Ask the Scholar
Document scope · 1 page
Scholar
Ask about this object, its catalog metadata, its source description, or the page inventory.
For page-specific OCR and visual context, open one of the page chats.
Scholar Source Context
Document identity
localId
286411095
label
HRC - University of Minnesota 5/11/95
core
doc
dtoType
document
citationUrl
pageCount
1
Source metadata
id
286411095
contentType
document
title
HRC - University of Minnesota 5/11/95
citationUrl
collections
Records of the Office of Speechwriting (Clinton Administration)
Alison (Lissa) Muscatine's Files
imageCount
1
hasImages
yes
source
import
hasTranscription
no
Source extras
naId
286411095
levelOfDescription
fileUnit
otherTitles
7431941-20171164S-017-001-2023
Speechwriting
recordType
description
ocrSource
nara-archive
Single page context
seq
1
pageIndex
0
type
document
mediaId
a012aa885fbce260
ocrText
Withdrawal/Redaction Sheet
Clinton Library
DOCUMENT NO.
SUBJECT/TITLE
DATE
RESTRICTION
AND TYPE
001. fax
Mary Hicks to Sabrina [partial] (1 page)
06/08/1995
b(6)
002. fax
re: political (3 pages)
05/18/1995
Personal Misfile
COLLECTION:
Clinton Presidential Records
Speechwriting
Lissa Muscatine
OA/Box Number: 12075
FOLDER TITLE:
HRC - University of Minnesota 5/11/95
2017-1164-S
rc2369
RESTRICTION CODES
Presidential Records Act - [44 U.S.C. 2204(a)]
Freedom of Information Act - [5 U.S.C. 552(b)]
P1 National Security Classified Information [(a)(1) of the PRA]
b(1) National security classified information [(b)(1) of the FOIA]
P2 Relating to the appointment to Federal office [(a)(2) of the PRA]
b(2) Release would disclose internal personnel rules and practices of
P3 Release would violate a Federal statute [(a)(3) of the PRA]
an agency [(b)(2) of the FOIA]
P4 Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential commercial or
b(3) Release would violate a Federal statute [(b)(3) of the FOIA]
financial information [(a)(4) of the PRA]
b(4) Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential or financial
P5 Release would disclose confidential advice between the President
information [(b)(4) of the FOIA]
and his advisors, or between such advisors [a)(5) of the PRA]
b(6) Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
P6 Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
personal privacy [(b)(6) of the FOIA]
personal privacy [(a)(6) of the PRA]
b(7) Release would disclose information compiled for law enforcement
purposes [(b)(7) of the FOIA]
C. Closed in accordance with restrictions contained in donor's deed
b(8) Release would disclose information concerning the regulation of
of gift.
financial institutions [(b)(8) of the FOIA]
PRM. Personal record misfile defined in accordance with 44 U.S.C.
b(9) Release would disclose geological or geophysical information
2201(3).
concerning wells [(b)(9) of the FOIA]
RR. Document will be reviewed upon request.
Uf MINN / AmeriCorps
Vot Minn- no grant
Lots of activity is Twin lites
Jim Kielmeyer
service
U 1 Mina in learnj youth leadership counie
head was v-achie in comig senie
Service learn that led to the AC program
Fresh Force - St. Paul - Future Force
/ neighborhoods/
Some students involved
350 in state
dulpa pre-school
butwed wome
Future tone
immigration
65 AnCores
homeless families
volunteers
lenovating house
SENT BY:Xerox Telecopier 7020 ; 6- 7-95 ; 9:32AM :
65709;# 2
JUN 07 '95 08:59AM
P.2/3
cc: Lisa
MEMORANDUM
TO:
Hillary Rodham Clinton
FROM:
Mike Berman mike
DATE:
June 7, 1995
SUBJECT: Speech at University of Minnesota
Following up on your request for some ideas for your
commencement speech at Minnesota next Sunday I asked the master
commencement speech maker Fritz Mondale for some ideas. He
sent along the attached.
You'll notice in paragraph 4 a suggested reference to
someone else who might be named there himself.
He also suggested that you have someone take a look at
Blegen's one volume history of Mínnesota he recalls there is a
lot of good stuff in it.
I'll continue to try and come up with some other ideas.
SENT BY:Xerox Telecopier 7020 : 6- 7-95 ; 9:32AM :
65709;# 3
JUN 07 95 09:00AM
JUN or 77 KATASHM US EMBASSY EXECVTIVE OFFICE
P.3.3
In 1861, President Lincoln signed the Morrill Land Grant Act
which established the remarkable American system of land grant universities
of which the University of Minnesota is a magnificent example. While little
remembered, that one federal act created the miracle of much of American
higher education which today educates millions of Americans and attracts
more foreign students to our shores than does any other system in the world.
When we hear that government can do no good, let us try to
remember the millions of Americans and Minnesotans who were able to
educate themselves, serve their communities, discover the new, heal the sick,
enrich the arts, energize our economy and lead our society because of this one
great federal measure.
We need that same spirit today, for American education
continues to require that same vision and support of future generations if
Americans are to have the same opportunity to further their lives that we are
celebrating in your lives today.
Minnesota has been famous for its leadership in ideas and moral
purpose in America. I think about Hubert Humphrey who learned and
taught here and then for all of those many years became one of our nation's
most thoughtful and progressive leaders. It is fitting that the Humphrey
Institute continues to build on the foundations laid by his remarkable years of
public leadership. I think of Walter Heller, who taught here and later became
the superb Chairman of Economic Advisors under President Kennedy.
(There is someone else who might be mentioned here but I don't remember
his name.) The list of Minnesota graduates who have contributed to our
nation is long and distinguished.
James Watts Falwell (7), one of the glants of this institution,
who for many years served as President of the University, in his famous
history of Minnesota, said that he saw the University as the "jewel in the
crown" of Minnesota. Founded in the first session of the Minnesota
territorial legislature, your University indeed continues to be that sparkling
"jewel" of which he wrote. I am pleased to be with you today as we celebrate
your success and rejoice in the promise and magnificance of this source of so
much hope and promise for you, your state, the nation and the world.
Thank you for allowing me to be with you as we rejoice in the wonders of
American higher education at its very best.
06-09-1995 12:55
612 624 6839
U of MN CLA ADMIN
P.02
THE POPULAR MISCONCEPTION
OF GENERATION X
Thank you Dean Davis. I would like
to extend a special welcome and thank
you to Mrs. Hillary Clinton and other
distinguished guests for taking the time
to be with us on this special occasion.
And Welcome class of 1995. It is my
pleasure to be your student speaker this
morning. When I received this honor I
started to think about what I would talk
about. I know that most student speakers
talk about the future and what to expect
in the "real world", well to be honest I
have no clue what the "real world" is like
(PAUSE) or what the future has in store
for us (PAUSE) One thing I do know
about though is our generation, the so
06-09-1995 12:56
612 624 6839
U of MN CLA ADMIN
P.03
called generation X. I know that we are
prepared for the challenges that await us.
We are the generation that grew up
with MTV, cabbage patch kids, and the
Duke's of Hazzard (PAUSE). We all
can remember the surprise when we
found out who Luke Skywalker's father
was, (PAUSE) and I for one wish that
KISS actually kept their makeup
(PAUSE) We were taught to be
individuals and to think for our selves. I
think the movie The Breakfast Club
shows what our generation is like. They
were all individuals with different
personalities, but after a day talking with
each other they became friends. I think
all of us can relate to one or more of its
characters. That's what makes our
generation so unique, the ability to break
with tradition and to be who we want to
06-09-1995 12:56
612 624 6839
U of MN CLA ADMIN
P.04
be, not what others think we should be.
We are a generation that has come a long
way, we've evolved from big wheels to
mountain bikes (PAUSE), and from
playing Atari to surfing the internet
(PAUSE). But still, some things have
remained the same, Spider Man
underroos are still around (PAUSE), and
the Brady Bunch has recently released a
movie, go figure (PAUSE).
Some experts call us the "slacker
generation". A generation with no goals
or aspirations in life. They think we are
either all dreamers, without a care in the
world or all so disillusioned that we just
don't give a damn. They think we all
sport the "grunge" look and for some
reason enjoy body piercing (PAUSE).
Well I think the experts have some
powerful misconceptions. They don't
06-09-1995 12:57
612 624 6839
U of MN CLA ADMIN
P.05
realize that 48% of our generation
volunteers their time and 60% donate
their money. They don't realize that our
generation has the highest percentage
ever that is enrolled in college and
vocational schools. They don't realize
that even though our generation is facing
the toughest job market in years, and
most are enrolled in school, that we still
have a 90% employment rate. The
experts don't realize that our generation
will have to fix a lot of problems created
by their generation.
We have a 3 trillion dollar deficit that
has been created, and somehow we must
pay it off. Our country is falling behind
the rest of the world in education and
health care and we must turn the tide in
order to give our children the
opportunity to excel. Our environment
06-09-1995 12:57
612 624 6839
U of MN CLA ADMIN
P.06
had been badly neglected for a very long
time and we must continue with efforts
to help heal and protect it. Our
generation faces many challenges ahead,
both regional and world wide. And it is
up to us, generation X to step forward
and overcome these challenges. We are
the ones who must solve these problems,
and many more. We have to take
responsibility for our future and for
ourselves, the entire world will be
dependent on our decisions and our
actions to survive. We have an
incredibly difficult path ahead of us, but
I am confident that we shall over come.
We are fortunate to have gained the
knowledge and experience necessary to
accomplish these goals. The College of
Liberal Arts here at the University of
Minnesota has prepared us to enter the
06-09-1995 12:58
612 624 6839
U of MN CLA ADMIN
P.07
world with new ideas and new skills.
Over the past few years here at the
University we have had the opportunity
to meet people from all generations and
cultures, and gain new perspectives
about the world. We are leaving this
institution well rounded adults and have
truly earned a diverse liberal education.
In closing I would like to say I am
proud to be a part of generation X, and
you should be too. We are not a
generation of slackers, but the generation
of the future, and from where I stand our
future looks mighty bright. We do have
the dedication and skill to continue
making the United States of America the
best country in the world. And despite
what the experts say, we are highly
motivated and willing to give our time
06-09-1995 12:58
612 624 6839
U of MN CLA ADMIN
P.08
and energy to succeed. I wish you the
best of luck class of 1995 and God Bless.
THANK YOU!
MEMORANDUM
To: Lissa
Fr: Sabrina
Re: More Minnesota stuff
Da: June 9, 1995
Hubert Humphry
"The struggle for equal opportunity in America is a struggle
for America's soul. The ugliness of bigotry stands in direct
contradiction to the very meaning of America." Beyond Civil
Rights -- A New Day of Equality
"What we need are critical lovers of America -- patriots who
express their faith in their country by working to improve it."
Ibid.
"We are the standard-bearers in the only really authentic
revolution, the democratic revolution against tyrannies. Our
strength is not to be measured by our military capacity alone, by
our industry, or by our technology. We will be remembered, not
for the power of our weapons, but for the power of our
compassion, our dedication to human welfare." Ibid.
"The first quality of a good education is good manners --
and some people flunk the course." remark to hecklers at San
Fernando Valley State College
Sinclair Lewis
"Intellectually I know that America is no better than any
other country; emotionally I know she is better than every other
country." Interview, 12/29/30
Eugene McCarthy
"Conspicuous waste beyond the imagination of Thorstein
Veblen has become the mark of American life. As a nation we find
ourselves overbuilt, if not overhoused; overfed, although
millions poor people are undernourished; overtransported in
overpowered cars " America Revisited, 1978
Mag 7293 thinks 625 1695 5541
MEMORANDUM
To: Lissa, Liz
Fr: Greg and Sabrina
Re: Minnesota
Da: June 8, 1995
The University
The University of Minnesota was created as a preparatory
school in February 1851. Its campus is divided by the
Mississippi River with sixty buildings on the east bank and ten
buildings on the west bank.
The University is a public, coeducational, commuter and
residential university. In the 1980's there were more than
58,000 students and a faculty of more than 5,000. The university
is organized into colleges of Agriculture, Biological Sciences,
Education, Forestry, Home Economics, Liberal Arts, Pharmacy, and
Veterinary Medicine; schools of Dentistry, Management, Nursing,
and Public health; General College; Graduate School; Law School;
Medical School; Hubert Humphry Institute of Public Affairs,
Institute of Technology; University College; and Department of
Mortuary Science. The college is one of the largest in the
nation.
[NOTE: The University sent information on student hang-outs and
good deeds. You have that info in the file]
The state
Minnesota is a leading agricultural state with a strong
industrial base. Its mines account for most of the ore produced
in the United States. Glaciers helped create the thousands of
lakes the state is famous for. The northern third of the state,
with its dark pine forests, lakes, and long shoreline at Lake
Superior, is noted as a major vacationland in both winter and
summer.
Minnesota has an interesting ethnic mix, with a tilt toward
cultural dominance by descendants of Lutheran immigrants from
Scandinavian countries. However, the largest single ethnic group
is German.
The state has been famous for its political iconoclasm,
notably the Farmer-Labor party of the 1930's. It has provided a
base from which such leaders as Walter Mondale, Hubert Humphry,
and Eugene McCarthy have emerged.
Authors include Sinclair Lewis and F. Scott Fitzgerald.
Others include Bob Dylan, Harry Blackmun, Warren Burger, Judy
Garland.
Minneapolis is the state's largest city. An old rivalry
exists between this town and St. Paul. However, visitors and
often residents cannot tell when they have left one and entered
the other, they have grown SO close physically.
Citizens of the state have been consistently generous in
support of education.
Since 1963 the Guthrie Theatre in Minneapolis has dominated
the cultural scene with its outstanding repertory productions.
Withdrawal/Redaction Marker
Clinton Library
DOCUMENT NO.
SUBJECT/TITLE
DATE
RESTRICTION
AND TYPE
001. fax
Mary Hicks to Sabrina [partial] (1 page)
06/08/1995
b(6)
COLLECTION:
Clinton Presidential Records
Speechwriting
Lissa Muscatine
OA/Box Number: 12075
FOLDER TITLE:
HRC - University of Minnesota 5/11/95
2017-1164-S
rc2369
RESTRICTION CODES
Presidential Records Act - [44 U.S.C. 2204(a)]
Freedom of Information Act - [5 U.S.C. 552(b)]
P1 National Security Classified Information [(a)(1) of the PRA]
b(1) National security classified information [(b)(1) of the FOIA]
P2 Relating to the appointment to Federal office [(a)(2) of the PRA]
b(2) Release would disclose internal personnel rules and practices of
P3 Release would violate a Federal statute [(a)(3) of the PRA]
an agency [(b)(2) of the FOIA]
P4 Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential commercial or
b(3) Release would violate a Federal statute [(b)(3) of the FOIA]
financial information [(a)(4) of the PRA]
b(4) Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential or financial
P5 Release would disclose confidential advice between the President
information [(b)(4) of the FOIA]
and his advisors, or between such advisors [a)(5) of the PRA]
b(6) Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
P6 Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
personal privacy [(b)(6) of the FOIA]
personal privacy [(a)(6) of the PRA]
b(7) Release would disclose information compiled for law enforcement
purposes [(b)(7) of the FOIA]
C. Closed in accordance with restrictions contained in donor's deed
b(8) Release would disclose information concerning the regulation of
of gift.
financial institutions [(b)(8) of the FOIA]
PRM. Personal record misfile defined in accordance with 44 U.S.C.
b(9) Release would disclose geological or geophysical information
2201(3).
concerning wells [(b)(9) of the FOIA]
RR. Document will be reviewed upon request.
06-08-1995 14:58
612 624 6839
U of MN CLA ADMIN
P.01
June 8, 1995
TO:
Sabrina
White House Scheduling
FORM:
Mary Hicks Mary
CLA External Relations
612/625-5541
I trust the set of materials I faxed yesterday reached you and are helpful as you
prepare the First Lady's remarks for Sunday's commencement. I have done a
bit of casual research to help address the remainder of your questions.
Local bar hang-outs: 'Stub & Herbs' and 'Bullwinkles'
Local coffee shop hang outs: 'Expresso Royale' and 'The Purple Onion'
UNIVERSITY OF MINNEROTA
CLA
Regent's seal: antique lamp - the metaphysical sciences, the telescope
telescope - the physical sciences
125
plow - the industrial arts
palette with brushes - the fine arts
YEARS
Latin motto - "a common band for all the arts"
Student concerns: increasing tuition and shrinking financial aid
programs
Interesting students who have set themselves apart
(obviously this is just a sampling):
Lisa Sponholtz was in a tragic car accident a few years ago, endured
through a coma in spite of the doctors prediction that she would not
survive, is graduating with honors Sunday, and has secured an
internship with the State Department.
Charlotte Kresner, struggling single mother of two, is graduating
Sunday with honors.
Kathryn Lentz, while leading an active life as a volunteer and mother,
decided to return to college part-time to earn her degree. Since starting
school she has raised her children,
(b)(6)
and is [001]
graduating summa cum laude.
06-08-1995 14:59
612 624 6839
U of MN CLA ADMIN
P.02
Student leadership awards: Each year the Allan T.H. Bluhm Award is
presented to a member of the junior class who has shown exceptional
leadership and service, worked to fund his/her education, and who desires to
continue his/her schooling.
Kristeen Oberlander (graduating honor student) was recipient of the
Allan T.H. Bluhm Award in her junior year. Kristeen was nominated
for her contributions as a tutor through the U Community Action
Network and the Indian Health Board; participation in the International
Reciprocal Student Exchange Program; her volunteer work as an usher
at Northrop Memorial Auditorium and Rarig Center; participation in the
CLA Honors Student Association; and her exceptional work record in
the CLA Office of External Relations. Her activities both within and
outside the University are commendable and demonstrate her
commitment to the community. It is apparent from the recommendation
letters that she gives of herself enthusiastically and willingly to enrich
the lives of those she encounters.
Andrea Bible (graduating honor student), was nominated for the Bluhm
Award for her work as a peer adviser in the Honors Program, her active
membership in the Women's Studies Student Association, and her
volunteer work for Habitat for Humanity and Project Motivation
through the YMCA. Her stellar academic accomplishments are even
more extraordinary, given her concurrent activities. It is apparent that
she has enriched the lives of many others through her enthusiasm and
personal insight.
[Andrea did not receive the award, but was an outstanding
contender.]
