mains a broad indicator of the health of she is small compared to the grandiose the nation's heartland: our economic paddle wheelers of the last century, and condition is reflected in the commerce far less romantic in conception. But she that plies its length, and our ecological is much better equipped. Twin diesel condition is reflected in its vitality. engines turn out 6,140 horsepower (and "The Mississippi has been 'managed' burn more than 6,000 gallons of fuel a for many years and the result has been day). The air-conditioned wheelhouse is damn tough on equipped with dual radars and sonar wildlife," observes depth finders, and the river is now Lynn Greenwalt, marked with buoys. National Wildlife Despite all of this, boatmen must still Federation vice know the river on intimate terms. "The president for re- Mississippi River, it's constantly chang- sources conserva- ing," explained Captain Boyles, stand- tion and former di- ing between the twin rudder sticks and rector of the U.S. peering out of the fifth-story wheel- Fish and Wildlife house windows at the Eckstein's mov- Service. "It isn't ing island of barges. getting any better. The Penny Eckstein was headed The more we at- south from St. Louis to New Orleans, tempt to control the over the same stretch of river that Mark "It was kind of flow of the river Twain was licensed to pilot, and along solemn, drifting with locks and lev- approximately the same route that Huck ees, the more wild- Finn drifted on his raft. "Buoys that down the big life habitat is de- were good at one time may not be good still river, laying graded. And though later." Boyles continued. "Everything on our backs some of the river's on the river's liable to change." pollution problems And a lot of it has. If Huck Finn were looking up at the have been dealt to begin his river adventure over again stars with, there are still today, he would notice the difference FROM Huckleberry Finn many subtle and right from the start, even before he left dangerous prob- his home in the fictional town of St. lems to solve in the years ahead." Petersburg. St. Petersburg was, of Huck Finn called it a "monstrous big course, patterned after Hannibal, Mis- river," and it is. From the tip of its long- souri, the town where Samuel Lang- est tributary to its effluence into the horne Clemens spent his boyhood. Un- Gulf of Mexico, it flows some 3,700 doubtedly, Huck would recognize the miles, draining all or part of 28 states old town itself if he were to return. and two Canadian provinces. Twain's home still stands, a small, erect, MARK TWAIN ILLUSTRATIONS BY RAY DRIVER In character, the Mississippi is really white frame house beside a high, board three rivers. Its first 500 miles are quiet fence-the same fence that Tom Sawyer ones: it flows out of Lake Itasca in tricked his peers into painting one dis- northern Minnesota into a region of tant Saturday morning. marshes and ponds, wild rice and loons. But other things have changed. "The It is not until it reaches St. Anthony's river is not as much a part of this town's Falls in Minneapolis, that the river dis- conciousness as it once was," says plays the first sign of its majesty. From Henry Sweets, curator of the Mark there to Cairo, Illinois - in what river- Twain Museum, next door to the Clem- men refer to as the "upper river" it ens home. His curtained office windows flows between high bluffs, its current interrupted by hundreds of islands. In the "lower river," below Cairo, things Dotted by islands (above), portions of change again-the bluffs disappear, the the upper Mississippi still provide good landscape becomes lower, and the river habitat for white-tailed deer, bald becomes wider, more deliberate and eagles, red-eared turtles and other grand in its meandering progress to the animals. But to the south, much of the JIM BRANDENBURG Gulf of Mexico. river's habitat has been altered. 6 look across Main Street at the broad tugboat," he wrote in Life on the Mis- Barges are the new medium of rive Mississippi, moving implacably south- sissippi. "And behold, in the twinkling commerce, and the modern river is ta ward, glinting in the sunlight. It is the of an eye, as it were, the association and lored to fit them. A barge, loaded, draw same view Twain grew up with, only the noble science of piloting were things about eight-and-a-half feet, so the Mi now it is partially obstructed by a set of of the dead and pathetic past." Indeed sissippi is maintained at a depth of nin railroad tracks and the high straight the new regime would have been im- feet, even in its upper reaches where silos of a grain elevator. mediately apparent to Huck Finn as he used to get shallow enough in som "In Mark Twain's day, the whole floated in his canoe to Jackson's Island, places to wade across. Ensuring thi town only extended across from Hannibal, at the inception nine-foot channel all the way north t seven blocks from of his journey. St. Paul is no easy task. It requires a the waterfront," "The river looked miles and miles ongoing altering of the river's geogra says Sweets. "To- phy and flow with the use of dams an day, most people dredges. live further out. When Huck and Jim set out fron When the river Jackson's Island 100 years ago an starts rising in the headed south, they faced no man-mad spring, there's a lot obstacles except those that floated. N of talk about it. But longer. Today they would not get fa otherwise, it's just below Hannibal before they hit a bright there; it goes about ly lit barrier of concrete and stee its business but it stretching all the way from Missouri to doesn't affect our Illinois: a lock and dam, one of 26 such "Mississippi daily lives." structures built and maintained by the steamboating Mark Twain Army Corps of Engineers on the uppe was born about could hardly imag- Mississippi. The dams impound enough ine such. In his day, water to provide ample depth for the 1812; at the end the Mississippi was barge traffic, and the locks allow the of thirty years, the thread linking barge tows to be admitted through the it bad grown any river town with dams from one level of the river to an the rest of the to mighty other. It is an expensive process with world. In the late taxpayers footing the entire bill. "We've proportions, 1840s when he was FRANK OBERLE, JR. tamed the river for commerce and agri- and in less than a young boy, more culture, and now there's no turning than a thousand thirty more it back," observes Lynn Greenwalt steamboats a year "We've got the monster by the tail and was dead!" docked in Hannibal Not far from Samuel Clemens' boyhood can never let it loose." FROM Life on the Mississippi to load on hogs and home in Missouri, 70-year-old Harvey The southernmost lock is just down- cattle, hemp, leaf Hatfield hauls his catch in a hoop net stream from the Mississippi's conflu- tobacco and manufactured cigars, corn, (above). In recent years, Mississippi ence with the Illinois River. The Illinois wheat, barrel flour and concrete. (Han- fish harvests have declined as pollution drains the Chicago area, and for years it nibal's concrete plant was once the has spread through parts of the river. was so polluted that barge crewmen world's largest; it produced most of the hated to work on it. Industrial growth concrete used in the building of the At Alton, Illinois, a towboat pushes and burgeoning population throughout Panama Canal, all of it shipped down its load of barges through one of the the Mississippi on boats.) 26 lock-and-dam structures built to the Mississippi River Valley, especially Barges still stop in town, at the con- control the Mississippi's flow (right). in the 1950s and 1960s, contributed to the river's pollution problems. crete plant or at the grain elevators, but But the problems have been long- they hardly provide the activity of the standing. The once thriving commercial steamboat era. "The Civil War changed across," said Huck. "The moon was so fishing operations and the freshwater things here," notes Sweets. "After- bright I could a counted the drift logs mussel industry that produced wards the railroads took over, and the that went a-slipping along, black and mother-of-pearl buttons, have both col- steamboats declined." The industrial still, hundreds of yards out from shore. I lapsed, victims, in part, to the pollution revolution had reached the river valley rose up, and there was Jackson's Island, that killed their resource. The pollutants on iron tracks, decimating river ship- about two mile and a half downstream, are not just industrial; over the years, ping until increased use of towboats and heavy-timbered and standing up out of barge spills have contributed heavily to barges in this century revived it. the middle of the river, big and dark like the river's contamination. In addition, Mark Twain was no more enamored a steamboat without any lights." the Missouri River, which flows into the of towboats than he was of railroads. Approaching Jackson's Island like Mississippi just north of St. Louis, car- " so straightaway some genius from that today, the youngster might have ries a burden of fertilizers and pesticides the Atlantic coast introduced the plan of thought he'd hit a steamboat - for its from the grain belt. towing a dozen steamer cargoes down shores are often lined with the sheer It also brings mud. Every tumblerful to New Orleans [with] a vulgar little steel hulls of empty barges. of Missouri River water, reported Mark 8 Twain, "holds an acre of land in solu- banks of the modern Mississippi are fields. "We've paid a very high pri tion." He was exaggerating, but it's true about as natural as a driveway apron. create those croplands," notes G that the Missouri is the source of much Perhaps more than anything else, the walt. "We can never replace all o of the Big Muddy's mud. As it flows levee system has altered life on the Mis- wetlands that have been draine through the western plains region, it sissippi for its oldest residents: the wild- Birds may be the most affected carries off much of the land it drains. life that inhabits its shores. Muskrat, estimated eight million ducks, geese The lower Mississippi, though, also deer, nutria, otter and other mammals, swans winter on the river. As the SC contributes to the soil runoff problem. turtles and snakes, and birds ranging ern regions are guarded from floo As the grand river from cranes to ducks live in the alluvial by levees and the water levels of no gains in size and habitat that borders the river. In Mark ern regions are raised by dams, the power, its meanders Twain's day, this habitat was continu- are changing their flight plans. "Th spread out into tire river is shot through with prob great serpentine for waterfowl," adds Greenwalt. loops across the greatest effect is on the migratory b countryside. Often, which don't go as far south as they as the water cuts to. Now they stay in the Midwest.' into the land, these Despite its success in some areas loops change shape levee system cannot completely cor or change course, the Mississippi's exuberance. The moulding their still climbs out of its banks on occa banks to fit their and, in at least one place, threatens t new configurations. so permanently. South of Natche Passing one Ar- levee is the only thing preventing "The Mississippi kansas town, Huck Mississippi from taking a comple is a just and marvelled: "On the new course to the sea, via the Atch equitable river; river front some of laya River. Experts fear that unless the houses was levee that separates the rivers is Si it never tumbles sticking out over ciently shored up, the Mississippi one man's the bank, and they overrun the barrier and bypass New farm overboard was bowed and leans and Baton Rouge entirely. without building bent, and about That would certainly confound ready to tumble in. a new farm just like it for that ANNIE GRIFFITHS engineers who thought the mighty N The people had sissippi had been brought to heel moved out of them. twentieth century progress. Bu man's neighbor. The bank was caved wouldn't fool the men on the Pet away under one Heirs to Huckleberry Finn's domain, Eckstein, or anyone else who works That keeps down corner of some oth- two youngsters prepare to cast out from the river. As in Huck Finn's day, they hard feelings." ers, and that corner a Mississippi dock (above). As in Twain's the people who witness the Mis was hanging over. day, the river remains a broad indicator FROM Life on the Mississippi sippi's changes on a day-by-day basi People lived in of the health of the nation's heartland. "All I really know is the river," S them yet, but it was dangersome, be- Terry Boyles as he fine tuned the S. cause sometimes a strip of land as wide A male blue-winged teal pauses along progress of the Penny Eckstein's bar as a house caves in at a time. Sometimes the river's edge (right), As their lower past Greenville, Mississippi. "I a belt of land a quarter of a mile deep Mississippi habitat has dwindled, many whole time I'm out here I don't keep will start in and cave along and cave birds have had to change their migratory with the news. I just keep an eye out a : habits. They no longer fly as far south. along till it all caves into the river in one learn the Mississippi." summer. Such a town as that has to be He's learned from a master. Next always moving back, and back, and the honey-colored screen of the ra back, because the river's always gnaw- ally nourished and replenished by the was a small, dog-eared paperback bo ing at it." soil and nutrients that washed down Annotations were scribbled in b Today, flood control is a major con- from the upper stretches of the river. ballpoint pen over the print on its cern on the lower Mississippi. A disas- But as the river has become tamed, the lowed -headings like "snags a trous flood in 1927 fueled an impetus to wildlife habitat has lost much of its re- driftwood," "lazy leadsmen," "read construct some kind of safeguard generative power. No longer does the the water," and "Hat Island crossin against the ravages of the unruly river. soil-rich water rise over its banks every The book was Mark Twain's Life on The answer was a system of levees - year to flood hundreds of thousands of Mississippi, a copy of which had b high embankments set back as much as acres, leaving behind its carpet of new given to Boyles as a textbook by the pi a mile from the riverbank. While the loam. Instead, the Mississippi's load of who trained him on the river. levees were built to restrain the over- sediment now washes into the Gulf. flow, the banks of the river were stabi- Many of the bottomland hardwood re- Senior Editor Russ Rymer traveled down lized from further erosion by concrete gions of the lower river have been Mississippi last year with the crew of mattresses. Thus for long stretches, the drained and replaced with cultivated Penny Eckstein. 10 The CROC Y DAY, the twisting maze of tidal creeks and dense mangrove Holds ful study, crocodile experts admit, hap- B pily, that they were wrong. forests that make up the south- A decade ago, authorities thought ern Everglades seems like it that the number of American crocodiles could be a million miles from civiliza- Its was rapidly declining-with a total tion. After sunset, however, the geo- population as low as 200, and perhaps graphic realities of South Florida be- no more than a dozen breeding females come more apparent. At night, the left in the country. The situation looked lights of Miami and its sprawling sub- urbs blaze so brightly that they some- Own so grim that the National Park Service tried, unsuccessfully, to artificially in- times dim the stars over such back- cubate crocodile eggs. It also considered country haunts as Black Betsy Key, Joe a plan to eliminate the raccoons that Bay, Mud Creek and the other, often sometimes prey on the eggs. unnamed, wildlife retreats. Now, a comprehensive five-year sur- During the steamy nights of late July, vey in Everglades National Park- it is in this unlikely light-under the which included everything from air- twinkle of distant stars and the glow of In southern Florida, borne radio-tracking of the animals to not-so-distant neon-that one of the the endangered nighttime canoe trips to count glowing country's rarest reptiles renews itself. crocodile eyes-suggests that the croc- Lying with her toothy snout pressed reptile is surviving odiles' numbers have been stable, per- against a mound of mud, the adult haps have even increased slightly, since female American crocodile senses ap- in some unusual the species was officially declared en- parently the first stirrings of life in her haunts dangered in 1975. nest. At the sound of the young strug- Biologists say that, although the gling to emerge from their three-inch numbers fluctuate, there may now be as eggs, she claws open the nest, then deli- many as 560 American crocodiles in the cately carries her hatchlings in her jaws mangrove-fringed estuaries of South to the water's edge. By Mike Toner Florida. They say that the population As many as 40 khaki-colored croco- was probably never as low as they once diles may hatch from a single clutch of thought. "The crocodile is not on the eggs. Their entry into the world coin- verge of extirpation in the United cides with South Florida's rainy season. States," says James A. Kushlan, the East Born into a saltwater environment that Texas State University biologist who di- could quickly kill them, they will avoid rected the study. "The species is still dehydration for the next few months by considered endangered, but there is no drinking the lenses of rainwater that evidence which shows any decline in its float on top of the salty bay-or, as numbers. Pennsylvania State University biologist "It's incredible," the scientist points Frank Mazzotti discovered, by snapping out, "to see an animal like this holding up raindrops as they fall. Fewer than its own so close to two-and-a-half mil- half the young crocodiles will escape the lion people. We should all be encour- predations of hungry herons and other aged that endangered wildlife and a predators and make it through the first large population center like South year of life. Only a handful will survive A Florida can coexist." decade ago, most experts believed to become adults. that American crocodiles like this One of the most remarkable examples Until recently, most wildlife experts menacing creature (opposite) were on of that coexistence is at a place called believed that the twin pressures of pre- the verge of extinction in this Turkey Point, where increasing num- dation and encroaching civilization country. Today, however, a new study bers of crocodiles now not only live, but spelled doom for the creature in the shows that the reptiles' numbers are breed successfully, in the cooling canals United States. Now, after years of care- holding steady in their Florida range. of a major nuclear power plant. Because 12 very OF AND ⑇⑈ the the Out on a limb, two young crocodiles face an uncertain future. Fewer than half of the youngsters escape predation and make it through their first year. Only a handful of them become adults. the site for the plant was carved from the red mangrove forest bordering southern Biscayne Bay, no one was par- ticularly surprised when an occasional crocodile turned up in the 168-mile network of canals that dissipate the heat from the plant's powerful condensers. But when workers saw an osprey snatch an infant crocodile from a cooling canal one day in 1976, Florida Power and Light Company officials decided that they might have more than just casual visitors on their hands. Active breeding by an endangered species could have blocked the utility's plans to expand in the area, and thus company authorities were not particu- larly happy to discover two crocodile nests along the canal banks in the late 1970s. In the years since, however, rela- tions between the utility and its unin- vited tenants have reached a comfort- able equilibrium. "We've developed a good feel for where the animals are and how they behave," notes J. Ross Wilcox, the company's chief ecologist. More than 20 adults and subadults now live in and around the cooling ca- nals. And the population, which now includes about ten percent of the croco- diles living throughout all of South Florida, is growing. At least 31 croco- diles hatched from nests in the plant's cooling system last year. Because the public is excluded from the 168-mile network of canals, the rep- tiles have a degree of privacy and pro- tection denied them in most of South