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HILLARY RODHAM CLINTON IT TAKES A VILLAGE 271 what happens all day on our television screens, both be- 15,000 and 20,000 hours watching television, cause that is where most people see the movies Holly- compared with 11,000 in school; every year the wood makes and because its presence and influence so average American child watches more than a pervade our society. thousand stylized and explicit rapes, murders, Former Federal Communications Commission chair- armed robberies, and assaults on television. man Newton N. Minow sounded the alarm long ago. In 1961, Minow decried television as a "vast wasteland" and Since the 1950s, a steady stream of articles, books, and urged that the networks be held to a high-standard of studies have documented the harm television does to public interest. Since then, Minow has devoted himself children. The American Psychological Association's Com- to this vitally important issue in a variety of communica- mission on Violence and Youth points to three major tions and public service positions. Most recently, in reports, each a decade apart-by a surgeon general's Abundoned in the Wasteland: Children, Television, and the commission in 1972, by the National Institute of Mental First Amendment, he and Craig L. LaMay catalogued the Health in 1982, and by the American Psychological As- overwhelming evidence of television's negative effects sociation's Committee on Media in Society in 1992- that has accumulated over the past three decades and took which reviewed hundreds of studies to arrive at the same broadcasters to task for evading the consequences of unshakable conclusion: that "viewing violence increases their decisions by hiding behind the First Amendment. violence" and "prolonged viewing of media violence can Minow's portrayal of how deeply televised violence lead to emotional desensitization toward violence." has ernbedded itself in our national psyche is as shocking Ninety-eight percent of American homes have at least as the violence itself: one television set, which is watched each week for an average of twenty-eight hours by children between the So routinely do Americans accept television's ages of two and eleven, and twenty-three hours by teen- version of their lives, that on January 18, 1993, agers. Children who grow up in lower-income families, when scventeen-year-old Gary Scott Penning- with fewer organized activities or places to play, watch ton walked into his high-school English class even more TV than their more affluent peers. in Grayson, Kentucky, and fired a .38 caliber Children themselves report that certain television bullet into his teacher's forehead, killing her, shows encourage them to engage in sexual activity before one of the students who witnessed the mur- they are ready, to behave aggressively, and to be disre- der remembered thinking, "This isn't supposed spectful to their parents. Eighty percent of Americans to happen. This must be MTV." Must be. responding to a 1993 Times-Mirror poll said that they The average student in Gary's senior class had believe TV is harmful to society and especially to chil- already seen 18,000 murders on television. The dren. And we know that saturating young minds with average student in the class had spent between increasingly graphic and sensational depictions of vio-

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    "ocrText": "HILLARY RODHAM CLINTON\nIT TAKES A VILLAGE\n271\nwhat happens all day on our television screens, both be-\n15,000 and 20,000 hours watching television,\ncause that is where most people see the movies Holly-\ncompared with 11,000 in school; every year the\nwood makes and because its presence and influence so\naverage American child watches more than a\npervade our society.\nthousand stylized and explicit rapes, murders,\nFormer Federal Communications Commission chair-\narmed robberies, and assaults on television.\nman Newton N. Minow sounded the alarm long ago. In\n1961, Minow decried television as a \"vast wasteland\" and\nSince the 1950s, a steady stream of articles, books, and\nurged that the networks be held to a high-standard of\nstudies have documented the harm television does to\npublic interest. Since then, Minow has devoted himself\nchildren. The American Psychological Association's Com-\nto this vitally important issue in a variety of communica-\nmission on Violence and Youth points to three major\ntions and public service positions. Most recently, in\nreports, each a decade apart-by a surgeon general's\nAbundoned in the Wasteland: Children, Television, and the\ncommission in 1972, by the National Institute of Mental\nFirst Amendment, he and Craig L. LaMay catalogued the\nHealth in 1982, and by the American Psychological As-\noverwhelming evidence of television's negative effects\nsociation's Committee on Media in Society in 1992-\nthat has accumulated over the past three decades and took\nwhich reviewed hundreds of studies to arrive at the same\nbroadcasters to task for evading the consequences of\nunshakable conclusion: that \"viewing violence increases\ntheir decisions by hiding behind the First Amendment.\nviolence\" and \"prolonged viewing of media violence can\nMinow's portrayal of how deeply televised violence\nlead to emotional desensitization toward violence.\"\nhas ernbedded itself in our national psyche is as shocking\nNinety-eight percent of American homes have at least\nas the violence itself:\none television set, which is watched each week for an\naverage of twenty-eight hours by children between the\nSo routinely do Americans accept television's\nages of two and eleven, and twenty-three hours by teen-\nversion of their lives, that on January 18, 1993,\nagers. Children who grow up in lower-income families,\nwhen scventeen-year-old Gary Scott Penning-\nwith fewer organized activities or places to play, watch\nton walked into his high-school English class\neven more TV than their more affluent peers.\nin Grayson, Kentucky, and fired a .38 caliber\nChildren themselves report that certain television\nbullet into his teacher's forehead, killing her,\nshows encourage them to engage in sexual activity before\none of the students who witnessed the mur-\nthey are ready, to behave aggressively, and to be disre-\nder remembered thinking, \"This isn't supposed\nspectful to their parents. Eighty percent of Americans\nto happen. This must be MTV.\" Must be.\nresponding to a 1993 Times-Mirror poll said that they\nThe average student in Gary's senior class had\nbelieve TV is harmful to society and especially to chil-\nalready seen 18,000 murders on television. The\ndren. And we know that saturating young minds with\naverage student in the class had spent between\nincreasingly graphic and sensational depictions of vio-"
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