Athletic Achievements:
(These are all Men's Athletics. We have not heard from Women's
Athletics.)
Tennis won its 4th Big Ten Title
Hockey -- (25-14) went to NCAA Tourney
Baseball - went to the NCAA Tourney
Gymnastics - won the Big Ten Title
06-06-1995 10:19
612 624 6839
U of MN CLA ADMIN
P.01
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA
COLLEGE OF LIBERAL ARTS
Office of External Relations
225 johnston Hall
101 Pleasant Street SE
Minneapolis, MN 55455
612/625-5031
Fax: 612/624-6839
fax
transmittal
to:
Sabrina
fax number:
(202) 456-5709
from:
may 6-6-95 Hicks
date:
re:
Commencement 6-11-95
pages:
6
(including this cover sheet)
NOTES:
06-06-1995 10:19
612 624 6839
U of MN CLA ADMIN
P.02
ORDER OF EVENTS
Sympmonic BAND
Music provided by the University of Minnesota Brash Orchesira
conducted by Eric Recher, assistant professor in the School of Music.
Processional
(music selections)
Star Spangled Banner
Dr. Vern Sutton, professor and chair of the School of Music
THE PSATISIAL ANTHEM
Welcome
Dean Julia M. Davis
Student Speaker
"The Popular Misconception of Generation X," Eric Eifert (B.S. '95)
Presentation of Honors
Dr. Gerhard Weiss - 1994-95 Arthur "Red" Motley Exemplary Teaching Award
Dr. Chris Anson, Dr. C.J. Sugnet, and Dr. John Sullivan
1994-95 Horace T. Morse-Minnesota Alumni Association Award
EDUCATIONAL Testing
Dr. Paul E. Meehl will be recognized by Dr. Nancy Cole, president of the
SERVICE
this year's recipient of the ETS Award for Service to Measurement.
Roger Erickson - 1994-95 Alumni Service Award
Keynote Introduction
U.S. Senator Paul Wellstone
Keynote Address
First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton
Honorary Degree
President Nils Hasselmo, Regent Chair Jcan Keffeler, and Dean Julia Davis will
present First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton with a University of Minnesota
I lonorary Doctorate of Laws.
Presentation of Candidates
Eugene Borgida, associate dean for Planning and Fiscal for Degrees Management,
for Degrees
Peter Recd, associate dean for Academic Programs, and Dianne Van Tasell,
associate dean for faculty, will present the candidates for degrees. All candidates
will proceed across the court as their names are read.
Conferring of Degrees
The Honorable Jean B. Keffeler will confer the degrees upon the candidates.
Closing Remarks
Dean Julia M. Davis
"Haill Minnesota"
Dr. Vern Sutton
Minnesota, hall to theel
Like the stream that bends to sea,
Hail to thee, our college dearl
Like the pine that seeks the blue,
Thy light shall ever be
Minnesota, still for thee
A beacon bright and clear,
ITALICS
Thy sons and daughters are strong and true;
Thy sons and daughters true
From thy woods and waters fair,
Will proclaim thee near and far;
From thy prairies waving far,
They will guard thy fame
At thy call they throng
And adore thy name'
With their shout and song
Thou shalt be their Northern Star
Halling thee their Northern Star.
Recessional
The audience is requested to remain seated during the coremony and
recessional until those in the academic procession have marched out.
fmunic selections)
Reception
A reception will be held for graduates, family, faculty, and guests in the
Williams Arena Sports Pavilion following the ceremony.
06-06-1995 10:20
612 624 6839
U of MN CLA ADMIN
P.03
THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA
The University of Minnesota, ranked among the nation's top ten public universities, reflects the
commitment to education of a state that is only 21st in population. It is almost alone among universities in
the United States in its combination of three characteristics; an international research university, a land-
grant institution with a strong tradition of education and public service, and a metropolitan academic
community.
The Twin Cities campus, Its largest campus, is made up of 20 colleges and offers the full range of academic
and professional degrees. A comprehensive campus in Duluth offers undergraduates and graduate
programs. The Morris campus offers a four-year liberal arts program. A two-year technical college in
Crookston provides paraprofessional and technical education, primarily in agriculture-related fields.
Through the Minnesota Extension Service, the University is present in each of Minnesota's 87 countles.
The University is the primary center in Minnesota (and parts of the surrounding region) for instruction
and research in the health sciences, law, engineering, agriculture, and forestry; it offers all of the graduate-
level programs in these fields. In all the arts and sciences and in teacher preparation the University is the
only doctorate-granting institution in the state.
When the University was founded as a preparatory school in 1851, Minnesota had been a territory for just
two years, and statehood was still seven years away. The school was built on not much more than the
ploneers' faith in education. The University struggled financially in its early years and was forced to close
during the Civil War. It reopened in 1867.
Two students received bachelor of arts degrees at the first commencement in June 1873. Since then, the
University has granted a total of 483,487 degrees. Students earn undergraduate and graduate degrees in
more than 250 fields of study. During the 1993-1994 academic year, the University of Minnesota conferred
10,630 degrees on all its campuses.
The Duluth campus joined the University in 1974, the Morris campus opened in 1960, the Crookston
campus in 1966, and the Waseca campus, which opened in 1971, closed in August 1992. Enrollment in fall
1994 was 47,647 on all five campuses. Enrollment was 36,699 on the Twin Cities campus, 7,467 at Duluth,
1,924 at Morris, and 1,557 at Crookston.
University alumni include four Nobel Prize winners, a former chief justice of the United States, two former
vice presidents, the heads of Fortune 500 companies, ploneers in medicine, civil rights leaders, top
journalists, and men and women who have achieved distinction in every field. Alumni and their families
and friends are always welcome at the University. Alumni are invited to continue their relationship with
the University through the Minnesota Alumni Association and its college groups.
06-06-1995 10:20
612 624 6839
of MN CLA ADMIN
P.04
THE COLLEGE OF LIBERAL ARTS
125 YEARS OF ACADEMIC EXCELLENCE
At the heart of every great university is a college encompassing the basic disciplines of knowledge. That
college at the University of Minnesota is the College of Liberal Arts (CLA).
Pall 1994 enrollment in CLA reflects a student population of 12,900 undergraduates and 1,950 graduate
students in CLA programs. The college is staffed by 495 permanent faculty members, who are
distinguished teachers and researchers in their fields. The national reputation of many of our units is
directly related to the excellense of the renowned faculty. From its inception, the college has stressed the
importance of both disciplinary and Interdisciplinary teaching and scholarship. The result has been to
broaden significantly students' knowledge of the world the approaches that may be taken to discover new
knowledge, and the importance of relationships among various ideas and the strategies used to employ
and understand them.
When the College of Science, Literature, and the Arts first offered classes in 1869, a faculty of nine taught
courses in English, mathematics, philosophy, military science, agriculture, and classia. The rise of industry
brought a rush of students to the college and, by 1913, much of the curriculum was designed to prepare
students for the professions.
During the 1940s and 1950s, emphasis within the college shifted from the preparation of leaders in selected
academic disciplines to the liberal education of men and women, who were expected to turn their "social
intelligence. social leadership." As was the case In most institutions, the curriculum was broadened
beyond its original specialized disciplines. The purpose of education was to teach students to become
responsible citizens and active participants in the democratic proces.
The social unrest of the 1960s ushered in sweeping changes as more and more students crowded the
University and infused the campus with a vital democratic tension. Students increasingly determined the
direction of the liberal arts curriculum, and staged protests to demonstrate their passionate political views.
In the summer of 1963, the sciences were removed from SLA and place in other collegiate units, and the
college was renamed the College of Liberal Arts. The activism of students, Exculty, and staff was essential
to the establishment in the late 1960s and 1970s of leading interdisciplinary and cultural studles programs
such as the Department of Afo-American and African Studies, Women's Studies, and Chiano Studies.
Academic support programs like the Martin Luther King Program and Office for Special Learning
Opportunities offered students opportunities and support beyond the traditional classroom. These changes
in the curriculum reshaped the relationship between the academy and society as students sought direct
connections to the "outside" world.
The 1980s saw CLA at its largest as the college's enrollment peaked at 18,000 in 1956. The curriculum and
the student body continue to diversify, reflecting the range of cultures and disciplines in
Minnesota, the U.S., and the world. The implementation in 1985 of a cultural plurallsm component to
University degree Programs was an important step toward representing that diversity, and the
strengthening of International studies and language requirements provides an education that is global in
outlook The opening in 1993 of Ted Mann Concert Hall demonstrates the growth of programs in the fine
arts. Allied with technological Innovations such u the Internet and computer-aided advising and with
study and research opportunitles in more than 60 major areas, the liberal arts curriculum equips CLA
graduates with the flexibility and learning skills to meet the demands of I shifting job market and a
changing world.
06-06-1995 10:21
612 624 6839
U. of MN CLA ADMIN
P.05
The University
of Minnesota
met its five-year
diversity goals
in recruiting and
graduating
students
of color and
hiring more
minority faculty.
Here's how the
numbers add up.
Diversity by Numbers
N
UMBERS TELL only a small part of the story about the Universi-
Systemwide Minority
Student Enrollment by Ethnicity
ty's attempts to increase diversity among its students, staff, and
and Percent of Total Enrollment
faculty. Yet they remain the most tangible method of charting
American Indian
the efforts to recruit and retain people of color. a In 1988
Fall 1988"
377
.7%
administrators established three five-year diversity goals to be
Fall 1993
428
.9%
Fall 1994
442
.9%
achieved by fall 1994: to double minority faculty hires, to increase
Chicano/Latino
minority enrollment to 10 percent of the systemwide total, and to improve
Fall 1988"
534
1.0%
by 50 percent the five-year graduation rate of undergraduate students of
Fall 1993
679
1,4%
Fall 1994
698
1.5%
color. a In January 1995, administrators reported
African American
to the Board of Regents that the number of minor-
Fall 1988"
956
1.7%
ity faculty members rose 34 percent, from 212 to
Fall 1993
1,175
2.4%
Fall 1994
1,235
2.6%
283, between October 1988 and October 1994. a
Asian/Pacific
Between fall 1989 and fall 1994, the systemwide
Fall 1988*
1,803
3.3%
minority student population increased by 36 per-
Fall 1993
2,501
5.2%
Fall 1994
2,632
5.5%
cent, from 3,686 to 5,007. a Under the five-year
All Minerity
diversity goal, 22.4 percent of the minority freshmen
Fall 1988*
3,670
6.7%
in the fall 1989 class should have graduated from
Fall 1993
4,786
9.9%
Fall 1994
5,007
10.5%
the University by the end of summer session 1994.
Includes University of Minnesota. Waseca
In fact, 23 percent of people in this group received
Note: The data include all full-time and pers-time
minority undergraduate, graduate, professional,
their degrees within five years, representing a 55
and unclassified students, and exclude
International students.
percent improvement over the graduation rate of
Source: Office of the Registrar
students of color in the fall 1984 freshman class.
06-06-1995 10:21
612 624 6839
U of MN CLA ADMIN
P.06
Systemwide Minority Tenured
and Tenure-Track Faculty
and Percent of Total Tenured
and Tenure-Track Faculty
American Indian
October 1988
6
2%
October 1993
13
.4%
Minority Undergraduate
October 1994
12
.4%
Enrollmentin Pall 1993,
Minority Recipients of Bachelor's
African American
Degrees in 1993-94, and Percent
October 1988
25
.8%
of Total Enrollment and Graduates,
October 1993
42
1.3%
Twin Cities Campus
October 1994
39
1.3%
Systemwide Minority
American Indian
Academic Percent
October 1988
35
1.1%
Enrollment
171
.5%
Total Academic Executive
October 1993
38
1.2%
Graduates
23
.4%
October 1994
39
1.3%
American Indian
American
Occober 1988
3
.5%
Enrollment
399
1.1%
October 1988
146
4.3%
October 1993
4
.8%
Graduates
53
1.0%
October 1993
184
5.7%
October 1994
4
.7%
African Ameign
October 1994
193
6.2%
Enrollment
756
2.0%
All Minortry
Ocmber 1988
3
.5%
Graduates
103
2.0%
October 1988
212
6.6%
October 1993
s
1.0%
AND
October 1993
277
8.6%
October 1994
11
1.9%
Enrollment
1,783
4.7%
October 1994
283
9.1%
AddivPacific American
Graduates
261
5.0%
Total Faculty
Ocmber 1988
5
.9%
All Minority
October 1988
3,228
100%
October 1993
12
2.3%
Enrollment
3,109
8.3%
October 1993
3,228
100%
October 1994
15
2.6%
Graduates
440
8.4%
October 1994
3,102
100%
Attan American
Total
Note: The tenured and
Ortober 1988
13
2.4%
Enrollment
37,548
100%
Includes professors profismors, assistant
October 1993
15
2.9%
Gradustes
5,209
100%
professors, and Regusts Prifessors.
October 1994
15
2.6%
Source: Human Reserved Information System
Source: Office of the Registrar
Counts of Regular Faculty by Sex and Race
All Minority
Ocmber 1988
24
4.4%
October 1993
36
6.9%
Minority Undergraduate Enrollment at Big Ton Institutions Fall 1993
October 1994
45
7.7%
Minority
Total
Total Executives
Undergradunte
Undergraduate
Occober 1988
-
546
100%
Instruction
Inrellment
Percentage
Encollment
October 1993
522
100%
University of Illincis-Urbans
6,431
24.4%
26,333
October 1994
582
100%
Northwestern University
1,831
24.3%
7,542
Note: The scademic executives category Includes
president, senior vice president, vice president.
University of Michigan
5,344
22.9%
23,382
associate and assistant vice president, chancellor.
vice chancellor, associate and assistant vice
Michigan State University
4,301
14.0%
30,760
chancellor, dean, associate and assistanc dean,
university librarian, executive director and
University of Minnaon-
corporate secretary to the Board of Regents,
Twin Citia
3,109
13.0%
23,876
general counsei, University attorney, vice provost,
director (University-wide), associate and assistare
Ohio State University
4,558
12.3%
37,044
director (University-wide), Office of Minority and
Special Student Affairs coordinator, director
Purdue University
2,739
10.0%
27,490
(campus/college level), associate and assistant
directors (campus/college level), departmental
Pennsylvania State University
2,856
9,2%
30,963
director, associate and assistant departmental
director, chair (with facutcy rank). head (with
Indians University
2,383
8.7%
27,480
faculty rank), director (with faculty rank), library
division head, and Waseca/Crookston division
University of Wannsin-Madion
2,293
8.2%
27,907
director.
University of Iowa
1,341
9.3%
18,441
Source: Human Resources information
System, Counts of Administrative Academics
Source: Office of the Registrar
by Sex and Race
PAGE
2
9TH STORY of Level 1 printed in FULL format.
Copyright 1986 Information Access Co., a division of Ziff Communications Co.;
Copyright Benjamin Franklin Literary & Medical Society Inc. 1986
Saturday Evening Post
September, 1986
SECTION: Vol. 258 i Pg. 42; ISSN: 0048-9239
LENGTH: 1912 words
HEADLINE: Lake Woebegon: the little town that time forgot; where women are
strong, the men good-looking, and the children above average.
BYLINE: Sutin, Lawrence
BODY:
LAKE WOBEGON: THE LITTLE TOWN THAT TIME FORGOT
Lake Wobegon--a mythical small town, set in the Minnesota prairie
heartlands, that millions of otherwise practical-minded Americans believe to be
absolutely real. Saturday evenings, as dinner is cooking in the kitchens, these
believers--listeners served by the 260-station American Public Radio network
(including Hawaii and Alaska) --huddle by their radios to hear the latest news
from Lake Wobegon on "A Prairie Home Companion."
After the broadcast, they might devote the evening to reading Lake Wobegon
Days (Viking Penguin, 1985), the No. 1-best-selling chronicle of the town's
history that was, along with its author, Garrison Keillor, the subject of a Time
cover story.
As in the case of Paul Bunyan, Minnesota's previous mythical export (Mary
Tyler Moore aside), Lake Wobegon and its residents have taken on life by the
sheer fct of their vivid place in our imaginations--quite an accomplishment for
a community that, as Lake Wobegon Days tells it, had a less-than-auspicious
beginning:
"
Lake Wobegon is mostly poor sandy soil, and every spring the earth
heaves up a new crop of rocks. Piles of rock ten feet high in the corners of
fields, picked by generations of us, monuments to our industry. Our ancestors
chose the place, tired from their long journey, sad for having left the
motherland behind, and this place reminded them of there, so they settled here,
forgetting that they had left there because the land wasn't so good. So the new
life turned out to be a lot like the old, except the winters are worse."
Lake Wobegon is, as that excerpt underscores, not a Shangri-La. Its
populace, largely Norwegian Lutherans (led by Pastor Ingqvist of Lake Wobegon
Lutheran Church) and German Catholics (tended by Father Emil of Our Lady of
Perpetual Responsibility Church), are of hearty, seemingly serious stock. Life
is a thrifty business for them.
And yet they have a simplicity and warmth, not to mention an unpredictable
wayward streak. HOW else could The Sidetrack Tap ("the dim little tavern on Main
Street where it's safe to be foolish") and the Fearmonger's Shoppe ("serving all
your phobia needs since 1954-when it comes to safety, don't expect to save
money") both be doing such roaring business?
PAGE
3
Saturday Evening Post, September, 1986
At times, Keillor's Lake Wobegon resembles the Russian village of Chelm--the
setting of Fiddler on the roof--where fools, peddlers, and rabbis continued the
eternal debate over the nature of God while their wives complained, their
children played, and their roofs leaked. Lake Wobegons--similarly isolated,
similarly filled with faith--surmount the difficulties (often hilariously
self-created) of their lives through an awkward, endearing loyalty to the values
of their ancestors: honesty, industry, church. In so doing, they have escaped
from the world of "literature" or "entertainment" to become familiar
figures--friends--presented on a live (not a pretaped) radio program.
Keillor, the creator of the Lake Wobegon world, addressed the issue of the
reality of Lake Wobegon in a recent piece entitled "Eleven Questions Most Often
Asked About 'A Prairie Home Companion,' and Eleven Answers Not Given
Previously":
"No, there is no town in Minnesota named Lake Wobegon that I could show you;
at least I'm not aware of one. But I would also have a hard time showing you the
Ninth Federal Reserve District, the Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis,
the Big Ten, or the upper middle class. Most people deal very comfortably with
abstractions much more far-fetched than Lake Wobegon--the Moral Majority,
secular humanists, Hollywood, etc.