Florida's shrinking wilderness. And having shelved its expansion plans for world, the subspecies found in the that the crocodile's snout is slende economic reasons, the power company United States was scientifically un- more tapered than that of an alligat now displays an almost paternal affec- known until 1869. The animal's elusive protruding fourth tooth on each si tion for its charges. It has spent nature had long kept scientists and the the lower jaw also gives the anim $400,000 on crocodile research in the public from understanding its special characteristic "grin." last six years, and in the process found a needs. The research that was completed American crocodiles, as a specie public relations windfall. last year by Kushlan and Frank Mazzotti much less aggressive than their co "The crocodiles have all of the neces- provided the most detailed picture yet Alligators often venture into S sary requirements to survive in what is of the American crocodile's behavior in Florida's suburbs, turning up at Florida. ward moments in driveways and si entirely an altered environment," says Wilcox. "They are basically shy, secre- To the untrained eye, the crocodile is ming pools. They may prey on tive animals. They can't tólerate a lot of virtually indistinguishable from its dogs and cats and, on rare occa disturbance. I think that's why they like slightly smaller and more numerous have been known to attack huma: it here." cousin, the alligator. A 12-foot, 500- Crocodiles, on the other han Although there are a dozen species of pound adult reptile does not invite close tively shun human activity. In five crocodiles that range throughout the inspection, but a careful look reveals of study, biologists were only al 14 never substantially bigger than it is to- day, and the animals never ranged much beyond coastal areas of South Florida and the Keys. During the last 50 years, however, as crocodile country slowly gave way to millionaires' mansions, the reptile was pushed south. Then, when a rush of new development swept over the Florida Keys in the 1970s, the creature was again pushed north. The animal's retreat, fortunately, was always toward the core of its original range: the coves and tidal creeks found throughout the southern Everglades. Even there, it is not immune to out- side pressures. Because it often nests along the banks of small streams flow- ing out of the Everglades, the nests are vulnerable to rising water, which can flood the nest and kill the embryonic crocodiles in their eggs. Currently, Florida officials are planning to divert more water into these streams to repair some of the damage caused by over- drainage of the Everglades during the 1940s and 1950s-a plan that could eventually create a whole new set of problems for the crocodiles. At present, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is at work on a project that may keep the crocodile from being totally dependent on the Everglades for its sur- vival. Six years ago, spurred by the ac- celerating development in the area, Congress created the Crocodile Lake National Wildlife Refuge in the north- ern Keys. It authorized the purchase of land from local developers to create a JEFF FOOTT (BRUCE COLEMAN INC) new zone of protection for the reptile. Today, after being delayed by adminis- tration budget restraints and legal com- plications in appraising the land, the ac- quisition of land for the refuge is finally nearing completion. This year, the Fish and Wildlife Service plans to spend $9.9 million to add 4,000 acres of land to the recapture ten percent of the tagged Florida is temperature, not a preference 3,000 acres it already owns. crocodiles. Once disturbed, a female for salinity," says Kushlan. "The croco- Crocodile habitat lost to develop- will relocate her nest rather than risk dile is a tropical animal that is barely ment, of course, cannot be replaced. But further intrusion. making it in the United States. At tem- with two separate enclaves, Kushlan be- Crocodiles are less tolerant of the peratures below 60 degrees F., the ani- lieves that the species now has a bright- cold, too. Alligators range as far north mals become lethargic." er future than at any time since the turn as the Carolinas and west to Texas, American crocodiles are also found in of the century. "We cannot put things where freezing temperatures are com- parts of Cuba, Jamaica, the Dominican back the way they were in 1900," he mon during the winter months. Republic and Central America. But the says, "but it's encouraging to realize Crocodiles, however, are severely genetic characteristics of North Ameri- that the crocodile's core range is still limited in their range by temper- can crocodiles show that the Florida intact. And we are now confident that in atures-a handicap that, until Mazzotti subspecies has been completely isolated those areas the creature is probably completed his study, had perpetuated from its Caribbean relatives for at least doing about as well as it ever did." the myth that it is a saltwater species. 60,000 years. "The reason that its range is confined In the United States, notes Kushlan, Mike Toner is science editor of The Atlanta primarily to the coastal areas of South the crocodile population was probably Journal and Constitution. 15 President Reagan talks with Editor John Strohm in the Oval Office. Exclusive Interview President Reagan Gives His Views on Wide-Ranging Conservation Issues I n an exclusive interview with Na- when talking about the future you see citing fishery restoration projects, an tional Wildlife magazine, President for America. Isn't clean air and water, the Chesapeake Bay recovery effort Ronald Reagan answered some far rang- better stewardship of the land, a sane just to name a few. ing questions from Editor John Strohm. energy policy, and safeguarding our pre- During my second administration The questions were submitted in ad- cious wildlife resources an essential we're going to continue to be goo vance to the President, who asked his part of the picture? stewards of all these priceless resource staff to research his answers. After mak- Reagan: Absolutely. America's tre- ing some changes, he gave final ap- mendous economic recovery has been Wildlife: Of all the major environme proval. Meanwhile, Strohm met with achieved while preserving the wildlife, tal problems facing us in this count the President in the Oval Office to dis- scenic grandeur and other environmen- today, which do you consider the mo cuss some of the questions and to talk tal treasures we Americans hold dear. pressing? And how will your admini about the wildlife on the President's In fact, these values have been en- tration address the issue? California ranch. Following is a com- hanced through such initiatives as the Reagan: Well, there are several — plete report of Strohm's questions, and billion dollar park restoration and im- we are addressing each of them. Ce the President's answers. provement program, the great surge in tainly we are going to keep working ( private sector contributions of time, identifying and cleaning up toxic was Wildlife: You've often spoken elo- land, money and equipment to the parks sites. Of equal importance is impl quently of the "shining city on a hill" and wildlife refuge systems, several ex- menting the recently enacted changes 16 the Resource Conservation and Recov- disposal practices. It takes time, but dards, isn't there a possibility that many ery Act, which regulates currently oper- we're getting it done. will enter into competition for new or ating toxic waste disposal sites. A strong I have instructed EPA Administrator relocated industry by reducing stringent RCRA program is insurance against the Lee Thomas to make reauthorization of environmental controls? mistakes that led to the need for the the Superfund his highest priority. Reagan: That is a legitimate concern in Superfund. some cases. We support and are enforc- We also must continue our aggressive Wildlife: Many of your adminis- ing the laws that require states to estab- effort to identify the factors that con- tration's environmental policies seem lish and police environmental tribute to acid deposition so that we can directed toward changing the role of the standards. determine whether our existing air pol- Federal government. What do you be- For example, surface mining regula- lution controls are sufficient. lieve is the appropriate role of the gov- tion is one instance where Congress says ernment in environmental protection? the states must meet certain standards, Wildlife: Of the thousands of toxic Reagan: I believe one of the most im- and the Federal government must inter- dumps listed by the EPA as dangerous, portant responsibilities of government vene if they don't. We have intervened only a handful are being cleaned up, in is protection of the environment — air, -we've taken over two state programs spite of Superfund. Both Bill Ruckels- water, wildlife, parks and so forth. But - when they failed to live up to the haus, former EPA Administrator, and let's remember that in our country there standards established under the Federal Lee Thomas, your present Administra- strip mining law. tor, feel much more money is going to be But we think in most instances the needed. Will you support a $10 billion The open lands, states should enforce environmental fund in order to get the job done faster the wild lands, are an protection programs, and should have and help people feel safer? reasonable flexibility to tailor regu- Reagan: First of all, it's not true that important part of our lations to adjust to the situations within only a handful of the toxic dumps are heritage, and I think each individual state. being cleaned up. Work has been done at hundreds of sites, including emer- every American should Wildlife: The Endangered Species Act gency cleanup and engineering studies. have the opportunity requires that the habitat needs of certain Keep in mind that each site is different, troubled species take precedence over and with groundwater or deep soil con- to experience that. Federally authorized development. Do tamination, you can't just bring in a you believe that water development bulldozer and be done with it. Some projects, as one example, should be sites will take years to clean up. are several levels of government. What modified or even cancelled when neces- When we took office the Superfund we have tried to do is restore the part- sary to protect the habitat of an endan- had just been authorized. We had to nership of the Federal government with gered species? start from scratch on a problem that had the states in protecting the Reagan: As you know, the Endangered been ignored for decades. Our cleanup environment. Species Act provides for Federal ac- record is a good one, and we'll keep Some of these protections require tivities to be carried out so that endan- moving ahead on this. Federal leadership because, if a problem gered species are not jeopardized. In my last two State of the Union is not dealt with adequately in one state, Under the conditions you state in your Addresses, I committed our administra- the problem "flows," so to speak, into question - where it is the only alterna- tion to support Superfund reauthoriza- neighboring states. tive to protect an endangered species- tion. On February 22, I sent to the Con- But there are many environmental modification of the project or, if neces- gress proposed legislation to keep that and resource protection measures that sary, cancellation may be appropriate. commitment. The bill would more than are better and more effectively handled As you also know, the act as amended triple the size of the Superfund program by states or localities. does provide for Congressional consid- -from $1.6 billion to $5.3 billion over We have been trying to restore the eration of waivers in cases of unresolv- the next five years. The EPA has esti- principle that the Federal government able conflict. This provision has been mated that it cannot prudently spend should take the lead in environmental little used. When it has, satisfactory al- more than $1 billion per year, so our protection and managing natural re- ternatives have usually been found to proposal sets the best funding level for sources where the national interest is protect endangered species and let the getting the job done. involved, and that the states and locali- project go through. We believe that In addition to the expansion of Super- ties should shoulder the responsibilities sound planning and active public in- fund, we have asked for increased en- where they can and should be doing volvement can minimize conflicts and, forcement authority to make responsi- the job. in most cases, resolve them. ble parties either do the cleanup or pay That Federalist principle is a sound for it. We also want a larger role for one and a very American one. Overly Wildlife: When you go to Canada next affected citizens and the states, and ex- restrictive, overly costly and inappro- week to meet with Prime Minister Mul- panded authority to respond to priate Federal regulations too often roney, the number one topic may be acid emergencies. have done more harm than good. rain. What will you say when he asks There's no doubt we have to move what Uncle Sam is going to do? forward aggressively to eliminate the Wildlife: If states are given the respon- Reagan: What many people do not dangers caused by years of past waste sibility for setting environmental stan- realize is that the United States leads the 17 world in air pollution control. Since House conference to address conserva- this is an important revenue source 1973, the U.S. has reduced sulphur di- tion and environmental issues? is the economic livelihood of mam oxide by 26%. New automobiles are Reagan: Well, a lot of good came out of our small towns and communities. equipped with pollution controls that that first North American Wildlife Con- budget for this year proposes that almost eliminate emissions of hydro- ference called by President Roosevelt in change the calculation of receipt carbon and carbon monoxide. As a peo- 1936. Not only did it foster the birth of ing to reflect the annual costs of ple, we have spent over $150 billion in the General Wildlife Federation, which which will probably discourage higher fuel costs and electric power later became the National Wildlife Fed- that lose money. There are many rates to achieve these reductions. eration, but it set in motion the annual that must be considered in decidin This year, I have asked Congress for a whether or not to harvest. Cost is 33% increase in funds, $88 million, to that has to be weighed heavily in conduct research on the causes of acid Recommendations decision process. rain and ways which its damage may be corrected. coming out of the Wildlife: You have signed legisl Independent of acid rain controls, the Council (NWF's creating more Wilderness areas EPA has proposed new regulations Corporate Conservation any other President. There are which will reduce the suspected pollut- who argue that we have now establis ants. These include new controls for tall Council) will get a fair enough. Others hold that we stacks at utility plants and reductions in lead added to gasoline. Uncle Sam has hearing in this White protect additional Wilderness. What your position? been doing his part to make our com- House. Reagan: America is blessed mon environment better. abundant land, water and wildlife sources that provide excellent oppaKT Wildlife: Mr. President, your ranch series of North American conferences as nities to our citizens for outdoor and your visits there provide for you a a way for professionals in the fields of tivities. We are fortunate that our respite from the tough job in the White fish and wildlife and natural resource decessors in this government had House. Our readers would be interested management to meet and discuss cur- foresight to establish great nationa in how you manage your ranch and rent issues and directions. parks, Wilderness, and wildlife what you enjoy most about the land and Regarding the origins of Presidential systems to protect the best of these wildlife. Do you attempt or manage the involvement in the progress of natural tional treasures. land for any particular wildlife? resource management in this country, I Protection of the nation's park, Reagan: I'm not at the ranch as much think you can look back even further, derness and wildlife resources has as I'd like - and never for more than a when another Roosevelt, Theodore, es- and continues to be a high priority few days at a time. So I'm not able to run tablished the tradition of involvement this administration. It is a goal I stresse cattle there or actively manage it at all, with the natural resources community. to Secretary Hodel when I nominan anymore. But Nancy and I maintain the I'd like to help carry on that tradition. him to be Secretary of the Interior. ranch as open land and we enjoy seeing With regard to the question of wheth the hawks, the blacktailed deer, the rac- Wildlife: The present problems of the er we have enough Wilderness alread coons and possums, and the other ani- deficit have focused attention upon the Congress established a procedur mals that live there. wasteful programs and government for inventorying and studying our I think it's important for us to keep subsidies. Should the Federal govern- sources to determine their suitability open lands in the United States. There's ment continue to hold sales of public designation as Wilderness. We continue something about the wide open spaces timber that lose money and charge to study lands to determine which that gives you a real feeling of freedom, ranchers less than the market rate for possess Wilderness characteristics and I think the pioneers who settled the grazing livestock on public lands? should be protected and preserved. West felt that. That's one of the things I Reagan: First, let me answer your system provides for input from all enjoy most about the ranch. It brings me question about grazing fees. This is a terested parties, with the final designa back to a sense of history, of remem- topic that Congress will be addressing tion decision resting with the Congres bering where we came from, how our soon. As you know, Congress estab- following recommendations from country grew, and what kind of people lished a formula for determining fair Executive Branch. made it. The open lands, the wild lands, market value for grazing livestock on While there is no absolute answer are an important part of our heritage, public lands and directed that the for- your question on how much Wildernes and I think every American should have mula be used and studied on a 7-year is needed, I think the process the opportunity to experience that. trial basis. We are nearing the end of lished by Congress provides for prope that test period and will be making rec- consideration in reaching wis Wildlife: About 50 years ago, another ommendations to the Congress in the decisions. President convened a White House con- near future. I'm not ready yet to say ference to address fish and wildlife pro- what our recommendations will be, but Wildlife: The National Wildlife Fed tection issues. Out of that grew the Na- I think it is important that the public eration believes the private sector tional Wildlife Federation. Now half a receive a reasonable return for use of take the lead in solving many environ century later, how do you feel about the the public resources. mental problems. With this in mind, possibility of calling another White With regard to public timber sales, have established the Corporate Conser 18 vation Council as a forum in which in terms of added health care problems, As you know, we have recommended these issues can be discussed. Would avoidable injury, deterioration of struc- a three-year moratorium, beginning in you offer your views on the role you see tures and equipment, and harm to tour- 1986, on purchase of new Federal park- for the private sector and the value of ism and recreation attractions. lands in light of our national need to do this kind of exchange? Pollution abatement and cleanup do something about the budget deficit. But Reagan: Well, I'm tempted to say, provide opportunities for some new our commitment to protecting our out- "Welcome to the team!" The National businesses, and more employment. Of door heritage has not diminished. In Wildlife Federation isn't alone, by any course, we also have to recognize they fact, even our 1986 budget request in- means, in believing that we need to tap add to the final cost of goods and ser- cludes $11.3 million for emergency land the vast talent and know-how the pri- vices. Consumers either pay the higher acquisitions so that truly threatened vate sector can offer in dealing with the costs for the U.S.