"Compared to any of those, Lake Wobegon is as real as my hands on this
typewriter and sometimes more real than flat. I once dreamed that I drove over a
hill in central Minnesota and found it Lake Wobegon In the dream, they weren't
particularly happy to see me, but they managed to be fairly polite. I was
invited to someone's house for supper, and then I woke up.
The dream of finding Lake Wobegon, due to the success of both the radio show
and the book, has become a nationwide obsession and haven. Keillor had longed to
create a live radio show since doing a piece for the New Yorker on the Grand Ole
Opry in Nashville. The first live "A Prairie Home Companion" broadcast--aired
solely to a Minnesota audience--took place in a small college auditorium on July
6, 1974. There was an audience of 12 in the 400-seat hall, and the total gate ($
1 for adults, 50~ for children) was less than $ 8. By 1980, the first nationwide
American Public Radio broadcasts were carried by only 30 stations.
Since then, nearly everyone has been to Lake Wobegon at least once. Each
week, 4 million or more listeners spend two hours in "the little town that time
forgot, that decades cannot improve, where all the women are strong, all the men
are good-looking, and all the children are above average.' The demographics of
"Home Companion" regulars comprise an ad executive's heaven: young and old, male
and female, urban and rural, yuppie and counterculture--not to mention the
legion of "shy" people of all persuasions for whom Keillor is an inspiration to
come out of their shells.
Families come together to listen: If they live in separate cities, they call
each other after the shows to talk about the latest gossip overhead at the
Chatterbox Cafe, "where the coffeepot is always on, which is why it tastes that
way. " In small Midwest towns you can see farmers in official Lake Wobegon
"Whippets" baseball caps. Chic apartments in New York's SoHo district are
adorned by posters celebrating Keillor and Powdermilk Biscuits--"biscuit mix in
the big blue box or biscuits already baked in the big brown bag with the dark
stains that indicate freshness. Heavens, they're tasty and expeditious!"
PAGE
4
Saturday Evening Post, September, 1986
Although "Home Companion" is not regularly broadcast outside the United
States with the exception of a weekly airing in Australia (there have been
limited airings--to enthusiastic response--in Sweden), the show's weekly
fan-mail bag of 1,000 letters (not including the extra hundred straightforward
ticket requests) confirms that its listenership is distinctly international.
Cassettes of the show--both those produced for sale by Minnesota Public Radio
and those bootlegged by home-taping listeners--pass hands throughout the world.
Consider this recent letter from a Lutheran missionary in Madagascar (who had
not had "home leave" for three years)
"Your program is immensely popular with ALC American Lutheran Church
missionaries over here, and I think you should know that. Missing America does
play a large part in our lives, and your blend of nostalgia and humor is very
therapeutic. Relatives no longer wonder about what to get missionaries for
Christmas; they simply tape a bunch of 'Home Companion' shows
It used to be
that when a person from our headquarters in Minneapolis would make a trip out
here, he would be filled with requests to carry medicines. Now he carries 'PHC'
tapes! (Which, for us, are a kind of medicine.)
A young American girl, homesick in December during her year abroad for
studies in France, met a Frenchman who had spent time in the States and had
brought back cassettes of the show upon his return. In her letter to Keillor she
wrote: "I listened to your telling of the Christmas Story, and I laughed a good
bit and cried some, too
So thank you for my Christmas present: You gave it
completely and unselfishly, to as many people as you could, not needing any
thanks. And if that's not what Christmas is all about, I don't what is."
Although those closely involved in the production of "Home Companion" are
grateful for the intensive listener response, they can only guess at which
qualities of the program make it so successful. Lynne Cruise, the director of
the show, works with Keillor and the musical performers in setting the structure
for each episode; she also oversees all technical arrangements. After a number
of years with "Home Companion," surely she should know just what makes great
radio.
She laughs at the statement. "We're still working on an answer to that. If
we ever did get it right, we'd probably quit. But radio is a remarkable medium.
It communicates directly to listeners--you're with them--as opposed to video, in
which you are an onlooker staring at a screen.
"The hardest part of the technical aspect of the broadcast is to achieve a
quality that will make the persons at home full participants. When that happens,
they do have a visual component to the show--they're imagining as we go along,
and everyone imagines differently, which makes it very personal. Videos provide
the visual component," she says.
Cruise emphasizes that both the live and the audio audiences play an
important part in creating the mood and the feel of "Home Companion" broadcasts.
"We have entirely separate audio mixes for the at-home and the in-house
audiences," she says. "The person at home is in a small room, an entirely
different environment and feeling. We use a technique called 'panned mono' to
create a three-dimensional sound-at a seemingly genuine distance from a
performance stage--with depth, like the live audience hears."
PAGE
5
Saturday Evening Post, September, 1986
Ilene Zatal, a volunteer staff member who has been with the show for more
than five years, has as her special assignment the handling of the voluminous
listener mail. Zatal, who makes her living as a consultant to hospice programs,
takes great pleasure in fashioning personal written responses to the hundreds of
letters Keillor himself cannot review.
"At times it can be emotionally overwhelming that listeners, complete
strangers before they write, can produce letters that share so much, with so
much warmth and caring," Zatal says. "Their egos are usually not heavily
involved. They don't write to tel us how they could do the show better. They're
giving a piece of themselves. That's what opening the letters is
like--discovering pieces of lives.
"Every kind of person writes. I'm surprised at the number of handwritten
letters from men--they haven't been dictated to a corporate secretary. For many
people, the show seems to remind them of a childhood they may not have had but
would have liked to have had. Garrison is always emphasizing that the primary
thrust of the show is not nostalgic--to take you back there--but it does,
regardless.
"People often write to say how a show reminds them of some important moral
lesson they once learned--by applying it and saving the day in a difficult
situation. A number of people wrote to describe instances when they turned away
from something because it didn't just affect themselves, but others as well."
The home base for "A Prairie Home Companion" is the recently renovated World
Theater in downtown Saint Paul. A one-time movie palace in the '30s, the World
had fallen--before its occupancy by Keillor and crew--onto hard times as an
inner-city derelict, abandoned by audiences preferring suburban cinema outlets.
(Keillor headlined a live broadcast marking the reopening of the World Theater
on April 26.)
Now the World Theater--from which the very real Lake Wobegon takes to the
airwaves each week--has taken on new luster. One New York listener wrote after a
trip to Saint Paul:
"WE're so faithful that last spring, on a brief visit to our daughter in The
Other Twin City, we drove by the front of the World Theater as if it were a
fanous cathedral!"
GRAPHIC: Photograph; Portrait; Garrison Keillor. (portrait)
IAC-NUMBER: IAC 04326534
IAC-CLASS: Magazine
LANGUAGE: ENGLISH
LOAD-DATE: July 18, 1994
PAGE
7
1ST STORY of Level 1 printed in FULL format.
Copyright 1982 Time Inc. All Rights Reserved
Time
February 1, 1982, U.S. Edition
SECTION: BOOKS; Pg. 74
LENGTH: 934 words
HEADLINE: Main Street's Shy Revisionist;
HAPPY TO BE HERE by Garrison Keillor; Atheneum; 210 pages; $ 11.95
BYLINE: By John Skow
BODY:
Excerpt
"After Bobby Jo's phone call, I got another from the Lawston Foundry,
informing me that Stan Lewandowski's sculpture, Oppresso, would not be cast in
time for the opening of the Minot Performing Arts Center. The foundry workers,
after hearing what Lewandowski was being paid for creating what looked to them
like a large gerbil cage, went out on strike
I wasted fifteen minutes
trying to make a lunch date with Hugo Groveland, the mining heir, to discuss the
Arts Mall. He was going away for a while
He hinted at dark personal
tragedies and suggested I call his mother. 'She's more your type,' he
said, 'plus she's about to kick off if you know what I mean.
Garrison Keillor is the somewhat moonstruck and lately much celebrated rustic
whimsyfier whose monologues from Lake Woebegon, Minn, embellish Public Radio's
Saturday evening country-music broadcasts. The first response of an uninitiated
listener is likely to be, "That fellow is being funny," and the second, uttered
with reproach, "No, that fellow is being serious."
What gives Keillor's comic voice its amiable singularity in this excellent
first collection of sketches and stories is a quality hard to describe without
making him seem fatuous and the describer sound balmy. He is in love with the
upper Midwest, with the region and the people that Sinclair Lewis derided. He
is rooted, fond of hickishness, fascinated by the utter, daft strangeness of the
ordinary. At 39, he lives in St. Paul, not far from where he grew up, and
although he has taken note of East Coast sophistication to the extent of sending
most of these pieces to The New Yorker, he is firmly in place as a gifted
regional humorist.
Not all of Keillor's jokes are rural; he raises an eyebrow ever so slightly
at the Midwesternizing of the counterculture in his parody of a shopping-guide
ad for "St. Paul's Episcopal Drop-In Hair Center (in the rectory basement)
where the Rev. Ray and the Rev. Don, trained barbers, "offer warm, supportive
pre- and post-trim counseling
and if you just want to come in and talk
about haircuts, well, that's cool too." Another ad, inserted by a people's
used-furniture collective, condemns alienating queen-size beds, recommending
instead "our Warm Valley Bed narrow and soft and shaped like a trough,
gently urging its occupants toward the middle: the bed of commitment." There is
a hesitant manifesto titled "Shy Rights: Why Not Pretty Soon?" by a militant shy
who confesses that "while we don't have a Shy Pride Week, we do have many
PAGE
8
Time, February 1, 1982
private moments when we keep our thoughts to ourselves, such as 'Shy is nice,'
'Walk short,' 'Be proud -- shut up' and 'Shy is beautiful, for the most part.
Psychologized baseball produces the following shared experience as a manager
assesses his season: "After talking with the pitchers, we agreed that pitching
less hard was their way of punishing themselves for past losses and perpetuating
their self-image as 'bad' pitchers. We agreed that this was childish behavior,
and we tried to write a new scenario, or game plan, in which the umpire was cast
in the role of persecutor and a hard pitch in the strike zone would 'hurt' him.
Unfortunately we did not include the catcher (whom I'll call 'Milt') in these
sessions. Milt felt that the hard pitches were aimed at him personally and
unconsciously tried to 'escape' from them, which resulted in many passed balls.
With more counseling and perhaps more protective equipment, I feel that Milt
can make a real contribution."
Keillor loves names and hypnotizes himself by repeating them in the best long
pieces in his book. There is the "North Dakota Prairie Queen, the jewel of the
plains, " a luxury train he invents in a reminiscence by a crazed old railroader.
Dance bands played regularly on the Prairie Queen, and they had great names:
"The Kolachy Brothers, the Big Pisek Hot Band, Cecil Pootz and His Grafton
Spuds, the Wonderbar Orchestra, and yes, the great Bill Baroon and His
Paloreenies
" A marvelously spurious history of radio in Minneapolis
produces "Wingo Beals and His Blue Movers,' who lost their Sun Rise Waffle show
at 5 a.m. daily to Slim Graves and His Southland Sheiks, featuring Courteous
Carl Harper, the Guitar Man. "Rise and shine," Slim would tell his listeners
every day, "sit up and howl, there's daylight in the swamps!"
This is a nostalgia gone delightfully mad, and the reader is happy to inhale
it by the cubic yard. But it comes flirtatiously close to novelizing, a
practice Keillor claims in a funny preface to have forsworn after one
grotesquely bad unpublishable failure. He writes short pieces, he says, in
homage to The New Yorker's former great infield of James Thurber, A.J. Liebling,
S.J. Perelman and E.B. White.
A great infield indeed, and mighty fine homage. But doubts are raised. The
straightest story in the book is also a very good one -- an account of a
17-year-old boy named Don, who, following normal teen-age tropisms ("I know you
hate to see me playing rock 'n' roll, Mom, I gotta break your heart to save
my soul"), performs in a punk rock band whose acts feature the musicians biting
the feathers off a live chicken. The group is successful, naturally.
Hallelujah, except that Don, a nice, decent fellow, realizes queasily at the
story's end that he faces an indeterminate future of biting the feathers off
chickens. This is good comedy, but Don is so much more than a shadow figure in
a joke that the reader wonders whether there may not be a novel in him
somewhere, trying to get out.
GRAPHIC: Picture, Garrison Keillor: rooted, fond of hickishness, fascinated by
the strangeness of the ordinary, D. MICHAEL ZERBY
LANGUAGE: ENGLISH
06-08-1995 15:30
612 624 6839
06/08/95 16:23 FAX 612 824 8018
U of MN CLA ADMIN
U OF MN W. ATH.
P.02
0001/001
FAX COVER PAGE
Time:
Date:
To: Ann Basich
From: Lisa Nelson
Phone #
RE: nors for Hillary Clinton
# Pages:
(including cover page)
Women's Intercollegiate Athletics
M
Telephone: (612) 624-8000 FAX: (612) 624-8018
University of Minnesota
250 Bierman Building 516 15th Avenue S.E.
Minneapolis, MN 55455
1994-95 Year in Review
The Minnesota women's athletics department experienced another banner year in 1994-95 as they once
again were in the conference and national spotlight both athletically and academically. The year was highlighted
with the 1995 Women's Final Four at the Target Center, the first soccer game sponsored by the Big Ten Conference
taking place at the St. Paul Campus soccer field, the first sellout of the Sports Pavilion and many individual
athletes competing at the NCAA Championships.
Minnesota soccer took another big step in only its second year of existence in 1994-95. Head coach Sue
Montagne and the team took part in history as they hosted Michigan State in the first officially sanctioned Big
Ten Conference soccer game. Minnesota and the Spartans played to a 1-1 tie in the contest and gave all fans a taste
of what to expect from conference soccer. The Gophers then went on to place second in the first annual Big Ten
Soccer Championships in Madison, Wisc. Minnesota lost to 10th-ranked Wisconsin, 3-0, in the championship
game, but finished the year ranked ninth in the NCAA Central Region, its first top 10 regional ranking in the
history of the program.
The volleyball team extended its streak of postseason play by advancing to the National Invitational
Volleyball Championship in Kansas City, Mo. Minnesota defeated Connecticut, Oregon State and Sam Houston
State before losing to eventual champion Cal-State Northridge, 3-2. During the season, Minnesota finished the
year 21-15 and was sixth in the Big Ten.
It was then onto basketball where Linda Hill-MacDonald's team finished the year 12-15 and 7-9 in the
Big Ten. The high point of the season occurred on a cold weekend in January when the Gophers upset #7 Penn
State and #19 Purdue in consecutive games at the Sports Pavilion in what Hill-MacDonald termed the "greatest
weekend in the history of Minnesota women's basketball." Against the Boilers, senior Cara Pearson made two free
throws with 0.00 seconds remaining in the game to win the contest, but not without some excitement, as the
Gophers stormed the floor after the first free throw resulting in a two-shot technical foul. Purdue's Stacey
Gonhers won the game 68-67. The Gophers also
06-08-1995 15:31
612 624 6839
made hístory later in the season as they sold out the Sports Pavilion, and un 5,3av
U of MN CLA ADMIN
P.03
history against Illinois. Minnesota struggled the rest of the Beason and lost to lowa in the first round ol the fini-
ever Big Ten Basketball Championship in Indianapolis.
Minnesota basketball and the women's athletics department put itself on the map in 1994-95 as they
hosted the 1995 NCAA Women's Pinal Four at the Target Center. The event was sold out in September. the carliest
sellout for a facility the size of the Target Center, as all 17,328 tickers were sold. For 1 week, Minnesota was in the
spotlight as Georgia, Stanford. Tennessee and eventual national champion Connecticut gave the nation and
Minnesota a most memorable event,
Swimming and diving experienced its first undefeated season in 18 years 19 it had a perfect 10-0 dual
meet record and placed second at the Big Ten Championships, It's highest finish in history. The Gophers then
went to the NCAA Championships in Austin, Texas, placing 19th and earning all-American honors for nine
athletes.
Gymnastics also bad a record setting season as they set or broke eight team records including the all-
around team score. During the Minnesota Challenge, the Gophers finished with 1 score of 193.675 and defeated
nationally-ranked Penn State and Illinois. The maroon and gold went on to place fourth at the Big Ten Champi-
onships in Champaign, III., and head coach Jim Stephenson was named Co-Coach of the Year.
Track and field/cross country enjoyed good years again as Minnesota and head coach Gary Wilson
garnered 23rd place at the 1995 NCAA Outdoor Championships in Knoxville, Tenn. Senior Heather Berlin placed
second in the javelin tying the best finish ever by a Gopher athlete at the NCAA Championships. Senior Lori
Townsend also placed sixth in the 5,000 to earn all-American honors. Two weeks earlier, the Gophers placed third
at the 1995 Big Ten Championships held at the Bierman Track and Field Stadium, Minnesota had two individual
winners in Berlin and junior Dani Parkos and 15 different point getters. The maroon and gold also introduced
sprinter Kim Martin to the collegiate scene as she set seven Minnesota record during Indoor and outdoor asason.
Tennis sophomore Tiffany Gates also made Minnesota history BE she received an invitation 10 the NCAA
Singles Championships in Malibu, Calif. Gates became the first Minnesota player to participate in the singles
championships. Ax a team, the Gophers placed seventh in the Big Ten and were 9-14 overall. During the season,
they lost five matches by a SCOTE of 5-4, including 0 heartbreaker to 18th-ranked Indiana at the 4th Street Courts.
Minnesota Women's Athletics 2
05-09-1995 11:08
612 624 6839
U of MN CLA ADMIN
P.01
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA
Twin Cities Campus
Office of the Dean
213 Johnston Hall
College of Liberal Arts
101 Pleasant Street S.E.
Minneapolis, MN 55455
Fax: 612-624-6839
FAX TRANSMISSION COVER SHEET
Date:
may 9, 1995
TO:
Patty Solis
fax# 202-456-2317
White House
FROM:
Mary Hicks
fax# 612/624-6839
Univ. of Minnesota
NUMBER OF PAGES, INCLUDING THIS COVER SHEET: 3
COMMENTS:
If there is 8 problem with this transmission, please call 612/625-5031
05-09-1995 11:08
612 624 6839
U of MN CLA ADMIN
P.02
Patti of
May 8, 1995
University of
Patty Solis
Director of Scheduling
Office of the First Lady
White House
Washington, DC
Dear Ms. Solis,
Thank you for sending the photograph and biography of the First Lady. A
condensed biography will be published in the commencement program. We
are delighted that Mrs. Clinton is able to join our June 11 Commencement.