-made goods, or per- areas will not be lost. We will continue nation's natural resource issues. I'm for haps switch to cheaper imports, adding to seek creative alternatives to Federal using the broadest array of expertise we to our international balance of trade purchase, such as land exchanges, dona- can put together to address these deficit. This same process also can price tions and easements, until our Federal matters. U.S. goods out of international markets, budget situation allows us once again to We've always believed that this was with the same consequences. buy additional lands. the way to go, and that government I think the point here is that pollution In addition, as many of your members can't do the job alone. That's the control has both benefits and costs, and know, we have just completed - one motivation behind our private sector that a wise government learns to weigh year ahead of schedule-a historic park initiative effort. We've been trying to both carefully as it protects the public restoration and improvement program open up the avenues by which business interest. which provided more than $1 billion for and industry can tackle some of these restoration and improvement of issues that are growing beyond the Wildlife: Mr. President, your ranch facilities in the National Park System. means of any one organization or gov- and being out-of-doors obviously give For too long those parks had been ernment agency to solve. you a great sense of well-being for re- left to deteriorate. Now, they've been If your Corporate Conservation newal. For the vast majority of Ameri- cleaned up. Council can support these ventures and cans, their "ranch" is found in parks, We'll keep working with individuals provide a forum for ideas on how best to wilderness areas, refuges - public and businesses to encourage private ini- build these sorts of partnerships, it will lands. When you head for your ranch, tiatives to benefit the nation's outdoor be doing a real service. I can assure you Mr. and Mrs. Joe Citizen pack up the heritage. It's a birthright of all that any recommendations coming out kids and visit parks, go fishing, camp- Americans. of the council or any similar body will ing, hiking and backpacking. Would get a fair hearing in this White House. you suport investments in parks, natu- Wildlife: Finally, Mr. President, what We've pioneered a number of private ral areas, etc., to protect this outdoor would you like to leave as the environ- sector projects at the Interior Depart- heritage? Many of our readers might mental legacy of your terms in office? ment. For example, the new National wonder if deferral does not mean loss of Reagan: Early in this century, Presi- Fish and Wildlife Foundation will help these lands. dent Theodore Roosevelt said that we promote even greater private sector in- Reagan: Yes, I support investments in should treat the natural resources as as- volvement in fish and wildlife issues. parks, natural areas and other portions sets which we must turn over to the next The Foundation, as you know, is de- generation increased and not impaired signed to encourage donations of funds in value. and property to support the activities of The strongest That's the legacy I want to leave - the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. fewer toxic waste hazards, cleaner air So we've got the ball rolling, and I economic argument for and water, identification of causes and a welcome the Federation's Corporate pollution prevention framework for reduction of acid rain, Conservation Council to help us keep it and cleanup is the fact better maintained and managed na- going with your ideas, your direction, tional parks, improved protection for and your support. that excessive pollution wetlands, effective fishery restoration, Wildlife: Many studies have conclud- levies some very heavy more recovery programs for endan- gered species, additional wilderness, ed that pollution controls actually costs. and a new spirit of partnership in the provide economic benefits through in- stewardship of the land and its creased employment and business prof- resources. its. Isn't this a strong argument for pol- of our outdoor heritage, and our track This legacy would include the prom- lution cleanup? record shows it. ise of a future free of international con- Reagan: Let's just say that I don't need From 1981 through 1984, the Na- flict that would bring the ultimate in that argument to convince me of the tional Park Service spent over $365 mil- environmental disaster. And the legacy need for pollution prevention and pollu- lion to acquire nearly 64,000 acres of would include an America that has the tion cleanup. The strongest economic new parkland. More than 10,000 acres economic vitality to maintain and pro- argument for pollution prevention and were acquired by donation or transfer. tect the environmental ethic so well cleanup is the fact that excessive pollu- Another $66.8 million is available in stated eight decades ago by Teddy tion levies some very heavy costs-costs 1985 for the National Park System. Roosevelt. 19 am Stalker! Night Washington, D.C. is the setting for an intensive study of urban raccoons and the rabies threat they pose By Mike Lipske Photographs by Louie Psihoyos N deepest Washington, D.C., David Manski I stalks beasts that go beep in the night. For more than a year now, he has patrolled Washington's 1,700-acre Rock Creek Park and surrounding neighborhoods to record the comings and goings of raccoons wearing radio collars. Sweeping a hand-held antenna across park ravines and city housetops, the National Park Service biologist has logged thousands of raccoon transmissions. When analyzed, Manski's radio chronicle will reveal how the animals are using Washington's woodland heart, where they roam and den and dine. The object of the study, says the scientist, is to answer a fundamental question: 'What is an urban raccoon?" But in the course of his research, Manski also hopes to An invited guest becomes unwelcome: for nearly 20 years, Mary and Katherine Anglemyer have put out food for raccoons in their Washington, D.C., yard. Now, though, the threat of rabies may end the handouts. 21 learn about another sort of raccoon, one that for many Washingtonians has become a worrisome beast in the night. During 1983, 1,608 rabid raccoons were lo- cated in Washington, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia and Pennsylva- nia. Only 42nd in size among the 50 states, Maryland, which borders the city of Washington on three sides, reported 964 rabid raccoons in 1984-a national rac- coon-rabies record. The number represented, ac- cording to public health authorities, a rapidly ex- panding epidemic of rac- coon rabies in the Mid-Atlantic United States. Those same disease-watchers say that the epidemic, combined with a long-running outbreak of raccoon ra- bies in the Southeast and a skunk-rabies outbreak in the Midwest, make up the greatest rabies threat to Americans in 30 years. One of mankind's earliest recognized diseases, rabies is caused by a virus that attacks the central nervous system. Generally spread by the bite of an in- fected animal, fatal without treatment, its development is prevented in humans with injections of anti-rabies vaccine. All warm-blooded animals are suscep- tible to rabies. But the disease is more inclined to affect bats and carnivorous mammals, such as skunks, raccoons, foxes, cats and dogs. As rabies spread through the Mid-At- lantic, worried health officials knew they not only had an epidemic on their hands, but that it was unique. "It's the first time in this country," says Suzanne Jenkins, a veterinary epidemiologist calls "their own autobahns in our Potomac River tributary), beavers have with the government's Centers for Dis- sewerlines from one subdivision to returned to its shores and there is talk ease Control, "that we're dealing with another." reintroducing wild turkeys to the an urbanized wild animal." People in Washington began to think lands. Yet, perhaps because Rock Cre In Maryland, chief state veterinarian twice, and twice again, about the rac- is an urban park, there are firmer stati Kenneth Crawford thinks the raccoon coon that raided their garbage can or tics on the people who use it than albo population has gotten out of hand. grape arbor. And even Rock Creek the animals that live there. A few yes "We've provided an abnormally protec- Park, the capital's favorite tract of ago, park managers expressed intere tive environment for them," he says, greenery, took on a menacing air. in learning more about the "giving them an abundance of food in Rock Creek has been a national park wildlife. "I suggested we use the our bird-feeders and our garbage cans." since 1890. A wooded swath stretching coon as an indicator species," We have also provided a surfeit of cozy from Washington's northern tip south Manski. "At that time we weren't attics and chimneys to den in, and a to the National Zoo, it is twice the size terested at all in looking at rabies." raccoon transportation network to rival of New York's Central Park and twice as A bearded, 31-year-old biologist fro anything above ground, what Crawford wild. Herring migrate in Rock Creek (a Chicago, Manski had experience will 22 Tracking beasts that go beep in the night, David Manski (center) lifts an antenna to home in on radio-collared raccoons in the nation's capital. From his studies, Manski hopes to learn how the animals adapt so well to cities. Trapped raccoons are anesthetized (far left) and taken to a Park Service lab where they are tested for rabies before being turned loose. After an animal is radio-collared (left), it is released in the same area where it was captured. Each collared raccoon has its own radio frequency. Rock Creek's raccoon population an edge against rabies, the main object in vaccinating the animals has been exper- imental. "There's been very little work in wildlife with the vaccines available, which are really prepared for domestic animals," says Richard Montali, a pa- thologist at the National Zoo. Over the course of the study, vaccinated rac- coons have been recaptured and fresh blood samples have been drawn and sent to the Centers for Disease Control in Atlanta. By studying the samples, sci- entists can learn whether vaccinated raccoons are building immunity to ra- bies and how long immunity holds. But beeps, not blood samples, will tell researchers the most about Rock Creek's raccoons. Of the nearly 300 raccoons trapped for the study, more than 40 have been fitted with light- weight radio collars. Battery-powered transmitters in the collars pulse either 55 or 80 times a minute, and each rac- coon broadcasts over a different fre- ildlife on the beaten track. In his time Rock Creek Park and in the backyards quency. Day and night, Manski and with the Park Service in Washington, he of city folks who are cooperating in the other members of the radio-tracking had investigated the dense gray squirrel study. Each time a raccoon is captured, team patrol the park and surrounding population in Lafayette Park, a tidy it is anesthetized at a small laboratory streets in pursuit of raccoon radio eight-acre square opposite the White within the park and then measured, signals. House, and attacked a pigeon problem weighed, sexed, checked for parasites "We're following ghosts with beeps," at a Park Service open-air theater, and aged according to tooth wear. Be- says Manski of the work. Denned up in where roosting birds were defecating on fore releasing each raccoon, the scien- an oak or an attic, or foraging under patrons in box seats. tists tattoo an identifying number on cover of darkness, the raccoons are To unlock the secrets of the urban some shaved skin near its right foreleg more often heard than seen. But prop- raccoon, Manski and his associates are and fasten a numbered tag to one of the erly identified, each raccoon beep rep- using several approaches. Metal box animal's ears. They also draw a blood resents, according to the scientist, "a traps, baited with canned mackerel off sample and, equally important, inject point in space"-one more datum to the grocery shelf, have been placed the raccoon with rabies vaccine. help the researchers plot patterns of along streams and raccoon paths in While there is some hope of giving raccoon movement, the location of 23 home ranges and the scope of interac- you totally lose the signal unless you're otherwise-alluring to raccoons. tions between individual animals. right on top of them," he added. this point, he and his associates kn Because raccoons are generally noc- Still later, parked in a Crestwood which homes in Crestwood a turnal, so are their trackers. Sunset to cul-de-sac, the scientist tuned his small elsewhere around the park do extra di sunrise, Manski puts about 100 miles a radio receiver and fanned the dark with as raccoon apartments. They ha night on the odometer of his Park Ser- the antenna. As he stood there, a police watched radio-collared animals emet vice station wagon. Wearing earphones helicopter made its own sweep of the from chimneys, roof holes and garag and listening to the beeps pulled in by an night sky. A siren wailed in the distance. Eventually, says Manski, "we may antenna on the roof of the car, Manski able to better predict what is attract homes in, cruising streets and back al- to a raccoon." leys until the strength of a raccoon sig- By learning how city raccoons p nal tells him to park. Outside the car, he their time, Manski also hopes to gat. switches to a handheld antenna and clues about how rabies moves throu sweeps the night air to pinpoint the an urban wildlife population. I animal's probable location. If a raccoon example, if city raccoons prove m appears to be inside or atop a house, social than their country kin, he not Manski notes the address on a clip- "there may be instances of contact board. If the beeps are coming from the denning together-that may help us park, he takes compass bearings to plot plain the spread of rabies.' the animal's position on a map. Raccoons find their Trapping the animals to reduce th Nineteen of Manski's radio-collared numbers seems an obvious way raccoons live in Crestwood, a residen- dinners in our garbage counter the threat of rabies. But m tial community wedged into a corner of experts advise against it. "You have lower Rock Creek Park. With his ear- cans and their highways kill such a large proportion of the a phones and antennas, and wearing his in our sewer lines mals to have an impact," says Suzar khaki vest with "NPS Wildlife Survey" Jenkins. "And any time you remov stenciled in green on the back, the raccoon, you just create a space biologist is a familiar sight in the neigh- another raccoon to move into." borhood. One evening at 6:30, Manski In the scientist's earphone, a burst of CB More than likely, rabies relief for stood beside the station wagon and chatter drowned the beeping of a Mid-Atlantic lies in reshaping hum stared up at a Crestwood chimney, ghostly raccoon. raccoon interactions. At a Johns H wondering whether the shadowy form For some area residents, Manski is kins symposium, David Manski show between two flues was one of his study the ghost in the night. More than once color slides lent by a Crestwood fan animals. A jogger breezed by in the that evening, homeowners peered from that, for 20 years, has fed dog food a semidarkness. "Trailing raccoons?" he windows at the man in the street waving table scraps to backyard raccoons. asked, not missing a step. a wand at their roof. From time to time, the photographs, a gang of chubby 1 One hour later, after picking up a sig- restless citizens send the police chasing coons crouched over plastic bowls nal from an adult female raccoon after the biologist in the dark. out on a picnic table. Many Washing known as Number 141, Manski paced in Before beginning his research, Man- nians-from ambassadors on down the street near an intersection. Pausing, ski contacted the Secret Service, which ring the raccoon dinner bell. But wl he lifted the antenna above his head. guards Washington's foreign embassies. rabies comes to town, says Mans Turning slowly in one spot, he concen- Several embassies lie within Manski's "some hard decisions have to be ma trated on the beeps in his earphones. study area and he was concerned that such as whether you prohibit pul Then he walked toward a tree at the suspicions would be aroused by the feeding." mouth of an alley and shined a flashlight sight of a man wearing earphones and "Rabies is going to be here for a lo into its upper branches. Two green eyes carrying radio gear. He says the Secret time," says the biologist. Thus, wl glowed back at the scientist. "You Service wanted to know what the radio making his rounds, Manski urges Wa sleepy thing," said Manski, noting the collars looked like. "They were worried ingtonians to have their cats and d fix on his clipboard. someone would call them and say, immunized against the disease. He t Following four Crestwood raccoons 'There's an animal with a bomb on it'," homeowners bothered by live-in 1 that night, Manski logged each animal's recalls Manski. The scientist also intro- coons to cap their chimneys with scr position about once every 45 minutes. duced himself to some diplomats. At guards and to patch holes in their ro Number 179, another adult female, set Czechoslovakia's embassy, he was "You don't control raccoon rabie the pace for adventure. At 10:30, Man- given a tour of the grounds and an offi- notes Manski. "You change the ca ski watched her clamber up a television cial pointed out raccoon dens in the ing capacity of the habitat so there w antenna anchored to a chimney. "I trees. At least one Washington ambas- be so many raccoons." The locking wonder what that does to their recep- sador, the scientist found, sets a nightly bage can, he adds, is one of our 1 tion," said the scientist. Three hours table for the raccoons that come lum- defenses against a scary disease. later, she dropped underground, taking bering across his guarded lawn. her beeps with her, and Manski walked One of the things Manski hopes to Washington, D.C., writer Mike Lipske the street with his antenna aimed at as- learn from his study is what makes a cializes in natural history. Photogra phalt. "When they duck into a sewer particular house-ambassadorial or Louie Psihoyos lives in New York City. 24 REPORT ON THE 49th ANNUAL MEETING NATIONAL WILDLIFE Federation's Growth Gives Muscle To Conservation Programs WEETING WE'VE EVER HAD!" cant." - William Ruckelshaus, what enthusiastic dele- former EPA Administrator and members are saying "The United States has gone NWF's 49th Annual Meet- much farther in developing pol- Washington, D.C. Some of lution controls than any other na- highlights: tion: For example, Canada will Hair, executive vice presi- not have auto emission controls reported that the total until 1988. And in the matter of of Federation members reducing lead in gasoline, again, supporters has jumped from the United States is far ahead of million to 4.5 million during the rest of the world." - Lee year. This gives NWF Thomas, EPA Administrator muscle to advance the "When President Reagan nom- of conservation on many inated me to be the 45th Secre- tary of the Interior, he gave me a Delegates began work early and series of charges. They are: late, debating and discuss- -"To preserve the nation's 35 resolutions that will set wilderness and wildlife firamework for NWF action resources. the coming year. They -"To enhance America's abil- such critical subjects as ity to meet our energy and miner- soil erosion and illegal al needs with domestic resources. of public lands. -"To increase the supply of key administration offi- quality water resources. - Secretary of Interior BOB STROHM -"To continue to improve the Hodel and EPA Adminis- federal government's relation- Lee Thomas - tackled ship with state and local of the tough issues, freely Conservationist of the Year, William D. Ruckelshaus was cited for his governments. unswered questions and praised commitment to environmental cleanup during his second term as -"To develop the economic effectiveness of the National EPA Administrator. NWF President Benjamin C. Dysart III (left) and and social resources of American Federation. Executive Vice President Jay D. Hair (right) made the presentation. Indians, native Americans and Delegates not only talked about the people of the U.S. Territo- they saw it: Cathryn tured in the poster, looked on. al Bureaucrats, entertained with ries.' Donald Hodel, Secretary of the Cincinnati Zoo Affiliate committees tackled a wry look at the pitfalls of work- of the Interior Angel, her cheetah, on such topics as legislation, na- ing in a big organization. And Jim Fowler of television's tional affairs, public relations, there was an overflow crowd for Delegates Address Kingdom" had Katie, a education and international af- a "Chesapeake Bay Party" at Conservation Issues hawk, fly out over the au- fairs, digging into issues of con- Laurel Ridge, the Federation's Roy Geiger presented cern to conservationists in all 50 Virginia offices. The major conservation issues of Wigisiwa, a bald eagle. states. 