USM MINNEROTA
We have received numerous requests for Mrs. Clinton's time. It is my
CLA
understanding that she will fly into the Twin Cities Sunday morning and
intends to return to Washington Sunday evening. I have explained this
125
schedule to individuals and directed them to contact your office if they want to
make a proposal. However, 1 do have one request that I need to extend.
YEARS
University of Minnesota President and Mrs. Nils Hasselmo would very much
like to host Mrs. Clinton for a special breakfast at Eastcliff, the University
president's home, on Sunday morning at 8:00. The commencement
processional will begin at 9:30 a.m., and it will be critical to have the First
Lady at Williams arena by 9:00. Is there any possibility that the schedule
would permit this special breakfast?
We also have been contacted by USA Today with interest in doing a special
behind-the-scenes story on the First Lady and commencement at a major
research institution. As I understand it, this would require backstage photo
time, a brief interview, and possibly access to other events you have scheduled
throughout the day. Are you interested in having this opportunity pursued?
As I mentioned some time ago, we have nominated the First Lady for an
Honorary Degree of Law from the University of Minnesota. That honor will
be finalized when the University Board of Regents meets this Friday. Please
inform me if Mrs. Clinton has any reservations or concerns regarding this
honor.
OFFICE OF THE DEAN COLLEGE OF LIBERAL Airrs 225 JOHNSTON HALL . 101 PLEASANT STREET S.E. MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA 55455 (612) 625-5031
05-09-1995 11:09
612 624 6839
U of MN CLA ADMIN
P.03
It would help our planning to know when to anticipate the advance team on
campus. I will be able to forward seating charts and facility blueprints within
the next few days. In accordance with your instructions, we will reserve places
for two security staff and five office staff members.
We have invited the Minnesota Congressional delegation to join us for
Commencement. I don't know yet how many of them will be attending, but is
there some effort at the White House to coordinate transportation? There may
be some advantages to such an effort, but I don't know the protocol. Also,
Colorado Representative Pat Schroeder is a University of Minnesota alumous
and has expressed an interest in joining us for Commencement. She possibly
could be interested in any group travel plans.
We are honored with Mrs. Clinton's participation in this very special day for
the College of Liberal Arts. I look forward to working with you to coordinate
the details of her visit.
Sincerely,
Mary Hests
Mary Hicks
Director of Development
612/625-5541
MKH/hg
10am - -1pm.
12:45pm.
ROUTING SLIP
DATE: 3 / 8 / 95
Sun
FROM:
Billy Webster
Director of Scheduling and Advance
Don Baer
SUBJECT: University X of Minnesota Commencement Speech
Abner J. Mikva
Erskine Bowles
NEC
Rebecca Cameron
Leon Panetta
Rahm Emanuel
John Podesta
Mark Gearan
X
Jack Quinn
Jack Gibbons
Carol Rasco
Cindy Gire
Lee Satterfield
Pat Griffin
Steve Silverman
Marcia Hale
Patti Solis
X
Alexis Herman
Doug Sosnik
Nancy Hernreich
G. Stephanopoulos
Kitty Higgins
Ann Stock
Harold Ickes
Stephanie Street
Anthony Lake
Kim Tilley
Bruce Lindsey
Jodie Torkelson
X
Mike McCurry
X
Melanne Verveer
Anne McGuire
X
Anne Walley
X
Mack McLarty
Maggie Williams
FILE: Regret
surrogate
to HRC, VP
FYI
ADVICE
ACTION
REGRET POTUS. suggest surrogate 8 needed:
COMMENTS: Per 3/8 mtg 3 I Billy
ROUTING SLIP
DATE: 2/13/95
.OM:
Billy Webster
Director of Scheduling and Advance
SUBJECT: University of Minnesota Commencement Speech
Don Baer
A
Abner J. Mikva
- June 11
Suiday
Erskine Bowles
NEC
Rebecca Cameron
Leon Panetta
Rahm Emanuel
John Podesta
Mark Gearan
V
Jack Quinn
Jack Gibbons
Carol Rasco
Cindy Gire
Lee Satterfield
Pat Griffin
Steve Silverman
Marcia Hale
Patti Solis
exis Herman
G. Stephanopoulos
Nancy Hernreich
Ann Stock
Kitty Higgins
Stephanie Streett
Harold Ickes
Jodie Torkelson
A
Anthony Lake
Kris Van Giesen
Bruce Lindsey
Melanne Verveer
Mike McCurry
V
Anne Walley
V
Anne McGuire
X
Maggie Williams
Mack McLarty
FILE: X pending
FYI X
ADVICE
ACTION
GRET POTUS, suggest a surrogate is needed:
COMMENTS: Will be discussed in commencement(s)
SCHEDULE PROPOSAL
FEBRUARY 10, 1995
ACCEPT
REGRET
PENDING
TO:
write invencement
Billy Webster
Director of Scheduling and Advance
FROM:
Jodie Torkelson
Deputy Assistant to the President
for Management and Administration
REQUEST:
11th
Commencement Speech at the University
of Minnesota
PURPOSE:
2/13/95
Bn
Have the POTUS deliver a commencement
address in a state that has warmly
welcomed and supported him. Minnesota
is known for its community activism and
volunteerism -- a good setting for a
national service tie-in.
BACKGROUND:
This is the 125th anniversary of the
University. The entire Minnesota
congressional delegation and Ambassador
Mondale urge the President's acceptance
of this invitation.
PREVIOUS PARTICIPATION:
None
DATE AND TIME:
Sunday, June 11, 1995 Morning
DURATION:
Flight to and from Minnesota. Actual
speech time of 30-45 minutes. Additional
events/fundraisers can be arranged if
schedule permits.
LOCATION:
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
PARTICIPANTS:
POTUS, MN Congressional delegation,
University officials, 1200 graduates
REMARKS REQUIRED:
Commencement address prepared by speech-
writers
MEDIA COVERAGE:
Local Minnesota television and radio
stations
FIRST LADY'S ATTENDANCE: At her discretion
VICE POTUS ATTENDANCE: Would like VPOTUS if POTUS cannot
deliver speech
RECOMMENDED BY:
Minnesota congressional delegation,
Ambassador Mondale
CONTACT:
Jodie Torkelson x62861
ORIGIN OF THIS PROPOSAL: Original invitation send September 1993
by University president Nils Hasselmo
with followup invitations sent by MN
congressional delegation
01-06-1995 15:32
612 624 6839
U of MN CLA ADMIN
P.03
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA
Office d the President
202 Morrill Hall
100 Church Street S.E.
Minneapolis, MN 55453-0110
September 17, 1993
612-626-1616
Fax: 612-625-3875
The Honorable Bill Clinton
President
The White House
1600 Pennsylvania Avenue
Washington, D.C.
Dear President Clinton:
On behalf of the University of Minnesota, I write to invite you to deliver the commence-
ment address for the College of Liberal Arts on Sunday, June 11, 1995. The spring
commencement will be the finale to a year-long 125th anniversary celebration for the
college. Your participation would be an exciting conclusion.
The College of Liberal Arts is the primary degree-granting undergraduate college at the
University and will have one of the country's largest graduating classes, with over 1200
students receiving degrees. Minnesota has been cited as one of the country's leaders in
volunteerism, so it is fair to expect that our new alumni and students will benefit greatly
from your student service program.
As one of the first land-grant institutions in the country, the University boasts a presti-
gious list of accomplishments and over 300,000 alumni including: Garrison Keillor,
Hubert Humphrey, Hedley Donovan, Graham Hovey, Roy Wilkins. Geri Joseph. Max
Kampelman, Olivia Cole, Loni Anderson, Peter Graves, Walter Mondale, Eric Severeid,
Harry Reasoner. and many others.
I look forward to your acceptance of our invitation. If you or your staff have questions,
please call Julia Davis, Dean of the College of Liberal Arts, at (612) 624-2535.
Cordially,
Nil Massibur
Nils Hasselmo
President
NH:kb
c:
Senator Paul Wellstone
P.S. Mr. President, I'm literally writing this letter moments after chairing a panel on
health care before 5,000 appreciative Minnesotans, a panel in which the First
Lady in the most magnificent manner responded to questions from the Minnesota
Congressional Delegation. Thank you from one citizen for the dialogue you and
Mrs. Clinton have established with the nation. an extraordinary contribution to the
life of our democratic society.
01-06-1995 15:32
612 624 6839
U of MN CLA ADMIN
P.04
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA
224
3121
Twin Cities Campus
Office of the Dear
215 Johnston Hall
101 Pleasans Sireet S.E.
College of Liberal Arts
Minneapolis, MN 55455
Fax: 612-624-6839
224 4530
September 23, 1993
Senator Wellstone
Attn: Kari Moe
US Senate
Washington, DC 20510-2303
Senator Wellstone:
Enclosed is a copy of the letter that University President
Hasselmo recently sent to President Clinton inviting him to speak
at commencement in 1995. Although the letter has gone directly
to President Clinton, we are still anxious to have your
endorsement of the invitation.
Mary Hicks has asked that I forward this copy to you for
enclosure with your endorsement to President Clinton. Mary will
be back in town on Monday, September 27, if you have questions.
Thank you for your help in this matter.
Sincerely,
tannet Graham
Harriet Graham
CLA Office of External Relations
612/ 625-5031
enclosure
/hg
Margeret leter wril Goldstein - goout tacked week to Oct 1- Oct4 -
01-06-1995 15:32
612 624 6839
U of MN CLA ADMIN
P.05
COMMITTEES:
PAUL D. WELLSTONE
ENERGY AND NATURAL RESOURCES
MINNESOTA
LABOR AND NUMAN RESOURCES
MINNESOTA TOLL FREE NUMBER:
SMALL BUSINESS
1-800-842-8041
Hnited States Senate
INDIAN AFFAIRS
WASHINGTON, DC 20510-2303
October 1, 1993
The President
The White House
Washington, D.C. 20500
Dear Mr. President:
I am writing Bill on behalf of University of Minnesota President
Nils Hasselmo to convey an important invitation to you.
In 1995, the University of Minnesota will commemorate the
125th anniversary of its founding.
Therefore, the faculty, alumni and students of the University of
Minnesota would be very honored to have you deliver the spring
commencement address scheduled for Sunday, June 11, 1995.
One of the first land grant institutions in the country, the
University of Minnesota has one of the country's largest
graduating classes with over 1200 students receiving degrees from
the College of Liberal Arts. Many distinguished individuals are
among the University's 300,000 alumni.
I realize that this event is very far ahead, however, the.
commencement is the culmination of a year long 125th anniversary
celebration. Your presence on this occasion would be an exciting
conclusion to the festivities.
Let me say that the citizens of Minneapolis and the University
community would be privileged to have you present at this
occasion. If I may provide additional information regarding this
event, please do not hesitate to let me know. Your consideration
of this request would be greatly appreciated.
All the best.
Sincerely,
Paul
Paul D. Wellstone
United States Senator
PDW:mg
Enclosure
POST OFFICE Box 281
417 LITCHFISLD AVENUE, sw
717 HART SSNATE OFFICE BUILDING
2550 UNIVERSITY AVENUE. WEST
105 20 AVENUE. SOUTH
WILLMAR. MN 58201
WASHINGTON, DC 20510-2303
COURT INTERNATIONAL BUILDING
VIRGINIA, MN 58792
(612) 231-0001
(202) 224-5841
ST. Pain MN 55114-1025
(812) 645-0323
(218) 741-1074
01-06-1995 15:33
612 624 6839
U of MN CLA ADMIN
P.06
COMMITTEES:
PAUL D. WELLSTONE
ENERGY AND NATURAL RESOURCES
MINNESOTA
LABOR AND HUMAN RESOURCES
MINNESOTA TOLL FREE NUMBER:
SMALL BUSINESS
'-800-642-8041
United States Senate
INDIAN AFFAIRS
WASHINGTON, DC 20510-2303
October 5, 1993
Nils Hasselmo
President
University of Minnesota
202 Morrill Hall
100 Church Street S.B.
Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0110
Dear Nils:
Thank you for contacting me regarding conveying your kind
invitation to President Clinton to speak at commencement in 1995.
I wanted to let you know that the appropriate letter of support
has been sent to President Clinton. A copy is enclosed for your
information.
Let me assure you that we will be tracking this request
carefully. You may presume that the President's scheduling office
will also be contacting you directly regarding this request.
Please continue to stay in touch with Kari Moe, my Chief of Staff
regarding this matter. She will be happy to help you.
All the best.
Sincerely,
Bul wellstone Wellstone
Paul D. Wellstone
United States Senator
PDW:mg
CC: Mary Hicks
Director of Development
Enclosures
2580 UNIVERSITY AVENUE WEST
POST OFFICE Box 281
617 LITCHRELD AVENUE, sw
717 MART SENATE OFFICE BURDING
105 20 AVENUE SOUTH
WILLMAR, MM 56201
Washington, DC 20810-2303
Court INTERNATIONAL BUILDING
VISORIA MM 55792
(612) 231-0001
(202) 224-5841
BT. PAUL MM 55114-1025
(812) 843-0323
(218) 741-1074
01-06-1995 15:33
612 624 6839
U of MN CLA ADMIN
P.07
The
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
+
8930
NOV 30 1993
November 17, 1993
Dr. Nils Hasselmo
President
University of Minnesota
202 Morrill Hall
100 Church Street, S.E.
Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0110
Dear Dr. Hasselmo:
Thank you for inviting President Clinton to deliver the
commencement address for the College of Liberal Arts at the
University of Minnesota. The President has asked me to convey
his appreciation for your kind offer.
At this time, I am unable to make a commitment to your
request. However, I will keep your invitation on file for
further consideration as the date of the commencement approaches.
Please be assured that I will contact you if it is possible for
the President to participate in the 125th anniversary celebration
of the University.
On behalf of the President, thank you again for your
thoughtful invitation. I encourage you to contact my office if
we can be of further assistance.
Sincerely,
Roy M. Neel
Deputy Chief of Staff
RMN/inc
CC: The Honorable Paul D. Wellstone
BEST
01-06-1995 15:33
612 624 6839
U of MN CLA ADMIN
P.08
PAUL D. WELLSTONE
COMMITTEES:
MINNESOTA
ENERGY AND NATURAL RESOURCES
LABOR AND HUMAN RESOURCES
MINNESOTA Tou FACE NUMBER:
SMALL BUSINESS
1-800-842-6041
United States Senate
INDIAN AFFAIRS
WASHINGTON, DC 20510-2303
March 10, 1994
The Honorable
Walter F. Mondale
Ambassador to Japan
Unit 45004, Box 200
APO AP 96337-0001
Dear Fritz:
I wanted to make you aware of an invitation that the Minnesota
Congressional Delegation is conveying to President Clinton on
behalf of the College of Liberal Arts at the University of
Minnesota.
1995 will mark the 125th anniversary of the founding of the
College of Liberal Arts. Therefore, the faculty, alumni and
students at the University of Minnesota would be very honored to
have President Clinton deliver the spring commencement address
scheduled for Sunday, June 11, 1995.
I would greatly appreciate it if you would write a letter of
support to President Clinton on behalf of the University's
request. Although the actual date of the event is far ahead,
I felt that it was appropriate to let you know in advance because
of the President's heavily booked schedule.
Please contact me if you need further information about this
event. Your assistance would be very helpful in making the
President's visit to Minnesota a reality.
All the best.
Sincerely,
Paul
Paul D. Wellstone
United States Senator
PDW:mg
/
717 HART SENATE OFFICE BUILDING
2550 UNIVERSITY AVENUE, WEST
POST OFFICE Box 281
417 LITCHPIELD AVENUE, SW
WASHINGTON, DC 20510-2303
COURT INTERNATIONAL BUILDING
105 20 AVENUE, SOUTH
WILLMAR, MN 58201
(202) 224-3841
ST. PALL MN 55114-1025
VIRGINIA MN 55782
(612) 231-0001
(812) 645-0323
(218) 741-1074
01-06-1995 15:34
612 624 6839
U of MN CLA ADMIN
P.09
PAUL D. WELLSTONE
COMMITTEES:
MINNESOTA
ENERGY AND NATURAL RESOURCES
LABOR AND HUMAN RESOURCES
Minnebota TOLL FREE NUMBER:
Hnited States Senate
SMALL BUSINESS
1-800-642-8041
INDIAN AFFAIRS
WASHINGTON, DC 20510-2303
March 10, 1994
Ricki Seidman
Assistant to the President
& Director of Scheduling & Advance
The White House
Washington, D.C. 20500
Dear Ricki:
I wanted to make you aware of an invitation that Senator
Wellstone and the Minnesota congressional delectation is
conveying to President Clinton on behalf of the College of
Liberal Arts at the University of Minnesota.
1995 will mark the 125th anniversary of the founding of the
College of Liberal Arts. Therefore, the faculty, alumni and
students at the University of Minnesota would be honored to have
President Clinton deliver the spring commencement address
scheduled for Sunday, June 11, 1995.
Although the actual date of the event is far ahead, I felt that
it was appropriate to let you know in advance because of the
President's heavily booked schedule.
Please contact me if you need further information about this
event. Your assistance would be greatly appreciated in helping to
make the President's visit to Minnesota a reality.
All the best.
Sincerely,
Kau
Kari Moe
Chief of Staff
PS I hope you're Pls. call wher doing
to U.S. Senator Paul D. Wellstone
KJM:mg
well.
cacharee the
Enclosure
717 MART SENATE OFFICE BUILDIRE
2850 UNIVERSITY AVENUE, WEST
POST OFFICE Box 281
417 LITCHFIELD AVENUE, sw
WASHINGTON, DC 20810-2303
COURT INTERNATIONAL BUILDING
105 20 AVENUE, SOUTH
WHLMAR, MN $6201
(202) 224-5841
ST. PAUL MN 55114-1025
VIRGINIA, MN 55792
(612) 231-0001
(812) 865-0223
(215) 741-1074
01-06-1995 15:34
612 624 6839
U of MN CLA ADMIN
P.10
COMMITTEES:
PAUL D. WELLSTONE
MINNESOTA
ENERGY AND NATURAL RESOURCES
LABOR AND HUMAN RESOURCES
MINNESOTA TOLL FACE NUMBER:
SMALL BUSINESS
1-800-842-8041
Hnited States Senate
INDIAN AFFAIRS
WASHINGTON, DC 20810-2303
March 10, 1994
Mr. Pat Griffin
Assistant to the President
and Director for Legislative Affairs
The White House
Washington, D.C. 20500
Dear Pat:
I wanted to make you aware of an invitation that the Minnesota
congressional delegation is conveying to President Clinton on
behalf of the College of Liberal Arts at the University of
Minnesota.