1985? Here's the way delegates Sixteen people and organiza- And there was some fun. Many Ruckelshaus: Kudos to the 49th Annual Convention were honored for their out- toured the White House. Board of the National Wildlife Federa- For The Federation achievement in conser- members had a reception on Cap- tion size them up: And William Ruckels- itol Hill honoring NWF's legis- Here are some quotes from the Habitat Loss is the greatest prob- past administrator of EPA, lator of the year, Congressman key speeches at the 49th Annual lem for fish and wildlife. And it is named "Conservationist of Silvio O. Conte of Massachu- NWF Convention: exacerbated by "poorly planned Year." setts. Life members saw how "I commend the National Wild- government projects, inappro- giant replica of the National NWF's new public service an- life Federation for its intelligent, priate incentives to the private Week poster, "SOIL - nouncements were made. They forward-looking attitude on solv- sector and poor land use plan- Can't Grow Without It," had some glimpses of stars Rowlf ing environmental problems. ning. NWF believes "most habi- unveiled. Pete Myers, chief the Dog from the Muppet Show Since NWF has a membership tat problems can be prevented, or the Soil Conservation Service, and actor Eddie Albert. Dr. James three times larger than all of the at least mitigated." the honors as Mr. and Mrs. Boron, president of the Interna- other conservation organizations Water resources continue to be Myers, whose farm was fea- tional Association of Profession- combined, this is most signifi- (continued on page 27) 25 REPORT ON THE 49th ANNUAL MEETING Renewing Our Dedication To The Conservation Ethic I DELIVERED MY FIRST ADDRESS as this organization's chief nation's farmland. We lose 35,000 small farms annually executive officer in March 1981. I can still recall clearly Three million acres of rural land are lost to non-farm my excitement and pride at taking the reins of the Na- purposes each year. tional Wildlife Federation. Each year, we lose more than 6.4 billion tons of soil Today, as I look on this gathering of committed conser- erosion, enough soil to fill 300 million dump trucks. vationists-representing our great diversity and Even more dramatic is the annual loss of land that strength-I am even prouder to be part of this magnifi- could be wildlife habitat. The loss is so great that it is cent organization. I often think back to the momentous equivalent to the yearly construction of a mile-wide road event 49 years ago when a group of dedicated conserva- running 3,000 miles from Manhattan to Los Angeles. tionists from across the United States, led by Ding Dar- In the wake of such drastic changes, it is essential that ling, founded the National Wildlife Federation. I believe we remember: "We do not inherit the environment from they would be very proud of today's Federation, recog- our ancestors. We borrow it for a period of time from our nized as the world's largest private citizen conservation children." education organization with 4.5 million members and Some in our society forget that. Through their greed supporters. and false worship of the dollar, they would carelessing But I suspect they would be more concerned about exchange our priceless natural heritage for more per- where we are going than where we have been. For those sonal wealth. who dare to dream big dreams are also the people who That is why the conservation-minded members welcome the future because they recognize that all too supporters of the National Wildlife Federation soon the future will be the past. share a special vision for the future, a vision that recog- Therefore, as the National Wildlife Federation moves nizes the kinship between man and nature. toward its second half-century, we ponder the horizons We must renew our dedication to the conservation of tomorrow. How will the celebrants of the Federation's ethic. But we must go a step further, establishing a world 100th anniversary judge those of us who lead it today? in which the twin goals of economic development Will we be judged as responsible stewards of our natural responsible environmental protection can succeed resources? Will we have protected the environment ade- harmony. quately during our short watch? We must remove false dichotomies where they exist We strive today in hopes that the answers will be "yes" Rather, we must work to acquire even broader public tomorrow. But we fully appreciate the difficulty of long- support for a positive and responsible agenda on environ range forecasting when we see how much the world has mental matters. We must pursue a world in which changed during the past few decades. society's health is measured by both the Environmenta Who could have envisioned 30 years ago the impact of Quality Index and the Gross the first Earth Day in 1970 on America's conscience? National Product. Indeed, few did. Only later did one news commentator, Let's sound neither a battle reflecting on the nation's heightened environmental cry nor a call to retreat on en- awareness, observe, "Not since the Japanese attack on vironmental issues. Instead, Pearl Harbor has any public issue received such massive let's today transform our vision support." for the future into the reality of The United States is leading the world's pace in positive actions. For we won't change. Two hundred Americans are born every hour, pass this way again. clamoring to be fed, clothed, housed and educated. By the year 2000, the U.S. population will have grown from 230 million to more than 300 million. Ninety day D Hair percent will live and work in cities. Executive Vice President Every hour of every day, we lose 220 acres of our National Wildlife Federation (From a speech at the NWF Annual Meeting) REPORT ON THE 49th ANNUAL MEETING Long time conservationist, Carl Lee Thomas, administrator of the Crouse, was elected president of Environmental Protection Agency, NWF. Five new board members were told meeting participants that also elected: Richard Day, Donald the American public can expect Hamilton, Charles T. Haskell, both quantity and quality from Gordon G. Meyer and Gene G. Stout. EPA's enforcement program. BOB STROHM DENNIS A. JOHNSON Jim Fowler, of television's "Wild Kingdom," introduced Katie, a Harris' hawk, at one of the general sessions. Members of the audience were thrilled when Katie flew back and forth over their heads. (continued from page 25) dumps, regulate toxic chemicals ades of environmental degrada- to control rising federal deficits, mismanaged and polluted-de- in drinking water, protect tion, demonstrates the world- NWF believes "the resource con- spite the fact that "America has groundwater supplies, regulate wide scope of natural resource servation programs are being abundant supplies of fresh wa- hazardous air pollutants, expand problems." asked to bear more than their fair ter." NWF recommends local safety testing of pesticides and Tax reform should remove "un- share of budget cuts." cost sharing, user fees, better strengthen regulation of ocean necessary federal incentives for Delegates debated and passed planning and mitigation for dam- dumping. logging, mining, energy extrac- 25 other resolutions, including ages to wildlife habitat by gov- Third World conservation must tion, conversion of natural areas the environmental effects of MX ernment-sponsored water devel- be supported by the United to agricultural uses and wetland missiles and the excessive pay- opment projects. States through increased funds destruction." ment of damages caused by wild- Soil erosion "continues to plague and technical expertise. "The Proposed budget cuts should be life. Other issues on the agenda: our nation, reducing productivity famine in Africa, a result of dec- fair. While recognizing the need siting nuclear plants, encourag- of the land and strangling our ing schools to use Project Wild (a rivers and harbors. It is also the comprehensive conservation primary cause of the nation's education program) and hunting greatest water quality problem- elk in the Grand Teton National non-point or runoff pollution." Park. Too often "federal farm policies The delegates also passed a encourage practices that increase joint resolution with the Cana- erosion." Farm subsidies should dian Wildlife Federation to call encourage soil conservation and for an overall 50% reduction of protection of wildlife habitat. pollutants that result in acid pre- Public land laws require "bal- cipitation in both countries. anced solutions to conflicting goals of natural resource de- Top Conservationists welopment and environmental Recognized By NWF protection on the nation's 700 million acres of public lands." A The prestigious whooping crane return to balanced stewardship is award signifying the highest sorely needed. level of achievement in the field An energy policy that protects the of conservation and the envi- environment, encourages effi- ronment - was presented by cient use and promotes de- NWF to 16 outstanding individ- velopment of safe and renewable uals and organizations: energy resources was strongly Conservationist of the Year: Wil- urged by NWF delegates. liam D. Ruckelshaus is the "pre- Toxic chemicals continue to eminent environmental adminis- "contaminate the food we eat, BOB STROHM trator of our times." The first the water we drink, the air we head of the Environmental Pro- breathe and the habitat on which tection Agency in 1970, he was all living things depend." NWF Discussing resolutions to be voted on by annual meeting delegates called back in 1983 to put the emphasizes the need to clean up are four affiliate representatives: Meredith Murray, Maine; Lore Sharp, EPA back on course. "Under ex- Robert Moorman Lowa: and Ramon Callaban. Mississippi. traordinary circumstances. he REPORT ON THE 49th ANNUAL MEETING has accomplished a record that Institute has provided diverse servation Foundation has ful- leled contribution to enhances the quality of our envi- and challenging learning experi- filled the role of a "think tank" derstanding of scores ronment for the benefit of all ences for more than 70,000 stu- for the environmental movement environmental issues." forms of life - both for now and dents during the last 13 years. and is a builder of bridges to Merrill L. Petoskey has in the future." Legislative Award: Representa- other important segments of volved in conservation Science Award: George Schaller tive Silvio Conte of Massachu- society. regional and national of the New York Zoological So- setts led the fight to end wasteful, Special achievement awards and left a record of ciety has made significant contri- environmentally unsound water were made to the following: achievement in every butions to the conservation of projects, and to clean our na- National Geographic Society: he's occupied. wildlife and their habitats. tion's air and rivers. He has Wilbur Garrett, editor of Na- Tracks magazine, publissine Outstanding State Affiliate: The pushed such diverse projects as tional Geographic, accepted the the Michigan United Colorado Wildlife Federation wetlands, restoring the Atlantic award for his organization's tion Clubs, takes the was honored for a wide spectrum salmon, acid rain controls, and unique television specials over tion message to students. of activities, ranging from a renewable energy, and has given the past 19 years. NWF "salutes ers and families to a degree non-game tax check-off program strong support to the acquisition the National Geographic Society could never be achieved which it helped to instate, to acid of habitat for waterfowl. for this landmark educational ef- visits and conferences rain workshops and deer and elk Organization Award: The Con- fort, which has been an unparal- John F. Turner, majority management seminars. leader of the Wyoming Communication Award: The Senate, has been an integral Louisville Courier-Journal "for of the conservation movement 158 years has had a history of his state for more than 25 sensitivity to environmental Backyard Wildlife Habitat translating a child's love issues." Corporate Award: Duke Power Program on Television Again O mals into political power. Louis Fernandez, chairman Company was honored for its The Federation's Backyard Wildlife Habitat the board of Monsanto many conservation activities. It Program returns to public television again pany, helped found Clean has the largest in-house en- this summer. Joining host Bob Thompson on Inc., an innovative vironmental staff among all of "The Victory Garden" will be Craig Tufts, corporation that promises the nation's electric utilities - Director of Education Centers for the speed the cleanup of toxic more than 150 scientists and en- Federation. sites in America. gineers. It has also donated more They will feature gardening to attract but- Dr. Reuben Trippensee, a than 2,800 acres of land for pub- terflies in addition to prairie and meadow in wildlife management, lic parks in the Carolinas. gardening as alternatives to lawn and formal timeless contributions with Government Award: Governor landscaping. teachings and professi Bob Graham of Florida was hon- Check local television listings for time and accomplishments. ored for his statesmanlike ap- dates "The Victory Garden" will be shown The Chesapeake Bay Founda proach in pushing the "Save Our in your area. is the largest nonprofit Everglades" program. vation organization work Education Award: The Yosemite solely to protect the Bay. How To Enter National Wildlife Magazine's Photo Contest For the fifteenth year, the editors Landscapes and Plant Life dress and phone number. Inclu invite you to submit your best na- Underwater Life the make and model of came ture photographs. A total of Humor in Nature and lens used for each photo, $5,000 in cash will be awarded, Entry in the contest constitutes used, exposure settings, speci and winning photos will appear agreement to allow photographs equipment if any, and a brief in our December issue and tour to be published in National scription of where, when the U.S. as an exhibit. Wildlife as contest winners, with how each photo was taken. Rules: The competition is open limited promotional use, and to viously published material can to all amateur photographers ex- be included in the touring exhibi- entered; however, please inclu cept employees of the National tion sponsored by the Leigh information on where and whe Wildlife Federation and their Yawkey Woodson Art Museum the photo has appeared. Include immediate families. Professional and in its promotion. a stamped, self-addressed nature photographers (those Entries must be original color velope of the proper size or whose primary income is from transparencies (Kodachrome tries cannot be returned. nature photography) are asked preferred) or color prints. Prints National Wildlife cannot be not to enter this contest. may be mounted, but mount size sponsible for photos submitted A total of up to five entries (a should be no larger than 11 14. Deadline: All entries must DAVID R. STREET sequence counts as one entry) in Negatives must be available for postmarked no later than Jun any combination of the following all prints. Do not send glass- 30, 1985. Send entries to: Na categories may be submitted: mounted slides. tional Wildlife Photo Contest Wildlife Each photograph must bear 1412 16th Street N.W., Washing People in Nature the photographer's name, ad- ton, D.C. 20036. 28 LIFE STYLES In One Day Americans can rack up some astonishing statistics S even years ago, Tom Parker had an tured in the wild. One-fourth of the idea. "I wanted to show Ameri- cans the amazing amount of food 12 birds are dead when they arrive, or die before they find an owner. and materials it takes to support Americans use 6.8 billion gallons of population," says the 34-year-old IO 2 water to flush their toilets. It would take illustrator from Ithaca, New York. "I one gigantic toilet a half mile high- hought the best way to do so was by twice the height of the World Trade showing how much we consume on a 3 Center-to dump that much water in dirily basis." one flush. The Rose Bowl football Parker began the arduous task of stadium could fit inside the seat. campiling and computing statistics 8 Americans bring 364,000 live wild government and other reports. In animals into the country, 337,000 of process, he amassed some hefty which are ornamental fish. They also itudistics of his own: in an average day, import 296,000 items that are made out calculates, he read four newspapers of wildlife. cover to cover, wrote some 60 let- Americans collectively grow six and made nearly 100 phone calls. square miles of skin. The results of those efforts appeared last Americans throw out 150,000 tons in his book, In One Day. Among of boxes, bags and wrappers. It would findings: every day. take 10,000 tractor-trailer trucks to haul that much junk to the dump-a Americans throw out 200,000 tons edible food. TOM PARKER line of trucks more than 120 miles long. Some people avoid the dumps al- Americans produce 110,000 tons of together. Every day, they sprinkle a mil- That much salt would fill a shaker lion bushels of litter out the windows of 204 feet tall and 138 feet in diameter. water for their homes, factories and their cars and trucks. Americans throw out 20,000 farms. That's enough to cover Manhat- Americans produce 1.5 billion passenger cars and 4,000 trucks and tan to a depth of 96 feet. pounds of hazardous waste. If the prob- buses. In New York alone, more than 20 American drivers use 313 million lem were shared equally, every adult in efficles a day are simply abandoned. gallons of fuel-enough to drain 26 the United States would have to find Eventy thousand cars would jam-pack tractor-trailer tank trucks every minute. something to do with 9 pounds a day. If 55-acre junkyard or form a line of If this country ran out of gas, it would they stuffed it in 55-gallon drums, the more than 50 miles long. need a gas can 400 feet wide and 332 drums would cover 418 acres. Americans driving on unpaved roads feet high to get it through the day. Americans manufacture enough arti- up 81,000 tons of dust. That's In one day Americans give birth to ficial Christmas trees to artifically re- enough to cover a football field-the 10,000 new Americans. forest eight acres of land. Dust Bowl-to a depth of 48 feet. The U.S. "center of population," an Americans pump 365 million gallons Americans produce 33 million imaginary point at which the population of crude oil out of the ground and im- of aluminum, enough to make of this country would balance-north port another 147 million gallons from square miles of aluminum foil. And and south, east and west-creeps about other countries. The total is more than day, Americans recycle 78 million 35 feet to the southwest. half a billion gallons or nine quarts Muminum cans. That's enough to make Americans lay about 2,750 acres of apiece for each American. That's Boeing 747 jetliners. pavement. That's enough concrete and enough to fill an oil can 550 feet tall and Public sewers in this country drain asphalt to make a bicycle path seven feet 400 feet in diameter. emough organic waste to make 3,000 wide stretching from the Atlantic to the Americans gobble up 75 acres of of nitrogen plant food. That's equal Pacific coast. pizza. Imagine 13 pizzas the size of the 54 million pounds of fertilizer. Americans bring 2,000 exotic birds Roman Colosseum-that's enough Americans use 450 billion gallons of into the country that have been cap- food to cover 60 football fields. Smoothing the W the TO two MO 110 THE CRO to CCO 440 THE MO for Salmon Throughout the Pacific Northwest, volunteers are giving the fish new life in streams that once were wastelands By Phillip Johnson Y MID-MORNING, the layers B of basalt that run through the walls of Beaver Creek's narrow canyon appear to be melting in the shimmering heat. The stream itself is blue and invit- ing, but everywhere else the vista is of burnt rock and parched cheatgrass. A crew of young Warm Springs Indians works under the desert sun, cutting the juniper that dot the valley floor, drag- ging the trees to the water's edge and unceremoniously heaving them in. One bank of Beaver Creek has become an incongruous row of upside-down trees, their tops stirring in the current and their butts cabled to metal posts. The cheerful fellow in the baseball cap directing this operation is Chris Stainbrook, a fish biologist hired by the tribe to help restore the depleted runs of salmon and steelhead trout that return to spawn in the streams of the Warm Springs reservation on the eastern flank of the Oregon Cascades. This stretch of Beaver Creek, says Stainbrook, wiping sweat from his eyes, "is essentially like a desert to the fish. Right now the place is virtually unutilized by chinook because of the temperature." The streambanks in this section of the valley are so heavily eroded that soil continually washes away from them, choking the stream. Because vegetation can't grow there, the water remains un- shaded and thus lethally warm for salmon. The upended juniper are a TERRY DOMICO (EARTH IMAGES) Pacific salmon like these coho fingerlings once hatched in streams from Alaska to California. But as their habitat declined, so did the fish. Today, conservationists are attempting to reverse that decline. 31 Products of enhancement efforts, these habitat requires a mosaic of activities. tions are large. "This," pro chinook fry (opposite) were bred in Different streams have been damaged in senior Knox, "is a three-ger captivity to help bolster depleted salmon different ways, and thus require differ- fort to reestablish the salm stocks. Eventually, they will be released ent remedies if the fish are to return in lower Rogue." in a stream and begin their trip to sea. large numbers. Salmon enhancement is The Knoxes, with Westfa In southern Oregon, 84-year-old Robert in effect the art of imitating nature. "All have built what is in effect Knox grabs a handful of pellets to feed enhancement efforts should aim toward hatchery for public use on some of the 100,000 chinook fry reared emulating biological processes," says erty. The family operates a ca in his pond (below). Knox hatches the George Westfall, a biologist with Ore- at the mouth of Indian Cree young fish as part of a statewide effort. gon's Salmon and Trout Enhancement popular with fishermen, and Program (STEP). "But they should also make no claims of altruism. speed up those processes to restore pro- tourism," says Scott. "To get duction. We try to go into an area and do here we need to provide som in a year what nature would do in ten." nities for fishing. So we decid the fish ourselves." Such efforts to bolster E nhancement isn't a cure-all, however. "It can be a useful Coast's salmon runs directly, tool but it's no solution to the fish in hatchboxes or ponds a major habitat destruction that the smolts to sea, represer continues in parts of the Northwest," facet of enhancement. W notes Terence Thatcher, a National volunteers are attempting to Wildlife Federation attorney based in salmon's habitat, others are Portland, Oregon. "However, these en- midwives to future salmon ge hancement workers deserve a lot of hoping that by the time the credit for what they're trying to do." vivors return, a newly hosp Some 230 miles southwest of Beaver vironment will greet them. Creek, across two mountain ranges and All species of Pacific sa a world away for salmon, Robert Knox anadromous, a Greek word t stands beside a pond on his Indian "running upward." They hatc DAVID FALCONER Creek ranch. The water is slate gray egg in fresh water, mature fo under the ocean fog; mist hangs in the the stream, journey to the OC branches of the surrounding spruce to adulthood there and returi trees. Quietly, Knox reaches into a buc- up the current. Although the ket, pulls out a handful of pellets and instinct is not infallible, the crude but effective means of helping to flings them into the pond. There is a produced fish usually spawn il solve such problems. "The juniper will sudden rippling noise, and the water stream where they hatched. absorb the energy of the stream and pro- begins to churn furiously. tect these banks from further erosion," The Knox pond, created artifically upstream will drop out in the branches. H istorically, salmon Stainbrook predicts. "Sediment from from a meander in the stream, is cur- ed the entire Paci rently home to about 100,000 fall west coast. When th That will give vegetation a place to chinook fry, raised from eggs gathered ropean settlers arriv grow. The vegetation canopy is crucial by volunteers working through STEP. region, the fish runs were to lowering water temperatures." When the young salmon "smolt"- scribed as being "so thick Beaver Creek's waters eventually find become ready to go to sea-they will be walk on their backs." In the their way to the Columbia River. released. They won't have far to travel ers, fishermen scooped out n Salmon spawned in the creek follow the to reach saltwater: half-a-mile or so pounds of the fish every year long route to the ocean, live in the down Indian Creek to the Rogue River, gion. It didn't take long, how Pacific for several years, and then re- then down the Rogue for less than a mile fore most salmon runs had trace their labyrinthine pathway back to to the ocean. drastically. Today, wild chir this valley. If the day's work has been With luck, as many as 5,000 of these coho salmon are imperiled successful, this stretch of creek will chinook salmon will return as adults throughout their range. again provide habitat for a few more fish anywhere from two to five years later. Overfishing has indeed co in the years to come. Their progeny, in turn, will be planted to the decline, but so have o Such small, patient steps, smoothing upstream in Indian Creek and in other struction, pollution, irrigation the way for vast migrations, have come nearby streams depopulated of salmon harvesting and mining. Their to be known all along the West Coast as by a century of dam-building, logging grations bring salmon into con "salmon enhancement." It is a growing and overfishing. anything that affects water any movement with thousands of volunteers Robert Knox is 84; his hair is white the region. from southeastern Alaska to Monterey and his face furrowed. Standing beside "In the beginning, I don't th Bay in California. Its goal: to help re- him, feeding the fish on this misty after- people thought there could b verse the decline of Pacific salmon. noon, is his vigorous, broad-chested lem with the fishery-they Restoring the salmon's despoiled grandson Scott, 26. The family's ambi- there would be salmon forev 32 The Bill Hill, a commercial troller from phasis in many places from just raising the "enhancement biologist. Eureka, California. "Now, I think peo- fish to also restoring habitat. Local ef- tricky role, one that involves b ple realize that the only way there's forts are coordinated under such organ- ecologist, part technician and going to be salmon in the future is if izations as Oregon's STEP and British lomat. The 31-year-old scie everyone pitches in and helps." Columbia's Salmonid Enhancement everyone from schoolchildren The first attempts at salmon en- Program. Through the "adopt-a- citizens involved in his pro hancement began in the 1930s. In those stream" strategy, citizen groups are year ago, he logged 108 indivi days, most efforts were spent removing now taking responsibility for entire ects, ranging from classroo logjams and other materials from watersheds. boxes to major constructio streams. Such obstructions were per- such as carving jump pools ou ceived as barriers to salmon migration. T he broad-based program rock with dynamite to enable f More recently, biologists have realized George Westfall directs for past a natural falls and utilize that woody debris and even logjams can STEP along the isolated south- of virgin spawning grounds. ] be a critical part of the fish's habitat. In ern Oregon coast typifies the volunteers last year handled 1. addition, many early volunteer groups complexity and variety of salmon chinook and steelhead eggs operated under the misconception that enhancement today. Westfall has stored 42 stream miles of habi fish numbers could be restored simply mobilized some 300 volunteers since Oregon STEP voluntee by dumping artificially reared salmon 1981, with as many as 80 people con- learned to anchor logs or gabi fry into the streams. stantly on call. indrical wire structures fill During the 1980s, however, the en- Westfall himself fits a job description rock-across a stream in such hancement movement has shifted em- that has only existed for a decade or so: that they will break up floods 34 their upstream sides to build improve the situation here and there, An adult coho displays the hooked jaw beds and create sheltering but we're still losing habitat every day!" and reddish coloring characteristic of beneath their downstream faces. "No one should view enhancement spawning males (opposite). Unlike the have worked to stabilize stream work as a substitute for habitat protec- Atlantic salmon, which return to sea, by planting willow or cabling tion," adds Terence Thatcher. "If habi- the Pacific species die after spawning. the banks to deflect the current tat is important enough to repair, then Guided by a biologist, volunteers eroding areas. At times, their work it's valuable enough to protect. And construct an artificial fish passage on completed far from the water itself; protection is cheaper and more efficient an Oregon stream (below). "People are graject involved fencing off vulner- than correcting avoidable mistakes." making a strong emotional investment tretches of creeks to prevent cattle For years, Thatcher points out, the in streams," says one state official. trampling the fragile edges. nation built dams on the Columbia typical project, volunteers tack- River without providing adequate fish Creek, a short coastal stream passage for fish that needed to migrate churned with chinook, coho downstream. "Now," says the attorney, steelhead each fall and winter. In "we're belatedly trying to retrofit those 1960s, however, timber com- dams so the fish can get past them. And clearcut almost the entire drain- even if we succeed, we still can't replace running equipment through the the habitat that's lost forever." Indeed, and leaving gashed and de- according to Thatcher, dams have slopes that unleashed torrents of blocked or inundated more than half of Until recently, Euchre Creek the historic anadromous fish habitat in a muddy wasteland, the current the Columbia basin. wandering here and there between un- banks, devoid of salmon. The sports fishermen from the im- L ogging has also taken a heavy toll participants-largely commercial on salmon habitat, leaving streams choked with silt and vicinity-studied the length of debris and denuded of vegeta- and came up with a master tion. In the mid-1960s, for instance, the for restoring the fish habitat. South Fork of the Salmon River-the Meanwhile, work on reviving the fish most productive salmon stream in mulation continued apace. At first, Idaho-was literally buried in hatchery stock from the thousands of tons of sediment from River was used; up to 70,000 landslides due to logging road construc- were released each year. The tion. "No one could repair the damage," returns from these early releases says Thatcher, "and even now, 20 years begun to put in an appearance in later, natural processes have still not stream, now that some usable habi- fully restored the South Fork." them. Last year, the workers New forestry practices have slowed PHILLIP JOHNSON to harvesting some of these re- the damage in recent years; now, larger turning spawners to serve as brood streams are often protected by buffer their eggs were fertilized, incu- strips and unstable slopes are some- reared in ponds and will be re- times left unlogged. But the sheer vol- cur. Many of the gabions now being in- back into the stream. ume of timber cutting means that more stalled won't function as expected, basically trying to seed the and more streams are afflicted. What's many of the boulders placed in streams that's available," Westfall says more, notes sportsman Bill Bakke, a to provide cover will wash out, many of autiously. "We're not really trying to member of the STEP advisory commit- the fish raised in ponds won't prosper in toward a goal for optimum num- tee, "The policy direction of many of the the wild. But even with such failures, we'd like to have returning. We agencies involved in timber production there can be success. talk about 'optimum'-'self-sus- is still counter to the work being done to "Public involvement in enhancement is our key word." Of the ten restore individual streams." is probably more important for the so- systems in his district, notes West- Like other conservationists, Bakke is cial benefits than for the fish it produc- only two have "healthy" runs. But, concerned that timber companies and es," argues Bakke. "People are mak- biologist adds confidently, "We can utilities will "hop on the enhancement ing a strong emotional investment in a 200 percent increase in wild bandwagon," arguing that they should streams. They're less willing now to walk in the region." be allowed to cut more wood or divert away when something threatens those is an exhilarating experience to see more water because they can rely on streams. They're adopting a stretch of return to a restored stream. But future stream restoration efforts to water and becoming its protector." unservationists are quick to point out mitigate their damage. "Enhance- enhancement by itself won't solve ment," adds Bakke, "should not be used Oregon journalist Phillip Johnson wrote salmon problem. "Don't let anyone as an excuse for future abuse." about how scientists are using beaver to help you," says Dave Loomis, another Because many enhancement projects restore damaged streams in the June-July biologist. "We're doing things to are still experimental, problems will oc- 1984 issue. 35 STRIKE FORCE In Los Angeles, a tough investigative team is making life miserable for corporate polluters By Mark Wexler HILE repairing a road in Los Angeles the prosecutor. "In my view, that is a violent crime W last summer, a city worker got a against the community, and those responsible grim surprise. When he pulled up a should go to jail." section of pavement, a mangled black Last winter, Groveman got his wish when a barrel popped up with it. Through the municipal court judge fined the company $20,000 hole below, the worker saw a deep and sentenced its president and vice president to cavern filled with dozens of other barrels, some six months in jail. They were also ordered to take leaking a foul-smelling liquid. out a full-page advertisement He called the city's Toxic in the Los Angeles Times, Waste Strike Force. admitting their guilt. It was Within minutes, the unit not the first time the strike arrived at the scene. In the 24 force had put corporate pol- hours that followed, the strike luters behind bars. force pulled 254 barrels out Since its inception in 1982, of the hole, all filled with the strike force-which in- dangerous chemical wastes. cludes investigators from the "We began an investigation city's police, fire and sanita- that soon led us to the source tion departments, and from of the barrels, a local manu- the Los Angeles County facturing company called American Caster," says Barry JIM CORNFIELD Health Department-has had a remarkable record. In the Groveman, the 31-year-old dozen or so cases it has filed, special assistant to the district ten corporate officers have attorney who heads up the Man with a mission, city prosecutor gone to jail. "Your basic unit. Barry Groveman (above) heads up white-collar executive who Groveman learned that the Los Angeles Toxic Waste Strike makes a decision to illegally company officials had told Force. Under his lead the unit attempts dump toxic wastes may be- their employees to bury the to stop illegal chemical waste dumping. lieve that a fine is just the cost barrels away from their own Space-age pollution detectives, strike of doing business," says Ira property. "The chemicals force members wear protective gear Reiner, the L.A. County dis- were so flammable that they (opposite) while gathering evidence in trict attorney who created the could have caused a major sewers and factories. Almost all of strike force. "We have to JIM CORNFIELD (WEST LIGHT) disaster if they ignited," notes their cases have ended in convictions. make jail the cost of doing 38 SCOTT PRESUR such business." Adds Groveman: funds nor the manpower to "We're not on a campaign against all conduct an effective criminal industry. We're after the intentional, enforcement program. But clandestine violators." under former Administrator Until recently, few American judges William Ruckelshaus, the considered environmental law viola- agency belatedly began to re- tions as criminal acts. Because such vio- cruit skilled investigators lations were often misdemeanors, from other law enforcement judges were reluctant to impose jail agencies. "We are continuing sentences. But in the last three years, to build that program," notes prosecutors have begun to seek stiffer new EPA Administrator Lee M. Thomas, "and we will ag- gressively seek criminal sanc- tions against many polluters." STRIKE FORCE A year ago, the EPA gained law enforcement powers for its investigators, who can now execute search warrants and "We're not on a carry firearms. "We've clearly campaign against all been mandated by Washing- ton to expand our criminal en- industry. We're after forcement efforts," says Pat Parenteau, chief counsel for the intentional, the EPA's Region I offices in clandestine violators.' New England-a hotbed of il- legal waste dumping. Currently, the EPA has 37 experienced investigators penalties and many judges have re- throughout the country. sponded. Two years ago in New Hamp- "Considering that we didn't shire, for instance, five executives of the have any criminal inves- A. C. Lawrence Leather Company were tigators just two years ago, indicted by the U.S. Justice Depart- that's a significant increase," ment for dumping chemical refuse in a observes Terrell Hunt, the local river. Though none of those exec- EPA's chief criminal en- utives went to jail, they were fined forcement attorney. Since $475,000-one of the largest fines ever 1982, the Federal government imposed in this country for an environ- has obtained convictions of mental crime and the first major crimi- some 60 defendants; nine of nal prosecution under the federal Clean them went to jail and more Water Act. than $1 million in fines were In Maryland, meanwhile, a state collected. strike force succeeded last year in ob- Though EPA authorities taining a six-month jail term for a Balti- can't estimate how much of the 71 bil- Strike force member Dan Fresque more businessman who had repeatedly lion gallons of hazardous wastes gener- a sample of waste seepage at a dur broken clean-air rules. Elsewhere, ated each year in this country is being very expensive to dispose of toxic 1 courts in Michigan, Missouri and New dumped illegally, there is little doubt Jersey have also imposed jail sentences that huge quantities are going directly for environmental crimes in recent into sewers, rivers and streams. "Al- fice. Operating under a state months. "We try to inform judges that most three-fourths of our criminal en- filed charges against the plastic fines and other civil penalties are often forcement cases involve illegal handling and won. The offenders were not enough to stop such crimes," says of hazardous wastes or toxic chemi- $10,000-the first major polluti Judson W. Starr, director of the Justice cals," notes Hunt. "Thus, we encour- in California history. Department's three-year-old Environ- age state and local programs like that in Three years later, the strike for mental Crimes unit. "We want everyone Los Angeles." formed. "It became clear to us 1 in the business community to respect The roots of that program