1995 will mark the 125th anniversary of the founding of the
College of Liberal Arts. Therefore, the faculty, alumni and
students at the University of Minnesota would be honored to have
President Clinton deliver the spring commencement address
scheduled for Sunday, June 11, 1995.
Although the actual date of the event is far ahead, I felt that
it was appropriate to let you know in advance because of the
President's heavily booked schedule.
Please contact me if you need further information about this
event. Your assistance would be greatly appreciated in helping to
make the President's visit to Minnesota a reality.
All the best.
Sincerely,
Paul
Paul D. Wellstone
United States Senator
PDW:mg
Enclosure
717 MART SENATE OFFICE BUILDING
2550 UNIVERSITY AVENUE, WEST
POST OFFICE Sex 281
417 LITCHFIELD AVENUE, BW
WASHINGTON, DC 20510-2303
COURT INTERNATIONAL BUILDING
105 2D AYBNUE, SOUTH
WILLIAMS, MN 58201
(202) 224-5641
ST. PAIR MN 55114-1025
VIREINIA, MN 55782
(812) 231-0001
(612) 845-0323
(218) 741-1074
01-06-1995 15:35
612 624 6839
U of MN CLA ADMIN
P.11
PAUL D. WELLSTONE
COMMITTEES:
MINNESOTA
ENERGY AND NATURAL RESOURCES
LABOR AND HUMAN RESOURCES
EBOTA TOLL FORE NUMBER:
1-800-642-8041
United States Senate
SMALL BUSINESS
INDIAN AFFAIRS
WASHINGTON, DC 20510-2303
March 18, 1994
The President
The White House
Washington, D.C. 20500
Dear Mr. President:
We are writing on behalf of University of Minnesota President
Nils Hasselmo to convey an important invitation to you.
In 1995, the College of Liberal Arts at the University of
Minnesota will commemorate the 125th anniversary of its founding.
The faculty, alumni and students of the College of Liberal Arts
and the University would be very honored to have you deliver the
1995 spring commencement address scheduled for Sunday,
June 11, 1995.
The University of Minnesota is one of the first land grant
institutions in the country. The University has one of our
nation's largest graduating classes with over 1200 students
receiving degrees from the College of Liberal Arts. Many
distinguished individuals are among the University's 300,000
alumni.
We realize that this event is very far ahead, however, the
commencement is the culmination of a year long 125th anniversary
celebration of the College of Liberal Arts. It is estimated that
20,000 people will see the commencement ceremony, including the
expected audience and vía a telecast to the entire university
community. Therefore, your presence on this occasion would be an
exciting conclusion to the festivities.
The citizens of Minneapolis and the University community would be
privileged to have you present on this occasion. If we may
provide additional information regarding this event, please do
not hesitate to let us know. The Minnesota Congressional
Delegation appreciates your consideration of this request.
All the best.
Sincerely,
Paul Panl Wallstone D. Wellstone
Durenberger
United States Senator
United States Senator
717 HART SERATE OFFICE BUILDING
ZESO UNIVERSITY AVENUE, WEST
POST OFFICE Box 281
417 LITCHVIELD AVENUE, sw
WASHINGTON, DC 20810-2303
COURT INTERNATIONAL BUILDING
105 20 Avenue, BOUTH
WALMAR, MN 58201
BY PAYE MN 58114-1025
VIRGINIA, MN 55782
(612) 231-0001
01-06-1995 15:35
612 624 6839
U of MN CLA ADMIN
P.12
The President
March 18, 1994
Page 2
000C.Pt
Collin C. Peterson
Jim
Jan Ranstad Roantat
Member of Congress
Member of Congress
martin O.Sabo
Brunce Vanto
Martin Olav Sabo
Bruce F. Vento
Member of Congress
Member of Congress
SaMinge David Minge
Timothy J.
Member of Congress
Member of Congress
Kim Obeartar
Rod Scans
James L. Oberstar
Rod Grams
Member of Congress
Member of Congress
THE FIFTY STATES
151
with some of the nation's most
/
Adams, U.S. president. Samuel
of Michiganders live in the southeastern corner
riologist. Thomas Dewey, politician. Herbert H.
and
electronic
The state's "economic miracle" and manda
research
Horatio Alger, clergyman/au-
of the state, where the car industry flourishes.
Dow (b. Canada), chemical manufacturer. Edna
B. Anthony, suffragette. Clara Bar-
In the Upper Peninsula, across the Straits of
Ferber, author. Henry Ford, industrialist. Edgar
over, the and Massachusetts endured
Leonard Bernstein, composer. George
Mackinac, lumber and copper have been the
Guest, journalist/poet. Robert Ingersoll, indus-
in
recession
of
the
wngraded its Standard to BBB-the & Poor's early credit 1990a.b 4
Walker Bush. U.S. president. John
principal commodities from the 19th century,
trialist. Will Kellogg, businessman/philanthro-
Appleseed") Chapman, pioneer. Rich-
and the northern part of the Lower Peninsula
pist. Charles A. Lindbergh, aviator. Antoine de
lowest
Cushing, prelate. Bette Davis, ac-
boasts rich farmland. Michigan's boundaries
La Mothe, sieur de Cadillac (b. France), founded
state.
Dickinson, poet. Ralph Waldo
include parts of four of the five Great Lakes,
Detroit. Pontiac, Ottawa chief. William Upjohn,
of the Massachusetts scene
Marshall Field, merchant.
and it has more coastline than any state except
drug manufacturer.
in which the state is a national
Fuller. inventor/engineer. John
Alaska. Michigan has had an outstanding repu-
Noteworthy places Detroit Historical Society.
alone boasts such institutions
Oliver Wendell Holmes, ju-
tation in higher education, and the University
Detroit Institute of Arts. Dossin Great Lakes
niversity (founded 1636), M.I.T. kn
Homer, painter, John F. Kennedy,
of Michigan at Ann Arbor and Michigan State
Museum, Detroit. Great Lakes Indian Interpre-
Brandeis, Boston University, Both
Jack Kerouac, author. Cotton
are helping to foster the state's high-tech indus-
tive Museum, Detroit. Greenfield Village, Dear-
Wellesley, and Tufts. To the west
Samuel Eliot Morison, his-
tries. But the state's heavy reliance on auto
born. Historic Ft. Wayne, Detroit. Isle Royale
of Massachusetts, Amherst,
Morse, inventor. Thomas P.
manufacturing makes it vulnerable to economic
Natl. Park. Mackinac Island. Pictured Rocks
Smith, and Mt. Holyoke.
congressman. Edgar Allan Poe,
downturns, as well as the general contraction
Natl. Lakeshore, Lake Superior. Sleeping Bear
For Massachuset tribe, whose
Paul Revere. patriot/silversmith.
of the American industry. The state's unem-
Dunes Natl. Lakeshore, Lake Superior.
"at or about the great hill." NICKBARK
architect. Henry David Tho-
ployment rate was 8.2 percent in early 1992 and
Memorable events French explorers in region
CAPITAL Boston. ENTERED Union
was expected to remain high for the foreseeable
1634. Jacques Marquette settles Sault Ste.
(6th). MOTTO Ense petit placidam
places Addison Gallery of Ameri-
future.
Marie 1668. Detroit founded as French military
quietem (By the sword we seek pas
Andover. Arnold Arboretum, Boston.
NAME From Fox mesikami, "large lake." NICK-
post 1701. Region ceded to England 1763; to
only under liberty).
Sackler Museum, Cambridge. Berk-
NAMES Wolverine State, Lake State. CAPITAL
U.S. 1783. Included in Northwest Territory but
BEVERAGE Cranberry juice. BIRD Chis
Pittsfield. Boston Museum of
Lansing. ENTERED UNION Jan. 26, 1837 (26th).
British maintain control until 1796. Michigan
BUILDING & MONUMENT STONE Grant
Boston Natl. Hist. Park (incl. Bun-
MOTTO Si quaeris peninsulam amoenam circum-
Territory 1805. First steamboat on Great Lakes
terrier. EXPLORER ROCK Digits
Charlestown Navy Yard, Old North
spice (If you are looking for a beautiful penin-
reaches Detroit 1818. Statehood 1837. First state
Cod. FLOWER Mayflower. FOLK
Busch Reisinger Museum, Cambridge.
sula, look around you).
to outlaw capital punishment 1846. Republican
chusetts." GEM Rhodonite. HEROINE De
Natl. Seashore. Clark Art Institute,
Emblems BIRD Robin. FISH Trout. FLOWER Ap-
party organized at Jackson 1854. Canals at
HISTORICAL ROCK Plymouth Rod.
Fogg Art Museum, Boston. Gard-
ple blossom. GEM Chlorastrolite. INSECT Drag-
Sault Ste. Marie link Lakes Superior and Huron
Morgan. INSECT Ladybug. MARINE Mill
Museum. Boston. Lowell Natl. Hist.
onfly. SONG "Michigan, My Michigan." STONE
1855. Ransom E. Olds and Henry Ford, working
whale. MINERAL Babingtonite. Pan
Minute Man Natl. Hist. Park, Lexington
Petoskey stone. TREE White pine.
independently, develop gas-powered car 1896.
of Massachusetts." Rock Roabery
Nantucket Hist. Society. Old Stur-
Land TOTAL AREA 58,527 sq. mi. (23rd), incl.
United Auto Workers first to use sit-down strike
stone. SONG "All Hail to Massada
Prabody Museum, Salem. Plimoth Plan-
1,573 sq. mi. inland water. BORDERS Lake Supe-
successfully in contract negotiations 1935. Race
STONE Granite. TREE American ein.
Plymouth. Shaker Village. Tanglewood
rior, Ontario, Lake Huron, Lake Erie, Ohio,
riot, one of the worst in U.S. history, leaves 43
AREA 8,284 sq. mi. (45th), incl. 4dl
Festival. Lenox. USS Constitution ("Old
Ind., Lake Michigan, Wis. RIVERS Brule, De-
dead and $200 million in damages in Detroit
water. BORDERS Vt., N.H., Atle
Charlestown. Walden Pond. Woods
troit, Kalamazoo, Menominee, Montreal, Mus-
1967. Congress authorizes $1.5 billion in federal
R.I., Conn., N.Y. RIVERS Cape Cat
-anographic Institute. Worcester Art
kegon, St. Joseph, St. Mary's. LAKES Burt, Hig-
loan guarantees to bail out Chrysler Corpora-
Connecticut, Merrimack, Taunton. One
gins, Houghton, Huron, Manistique, Michigan,
tion 1979.
FEATURES Buzzard's Bay, Cape An
Memorable events Pilgrims land at Plymouth
Mullett, St. Clair, Superior. OTHER NOTABLE FEA-
Tourist information 1-800-543-2YES or 1-517-
Cape Cod Bay, Connecticut Vales
Thanksgiving celebrated 1621. Har-
TURES Isle Royale, Mt. Curwood (1,980 ft.),
373-1195.
Islands, Martha's Vineyard, Mome
founded 1636. Region acquires
Saginaw Bay, Traverse Bay, Whitefish Bay.
Nantucket Island.
Maine 1652. Colonists battle Wam-
Elected officials Gov. John Engler (R, term exp.
officials Gov. William Weld (R, to
King Philip's War 1655-56. Boston
1995). Lt. Gov. Connie Binsfeld (R). Sec. State
Minnesota
Lt. Gov. Argeo Paul Cellucci R
1770. Boston Tea Party protests taxa-
Richard H. Austin (D). Atty. Gen. Frank J. Kel-
Commonwealth Michael Joseph Connoll
Battles at Lexington, Concord, and
ley (D).
A land of at least 10,000 lakes, Minnesota is
Gen. L. Scott Harshbarger (D).
1775. Shays's Rebellion 1785-86.
People (1993) 9,477,545 (8th). RACE/NATIONAL
a magnet for outdoorsmen, canoers, and fisher-
(1993) 6,012,268 (13th). RACE/NATERAL
a separate state 1820. Massa-
ORIGIN (1990): White 83.4%. Black 13.9%. Indian
men. It is also home to the largest Scandina-
White 89.8%. Black 5.0%. India
receives influx of Irish immigrants
0.6%. Asian 1.1%. Other 0.9%. Hispanic 2.2%.
vian populations in the United States. Origi-
2.4%. Other 2.6%. Hispanic LA
famine 1845. Textile workers' strike at
Cities (1990) Detroit 1,027,974. Grand Rapids
nally exploited for its wealth of lumber and
990) Boston 574,283. Worcester 16979
brings International Workers of the
189,126. Warren 144,864. Flint 140,761. Lansing
iron-the Mesabi Range still produces 60 per-
156,983. Lowell 103,439. New W
to prominence in East 1912. Cape
127,321. Sterling Heights 117,810. Ann Arbor
cent of the nation's iron ore-Minnesota also
Cambridge 95,802. Brockton 92,781
completed 1914. International pro-
109,592. Livonia 100,850. Dearborn 89,286.
has highly developed agribusinesses (especially
92,703. Quincy 84,985. Newton 82.5E
trial and execution of anarchists
Westland 84,724.
dairy products). manufacturing, and transpor-
GROSS STATE PRODUCT (GSP, 1991
and Bartolomeo Vanzetti for rob-
Business GROSS STATE PRODUCT (GSP, 1990)
tation industries. Minneapolis and St. Paul are
bil. (10th). SECTORS OF GSP: Parm
murder 1920; names cleared by gover-
$188.04 bil. (9th). SECTORS OF GSP: Farms
at the north end of the Mississippi River sys-
gricultural services, forestry, and M
1970. Eleven robbers steal
1.01%; agricultural services, forestry, and fish-
tem, and Duluth at the westernmost point of
mining 0.05%; construction 4.0%
from Brink's North Terminal Ga-
eries 0.32%; mining 0.61%; construction 3.83%;
Lake Superior is the largest U.S. inland port.
18.34%; transportation and w
Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket
manufacturing 27.13%; transportation and pub-
Both self-sufficient and politically liberal, Min-
6.72%; wholesale trade 7.10%; ml
vote to secede from state 1973.
lic utilities 7.36%; wholesale trade 6.39%; re-
nesota has one of the best state school systems.
finance, insurance, and real -
information 1-617-727-3201 or 1-617-
tail trade 9.33%; finance, insurance, and real
NAME From the Sioux minisota, "sky-tinted
services 24.47%; federal government
Greater Boston).
estate 15.75%; services 17.51%; federal govern-
waters." NICKNAMES North Star State, Gopher
military 0.43%; state and X
ment 1.21%; federal military 0.31%; state and
State. CAPITAL St. Paul. ENTERED UNION May 11,
7.47%. FORTUNE 500 COMPANY
local government 9.21%. FORTUNE 500 COM-
1858 (32nd). MOTTO L'étoile du nord (Star of the
Digital Equipment, Raytheom,
Michigan
PANIES (1993): 22: incl. General Motors, Ford
north).
Polaroid, Cabot, Thermo Electron
Motor, Chrysler, Dow Chemical, Whirlpool, Kel-
Emblems BIRD Common loon. DRINK Milk. FISH
boratories, Ocean Spray, Data General
is the single commodity with
logg, Upjohn, Dow Corning, Gerber Products,
Walleye. FLOWER Pink and white lady's slipper.
International, EMC, Stanhome, And
is most identified, and it is the
Thorn Apple Valley, La-Z-Boy Chair.
GEM Lake Superior agate. GRAIN Wild rice.
big three automakers, General Mo-
natives
John
Adams,
1
Famous natives Ralph J. Bunche, statesman
MUSHROOM Morel, or sponge mushroom. SONG
U.S.
and Chrysler. More than 50 percent
(Nobel Peace Prize, 1950). Paul de Kruif, bacte-
"Hail, Minnesota!" TREE Red pine.
152
THE UNITED STATES
Land TOTAL AREA 84,402 sq. mi. (12th), incl.
Democratic party merges with Farmer-Labor
cian. Elvis Presley, singer. Leontyne Price, -
rian. Jim Henson, puppeteer. B.B. King,
4,854 sq. mi. inland water. BORDERS Manitoba,
party 1944.
Ontario, Lake Superior, Wis., Iowa, S.Dak.,
Tourist information 1-800-657-3700 or 1-612-
N.Dak. RIVERS Minnesota, Mississippi, Red
Twitty, singer. Muddy Waters, musician. b
singer. John C. Stennis, politician. Comm option
296-5029.
River of the North, St. Croix. LAKES Itasca,
dora Welty, novelist. Ben Ames Williams. and
Lake of the Woods, Leech, Mille Lacs, Red,
Winnibigoshish. OTHER NOTABLE FEATURES Me-
Mississippi
Wright, author.
ist. Tennessee Williams, playwright. Richart
sabi Range.
Noteworthy places Delta Blues Museum, Clarks
Elected officials Gov. Arne Carlson (R, term
Mississippi's rank as the poorest state in the
dale. Natchez Trace Natl. Parkway. Seafood in
exp. 1995). Lt. Gov. Joanell Dyrstad (R). Sec.
nation can be traced to the Civil War. Before the
dustry Museum, Biloxi. Tupelo Natl. Battle
State Joan Anderson Growe (D). Atty. Gen.
Civil War, Mississippi was the fifth-wealthiest
field. Vicksburg Natl. Military Park.
Hubert H. Humphrey III (Democratic-Farmer-
state in the nation. The war cost the state
Memorable events Hernando de Soto's expedi
Labor).