date back had to try something other than environmental laws, and we believe that to 1979, when Groveman received a tip and-miss approach because one successful criminal prosecution can that a local plastics company was illegal- dumping was so prevalent," have as much impact throughout the ly disposing of its chemical wastes. At Groveman. The team didn't wa country as ten civil cases." the time, the young attorney had just time. One of their first targe In recent years, the Environmental begun working as a special prosecutor David Peairs, then president of tl Protection Agency has had neither the in the Los Angeles City Attorney's of- franchise of Culligan Interna 40 building from company files four months in jail and, among other to sewer connections. They things, the company was ordered to take found that the firm was in- out a notice in The Wall Street Journal, deed discharging as much as describing its crime. "We want people 12 tons a year of a known car- to understand," said Ira Reiner at the cinogen into city sewers. time, "that if they break the law, they "When the company's can go to prison." lawyers contacted me, I told Authorities at the Aaro battery plant them I wouldn't accept any- in south central Los Angeles learned thing less than jail," recalls that lesson the hard way. When the Groveman. They laughed. No strike force entered the plant with a one had ever gone to jail in California for violating an en- vironmental statute. But in the end, after analyzing the STRIKE FORCE prosecution's case, the attor- neys advised their client - who, ironically, had once won a local conservation award "When the company's to plead "no contest." The company was fined $100,000, lawyers contacted me, and Peairs was sentenced to I told them I wouldn't three months in jail. "We were criticized by accept anything less Peairs' attorneys for not giv- ing a warning before we got than a jail sentence." the search warrant," admits Groveman. "But that would have been as ludicrous as giv- search warrant, it caught startled work- ing a robber a warning as he ers in the act of dumping hazardous walks out of a bank." The jail wastes directly into the city's sewer sentence sent shock waves lines. One Aaro employee mistook the through the California busi- members of the strike force for federal ness community. Other Culli- immigration officers, who frequently gan franchises were the first search Los Angeles factories for illegal to respond. They took out a aliens. He continued pumping chemical full-page advertisement in the wastes into the sewer connection while JIM CORNFIELD (WEST LIGHT) Los Angeles Times, disassoci- police photographers snapped his ating themselves from David picture. Peairs. "It's expensive to dis- Behind the success of the Los Angeles pose of toxic wastes legally," Toxic Waste Strike Force is its ability to adds Groveman, "and thus, build cases that stick. "Almost everyone there are tremendous incen- we've gone after thus far has pleaded there are tremendous incentives to be tives to be dishonest. We're trying to guilty," beams Groveman. As a result of stomest," says Barry Groveman. "We're create incentives for being honest." his success, the prosecutor has been ap- to create incentives for being honest." One executive who didn't get the proached by a number of local com- message was Charles Wehrly, vice pres- panies that want to improve their own ident of the Precision Specialty Metals chemical waste storage and disposal Peairs was under contract with a num- Company. The company, which is lo- methods. ber of firms to dispose of their chemical cated right on the border between the "Believe me," says Groveman. "We wastes. Through an anonymous tip, city of Los Angeles and Los Angeles don't want to put anyone out of busi- Groveman learned that Peairs was County, had found a unique way to ness. In fact, I think it's to industry's merely discharging those wastes into dump chemical wastes into sewer lines advantage to support efforts like ours all the city's sewer system. After carefully without being detected by monitors: across the country because companies monitoring that system, the team pre- under Wehrly's orders, company em- that violate the law are gaining an unfair pared to strike. ployees installed a 300-foot pipe in the advantage over their competition. And "We uncovered their scheme and ob- rafters of the huge facility, which car- what's worse, they're violating our basic tained a search warrant," says Grove- ried the wastes into county sewers. right to clean air and clean water." man. Twenty people participated in the However, a conscientious employee mid. Police officers secured the area, tipped Groveman off and the pirate pipe Managing Editor Mark Wexler interviewed then strike force members went to was uncovered. members of the Toxic Waste Strike Force last work. They examined everything in the Wehrly was eventually sentenced to winter in Los Angeles. 41 I KNOW I've GOT a ? NEST somewhere HeRe LOOKS JUST THiS PLace Like iT DiD IS LAST YeaR! THiS MY TRee? THE iT KNOW! WHO? WHEN? G WHERE?! Say WHAT ? I pecked HUH? HeRe TWO weeks aGO: THOSE I HAD LIIII My seeDs SHOULD Be THINKINKILL 1 TWO paces AM I A TO THe Have FiSH CARDINAL LeFT, OR a DiNNeR. R. BiSHOP? WHeRe I DiD YOU CAN'T 0 HiDe THE REMEMBER I KNOW NUTS?? I HiD Some seeDs HeRe! ? m Am I REMEMBE WHY? APRiL WOW! DeJa VU! COCHDRAN: Do Birds Have a Memory? Our feathered friends may be smarter than we thought By Peter Steinhart Illustrations by Bruce Cochran USSELL BALDA, a Northern Ari- language impugns them with ex- zona University biologist, pressions like "featherheaded" and and Alan Kamil, a University "birdbrain. Birds are believed to have of Massachusetts psycholo- no memory," says Balda. "Most animal gist, have sent a bird to do a behaviorists will tell you that a bird's work. They have placed a Clark's major way of getting through life is in- ker named Burkholdter in a stinct." That is, birds are thought to vless room and asked him to have no recollection of past results or off his memory. They, like a num- foresight of future consequences; they other researchers, are trying to simply respond to events in rigidly pro- ine if science has underrated the grammed ways. For example, a robin gence of birds. hops across the lawn, cocks its head and kholdter flutters across the room listens, and the wiggling of a worm erches on a rock on the floor. He underfoot triggers in the bird a desire to his head and looks around. The chamber walls are gray peck. The conventional view is that the robin doesn't know it eatureless. The plywood floor, also gray, has 180 holes is looking for worms, but that unconscious motor patterns in numbered rows. In each hole is a sand-filled Dixie push it into enough random encounters with worms that it its top flush with the floor. Four of those cups hold doesn't starve. nuts which Burkholdter had buried the previous day. That notion derives in part from an old view of the brain. recording the location of Burkholdter's caches, Balda Early anatomists observed that bird and mammal brains are the bird from the room and has not fed him since. different. Bird brains are smaller; the largest is about the size Burkholdter is back and looking for his pinyon nuts. of a small cat's brain. And bird brains are built differently. mo scholar. Apparently birds, like people, vary in atten- While mammals have six layers of cerebral cortex stacked on Colleen, another nutcracker that was tested a few the surfaces of their brains, birds have only three. It is this earlier, recovered three nuts from three different neocortex that we believe gives mammals their greater intelli- without probing a single wrong cup. But Burkholdter gence. The conventional view is that birds did not develop four cups before he uncovers a nut. Then he scythes extra cortical layers because the larger brain, and the muscles other cups, shoveling sand right and left onto the floor needed to support it, would weigh birds down and prevent he hits his second cache. He moves from hole to hole, them from flying. row and down another, scooping sand onto the floor. Recent research, however, is changing the old view of bird to know there are some nuts stashed here, but he intelligence. Work by Harvey Karten, a neuroanatomist at the seem to remember exactly where. Kamil, who now State University of New York, and others, suggests that bird through a one-way window, tugs at his graying beard brains are not as limited as we once thought. The researchers his thick black eyebrows. He snorts impatiently, have found that the embryonic cells which give rise to the and think, boy!" neocortex in mammals give rise to the hyperstriatum in birds. both a joke and an honest urging. Memory is a part of Karten showed that the cells of the hyperstriatum have the And we don't consider birds to be thinkers. Our same chemistry and transmit the same impulse that cortical 43 cells do-and cortical cells are assumed to be the seat of learning in mammals. "The avian brain contains distinct cell populations which directly correlate to the cell populations found within the mammalian brain," says the scientist. "I don't think there is any evidence that birds are any less intelligent than mammals." While neuroanatomists have been developing a new view of the bird brain, biologists in the field have developed some new notions about bird behavior. "A lot of recent work is showing that learning and memory play a very important role CAT BIRD in the way birds behave," says Kamil. The big change leading BRAIN BRAIN to this new point of view is the recognition in the field of individual birds. Researchers are now frequently color band- ing birds so that they can recognize individuals and follow them for long periods of time. "It became clear to me that individuals were very different in terms of the ways they responded to environmental conditions," notes Balda. "They were clearly recognizing each other. They were also com- municating to each other. Their responses to predators and men seemed to be individualized." In short, observes the scientist, the birds' actions seemed not to be instinctive, but intelligent. The largest bird brain is about the same F or example, Balda once removed a female pinyon jay from a wild flock, in effect widowing her lifelong mate. as a small cat's brain. And scientists now The male eventually found a new mate and then started studying avian bebavior believe that some a new family. Six weeks later, Balda put the original species may be as intelligent as some mam female back. "We had an incredible love triangle," he recalls. "She proceeded for ten days to harrass the male and beg food from him. She literally made life so miserable for the male that He had seen nutcrackers in the wild pair up to raid the he gave up the other mate." cone middens of red squirrels. One nutcracker would lure Balda thought at times the birds might even be calculating. squirrel away from the pile while another darted in to cone. If the squirrel pursued one thief, then the other rushed in for the cone. Science, however, places little faith in anecdotes about and nutcrackers. It seeks quantitative studies and obser tions that can be interpreted uniformly by whoever examin them. For this reason, Kamil did quantitative field studies the foraging behavior of a small bird called the kihi, a Haw ian honeycreeper. He found that individually marked did not attempt to revisit flowers that they had alrea searched for nectar, even though the earlier visits seemed no way to mark or alter the flowers. That seemed to biologist to be some evidence of memory. B ut how do scientists show such things are memory? lot of times when people think of animals know this or that, there are simpler explanations," Balda. For example, squirrels bury walnuts for use. But new studies suggest that the creatures tend often than not to recover the caches of other squirrels, that they won't dig into one of their own hiding places researcher has already gone in and removed the walnut therefore seems pretty clear to most researchers that squirre smell their caches and do not remember them. "Psychologii tend to reserve the word 'memory' for conditions where The nutcracker seemed to know be bad some nuts context keeps changing," says Kamil. "Like telephone nur bers. There are a lot of new telephone numbers and stored in the cups, but be couldn't remember humans tend to remember them." exactly where. Researcher Kamil, watching through By designing experiments which offer changing condition a window, snorted: "Stop and think, boy!" scientists are finding new evidence of memory in animal Food storage, for instance, offers a good opportunity to exar 44 memory in birds. Many birds cache food. Acorn wood- beckers wedge thousands of acorns into shallow holes drilled single oak or pine. Pinyon jays have evolved long bills and apacity to carry seeds in their throats. Each species has different storing habits, and each must remember ferent things. Balda was intrigued with this caching behavior seven years when he captured a Eurasian nutcracker in West Germa- He wondered: did nutcrackers rely on memory? Did they on smell, which is poorly developed in birds? Or was it imply a lucky response to a lot of blind probes? 0 find out, Balda brought the caching behavior indoors. He covered a laboratory floor with sand, let Hans, the captive nutcracker, eat seeds until his hunger was satis- fied, and then watched him cache the remaining seeds. removed Hans from the laboratory for a few days and then resturned him to the room to see whether or not he remem- where he had stored the food. Hans was very accurate at recovering seeds, even without marked caches with twigs or pebbles, as Clark's nut- amarkers often do. Hans also had a long memory: after 18 he recovered seeds with 92 percent accuracy. Even the seeds were removed and the sand raked, Hans dug When a female jay was removed from ber mate, the right places, indicating that smell wasn't guiding him. be soon found a replacement. When the original subsequent studies by graduate students with Clark's female returned, she made the male's life untrackers showed that 80 percent of their caches were so miserable be gave up bis second "spouse." envered by the bird that made them, even though other were present. That seemed to the researchers that there strong evidence that the recovery of caches by nutcrackers random. understand the mechanisms of memory, he was getting out- felt that in trying to go beyond behavioral studies to side of his training. So he joined forces with Kamil, a psychol- ogist. It is an unusual partnership. Psychologists seldom en- gage in evolutionary studies, and biologists seldom try to measure intelligence. But it is also a promising partnership. For if Balda and Kamil demonstrate that birds remember, they will have shown that learning and memory evolved in at least two groups of animals-birds and mammals. That may give us a variety of brains to compare to our own. And finding other intelligences to compare to our own may lead to a new under- standing of the human mind. T he work on bird memory could, in the long run, help us to find ways to improve our own memory skills or to M deal with the loss of memory that comes to most of us with old age. But Balda and Kamil are quick to caution m that understanding the human brain is not the immediate in focus of their work. "We shouldn't be comparing animals to humans here," says Balda, "because natural selection has produced in birds a different kind of brain for storing differ- ent kinds of information." However, by developing better understanding of how birds think, we may change the way we think of them. Since hu- mans tend to take an interest in other species in direct propor- tion to the amount of intelligence they believe the other species to possess, crediting birds with greater skills in learn- Biologist Russell Balda once saw a pair of ing and memory may ultimately make us more respectful and more appreciative of them. "That really," says Kamil, "is the tcrackers team up on a squirrel. While one purpose behind all of the research." bird flew in to distract the squirrel, the other raided the animal's store of nuts. Californian Peter Steinhart wrote about humpback whale research in the April-May issue. 45 Where BEACH MASTERS Reign For an intrepid journalist, sharing an Alaskan island with 10,000 breeding sea lions was an unforgettable experience Story and photographs by Fred Bruemmer AR beneath me at the base of a cliff, the beach was F covered with a broad band of sea lions. Their coats glimmered golden brown in the morning sun, and their roars overwhelmed the sound of pounding surf. Even from my distant vantage point, I could tell by the crea- tures' enormous size that they were Steller sea lions-the animals I had traveled to remote Marmot Island to observe. Of the worlds' five sea lion species, Stellers are the biggest; some of the bulls below measured 13 feet in length and weighed more than 2,000 pounds. Marmot Island has the largest Steller colony in the Gulf of Alaska-the broad bay that rims the southeastern corner of the state. During spring and summer, more than 10,000 animals mass on seven of the island's beaches to breed. Six of those beaches are rookeries where dominant males maintain their harems, and where more than 5,000 pups are born each year. The seventh is a "bachelor beach." There young males joust, practicing for their future role as lords of the beach, and old bulls, defeated in battle, sleep in quiet resignation on the black sand. Not long ago, when the invasion of sea lions arrived on Marmot Island, I was there to meet it. I wanted to spend the season with the massive creatures, watching the ancient, complex rituals that rule their lives. By the time my three- Blanketing the beach in brown, Steller sea lions congregate by the thousands on one of Marmot Island's four breeding sites off Alaska. The colony is actually made up of a series of distinct territories, each ruled by a bull called a "beachmaster." dominant bull mates with one of the Scram! A female sea lion gives a rough from past experience, will be most females in his harem (left). Breeding rebuff to another animal's pup (below). popular with the colony's females. can take its toll on the bulls. Though protective of their own offspring, Time and time again, I watched as the For several weeks, they will fight and Steller females are often hostile bulky bulls would rear up like angry frequently but rarely rest or eat. toward other youngsters in the colony. stallions, glare and roar, and then slash and parry with astonishing speed. Some of them collided chest-to-chest, then heaved like mighty sumo wrestlers, at- tempting by sheer weight to bulldoze their rivals off the desired property. Once territorial boundaries were firmly established, fighting usually ceased. Neighboring bulls rarely trespassed into another animal's domain, and for good reason. T 00 much fighting would danger- ously weaken the great bulls. As it is, they are subjected to enor- mous stress. For about 60 days, during the breeding season on Marmot, they remained rooted to their territo- ries. They neither ate nor drank, but fought or threatened each other fre- quently and mated often. They rarely rested. month visit had come to a close, I had esophagus, they fashioned waterproof Being "beachmaster," as ruling bulls gained some understanding of the com- pants and boots, using dried sea lion are called, may have its rewards but it is plicated family life of this little known sinew as thread. extremely strenuous. The bulls arrived and much maligned creature. In the 1800s, when commercial seal- glossy-furred, sleek, fat and potent and The Steller, or northern, sea lion was ers began venturing into Alaskan wa- left two months later scruffy, lean and the first described by Georg Wilhelm ters, the sea lions were usually spared spent. Few bulls have the power and Steller, a scientist who was traveling from their harvests. Unlike fur seals, the stamina necessary to acquire and hold with the Russian expedition that dis- Steller's coarse-haired skin had little territory before they are eight or nine covered Alaska in the 1740s. The ani- value to most sealers. In other parts of years old and most are past their prime mal's range is immense. It stretches in a their range, however, the animals soon by their twelfth year. vast arc from Hokkaido in northern Ja- became an object of hatred. The reason: One day at Marmot, a bull came in pan, the