30,000 men (65% of the Southerners who died).
tion travels through Mississippi 1540-41
People (1993) 4,517,416 (20th). RACE/NATIONAL
Plantation owners who survived the war were
René-Robert Cavelier de La Salle claims Mis
ORIGIN (1990): White 94.4%. Black 2.2%. Indian
virtually bankrupted by the emancipation of
sissippi "Valley for France 1682. Pierre L
1.1%. Asian 1.8%. Other 0.5%. Hispanic 1.2%.
the slaves, and Union troops under Sherman
Moyne, sieur d'Iberville builds Ft. Maurepas at
Cities (1990) Minneapolis 368,383. St. Paul
and others left widespread destruction in their
Biloxi Bay 1699. Natchez (Ft. Rosalie) estab
272,235. Bloomington 86,335. Duluth 85,493.
wake. The increasingly harsh race laws passed
lished 1716. France cedes territory to Britan
Rochester 70,745. Brooklyn Park 56,381. Coon
around 1900 also cost the state in the emigra-
1763. Mississippi Territory (including present
Rapids 52,978. Burnsville 51,288. Plymouth
tion of almost half a million (75% blacks, 25%
day Alabama) created 1798. Statehood (Natche
50,889. St. Cloud 48,812.
whites) in the 1940s. Compounding all this was
first capital) 1817. Secedes from Union: Jeffer
Business GROSS STATE PRODUCT (GSP, 1990)
the fact that until World War II, Mississippi had
son Davis becomes president of Confederacy
$100.01 bil. (19th). SECTORS OF GSP: Farms
virtually no urban center such as Jackson to
1861. Siege of Vicksburg 1863. Petroleum die
3.71%; agricultural services, forestry, and fish-
attract or sustain major industry. In race rela-
covered 1939. Gov. Ross R. Barnett found guilty
tions particularly, Mississippi has made vast
of contempt in preventing desegregation of Uni
eries 0.40%; mining 0.60%; construction 4.28%;
improvements, and there have been substantial
versity of Mississippi; James H. Meredith firs
manufacturing 21.75%; transportation and pub-
gains in education and the attraction of out-of-
black enrolled at University of Mississippi 1962
lic utilities 8.08%; wholesale trade 7.43%; retail
trade 9.18%; finance, insurance, and real estate
state companies, especially light industry.
Civil rights leader Medgar Evers assassinate:
NAME From Ojibwa misi sipi, "great river."
in Jackson and buried in Arlington National
16.67%; services 17.20%; federal government
1.96%; federal military 0.26%; state and local
NICKNAME Magnolia State. CAPITAL Jackson. EN-
Cemetery 1963. White civil rights worker
TERED UNION Dec. 10, 1817 (20th). MOTTO Virtute
James Cheney, Andrew Goodman, and Michae
government 8.48%. FORTUNE 500 COMPANIES
et armis (By virtue and arms).
Schwerner killed 1964.
(1993): 18: incl. Minnesota Mining and Manu-
Emblems BEVERAGE Milk. BIRD Mockingbird.
Tourist information 1-800-647-2290 or 1-601
facturing (3M), General Mills, Honeywell, Geo.
FISH Largemouth or black bass. FLOWER Mag-
359-3297.
R. Hormel, Land 0' Lakes, Josten's, Cray Re-
nolia. FOSSIL Prehistoric whale. INSECT Honey-
search, Toro.
bee. MAMMAL White-tailed deer. SONG "Go, Mis-
Famous natives Warren Burger, jurist. Bob Dylan,
sissippi." STONE Petrified wood. TREE Magnolia.
musician. F. Scott Fitzgerald, novelist. Judy
Missouri
WATERFOWL Wood duck. WATER MAMMAL Porpoise.
Garland, actress. J. Paul Getty, businessman.
Land TOTAL AREA 47,689 sq. mi. (32nd), incl.
Missouri is remarkable for the number and
Garrison Keillor, humorist. Sinclair Lewis, au-
456 sq. mi. inland water. BORDERS Tenn., Ala.,
variety of its neighbors-southern states (A:
thor (Nobel Prize, 1930). Paul Manship, sculp-
Gulf of Mexico, La., Ark. RIVERS Big Black,
kansas, Kentucky, and Tennessee), midwester
tor. William and Charles Mayo, surgeons. Eu-
Mississippi, Pearl, Tennessee, Yazoo. LAKES Ar-
states (Illinois and Iowa), and Plains state:
gene McCarthy, politician. Walter F. Mondale,
kabutla, Grenada, Ross Barnett Res., Sardis.
(Oklahoma, Nebraska, and Kansas). For Mis
politician. Charles Schulz, cartoonist. Richard
OTHER NOTABLE FEATURES Pontotoc Ridge.
souri, geography was destiny. Still one of the
W. Sears, merchant.
Elected officials Gov. Kirk Fordice (D, term exp.
country's most important inland ports, St
Noteworthy places Boundary Waters Canoe Area.
1996). Lt. Gov. Eddie Briggs (D). Sec. State
Louis was founded at the confluence of the Mis
Grand Portage Natl. Monument. International
Dick Molpus (D); Atty. Gen. Mike Moore (D).
souri and Mississippi rivers and became the
Falls. Lake Itasca State Park (headwaters of
People (1993) 2,642,748 (31st). RACE/NATIONAL
gateway to the West; and Independence (now
Mississippi). Mayo Clinic, Rochester. Minneap-
ORIGIN (1990): White 63.5%. Black 35.6%. In-
part of metropolitan Kansas City) got its star
olis Institute of Arts. Minnehaha Falls, Min-
dian 0.3%. Asian 0.5%. Other 0.1%. Hispanic
provisioning wagons for the Oregon and Santa
neapolis. Minnesota Zoo, Apple Valley. Pipe-
0.6%.
Fe trails. The Pony Express from St. Joseph 1.
stone Natl. Monument. Tyrone Guthrie Theater,
Cities (1990) Jackson 196,637. Biloxi 46,319.
Sacramento began in 1860, and the first at
Minneapolis. Voyageurs Natl. Park. Walker Art
Greenville 45,226. Hattiesburg 41,882. Meridian
tempt at airmail service was tried in St. Louis
Center, Minneapolis.
41,036. Gulfport 40,775. Tupelo 30,685. Pascagoula
in 1911. While farming and livestock are stil
Memorable events Pierre Esprit Radisson and
25,899. Columbus 23,799. Clinton 21,847.
important to the state's economy, manufactur
Médard Chouart des Groselliers visit area
Business GROSS STATE PRODUCT (GSP, 1990)
ing and services are now the biggest sectors.
1654-60. René-Robert de La Salle and Louis
$39.82 bil. (32nd). SECTORS OF GSP: Farms
NAME From Iliniwek missouri, "owner of bi
Hennepin explore upper Mississippi 1680. Dan-
2.80%; agricultural services, forestry, and fish-
canoes." NICKNAME Show-Me State. CAPITAL Jel
iel Greysolon, sieur Duluth, claims region for
eries 0.49%; mining 2.29%; construction 3.28%;
ferson City. ENTERED UNION Aug. 10, 1821 (24th
France 1679. Area east of Mississippi to Britain
manufacturing 24.27%; transportation and pub-
MOTTO Salus populi suprema lex esto (The we
1763; to U.S. 1783. Western region of state as
lic utilities 11.98%; wholesale trade 5.08%; re-
fare of the people shall be the supreme law).
part of Louisiana Purchase 1803. Britain cedes
tail trade 10.00%; finance, insurance, and real
Emblems BIRD Bluebird. FLOWER Hawthorne
northern strip to U.S. 1818. Ft. Snelling built
estate 13.86%; services 12.29%; federal govern-
INSECT Honeybee. MINERAL Galena. Rock Mozar
1820. Northern border settled by Ashburton
ment 2.68%; federal military 1.85%; state and
kite. SONG "Missouri Waltz." TREE Dogwood.
Treaty 1842. Minnesota Territory created 1849.
local government 9.13%. FORTUNE 500 COM-
Land TOTAL AREA 69,697 sq. mi. (19th), incl
Statehood 1858. Sioux driven from state after
PANIES (1993): 0.
752 sq. mi. inland water. BORDERS Iowa, III
uprising led by Chief Little Crow 1862. Iron ore
Famous natives Medgar Evers, reformer. Wil-
Ky., Tenn., Ark., Okla., Kans., Nebr. RIVERS Des
deposits discovered in Mesabi Range 1890.
liam Faulkner, novelist. Shelby Foote, histo-
Moines, Mississippi, Missouri, Osage, St. Francis
Ref.
A525
.67
09
The Greenwood Encyclopedia of American Institutions
Public Colleges
and Universities
JOHN F. OHLES AND
e histories of major
SHIRLEY M. OHLES
ed significant roles
om the colonial era
G
P
GREENWOOD PRESS
New York . Westport, Connecticut London
UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
MINNESOTA, UNIVERSITY OF
401
u of Business and Government
Stayer Research and Learning Center, Student Memorial Center, and student
Education, and MSU Press.
residence halls. John Fair Stoddard (BDAE) was a member of the Lancaster
cers' Training Corps program.
County Normal School faculty from 1855 to 1857. Joseph S. Taylor (BDAE)
late, academic and professional
was a graduate, and Albert Newton Raub (BDAE) served on the faculty.
S, and nineteen honor societies.
Millersville University of Pennsylvania is a public, coeducational, residential
r, the Wai-kun yearbook, and
and commuter university operating on the semester academic calendar with
ams compete in men's baseball
summer sessions. In the 1980s there were about 4,500 full-time and 1,500 part-
vomen's basketball and tennis.
time students with a faculty of about 350. The university is organized into
S. The university is accredited
schools of Science and Mathematics, Humanities and Social Sciences, and
nools. Louis Joseph Rodriguez
Education. Degrees offered are bachelor of arts, science, and science in
education; master of arts; and master of education. There are dual-degree
State University.
programs in engineering with Lafayette College, Pennsylvania State
University,* and the University of Pennsylvania. There are cross-registration
NSYLVANIA. Millersville,
programs with Franklin and Marshall Colleget and Lancaster Theological
normal school in Pennsylvania
Seminary of the United Church of Christ. The university is a member of the
1857. The Lancaster County
Marine Science Consortium with seventeen other colleges and universities.
December 2, 1859, to become
Students may enroll in foreign study programs and in the Army Reserve
unty Institute had been opened
Officers' Training Corps program. There are more than 100 student organizations,
nia, in the former Millersville
including the Student Senate, professional associations, 11 honor societies, 12
yle Wickersham (BDAE), first
social fraternities, and 9 social sororities. Students publish the Snapper weekly
decision was made to make
student newspaper, Touchstone yearbook, and George Street Carnival literary
ncaster County Normal School
magazine and operate WIXQ-FM radio station. The university is a member of
5, 1855. After acquisition by
the Pennsylvania State Athletic Conference and competes in intercollegiate athletics
ent of the renamed Millersville
in men's baseball, football, golf, soccer, and wrestling; women's field hockey,
closed temporarily during the
lacrosse, softball, and synchronized swimming; and men's and women's
m; he served until 1883. The
basketball, cross-country, tennis, and track. The Helen H. Ganser Library has
Under E. Oram Lyte (BDAE),
342,000 volumes and special collections, including the Wickersham Pedagogical
vas constructed in 1890, and
Collection, Leo Asher Collection for the Study of Operetta Music, and Living
ourse was extended from two
Pennsylvania Composers Collection. The university is accredited by the Middle
was achieved when the Board
States Association of Colleges and Schools. Joseph Anthony Caputo has been
Education.
president since 1981.
to 1927 and president from
REFERENCE: Lee A. Graver, A History of the First Pennsylvania State Normal School,
was conducted on the campus
Now the State Teachers College at Millersville (Millersville: State Teachers College,
was discontinued in 1925. In
1955).
927 the school was authorized
ne was changed to Millersville
MILWAUKEE, UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN. See under Wisconsin
nt from 1929 to 1943; he was
System, University of.
3). In 1959 the college became
program was authorized. The
MINNESOTA, UNIVERSITY OF. Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455 (612) 373-
2. William H. Duncan served
2851. In February 1851 the Minnesota territorial legislature, under the leadership
was changed to Millersville
of Governor Alexander Ramsey, created the University of Minnesota as a
npus are sixty-six buildings,
preparatory school. It was located on a site donated by Franklin Steele in the
fer Executive Center, Lyte
village of Saint Anthony. The school was opened on November 26, 1851, with
im, Roddy Science Center,
twenty pupils and Elijah W. Merrill as the teacher. The university acquired a
402
MINNESOTA, UNIVERSITY OF
new twenty-five-acre site in 1852. The school was opened in Old Main on the
new site on May 28, 1858, with A. H. Barber as principal. Edward Duffield
Neill (BDAE) served as chancellor from 1858 to 1861, when he resigned to
serve as a chaplain in the Union Forces and the school was closed. Under the
leadership of university regent, state senator, and governor, John Sargent Pillsbury,
the university was reopened on September 15, 1869, with eighteen students and
a faculty of nine. William Watts Folwell (BDAE) was the first president; he
served until 1884. The university included a land-grant college established under
the Morrill Act of 1862. The first two students were graduated in 1873. The
first master's degree was awarded in 1880 and the first doctor's degree in 1888.
In 1881 the original old university farm was sold, and the Bass farm was purchased
on Como Road; it developed into the Saint Paul campus.
Folwell was succeeded by Cyrus Northrop (BDAE), who presided over the
university from 1884 to 1911. The College of Law and College of Medicine
were established in 1888. The College of Pharmacy was organized in 1892 and
the College of Education in 1905. Old Main was destroyed by fire in 1904.
Schools of agriculture were established in Crookston (1906), Morris (1910), and
Grand Rapids (1926), Minnesota. Through a special secondary school program
they provided a student body for the College of Agriculture. In 1909 the Training
School for Nurses was organized; it was the first nursing school established at
a state university. The university was reorganized by Northrop's successor,
George Edgar Vincent (1911-1917). During Vincent's administration the
university formed an affiliation of the Medical School with the Mayo Clinic in
Rochester, Minnesota. The Students' Army Training Corps was conducted on
the campus during World War I. Lotus Delta Coffman (BDAE) was president
from 1920 until his death in 1938. The University College was established in
1930, General College in 1932, the Institute of Technology in 1935, and the
Center for Continuation Study in 1936. During World War II a number of training
programs were conducted on the campus, including the Army Specialized Training
Program, Cadet Nursing Corps, and Navy V-12 program. Starvation experiments
under Ancel Keys resulted in development of K Rations for the armed forces.
Under James Lewis Morrill, president from 1945 to 1960, a major building
program provided facilities for instruction and research. In 1947 the Duluth State
Teachers College was placed under the university as the University of Minnesota,
Duluth Branch; it later became University of Minnesota, Duluth.* A branch
campus was established at Morris in 1959 (later the University of Minnesota,
Morris*). Other branch campuses (later technical colleges) were established at
Crookston (1965) and Waseca (1969). The Gray Freshwater Biological Institute
was founded in 1974. Serving as president were Owen Meredith Wilson (1960-
1967), Malcolm Moos (1967-1974), and C. Peter Magrath (1974-1984).
The 233-acre Minneapolis campus is divided by the Mississippi River with
more than sixty buildings on the east bank and ten buildings on the west bank.
Among them are Walter Library (1923), O. Meredith Wilson Library, Rarig
Center, Social Sciences building, Burton Hall (1895), Blegen Hall, West Bank
612.555.1212
625-5000..
MINNESOTA, UNIVERSITY OF
403
Union, Law Building, Art Building, Coffman Memorial Union (1940), University
Hospitals, Physics building (1927), Architecture building, Northrop Memorial
Auditorium (1928), Williams Arena (1927), Bell Museum of Natural History
(1940), Armory (1896), Folwell Hall (1907), and seven student residence halls.
On the 752-acre Saint Paul campus are more than fifty buildings, including Stakman
Hall of Plant Pathology (1943), Old Dairy building (1891), Agricultural
Engineering building (1913), Home Economics building (1914), Veterinary
Hospitals, Food Science and Nutrition building, and a student residence hall.
University branch agricultural stations total 18,999 acres. There are twenty-two
buildings at the Technical College and Agricultural Station at Crookston in the
97-acre campus and more than twenty buildings at the Technical College and
Agricultural Station at Waseca on the 1,203-acre campus. The 695-acre Landscape
Arboretum is located near Chanhassen, Minnesota. The university operates nine-
and eighteen-hole golf courses.
Among graduates of the university were J. Paul Goode (BDAE), Alonzo G.
Grace (BDAE), Benjamin Charles Gruenberg (BDAE), Karl John Holzinger
41L
(BDAE), Henry Johnson (BDAE), and Theodore Gerald Soares (BDAE).
Graduates who also served on the faculty included Clara Brown Arny (BDAE),
3313
Dora V. Smith (BDAE), and Willis Mason West (BDAE). Among faculty members
were Harold R. W. Benjamin (BDAE), Theodore B. H. Brameld (BDAE), Leo
Brueckner (BDAE), Harl Roy Douglass (BDAE), Fred Englehardt (BDAE),
Walter W. Heller, Palmer O. Johnson (BDAE), David Litchard Kiehle (BDAE),
Leonard Vincent Koos (BDAE), Thomas Raymond McConnell (BDAE), B. F.
Skinner (BDAE), Allen Tate, Owen H. Wangensteen, C. Gilbert Wrenn (BDAE),
Frederick John Wulling (BDAE), and college and university presidents Ada
Louise Comstock (BDAE), Harry Pratt Judson (BDAE), Frank LeRond McVey
(BDAE), and Albert Fred Woods (BDAE). There have been four graduate and
seven faculty Nobel Prize winners.
University of Minnesota is a public, coeducational, commuter and residential,
land-grant university operating on the quarter academic calendar with summer
sessions. In the 1980s there were more than 58,000 students and a faculty of
more than 5,000. The university is organized into colleges of Agriculture,
Biological Sciences, Education, Forestry, Home Economics, Liberal Arts,
Pharmacy, and Veterinary Medicine; schools of Dentistry, Management, Nursing,
and Public Health; General College; Graduate School; Law School; Medical
School; Hubert H. Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs Institute of Technology;
University College; and Department of Mortuary Science. The College of
Agriculture offers bachelor of science, agricultural business administration, and
landscape architecture degrees. It maintains the Agricultural Experiment Station
and conducts the Agricultural Extension Service with extension agents in ninety-
one counties. Student organizations include the Student Board, professional
associations, and honor societies. The College of Biological Sciences awards
bachelor of science, master of science, and doctor of philosophy degrees. The
MINNESOTA, UNIVERSITY OF
405
and Environment, and Midwest Center for Occupational Health and Safety. The
General College grants bachelor of general studies, bachelor of applied studies,
and associate in arts degrees. The Graduate School offers master of agriculture,
architecture, geo-engineering, metallurgy and materials science, music, planning,
science, and social work; master of aeronautical, agricultural, chemical, civil,
electrical, industrial, mechanical, and mineral engineering; master of science in
anesthesiology, dermatology, experimental surgery, geo-engineering, metallurgy
and materials science, neurology, neurosurgery, obstetrics and gynecology,
ophthalmology, orthopedic surgery, otolaryngology, pediatrics, physical medicine
and rehabilitation, psychiatry, radiology, surgery, therapeutic radiology, and
urology; master of science in aeronautical, chemical, civil, electrical, industrial,
mechanical, and mineral engineering; and doctor of education, musical arts, and
philosophy degrees.
The Law School awards the juris doctor degree and a master of arts degree
in American institutions to lawyers from foreign countries. Student organizations
include the Law School Council and a law student honor society. Students publish
the Minnesota Law Review. The Medical School confers bachelor of science and
doctor of medicine degrees. There is a combined doctor of medicine/doctor of
philosophy degrees program. Medical student activities include the Medical
Student Council and a national honor society. The University of Minnesota
Medical Bulletin is distributed to the school's alumni. The school offers a medical
technology program and courses in physical therapy and occupational therapy.
The Continuation Study Program offers postgraduate courses to practitioners.
The Hubert H. Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs grants master of arts and master
of planning degrees. There are joint degree programs with the Law School,
School of Social Work, Department of Political Science, and the Program in
Hospital and Health Care Administration. The Institute of Technology offers
bachelor of architecture, landscape architecture, chemistry, computer science,
environmental design, geo-engineering, materials science and engineering,
mathematics, physics, and statistics; science in astrophysics, geology, and
geophysics; bachelor of agricultural, chemical, civil, electrical, and mechanical
engineering; master of engineering; and master of science degrees. University
College confers bachelor of arts and bachelor of science degrees. The college
conducts the University Without Walls, University Scholars, Inter-College, and
Foreign Studies programs. The Department of Mortuary Science awards the
bachelor of science degree; a master of education degree in school health education
for mortuary science students is available through the College of Education.
The University of Minnesota Technical College, Crookston, is located on the
campus of the Northwest School of Agriculture. It is a two-year technical college
with more than 1, 100 students and a faculty of 80. The college offers the associate
in applied science degree. Among thirty student organizations is the Student
Senate. Students publish the Commuter student newspaper and operate KCUM-
FM radio station. The college is a member of the Minnesota Junior College
Conference and participates in intercollegiate athletics in men's football, wrestling,
404
MINNESOTA, UNIVERSITY OF
college conducts the Gray Freshwater Biological Institute at Navarre, Minnesota,
on Lake Minnetonka. The College of Education confers bachelor of science,
master of education, master of arts, doctor of education, and doctor of philosophy
degrees. It conducts the Institute of Child Development, Center for Early Education
and Development, and Minnesota Research and Development Center.
The College of Forestry grants bachelor of science, master of science, master
of forestry, and doctor of philosophy degrees. It operates the Cloquet Forestry
Center and Lake Itasca Forestry and Biological Station. The College of Home
Economics offers the bachelor of science, master of arts, master of science and
doctor of philosophy degrees. It includes the School of Social Work. The Student
Board is the student government association for the college. The college operates
the Center for Youth Development and Research. The College of Liberal Arts
awards bachelor of arts, fine arts, music, science, and individualized studies and
associate in liberal arts degrees. Among student organizations are professional
associations and the Student Intermediary Board that represents the students to
the administration. Degrees conferred by the College of Pharmacy are bachelor
of science and doctor of pharmacy. Among student organizations are the College
Board governing body, two professional associations, three professional
fraternities, and one honor society. Students publish Pharmacopa student
magazine. The College of Veterinary Medicine grants the doctor of veterinary
medicine degree. Veterinary student organizations include the Student Council,
two professional associations, and a national honor society. The college publishes
the semiannual Minnesota Veterinarian. The School of Dentistry conducts a
program in dental hygiene. It grants bachelor of science, doctor of dental surgery,
and graduate dental hygienist degrees. The School of Management offers bachelor
of science in business-regular; bachelor of science in business-accounting; master
of business administration, business taxation, and arts in industrial relations; and
doctor of philosophy degrees. It conducts the Employer Education Service; Labor
Education Service; Executive Development Center and Accounting Research,
Industrial Relations, Management Information Systems Research, Operation
Management, and Strategic Management Research centers. Among student
organizations are the Student Board government body, six professional
associations, four professional fraternities, and one honor society. Students publish
the 10-K Review quarterly magazine. The bachelor of science in nursing and
master of science in nursing degrees are awarded by the School of Nursing.
Nursing student organizations include the Nursing College Board, a professional
fraternity, and an honor society.
The School of Public Health confers master of public health, hospital
administration, and science and doctor of philosophy degrees and conducts
certificate programs. There are dual master of public health/master of social work
degrees programs with the School of Social Work, Hubert H. Humphrey Institute
of Public Affairs, Graduate School of Management, and School of Social
Development at the University of Minnesota, Duluth. The school conducts the
Center for Health Services Research, Center to Study Human-Animal Relationships
406
MINNESOTA, UNIVERSITY OF
MIN
baseball, and hockey; women's volleyball and softball; and men's and women's
pat
basketball. The University of Minnesota Technical College, Waseca, is a two-
gyr
year technical college with a student body of about 1,100 and a faculty of about
(
68. The college offers the associate in applied science degree. Among student
and
organizations are the Student Senate, professional associations, and an honor
was
society. Students publish Ram-Page student newspaper and operate KUMW-FM
that
radio station. The college is a member of the Minnesota Junior College Athletic
On
Association and participates in men's football and wrestling; women's volleyball and
Mir
softball; and men's and women's cross-country golf, track, and basketball.
Mir
The university operates the Center for Urban and Regional Affairs and the
in 1
University of Minnesota Press. It is a Sea Grant institution. Programs for young
to I
people ages twelve to twenty-one are available through the Center for Youth
new
Development and Research. A variety of credit and noncredit programs are
194
provided by the Office of Continuing Education and Extension. Students may
the
enroll in Army, Air Force, and Naval Reserve Officers' Training Corps programs.
195
There are about 550 student organizations, including the Minnesota Student
the
Association, Twin Cities Student Assembly, many professional societies, 24
O
professional fraternities, 32 social fraternities, 20 social sororities, and Phi Beta
Dult
Kappa (1892) and 26 other honor societies. Students publish the Minnesota Daily
labo
student newspaper and Northern Lit Quarterly literary magazine; they operate
are
W.
WMMR campus radio station. The University operates KUOM radio station and
clas:
KTCA-TV public television station. It is a member of the Big Ten Conference
Stuc
and participates in men's baseball, football, hockey, and wrestling; women's
of N
volleyball and softball; and men's and women's basketball, cross-country, gym-
nastics, swimming and diving, track and field, tennis and golf. The university
Apa
on t
libraries have nearly 4 million volumes. The university is accredited by the North
Rese
Central Association of Colleges and Schools. Kenneth Harrison Keller became
cultu
president in 1985.
U.
REFERENCES: Emily Page, University of Minnesota; Guy Stanton Ford, The Making of
com:
the University: An Unorthodox Report (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press,
sessi
1940); James Gray, Open Wide the Door: The Story of the University of Minnesota (New
York: Putnam, 1958); James Gray, The University of Minnesota: 1851-1951 (Minne-
The
apolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1951).
scho
icine
Minnesota, Duluth, University of. Duluth, Minnesota 55812 (218) 726-
bach
8000. The Minnesota legislature authorized the establishment of the State Normal
of in
School at Duluth in 1895; the city of Duluth donated a six-acre site at Twenty-
the S
third Avenue West and Fifth Street for a campus. Old Main was constructed but
arts,
was destroyed by fire in 1902 before the school had opened. The normal school
Scho
was opened on September 2, 1902, with 91 students and 10 faculty under Eugene
It ma
William Bohannon as president (1901-1938). In 1905 the name was changed to
Th
Duluth State Normal School. The school was closed from October 11 to De-
scien
cember 3, 1918, due to an influenza epidemic and a massive forest fire that
ness
scorched northern Minnesota. The normal school fed some 250 to 300 influenza
progr
GRANT HEILMAN
St. Paul, the capital and second-largest city of Minnesota, is situated on the banks of the Mississippi.
MINNESOTA
OF
THE
CONTENTS
section
Page
Section
Page
The Land
184
5. Education and
The People
186
Culture
195
6. Recreation and
The Economy
191
Places of Interest
197
Government
193
7. History
198
X x THE GREAT MINNESSIA 10 DU HORD SEAL STATE
MINNESOTA, one of the north central states of
1858.
1 nited States, is a leading agricultural state
also benefits from a strong industrial base.
State Seal of Minnesota
samines account for most of the iron ore pro-
swed in the United States. Minnesota ranks
the commercial center of the Upper Midwest,
ethnic mix, with a tilt toward cultural dominance
region that embraces also the Dakotas, Iowa,
by descendants of Lutheran immigrants from the
Wisconsin, and Upper Michigan. Both agricul-
Scandinavian countries. However, the single larg-
and manufacturing are highly diversified.
est ethnic group is German, divided about evenly
The northern third of the state, with its dark
between Lutherans and Roman Catholics. Sig-
the forests, sparkling lakes, and long shoreline
nificant numbers of Italians, Slovenes, Croatians,
Lake Superior, is noted as a major vacation-
Serbians, and Finns live in the northeastern part
and in both winter and summer. Routes along
of the state, many of them descended from
Mississippi and St. Croix rivers on the east-
persons who came as laborers in the iron mines.
border offer much scenic beauty. The south-
The largest concentration of Irish traditionally
two thirds of the state is mainly agricultural,
has been in St. Paul and in certain rural coun-
Yough there is a sprinkling of rural towns and
ties. American Indians are a visible minority
ball cities that often have significant industrial
in the Twin Cities, as well as in those rural areas
stivity. In the east central portion of Minnesota
designated as reservations.
the two major cities, Minneapolis and St.
The state has been famous for its political
ml the Twin Cities) and their growing suburbs,
iconoclasm, notably the Farmer-Labor party of
which are located the major cultural and in-
the 1930's. It has provided a base from which
instrial activities of the state.
such leaders as Walter Mondale, Hubert Hum-
Minnesota is noteworthy for its interesting
phrey, and Eugene McCarthy have emerged.
183
1. The Land
The four great glaciers of the Ice Age that,
one after another, spread over all but the south-
eastern tip of Minnesota molded the land into
patterns of lake and rolling plain, river and deep
valley. The glaciers helped create the thousands
of lakes for which the state is famous.
Major Physical Divisions. Covering almost half
the state is the central hill and lake region. Here,
low hills abound, along with lakes, streams, and
marshes. Here, too, the old Laurentian highland
survives as a divide from which originate three
of the continent's great river systems: one drain-
ing northward through the Red River to Hudson
Bay; one eastward by way of the Great Lakes
and the St. Lawrence River to the Atlantic
Ocean; and one southward by way of the Missis-
sippi River to the Gulf of Mexico.
To the northeast, in a section shaped like the
tip of an arrow, rocky ridges and deep lakes
make up the Arrowhead Country, where the
highest and lowest points of Minnesota are found.
Across the southern reaches of the state are roll-
ing plains, interspersed in the southeast with
deep river valleys.
In the bed of glacial Lake Agassiz lies the
fourth distinct region, the flat plain of the north-
west. Once 700 miles (1,125 km) long and
RON WINCH. PHOTO RESEARCHERS
200 miles (322 km) wide, Lake Agassiz drained
High Falls of the Baptism River are one of many water-
away to the north as the last of the rivers of
falls that enhance the rugged beauty of Minnesota.
ice receded, but it left behind traces of its
lowering beach lines in many flat, sandy ridges.
It was finally reduced to Lake Winnipeg, Mani-
As a literary counterpart to political icono-
toba, and its level, fertile bottom became the val-
clasm, such authors as Thorstein Veblen, Sin-
ley of the Red River of the North.
clair Lewis, and F. Scott Fitzgerald have won
Rivers and Lakes. Much of Minnesota's bound-
international fame. Folk traditions still thrive in
ary is outlined by natural waterways, and the
the form of old-time fiddling, rug weaving, and
interior of the state is laced by navigable rivers
other activities, often celebrated in festivals held
and their numerous good-sized tributaries. The
during the summer in various towns.
Mississippi is fed by the Crow Wing, Rum, Min-
nesota, St. Croix, Cannon, Zumbro, and Root;
the Minnesota by the Blue Earth, Cottonwood,
Redwood, Chippewa, Pomme de Terre, and Lac
INFORMATION HIGHLIGHTS
qui Parle; the Red by the Red Lake and Wild
Location: In west north central United States,
bordered east by Wisconsin and Lake Superior,
Rice; the Rainy by the Vermilion, Big Fork, and
north by Ontario and Manitoba, west by North
Little Fork; and the St. Croix by the Kettle and
Dakota and South Dakota, south by lowa.
the Snake.
Elevation: Highest point-Eagle Mountain, Cook
county, 2,301 feet (702 meters); lowest point—
The lakes of Minnesota number about 5,000
Lake Superior, 602 feet (184 meters); approxi-
more than the 10,000 of legend, and some esti-
mate mean elevation-1,200 feet (366 meters).
mates place the total as high as 22,000. The
Area: 84,402 square miles (218,601 sq km); rank,
12th.
lakes provide Minnesota with one of the greatest
Population: 1980 census, 4,075,970; rank, 21st. In-
water areas of any state-more than 4,750 square
crease (1970-1980), 7.1%.
miles (12,300 sq km). They range in size from
Climate: Marked by extreme variations in tempera-
ture, with frequently hot summers and severe
a few acres to the 200 square miles (518 sq km)
winters.
each of Leech Lake and Mille Lacs, and the 440
Statehood: May 11, 1858; order of admission, 32d.
square miles (1,140 sq km) of Red Lake. Per-
Origin of Name: From two Indian words meaning
'sky-tinted water."
haps the most famous is Lake Itasca, principal
Capital: St. Paul.
source of the Mississippi River.
Largest City: Minneapolis.
Many waterfalls add to the natural beauty of
Number of Counties: 87.
Principal Products: Manufactures-chemicals, elec-
the state, including Minnehaha Falls (53 feet,
trical machinery, food and food products, busi-
or 16 meters) in Minneapolis, celebrated in Long-
ness equipment; farm products-corn, soy-
fellow's poem The Song of Hiawatha; High Falls
beans, cattle, milk; minerals-iron ore, sand
and gravel, stone, cement.
(133 feet, or 41 meters) on the Minnesota-On-
State Motto: L'Etoile du Nord (The Star of the
tario border; and Cascade Falls (124 feet, or 38
North).
State Song: Hail! Minnesota.
meters) on the Cascade River in Cook county.
State Nicknames: The North Star State: Gopher
Climate. Minnesota has a dramatic round of
State: Land of Sky-Blue Waters; Land of Ten
seasons, with extremes of temperature and rapid
Thousand Lakes: Bread and Butter State.
State Bird: Common loon.
changes characteristic of both summer and win-
State Flower: Pink and white lady's-slipper.
ter. The winters are often severe, with an aver-
State Tree: Red. or Norway, pine.
age of 70 inches (1,800 mm) of snowfall in the
State Flag: State seal centered on a field of blue.
Surrounding the seal are a flowered wreath
northeast. The summers are marked by sudden
and a white circular band containing 19 stars.
intense heat waves. Indian summer, in October,
is a season of exceptional beauty and charm. The
184
HERE 1475 FT
ABOVE
THE OCEAN
THE MIGHTY
MISSISSIPPI
BEGINS
TO FLOW
ON ITS
WINDING WAY
2552 MILES
TO THE
GULF
OF MEXICO
GRANT HEILMAN
Lake Itasca, in Itasca State Park, is the source of the Mississippi River.
mean temperature is 44° F (6.7° C), but
valuable game fish found in Minnesota is the
some counties the range may be from -35° F
northern pike. Also common are largemouthed
37° C) to 108° F (42° C).
and smallmouthed bass, brook and rainbow trout,
The growing season is longest (160 days) in
crappies, perch, sunfish, bluegills, whitefish, and
south central and southeastern sections. In
walleyed pike.
northern counties it is much shorter, in some
Mineral Resources. The glaciers that gouged
only 100 days. Rainfall varies from 32
out hollows and paths for lakes and rivers also
ches (810 mm) along the central and south-
determined the character of the soil and con-
stern boundaries to 20 inches (510 mm) in the
tributed to the mineral resources of the state.
orthwest.
Glacial drift-boulders, sand, and clay carried by
Plant and Animal Life. At one time the most
the sheets of ice and then dropped as the ice
portant of Minnesota's plant resources was the
melted-formed the parent material for almost all
mber that covered more than two thirds of
the soil of Minnesota.
state. Great coniferous forests, spread over the
The great iron ranges of Minnesota-Ver-
northern section as far as the Red River,
milion, Mesabi, and Cuyuna, stretching from
counted for most of Minnesota's 38 million
Lake county southwest to Morrison county-were
(15.4 million hectares) of virgin timber.
formed slowly, over geologic ages. Finally the
about half this area remains in forest today,
glaciers cut deeply into the rock above the iron
in that half little is left of the virgin
beds and, as they retreated, left at Mesabi and
mber. The new growth is in jack pine, white
Cuyuna only a thin layer of drift over soft ores.
rch, aspen, and pin cherry.
The topographic face of northern Minnesota is
The prairies that formed the original vegeta-
pocked with the open pits from which this ore
area in the west and southwest were tree-
has been scooped. With the depletion of high-
except along the rivers. There the willows,
grade, natural ores, a low-grade ore called
ttonwoods, box elders, and sugar maples still
taconite has come into prominence.