Kuril Islands and part of many fishermen claimed that the Stel- from the sea long after the beach had Siberia, to the Aleutians and the south lers were devouring huge quantities of been divided into territories. He dodged along the coasts of Alaska, British Co- commercially valuable fish. past seaside males, trampled across lumbia and Oregon, all the way to In Oregon, authorities once paid a masses of loudly protesting females and California's Channel Islands. $10 bounty for each sea lion killed. attacked a bull situated near my obser- Along the coast of British Columbia, vation ledge. I had noticed that such raditionally, sea lions and fur reported Canadian naturalist Ian Mac- interlopers were invariably defeated by T seals played a vital role in the Askie, nearly two-thirds of the resident males. This time however, it lives of the natives that lived on province's 12,000 sea lions were killed was different. or near the rainswept, rocky is- over a number of years. Since 1972, The newcomer grabbed the resident lands in the Gulf of Alaska. The Aleuts however, the Marine Mammal Protec- by the neck with such vicious fury that clubbed the animals on the beaches, tion Act has safeguarded the animals in one of his great, yellowish canines harpooned them at sea and shot them U.S. waters, and as a result, their num- snapped off. Soon both bulls were with arrows smeared with a deadly bers are flourishing again in many areas. bleeding from jagged gashes on their poison called aconite, taken from the On Marmot Island, the breeding sea- chests and necks. They wheezed and roots of the monkshood plant. son for Stellers begins in May. The bulls snorted and panted, victims of their The natives used every part of their are the first to arrive at their ancestral thick blubber, which insulates them and prey. They ate the Steller's meat and fat, mating beaches, often claiming the inhibits dissipation of excess body heat. and rendered its blubber into oil that same territories they held the previous Soon, two neighbors joined the fray, burned in their stone lamps. The ani- year. Apparently, when the females ar- hacking into the rear of the resident. He mal's hide was cut into harpoon lines; rive two weeks later, they are attracted spun and slashed at his tormentors. But its teeth were carved into pendants and to a particular plot of land rather than his strength ebbed fast and his core fishhooks. From the sea lion's stomach, an individual male. As a result, the bulls temperature must have been dan- the Aleuts made containers to store vie ferociously for those beach areas gerously high. He wheeled and fled, dried salmon and meat; from its that they know, either intuitively or running a gauntlet of hostile bulls who tore into him as he passed. He reached A mother sea lion identifies her pup the sea exhausted and slumped into the by smell. The bond between parent and cooling surf. offspring is formed at birth and lasts Like the males, the females insisted into the youngster's second year, when on hierarchical spacing after arriving at the pup returns to Marmot as a juvenile. Marmot. Certain areas had top appeal and there many of the older cows con- gregated. Those of lower social stand- sive toward all other pups. Females ing, usually young and inexperienced know their offspring by voice and smell, cows, had to be content with less desir- but initially, the pups do not recognize able locations. More than a fourth of the their mothers. Several times each day I females were accompanied by last year's saw a pup approach the wrong females, pups, now feisty 150-pounders that yearning for protection and milk. Often, seemed to consider the crowded beach the female would sniff the alien pup, as their playground. then grab the youngster and toss it high into the air. few days after their arrival at the By far the most dangerous animals in A rookeries, the females bore their a rookery were the females whose pups pups-large-headed, long-flip- had died. They roamed the beach, seek- pered, spindly bodied creatures ing and calling and rushing eagerly to- that weighed about 40 pounds at birth. wards any unattended pups. Then, in Their initiation into this world tended to tragic fury, they mauled the infants, be rough. A female would sniff her pup sometimes with fatal results. About ten intently as it emerged, then she would percent of all pups died. grab it, lift it two or three feet high and In seven weeks the pups doubled let it drop upon the rocks. It's appar- their weight. About ten days after a pup ently the sea lion equivalent of a slap was born, the mother mated, usually upon a human baby's bottom. On one with the bull who reigned over her area occasion, a scientist observed a female of beach. Her foraging expeditions be- pick up and drop her newborn pup 52 came longer. The pups slept a lot, often times in a row. in what researchers call "pup pods"- A few such drops are usually enough dense clusters located away from most to make the youngster bawl and crawl, potentially dangerous adults. And the and from this instant on the female will pups explored. The sea fascinated them recognize her pup among all the hun- yet seemingly filled them with fear. They dreds of other pups by its distinctive frolicked in the surf, then scampered voice and smell. This vital bond estab- frantically for higher ground when a lished, the pup searches awkwardly but great breaker swished up the beach. urgently for its mother's nipples. The When the pups were about a month female usually guides it in the right di- old, the females urged them to swim. rection with her flippers. The pup suck- They called and coaxed, but the pups les greedily, switching often from nipple were loathe to venture beyond wading to nipple, then, sated and exhausted, depth. In deeper water they seemed to falls asleep. It is barely a half-hour old. panic, thrashing and floundering and Later, when surviving pups roam the trying desperately to hang onto their rookery, gangs of yearlings acting like mothers. Finally, they got their long beach bullies may pester them. They flippers coordinated and discovered push and nip at the youngsters, but rare- they really could swim. From that mo- ly do serious damage. ment on, they were as one with the sea. I saw some pups squashed by bulls. The worn and battered bulls de- To the mighty males, the pups seemed parted. Females and pups swam out to not to exist at all. If one happened to be sea, the young now nearly as swift and in a bull's path, the gigantic male simply graceful as their mothers. After three steamrolled over it. However, the pups months of sound and fury the great seemed quite aware of this danger and rookeries were quiet-until the next flippered frantically out of the way year, when the sea lions would return to when the local lord came galumphing Marmot Island to battle and breed again across his territory. upon their ancestral beaches. Strangely enough, one of the greatest threats to the pups are the females. Most Canadian journalist Fred Bruemmer spe- are devotedly maternal to their own cializes in the wildlife and native peoples of pups but they can be viciously aggres- the Far North. WITHDRAWAL SHEET Ronald Reagan Library Collection Name Withdrawer DEAVER, MICHAEL: FILES KDB 7/29/2011 File Folder FOIA MAY 1985 INCOMING AND OUTGOING (2) F97-0066/19 COHEN, D Box Number 27 64 DOC Document Type No of Doc Date Restric- NO Document Description pages tions 1 ND B6 1 FORM TRAVEL VOUCHER (PARTIAL OF FRONT) Freedom of Information Act - [5 U.S.C. 552(b)] B-1 National security classified information [(b)(1) of the FOIA] B-2 Release would disclose internal personnel rules and practices of an agency [(b)(2) of the FOIA] B-3 Release would violate a Federal statute [(b)(3) of the FOIA] B-4 Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential or financial information [(b)(4) of the FOIA] B-6 Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy [(b)(6) of the FOIA] B-7 Release would disclose information compiled for law enforcement purposes [(b)(7) of the FOIA] B-8 Release would disclose information concerning the regulation of financial institutions [(b)(8) of the FOIA] B-9 Release would disclose geological or geophysical information concerning wells [(b)(9) of the FOIA] C. Closed in accordance with restrictions contained in donor's deed of gift. TRAVEL VOUCHER 1. DEPARTMENT OR ESTABLISHMENT, 2. TYPE OF TRAVEL 3. VOUCHER NO. BUREAU DIVISION OR OFFICE TEMPORARY DUTY (Read the Privacy Act PERMANENT CHANGE 4. SCHEDULE NO. Statement on the back) OF STATION 5. . NAME (Last, first, middle initial) b. SOCIAL SECURITY NO. 6. PERIOD OF TRAVEL Deaver, Michael K. b(6) a. FROM b. TO TRAVELER (PAYEE) c. MAILING ADDRESS (Include ZIP Code) d. OFFICE TELEPHONE NO. 7. TRAVEL AUTHORIZATION The White House a. NUMBER(S) b. DATE(S) Washington, DC 20500 456-6475 8. PRESENT DUTY STATION 1. RESIDENCE (City and State) The White House 4521 Dexter Street, NW Washington, DC 20007 10. CHECK NO. 8. TRAVEL ADVANCE 9. CASH PAYMENT RECEIPT 11. PAID BY a. Outstanding a. DATE RECEIVED b. AMOUNT RECEIVED b. Amount to be applied $ C. Amount due Government C. PAYEE'S SIGNATURE (Attached: Check Cash) D. Balance outstanding 12. GOVERNMENT TRANSPORTATION I hereby assign to the United States any right I may have against any parties in connection with reimbursable Traveler's Initials REQUESTS, OR transportation charges described below, purchased under cash payment procedures (FPMR 101-7) TRANSPORTATION TICKETS, IF PUR. ISSUING MODE, CHASED WITH CASH AGENT'S CAR- CLASS OF POINTS OF TRAVEL (List by number below VALUATION RIER SERVICE DATE and attach passenger OF TICKET AND ACCOM. ISSUED coupon; if cash is used (Initials) FROM MODATIONS TO show claim on reverse (a) side.) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) Gov. Tran.s Washington, DC Los Angeles, CA Los Angeles, CA Santa Barbara, CA Private Trans. 2028 SB, CA To Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA Washington, DC 13. I certify that this voucher is true and correct to the best of my knowledge and belief, and that payment or credit has not been received by me. Insulumen When applicable, per diem claimed is based on the average cost of lodging incurred during the period covered by this voucher. TRAVELER SIGN HERE DATE AMOUNT CLAIMED $ 52 50 NOTE: TREASURY account works a forfeiture of claim (28 U.S.C. 2514) and may result in a fine of not more or both (18 U.S.C. 287; i.d. 1001). 14 FINANCIAL OPERATIONS OF GOVERNMENT FOR FINANCE OFFICE USE ONL Y TION 20 SI 5 KNOW DO YOUR NOT FOLD, ENDORSER SPINDL OR MUTILATE REQUIRE IDENTIFICATION washington, D. C. ORIGO E = Check No. 20,516,276 FINANCIAL OPERATION PAYTOTHE United States Treasury 15-51 000 symbol 3005 ORDER 04/30/85 DAY OF MICHAEL K DEAVER 12 DOLLARS 50 11010001 CTS $****52 50 WHITE HOUSE V046WH 50 T/A 4824 **3052* ⑆000000518⑆ a STATE I-77) INSTRUCTIONS TO TRAVELER (Unlisted items are self-explanatory) Complete this PAGE information Col. (c) If the voucher includes Com- Col. (d) Show amount incurred for each meal, including tax and tips, and daily total 2 SCHEDULE if this is a per diem allowances for plete thru (g) meal cost. continuation OF OF sheet. (h) Show expenses, such as: laundry, cleaning and pressing of clothes, tips to bellboys, 1 members of employee's only PAGES EXPENSES immediate family, show for porters, etc. (other than for meals). TRAVEL AUTHORIZATION NO. (i) Complete for per diem and actual expense travel. AND members' names, ages, actual (I) Show total subsistence expense incurred for actual expense travel. and relationship to em- expense (m) Show per diem amount, limited to maximum rate, or if travel on actual expense, show AMOUNTS ployee and marital status travel the lesser of the amount from col. (j) or maximum rate. of children (unless infor- (n) Show expenses, such as: taxi/limousine fares, air fare (if purchased with cash), local or TRAVELER'S LAST NAME CLAIMED long distance telephone calls for Government business, car rental, relocation other than mation is shown on the subsistence, etc. DEAVER travel authorization.) TIME ITEMIZED SUBSISTENCE EXPENSES MILEAGE DATE DESCRIPTION AMOUNT CLAIMED RATE: 19 85 MISCEL (Hour (Departure/arrival city, per diem MEALS TOTAL e LANEOUS and computation, or other explanations SUBSISTENCE NO. OF MILEAGE SUBSISTENCE OTHER BREAK SUBSIS LODGING am/pm) of expense) FAST LUNCH DINNER TOTAL TENCE EXPENSE MILES (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (1) (m) (n) 4/5 9:00 AM Andrew AFB 4/5 Santa Barbara, CA 4/6 2:00 PM Dpt. Los Angeles, CA 4/6 8:05 PM Arr. Washington, DC SUBTOTALS If additional space is required, continue on another SF 1012-A BACK. leaving the front blank. TOTALS In compliance with the Privacy Act of 1974, the following information is pro- criminal, or regulatory investigations or prosecutions, or when pursuant to a vided: Solicitation of the information on this form is authorized by 5 U.S.C. requirement by this agency in connection with the hiring or firing of an Enter grand total of columns (1), (m) and employee, the issuance of a security clearance, or investigations of the per- (n), below and in item 13 on the front of Chap. 57 as implemented by the Federal Travel Regulations (FPMR 101.7), E.O. 11609 of July 22, 1971, E.O. 11012 of March 27, 1962, E.O. 9397 of formance of official duty while in Government service. Your Social Security this form. November 22, 1943, and 26 U.S.C. 6011(b) and 6109. The primary purpose Account Number (SSN) is solicited under the authority of the Internal of the requested information is to determine payment or reimbursement to Revenue Code (26 U.S.C. 6011(b) and 6109) and E.O. 9397, November 22, eligible individuals for allowable travel and/or relocation expenses incurred 1943, for use as a tax payer and/or employee identification number, disclosure under appropriate administrative authorization and to record and maintain is MANDATORY on vouchers claiming travel and/or relocation allowance expense reimbursement which is, or may be, taxable income. Disclosure of TOTAL costs of such reimbursements to the Government. The information will be used bylofficers and employees who have a need for the information in the your SSN and other requested information is voluntary in all other instances; AMOUNT performance of their official duties. The information may be disclosed to however, failure to provide the information (other than SSN) required to CLAIMED appropriate Federal, State, local, or foreign agencies, when relevant to civil, support the claim may result in delay or loss of reimbursement. STANDARD FORM 1012 BACK (10-77) *U.S. G.P.O. 1983-381-526/8264 THE WHITE HOUSE OFFICE OFFICIAL TRAVEL AUTHORIZATION No. 4824 Date of Request April 1, 1985 RAVELER TO COMPLETE SECTIONS 1-8.) 1. TRAVELER Michael K. Deawer Name: White House Staff 6475 WW Extension: Room: Other 2. PURPOSE(S) and DATE(S): To accompany the President, 4/5/85 - 4/6/85 3. ITINERARY Washington, DC be Santa Barbara and return to Wash. DC (List all cities where stopover occurs.) 4. DEPARTURE: RETURN: Date: April 5, 1985 Date: April 6, 1985 Arr. 8:05 PM Time: approx. 9:00 AM Time: Mode: Gov. Transportation Mode: American Flight #36 (first Class) 5. NATURE: 100% Official 100% Political SIGNATURES: Traveler: MUNT (1 have read and agree to the terms set forth on the reverse side) Man Department Head ChtyCHich Approving Officer (Special Assistant to the President for Administration) 7. ESTIMATED COSTS: SPECIAL EXPENSES: No. of Days Per Diem Registration Fee of $ Hotel Name Commercial Car Rental Hotel Daily Rate $ Excess Baggage Other Other 8. TRAVEL ADVANCE REQUESTED: YES No Amount: $ Signature of Recipient: Date: REPAID: Amount Date Schedule Balance this trip FOR TRANSPORTATION OFFICE USE ONLY: 0015408172016 GTR No. 07-583-641 Amount $ 486 00/ 103 #950 Poll (8/13/81) ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICE COPY TRAVELER'S NAME AUTH. NO. VOUCHER WORKSHEET michael Deaver 4824 PER MISC. BILLED DAILY TOTAL DATE DIEM BREAKFAST LUNCH DINNER SUB. HOTEL NOTES 4/5 4/19 hotel beel notin 22.50 4/6 30.00 13/4 less hotel if billed #days Object Codes 30.00 rate grand total subsistence 23 or 24 amount 52.50 less incidentals on hotel 52.50 22 Other expenses Air/rail fare 21 Local trans (list dates and amounts) 25 26 Auto Rent - (excludes insurance) $ Other travel (specify) 29 Phone calls - - Certified as official business ( ) 52 Other misc. (specify) TOTAL 52.50 Jule 753-65st Bhlyn ny11209 may 1985 Dear mr Deaver, 4f you were the me who convinced the Pres togo to Bitsburg you sere deserve a special medal for since to the Pres, This Bitsburg after affair hasbrought out the determination of the Pres. in the secma debate vs m ondale he did it his way Jum hands down In the Bits burg thing he did it his way Y will imerge greatic than ever when this achestrated affair facts back to a molehill from a mountain. This is also a strong message to the Banana Dictater Octegon that he the Pres could say + dres if had it my way" t that way no the American way.. Thereasm for a state of dsrael they was a haven for Jens all over the world. How come dn't go to the fand of milkt Hmey and so or as ling as the 213 money helps it so. The Jens who leave Russia how many go to brail & how many come to the U.S. and the state of I small needs people most of all. When the Pris says that the Germanoon the grave when abo victims. How can any not bea naji fn brought up from infancy to manhood with nazi indocremation be any thing but a nizi Yes they were victims, The Full of Sound l Fury will die down and the Pres you cant your live will imerge bigger than ever Your Engine Trub avena WITHDRAWAL SHEET Ronald Reagan Library Collection Name Withdrawer DEAVER, MICHAEL: FILES KDB 7/29/2011 File Folder FOIA MAY 1985 INCOMING AND OUTGOING (2) F97-0066/19 COHEN, D Box Number 27 64 DOC Document Type No of Doc Date Restric- NO Document Description pages tions 2 LETTER 2 4/23/1985 B6 JOHN LOUGHNEY II TO DEAVER (PAGES 2-3, PARTIAL) Freedom of Information Act - [5 U.S.C. 552(b)] B-1 National security classified information [(b)(1) of the FOIA] B-2 Release would disclose internal personnel rules and practices of an agency [(b)(2) of the FOIA] B-3 Release would violate a Federal statute [(b)(3) of the FOIA] B-4 Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential or financial information [(b)(4) of the FOIA] B-6 Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy [(b)(6) of the FOIA] B-7 Release would disclose information compiled for law enforcement purposes [(b)(7) of the FOIA] B-8 Release would disclose information concerning the regulation of financial institutions [(b)(8) of the FOIA] B-9 Release would disclose geological or geophysical information concerning wells [(b)(9) of the FOIA] C. Closed in accordance with restrictions contained in donor's deed of gift. 1 19 Cobblestone Road Cherry Hill, N.J., 08003 The White House Washington, D.C. attn: Mr. Michael Deaver We April 23, 1985 Dear Mr. Deaver, Although I am a recently retired Secret Service Agent who has had the pleasure to work with you over the past five or so years on various occassions, there is little likelihood that, considering all of the agents you've met, there'd be any reason to remember me save for one particular occassion. The purpose of this letter is two-fold. First is the fact that it has been well publisized that you will be leaving the Administration in several weeks and I wanted to personally thank you for both the pleasure of your company and to acknowledge how helpful your presence has been during the various Presidential Advances in which I either participated or served in some capacity. Over the years we agents get to work with a lot of advance men for various political figures. I shall always remember what a gentleman you were and how well events were co-ordinated. The second reason bears upon the one incident which had rather tragic consequences for all of us who participated, which ironically is the one occassion in which you might vaguely recall my face, if not my name. I refer to visit of Queen Elizabeth II to California and the tragic accident of 3/5/83. I was one of the 8A to 4P shift agents assigned to the Queen's detail and of the three agents who were killed, two, Pat LaBarge and Don Bejcek, were both friends of mine and on my shift. When the motorcade arrived upon the scene, I had the dubious assignment of leaving the motorcade along with Ed Pollard and attending to the accident investigation and removing the bodies from the car and inventorying their personal effects. Later that evening I rejoined the shift at the Ahwahnee and on 3/6 (Sunday) had occassion to speak with you and to thank you for the generous assisstance you rendered to the widows and families of the deceased. You told me about your previous trips to Yosemite and the personal significance it had for you and you suggested several locations I might want to see in the remaining time we had at the park. Several weeks later I received a thank you note from you which only served to remind me what a considerate individual you are. 2 For those of us on the detail and especially those of us who were involved at the accident scene, the memory is still fresh and one which time might lesson, but probably will never completely erase. There is, however, a lot more to the incident than I suspect you are aware of. In the words of Paul Harvey, I'd like to tell you the "rest of the story" which I can attest is almost beyond belief and which might, in some measure, lesson the pain of that incident. I was assigned to the Philadelphia Office when the request for agents to man the detail was sent out. 6,9 I have always enjoyed the British, probably because Prince Charles and I share the same birthday and also because my first advance involved Queen Elizabeth's visit to the U.S. in 1976. Besides I had several agent friends in California and the trip, especially the visit to Yosemite, was for me a much needed vacation, if you can appreciate that. Despite the rain and the constantly changing schedules, I really had a wonderful time. I became close friends with Don Bejcek who, ironically, was a last minute replacement because another Chicago agent's child got sick. It was Don's first trip as "shift agent and having been on the job for only two years, his excitement and enthusiasm was infectious. Don had a three year old son, Andrew, and a wife who was several months pregnant. Virtually every night, Don and I went souvenir hunting for presents or momementos of the trip to bring back to our respective children. On the evening of 3/4, Don and I had diner and went looking to buy a camera for Don's wife. On the morning of 3/5, Don, Pat and I had breakfast together at the St. Francis before we headed to the pier. When we got to the pier, we were told that because of the additional agents traveling aboard AF26000, two day shift agents would have to travel ahead of the motorcade with the midnighters. By the luck of the draw, Don and Pat were selected, ultimately sealing their fate. Because we were so close and because I became intimately involved with the gruesome details of the accident itself 3 and the events at the mortuary; I was probably more affected by their deaths than some of the others. In the months that followed, my wife and I became close friends of Don's widow Ellen, who lived in Chicago. Although we had never in person, Carol and I became friends with whom Ellen could share her genuine emotions without having to, more or less, live with the consequences. $(6) While time began to heal Ellen's wounds, my problems worsened when my wife developed a brain tumor and died two months later. Unaware of Carol's death, Ellen sent Carol and I a Christmas card that year thanking us for all our help and support. Before Carol died, she told me one evening that in the event of her death, she hoped I would date Ellen whom she had come to admire. While the thought was generous, it was the last thing on my mind as I tried to cope with a dying wife and the attendant problems. When I received Ellen's card, I felt obligated to call her one night to inform her of Carol's death. During the conversation, we discussed the respective problems we were having as single parents and the problems our children were still having. I mentioned that I wanted to take my daughter, Elizabeth, away somewhere for several days so we could be alone and away from the house. Ellen mentioned that she and Don had planned to take Andy to Disneyworld when he was 5, but now being alone she was apprehensive about traveling so far away to a place she had never been before. Having been to Disneyworld several times, I suggested that I'd make her travel arrangements and meet her there so that if she had any problems, she'd atleast have someone who knew the area nd be able to point her in the right direction. I was sure Eliz would enjoy a trip to Disneyworld too, so I went ahead with the arrangements. The next day I told Eliz about the pending trip, and to my surprize, she thought it would be a great idea because she could "babysit" Andrew and Ellen and I could have some free time alone. When I told Ellen about Elizabeth's response, we both got a "kick" out of her reaction and then something happened the idea wasn't as childish as we first thought. To make what has already been a long enough story a bit shorter, we did make the trip to Disneyworld, but as husband and wife as we were married 31 days after that first phone call! Two months ago Ellen delivered our newborn, Erin Michelle. 4 The only unfortunate part about this story is that while on the John Glenn Detail, I ruptured a disc, had unsucessful surgery and had to retire from the Service shortly after Erin was born. On the brighter side, however, what was On 3/5/83 an event of extreme tragedy eventually turned out to be a new beginning for both of us. Both Andy and Eliz are doing wonderfully and our friends and families are overjoyed at how well things eventually turned out. I hope someday that the other two widows find similar happiness. As if our story weren't fantastic enough, there is even a bit more. You may recall several years ago the tragic airplane crash in Cincinatti in which 3 FBI agents were killed. During the memorial service held in D.C. for the widows of all of the federal agents killed in 1983, one of the FBI widows was from Chicago and became one of Ellen's closest friends. She was quite nervous and upset about our sudden marriage. On the other hand, my closest friend and one of the reasons I volunteered for the California trip was to see my closest friend, an agent from San Jose. He, too, was shocked by my rather sudden remarriage. He's divorced and last Thanksgiving we invited both of them to fly to our home for a visit. On June 15th of this year, we are going to be the Best Man and Maid of Honor at their wedding! Considering all you have on your mind, especially at this time, I apologize for taking up SO much of your time with this rather lengthy letter. However, after the accident I spent many months wondering how such a tragedy could occur and how any possible good could ever come from such a sad event. In my career as an agent, it definitely was the lowest point. Like yourself, I truly loved my job. I enjoyed being an agent so much that I was often embarrassed by the fact that I got paid for doing something I both enjoyed and received so much satisfaction from. The one thing I didn't consider was the effect it had on my family life. The death of my wife and Don taught Ellen and I a new appreciation for life, ourselves and our children. During my absence and now my retirement, I notice that the Secret Service is still functioning quite well despite the lack of my presence. What is more important is the better quality of life I now enjoy and how much better my wife and children are and how much more happy we are than ever before. Having been a public servant, I can fully appreciate the many personal sacrifices you have made and I truly hope that in your new endeavor you will not only find success which you deserve, but that you also find the happiness of having more time with your family and the good health to enjoy it. Sincerely yours, Jack foughney John T. Loughney, II C.WEnceslao & Associates, Inc. INTERNATIONAL TRADE CONSULTANTS & Sule 1985 The Honorable Michael K. Deaver Deputy Chief of Staff THE WHITE HOUSE Washington, D.C. 20500 Dear Mr. Deaver: I am pleased to send you a copy of my letter to the Editor of it. The Wall Street Journal in case you didn't come across For some time now I've been thinking that a major cause of the worsening U.S. trade deficit is that the solutions previously resorted to may not have been appropriate. For instance, there is a common misconception that the marketing experience of people catering to domestic needs will suffice for them to tackle export trade. Evidence suggests that most export awareness seminars and workshops are flawed due to such misconception because resource faculties mostly rely on classroom knowledge or macroeconomic perspective dominated by an ethnocentric bias that what works well in the American market is acceptable overseas. That's why I feel the first step toward the solution of the deficit problem is a deeper look into its underlying causes, not the least of all is how business management courses of American universities and colleges are making an impact on the U.S. trade balance. Thanks and best regards. Sincerely yours, Francisco C. Wenceslao Senior Consultant Enclosure FCW/ksb Wenceslaw & Associates. Inc. INTERNATIONAL TRADE CONSULTANTS & ANALYSTS THE WALL STREET JOURNAL MONDAY, APRIL 15, 1985 Letters to the Editor A 2nd 'Opening of Japan' Might Fail George Gilder's "Imports Are Not a other sources where similar products can Problem but a Cure" (editorial page, be obtained more advantageously, who will March 27) is the first rational approach compel Japanese consumers to buy Ameri- I've read to the worsening trade deficit. can goods? Merely bringing down the dollar's value or F.C. WENCESLAO opening up foreign markets won't help un- Garden Grove, Calif. less the more underlying causes are licked # * * first. Most probably, correcting some poli- cies that Impede exports would already ne- My wife and I, who are members of the gate the disadvantage of the high dollar Pearl Harbor generation, were speculating that dampens demand overseas for Ameri- about what would have happened to us had can goods. the Japanese won the war. The conventional wisdom that a lower Remembering how they assigned con- dollar would cut the export price of U.S. quered nations to a place in what they eu- goods, causing foreign demand for cheaper phemistically termed the Greater East U.S. exports to rise, is good only in theory. Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, I concluded It won't rectify Inefficiencies and distor- that we would have been relegated to a tions in the American market, such as Third-World role of sending raw materials short supply of goods that are in demand to Japan, while they systematically kept overseas or when domestic demand crowds our manufactured goods out of their coun- out foreign demand, which are actually the try and dominated our markets for fin- principal causes of the trade deficit. ished goods. Jobs and wealth would thus be A really serious problem is the miscon- transferred from the vanquished to the vic- ception that the experience from the coun- tor. try's prolonged import-orientation would No sooner had I uttered these thoughts, suffice for export expansion, as if one than, as they do in the comic strips, the trained in the import business can simply lights came on in both our heads and we turn around and be equally competent in cried in unison: "We must have lost the export marketing. This is probably the war," because, with the acquiescence of basis of the argument that if only Japan the Reagan administration, that is exactly would open up its domestic market for U.S. what is taking place now. exports, then the trade deficit would be JAMES E. SULLIVAN more manageable. Supposing there are Winter Springs, Fla. 12802 Valley UNITED SYNAGOGUE YOUTH USY ross "ro """У" of the United Synagogue of America 155 Fifth Ave., New York, NY 10010/212-533-7800 PRESIDENT DAVID STERN 1 Skron 717 882 Edgewater Trail Atlanta, Georgia 30328 (404) 843-9657 Mr. Michael C. Deaver EXECUTIVE VICE PRESIDENT The White House KENNETH WEINSTOCK pioor aiso D"n Washington, D. C. 20500 13 La Salle Avenue Cranford, N.J. 07016 April Lile 25, 1985 (201) 272-6684 Dear Mr. Deaver: RELIGION/EDUCATION VICE PRESIDENT MARNIN WEINREB zum brook I am sure you will be as moved as I was when you 2801 Lake Street read the enclosed letter from David Stern, the San Francisco, Ca. 94121 (415) 668-3896 President of United Synagogue Youth. David, a SOCIAL ACTION/ high school student from Atlanta, Georgia, recently TIKUN OLAM VICE PRESIDENT DAVID KAYE returned from a Jewish Youth Leadership Mission to x'p max 717 Poland where he visited the sites of the Warsaw Ghetto 1651 Valecroft Avenue Westlake Village, Ca. 91361 and a number of Concentration Camps. (818) 889-7067 MEMBERSHIP/KADIMA VICE PRESIDENT Although we have no illusions of one letter changing MICHELE HELLER 757 barro the President's plan, we hope you will make every 5 Eastern Road effort to see that the enclosed letter receives the Hartsdale, N.Y. 10530 (914) 693-6617 President's personal attention. (It was sent via COMMUNICATIONS VICE PRESIDENT Express Mail from Atlanta on Tuesday, April 23). BELINDA MASON non ЛУТӀЛ" abiba David's letter is unique in that it represents the 232 Halsey Avenue Jericho, N.Y. 11753 impressions of a young person born long after the (516) 681-0253 horrors of the Holacaust occurred. As I'm sure you PAST PRESIDENTS will agree, he writes from the heart and one can not RABBI PAUL FREEDMAN ARTHUR PODELL help but be affected by the eloquence of what he has ARTHUR PESCOE RABBI GERALD ZELIZER to say. ALAN KAPLAN MARTIN DANK RABBI JAMES LEBEAU DAVID LISSY I hope you will give special attention and considera- DANNY SIEGEL PETER GEFFEN tion to his letter. I look forward to hearing from RICHARD HOFFMAN ALAN MINTZ you soon. RABBI STEPHEN GARFINKEL OSCAR FRUCHTMAN RICHIE FINKELSTEIN Sincerely, DAVID SCHWARTZ MARC GARY LARRY BURROWS JIM KAUFMAN RICHARD MOLINE ROBERT LENNICK Jules A. Gutin RABBI JEF SEGELMAN DAVID YOLEN JEFF SCHOENBERG DAVID MARCU JEREMY J. FINGERMAN BRUCE GORDON MARK DAVIS SHRAGA SHERMAN ERIC WEINSTOCK DAVID ISRAEL UNITED SYNAGOGUE OF AMERICA MARSHALL WOLKE President RABBI PAUL FREEDMAN JULES A. GUTIN MIRJAM MUNDSZTUK-ORBACH ENID ANISMAN RABBI BENJAMIN Z. KREITMAN Director Assistant Director Projects Director Kadima Director Executive Vice President KAREN LEGMAN SEGAL ELLIOT FORCHHEIMER ERIC SHERBY RABBI STEPHEN GARFINKEL Projects Coordinator Activities Coordinator Program Coordinator Educational Consultant UNITED SYNAGOGUE YOUTH USY ross na """Y" of the United Synagogue of America 155 Fifth Ave., New York, NY 10010/212-533-7800 PRESIDENT DAVID STERN April 23, 1985 noo been 717 882 Edgewater Trail The President of the United States Atlanta, Georgia 30328 Mr. Ronald Reagan (404) 843-9657 The White House EXECUTIVE VICE PRESIDENT Washington, D.C. KENNETH WEINSTOCK proom abo o"n 13 La Salle Avenue Dear Mr. President: Cranford. N.J. 07016 (201) 272-6684 I am writing to you out of fear. The fear is that the world will RELIGION/EDUCATION VICE PRESIDENT MARNIN WEINREB forget what happened to over 10 million human beings during 2727 Through World War II. 2801 Lake Street San Francisco, Ca. 94121 (415) 668-3896 This past Monday, I returned from a week long visit to Poland. I went as a representative of United Synagogue Youth along SOCIAL ACTION/ TIKUN OLAM VICE PRESIDENT with representatives of other Jewish youth organizations DAVID KAYE x'? max 717 throughout the world. We went to Auschwitz, Majdanek, 1651 Valecroft Avenue Treblinka, and the Wrasaw Ghetto. I would like to tell Westlake Village, Ca. 91361 you a little of what I saw and felt and experienced. (818) 889-7067 MEMBERSHIP/KADIMA VICE PRESIDENT When I was told that I would be going to Treblinka, the first MICHELE HELLER 777 burn thing that came to my mind was a picture that I had seen 5 Eastern Road of the ematiated, dying people after the liberation of one of Hartsdale, N.Y. 10530 (914) 693-6617 the camps. I expected to see huge barbed wire fences and horrible accomadations. I mentally prepared myself to COMMUNICATIONS VICE PRESIDENT BELINDA MASON see a place where over 350,000 of my people were killed. noo приза When I got there, nothing I had done to prepare myself 232 Halsey Avenue Jericho, N.Y. 11753 was enough. (516) 681-0253 PAST PRESIDENTS The first shock was the fact that there is nothing there. RAEBI PAUL FREEDMAN There is absolutely nothing left from the original camp. ARTHUR PODELL ARTHUR PESCOE The only way I could tell at first glance that there had RABBI GERALD ZELIZER ALAN KAPLAN ever been a death camp in that spot was because of the MARTIN DANK monuments that the Polish government had erected. I began RABBI JAMES LEBEAU DAVID LISSY to wander around the camp. I watched the ground as I walked. DANNY SIEGEL PETER GEFFEN All along the paths and all along the ground were little RICHARD HOFFMAN ALAN MINTZ white pebbles. I asked our guide what they were. They RABBI STEPHEN GARFINKEL OSCAR FRUCHTMAN were bones, he said. Human bones. RICHIE FINKELSTEIN DAVID SCHWARTZ MARC GARY I stood by the monument at the center of the camp and LARRY BURROWS JIM KAUFMAN began to think. I tried to conceive of what had happened RICHARD MOLINE ROBERT LENNICK in the place where I standing. I glanced down. I saw something RABBI JEF SEGELMAN that looked as if it did not belong. I brushed away the DAVID YOLEN JEFF SCHOENBERG small amount of dirt that covered the object and picked DAVID MARCU JEREMY J. FINGERMAN it up. I almost screamed. A child's tooth lay helplessly BRUCE GORDON MARK DAVIS in my hand. SHRAGA SHERMAN ERIC WEINSTOCK DAVID ISRAEL While standing over the sight of a mass human grave (one UNITED SYNAGOGUE OF AMERICA MARSHALL WOLKE President RABBI PAUL FREEDMAN JULES A. GUTIN MIRJAM MUNDSZTUK-ORBACH ENID ANISMAN RABBI BENJAMIN Z. KREITMAN Director Assistant Director Projects Director Kadima Director Executive Vice President KAREN LEGMAN SEGAL ELLIOT FORCHHEIMER ERIC SHERBY RABBI STEPHEN GARFINKE Projects Coordinator Activities Coordinator Program Coordinator Educational Consultant -2- can still see the indentation in the ground where the humans were buried alive as well as dead), I began to understand just where I was. I was in a cemetery. Beneath my feet was not soil, but bones - one piled on top of another. Anywhere I looked, I could see pieces of human beings who were tortured and crushed and finally killed. Now, in 1985, not a single building, or fence, or wall, or even the smallest reminder that the camp was there remains. Only a monument constructed in my lifetime remains. It is so much easier to forget. It is so difficult to comprehend the scale of the tragedies that took place that it is easier to deny that they ever took place. THEY DID TAKE PLACE. I saw with my own two eyes the crematorium of Auschwitz, the mass graves of Treblinka, and the pain and suffering of those who managed to survive. Even though Auschwitz still stands (though part is in ruins), the people of Poland have already begun to forget. I saw houses and playgrounds within fifty feet of the barbed wire fences. The main German headquarters at Auschwitz is now a hotel with a restaurant next door. The Polish children ran through the camp as if it was just another historical landmark. Mr. President, if you visit the Bitburg cemetery which contains the graves of forty-seven SS men, you will begin the road to forgetting the Holocaust. You, as the leader of the American society will lead this country toward a horrible fate. Those who forget history are doomed to repeat it. The United States of America stands for morality and decency. We are a symbol of freedom to the world. We cannot condone the actions of murderers and still remain moral. I ask you, Mr. President, on behalf of the 17,000 Jewish youth in my organization as well as on behalf of all who are moral and upright and good citizens of this country not to visit the graves of those who tried to exterminate an entire people from the face of this earth. Sincerely David Stern International President United Synagogue Youth

nara / coll_rr-0077 / doc

May 1985 Incoming and Outgoing (2)

ID: 118569404
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collections	Records of the White House Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff (Reagan Administration) Michael K. Deaver's Correspondence Files
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url	https://catalog.archives.gov/id/118569404
naId	118569404
coverageEndDate	logicalDate 1985-12-31 year 1985
coverageStartDate	logicalDate 1981-01-01 year 1981
levelOfDescription	fileUnit
recordType	description
ocrSource	nara-archive

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