Flowers in many varieties are found, and
Conservation. Minnesota pioneers, one com-
over and other grasses are widespread.
mentator has said, "created with one hand and
Of the big game that once roamed the
destroyed with the other." The bounty of nature
miries and forests of Minnesota, only the white-
seemed unlimited to the early settlers. The ruth-
deer is still abundant. Moose and caribou
less felling of pine trees, the unlimited taking of
found only in small herds in the far northern
game and fish, and the exhaustion of the soil
vamps. The fur-bearing animals have survived
all seemed justified by the demands of advancing
rough adaptability and tenacity. The beaver,
civilization. In 1876 a forestry association to
protected, has been reestablished. Muskrat,
protect timber resources was founded, the first
ink, fox, and raccoon are also found.
of a long line of groups that gave increasing
The shallow lakes and marshes of the north-
though sporadic and haphazard attention to the
counties make good feeding and breeding
conservation of the state's natural resources.
ounds for waterfowl. Ducks in 25 species and
Finally in 1931 the state department of con-
veral kinds of geese are found in Minnesota
servation was established. It developed a system-
Partridge, sharp-tailed grouse, and the
atic program for the preservation and wise use
ng-necked pheasant also abound. The most
of the state's forest, game and fish, soil and
185
immigrants from Europe. Needing more work-
ers to till the land and fell the trees, the enter-
prising New Englanders who had settled in Min-
nesota reached out to sell the idea to the peoples
of Europe through personal agents and glowing
reports of the state's attractions. The first rush of
immigration in response was made up princi-
pally of Germans, Irish, Norwegians, and
Swedes. By 1890 there were 467,356 foreign-
born living in Minnesota, and of these all but
30,000 were Germans, Scandinavians, or immi-
grants from English-speaking countries.
During the 1880's and 1890's an earlier
trickle of Czechs, Slovaks, Poles, and Finns
swelled rapidly as the iron mines and the lumber
industry called for laborers. The Finns, how-
ever, soon became the largest group in this new
wave of immigration. In smaller numbers came
Slovenes, Russians, Icelanders, Greeks, and Ital-
ians.
After the turn of the century the rate of
increase declined markedly, due to a drastic re-
duction in immigration and a falling birthrate,
although each decade saw a growth in popula-
tion. By the 1940's Minnesota was rapidly ap-
proaching a stabilized population, but then a
sharp upturn in the birthrate helped reverse the
trend. Significant gains were recorded in each
succeeding decade.
Of the present population, almost 97% are
GRANT HEILMAN
white. In the 1980 census there were about
Open-pit mining in the Mesabi Range contributes to Min-
53,000 blacks and 35,000 American Indians.
nesota's role as the major producer of iron ore.
GROWTH OF POPULATION SINCE 1860
mineral, and water resources. It also supervises
the activities of more than a million fishermen
Year
Population
Year
Population
and some half-million hunters, and watches over
1860
172,023
1950
2,982,483
the park system of the state.
1880
780,773
1960
3,413,864
Beginning in the 1950's, there were increas-
1900
1,751,394
1970
3.805,069
1920
2,387,125
1980
4,075,970
ing demands for a comprehensive water-use pro-
1940
2,792,300
gram. Mismanagement of land, reduction of
storage areas through indiscriminate drainage,
Gain, 1970-1980: 7.1% (U.S. gain, 11.4%). Density,
and pollution of water posed serious threats to
1980: 51.2 persons per sq mi (U.S. density, 62.6).
the state's waters at the same time that industry's
requirements for water were growing. In re-
URBAN-RURAL DISTRIBUTION
sponse to these problems, an array of state and
Year
Percent urban
Percent rural
federal agencies, often with overlapping autho-
rity, was established to pass upon various forms
1920
44.1 (U.S., 51.2)
55.9
1930
49.0 (U.S., 56.1)
51.0
of water usage.
1940
49.8 (U.S., 56.6)
50.2
1950
54.5 (U.S., 64.0)
45.5
2. The People
1960
62.2 (U.S., 69.9)
37.8
A major influx of immigrants in the late 19th
1970
66.4 (U.S. 73.5)
33.6
1980
66.9 (U.S., 73.7)
33.1
century swelled the population of Minnesota and
left its imprint on the state. Although 97% of
Minnesotans today were born in the United
LARGEST CENTERS OF POPULATION
States, large numbers of them are of Scandina-
(Incorporated places and metropolitan areas¹)
vian or German ancestry. Lutherans and Roman
City or
Catholics constitute Minnesota's major religious
metropolitan area
1980
1970
1960
groups.
Characteristics of the Population. The population
Minneapolis
370,951
434,400
482,872
Metropolitan area²
2,113,533
1,965,391
1,482,030
growth of Minnesota in the first decades after its
St. Paul
270,230
309,866
313,411
organization as a territory in 1849 was explosive.
Duluth
92,811
100,578
106,884
In the census of 1850, 6,077 residents were
Metropolitan area³
266,650
265,350
276,596
Bloomington
81,831
81,970
50,498
reported. In 1860, two years after Minnesota
Rochester
57,890
53,766
40,663
became a state, the people numbered 172,023.
Metropolitan area
92,006
84,104
65,532
Very rapid increases continued through the rest
Edina
46,073
44,046
28,501
Brooklyn Park
43,332
26,230
10,197
of the century, and by 1900 the state boasted a
St. Louis Park
42,931
48,883
43,310
population of 1,751,394.
St. Cloud
42,566
39,691
33,815
The earliest pioneers included French, En-
Minnetonka
38,683
35,776
25,037
Richfield
37,851
47,231
42,523
glish, Scots, Swiss, and French Canadians, and
Coon Rapids
35,826
30,505
14,931
the first large wave of settlers was made up
Roseville
35,820
34,438
23,997
chiefly of newcomers from New England. But
Burnsville
35,674
19,940
the dramatic increase in population in the last
Standard metropolitan statistical areas. Minneapolis-
half of the 19th century was due to the arrival of
St. Paul. Duluth-Superior.
186
MINNESOTA
COUNTIES
Albert LeaO 19,190
E7
Cariton© 862
F4
Elko 274
E6
Hendrum 336
B3
Albertville 564
E5
Carver 642
E6
Elk RiverO 785
E5
Henning 832
C4
E4
Alden 687
E7
404
Cass Lake 1,001
D3
Ellendale 555
E7
Herman 600
B5
998
E5
Alexandria 7,608
C5
Center City© 458
F5
Ellsworth 629
C7
Hermantown 759
F4
336
C4
Alpha 180
D7
Centerville 734
E5
Elmore 882
D7
Heron Lake 783
C7
-
C2
Altura 354
G6
Ceylon 543
D7
Elrosa 214
C5
Hewitt 299
C4
187
D5
Alvarado 385
B2
Champlin ,006
G5
Ely 4 820
G3
Hibbing 21, 193
F3
716
B5
Amboy 606
D7
Chandler 344
C7
Elysian 454
E6
Hill City 533
E4
314
D6
Andover 387
E5
Chanhassen 359
F6
Emily 588
E4
Hills 598
B7
645
D6
Annandale 1,568
D5
Chaska© 346
F6
Emmons 465
E7
Hinckley 963
E4
936
F4
Anoka© 15,634
E5
Chatfield 2,055
F7
Erhard 194
B4
Hitterdal 253
B4
046
E6
Appleton 1, 842
C5
Chisago City 634
E5
Erskine 585
B3
Hoffman 631
C5
D4
Apple Valley 21,818
G6
Chisholm .930
E3
Evansville 571
C4
Hokah 686
G7
941
C5
Argyle 741
B2
Chokio 559
B5
Eveleth 5,042
F3
Holdingford 635
D5
717
F5
Arlington 1,779
D6
Circle Pines 3,321
G5
Excelsior 2,523
E6
Holland 234
B6
B4
Ashby 486
C4
Clara City 1,574
C6
Eyota 244
F7
Hollandale 290
E7
761
C3
Askov 350
F4
Claremont 591
E6
Fairfax 1. 405
D6
Holloway 142
C5
H3
Atwater 1, 128
D5
Clarissa 663
C4
Fairmont© 1,506
D7
Hopkins 15,336
G5
854
C6
Audubon 383
C4
Clarkfield 1, 171
C6
Falcon Heights 291
G5
Houston 1. .057
G7
722
D4
Aurora 2,670
F3
Clarks Grove 620
E7
Faribault© 16,241
E6
Howard Lake 1,240
D5
mora 111
E6
AustinO 23,020
E7
Clearbrook 579
C3
Farmington 370
E6
Hoyt Lakes 3. 186
F3
773
F7
Avoca 201
C7
Clear Lake 266
E5
Federal Dam 192
D3
Hugo 3,771
E5
839
C5
Avon 804
D5
Clearwater 379
D5
Felton 264
B3
Hutchinson 9,244
D6
-bauit 714
D7
Babbitt 2. 435
G3
Clements 227
D6
Fergus Falls© 12,519
B4
Independence 2,640
F5
more 930
F7
Backus 255
D4
Cleveland 699
E6
Fertile 869
B3
International FallsO 5,611
E2
reborn 329
E7
Badger 320
B2
Climax 273
B3
Fifty Lakes 263
D4
Inver Grove Heights
Goodnue 38.749
F6
Bagley© 321
C3
Clinton 622
B5
Finlayson 202
F4
17,171
E6
Grant 171
B5
Balaton 752
C6
Clontarf 196
C5
Fisher 453
B3
lona 248
C7
Hennepin 411
E5
Barnesville 2,207
B4
Cloquet 11, 142
F4
Flensburg 256
D5
Ironton 537
D4
19,617
G7
Barnum 464
F4
Coates 207
E6
Floodwood 648
E4
Isanti 858
E5
098
D3
Barrett 388
B5
Cohasset
E3
Foley© 1,606
D5
Isle 573
E4
600
E5
Battle Lake 708
C4
Cokato .056
D5
Forada 191
C5
Ivanhoe© 761
B6
43 006
E3
Baudette© 1,170
D2
Cold Spring 294
D5
Forest Lake 4,596
F5
Jackson© ,797
C7
JCKSON 13.690
C7
Baxter 2,625
D4
Coleraine 1. 116
E3
Foreston 283
E5
Janesville 1,897
E6
Kanabec 12,161
E5
Bayport 932
F5
Cologne 545
E6 Fosston 1,599
C3
Jasper 731
B7
36. 763
C5
Beardsley 344
B5
Columbia Heights 20,029
G5
Fountain 327
F7
Jeffers 437
C6
tison 6. 672
B2
Beaver Bay 283
G3
Comfrey 548
D6
Foxhome 161
B4
Jenkins 219
D4
Koochiching 17,571
E2
Beaver Creek 260
B7
Conger 183
E7
Franklin 512
D6
Jordan 2,663
E6
QUI Parle 10,592
B6
Becker 601
E5
Cook 800
F3
Frazee 284
C4
Kandiyohi 447
D5
Lake 043
G3
Belgrade 805
C5
Coon Rapids 35,826
G5
Freeborn 323
E7
Karlstad 934
B2
Lake of the Woods 3,764
D2
Bellechester 220
F6
Corcoran 252
F5
Freeport 563
D5
Kasota 739
D6
Le Sueur 23. 434
E6
Belle Plaine 2,754
E6
Cosmos 571
D6
Fridley 30,228
G5
Kasson 2,827
F6
Lincoin 8. 207
B6
Bellingham 290
B5
Cottage Grove 18,994
F6
Frost 293
D7
Keewatin 1. 443
E3
Lyon 207
C6
Belview 438
C6
Cottonwood 924
C6
Fulda 1,308
C7
Kelliher 324
D3
Mahnomen 5,535
C3
Bemidji© 10,949
D3
Courtland 399
D6
Garfield 284
C5
Kellogg 440
G6
Marshall 027
B2
Bena 153
D3
Cromwell 229
F4
Garrison 174
E4
Kelly Lake 900
F3
Martin 4.687
D7
Benson® 3,656
C5
Crookston© 8,628
B3
Garvin 172
C6
Kennedy 405
B2
McLeod 29,657
D6
Bertha 510
C4
Crosby 2,218
D4
Gary 241
B3
Kensington 331
C5
Meeker 20,594
D5
Bethel 272
E5
Crosslake .064
E4
Gaylord© 1,933
D6
Kenyon ,529
E6
Mille Lacs 18,430
E5
Bigelow 249
C7
Crystal 543
G5
Geneva 417
E7
Kerkhoven 761
C5
Mornson 29,311
D4
Big Falls 490
E2
Crystal Bay (Orono) 6,845
F5
Ghent 356
C6
Kiester 670
E7
Mower 40,390
F7
Bigfork 457
E3
Currie 359
C6
Gibbon 787
D6
Kilkenny 177
E6
Murray 11,507
C6
Big Lake 2,210
E5
Cuyuna 157
E4
Gilbert 2,721
F3
Kimball 651
D5
Nicollet 26,929
D6
Bingham Lake 222
C7
Cyrus 334
C5
Gilman 156
E5
Kingston 141
D5
Nobles 21,840
C7
Bird Island 1,372
D6
Dakota 350
G7
Glencoe® ,396
D6
Kinney 447
F3
Norman 9,379
B3
Biwabik 1. .428
F3
Dalton 248
C4
Glenville 851
E7
La Crescent 3,674
G7
Olmsted 91,971
F7
Blackduck 653
D3
Danube 590
C6
Glenwood® 2,523
C5
Lafayette 507
D6
Otter Tail 937
C4
Blaine 28,558
G5
Danvers 152
C5
Glyndon 882
B4
Lake Benton 869
B6
Pennington 15,258
B2
Blomkest 200
D6
Darfur 139
D6
Golden Valley 22,775
G5
Lake Bronson 298
B2
Pine 19.871
F4
Blooming Prairie 1,969
E7
Darwin 282
D5
Gonvick 362
C3
Lake City 4,505
F6
Pipestone 11,690
B6
Bloomington 831
G6
Dassel .066
D5
Goodhue 657
F6
Lake Crystal 078
D6
Polk
B3
Blue Earth© 132
D7
Dawson 901
B6
Goodridge 191
C2
Lake Elmo 296
F6
Pope 1,657
C5
Bluffton 206
C4
Dayton 4.070
E5
Good Thunder 560
D6
Lakefield 1,845
C7
Ramsey 459, 784
E5
Borup 160
B3
Deephaven 716
G5
Goodview 567
G6
Lake Fremont
Red Lake 5. 471
B3
Bovey 813
E3
Deer Creek 392
C4
Graceville 780
B5
(Zimmerman) 1,074
E5
Redwood 19,341
C6
Bowlus 276
D5
Deer River 907
E3
Granada 377
D7
Lakeland 1,812
F6
Renville 20. 401
C6
Boyd 329
C6
Deerwood 580
E4
Grand Marais© 1,289
G2
Lake Lillian 329
C6
Rice 087
E6
Braham .015
E5
De Graff 179
C5 Grand Meadow 965
F7
Lake Park 716
B4
Rock 703
B7
Brainerd© 11,489
D4
Delano 2. 480
E5
Grand Rapids© 934
E3
Lake Saint Croix Beach
Roseau 12,574
C2
Branch 866
F5
Delavan 262
D7
Granite FallsO 3,451
C6
1,176
F6
Saint Louis 22,229
F3
Brandon 473
C5
Dellwood 751
F5
Grasston 123
E5
Lake Shore 583
D4
Scott 784
E6
Breckenridge© 3,909
B4
Dent 167
C4
Greenbush 817
B2
Lakeville 14,790
E6
Sherburne 908
E5
Breezy Point 384
D4
Detroit Lakes© 7,106
C4
Greenfield .391
F5
Lake Wilson 380
B7
Sibley 15, 448
D6
Brewster 559
C7
Dexter 279
F7
Green Isle 357
E6
Lamberton 032
C6
Stearns 108, 161
D5
Bricelyn 487
E7
Dilworth 585
B4
Greenwald 259
D5
Lancaster 368
B2
Steele .328
E7
Brooklyn Center 31,230
G5
Dodge Center 1,816
F6
Grey Eagle 338
D5
Lanesboro 923
G7
Stevens 322
B5
Brooklyn Park 43,332
G5
Donnelly 317
B5
Grove City 596
D5
Laporte 160
D3
Swift 12,920
C5
Brooks 173
B3
Dover 312
F7
Grygla 216
C2
La Prairie 536
E3
Todd 24,991
D4
Brooten 647
C5
Duluth©
F4
Hackensack 285
D4
Lastrup 150
D4
Traverse 5,542
B5
Browerville 693
D4
Duluth-Superiort 266,650
F4
Hallock® .405
A2
Lauderdale 985
G5
Wabasha 19,335
F6
Brownsdale 691
F7
Dumont 173
B5
Halstad 690
B3
Le Center 1,967
E6
Wadena 14, 192
D4
Browns Valley 887
B5
Dundas 422
E6
Hamburg 475
D6
Le Roy 930
F7
Waseca 18, 448
E6
Brownsville 418
G7
Dunnell 216
D7
Hamel 2. 623
F5
Lester Prairie 229
D6
Washington 113,
F5
Brownton 697
D6
Eagan 532
G6
Ham Lake 7, 832
E5
Le Sueur 3,763
E6
Watonwan 12,361
D7
Buckman 171
D5
Eagle Bend 593
D4
Hammond 178
F6
Lewiston 226
G7
Wilkin 8,382
B4
Buffalo© 4,560
E5
Eagle Lake 470
E6
Hampton 299
E6
Lewisville 273
D7
Winona
G6
Buffalo Lake 782
D6
East Bethel 626
E5
Hancock 877
C5
Lexington 2,150
G5
Wright 962
D5
Buhl 284
F3
East Grand Forks 8,537
B3
Hanley Falls 265
C6
Lilydale 417
G5
Yellow Medicine 13,653
B6
Burnsville 35,674
E6
East Gull Lake 586
D4
Hanover 647
E5
Lindstrom 1,972
F5
Burtrum 177
D5
Easton 283
E7
Hanska 429
D6
Lino Lakes 4,966
G5
CITIES and TOWNS
Butterfield 634
D7
Echo 334
C6
Hardwick 279
B7
Lismore 276
B7
Byron 1,715
F6
Eden Prairie 16,263
G6
Harmony 1, 133
F7
Litchfield ,904
D5
AdaO 1,971
B3
Caledonia© 2,691
G7
Eden Valley 763
D5
Harris 678
F5
Little Falls© 250
D5
Adams 797
F7
Callaway 238
C3
Edgerton 1. 123
B7
Hartland 322
E7
Littlefork 918
E2
Adrian 1,336
C7
Calumet 469
E3
Edina 46,073
G5
Hastings© 12,827
F6
Long Beach 263
C5
Afton 2,550
F6
Cambridge© 3,287
E5
Effie 141
E3
Hawley 634
B4
Long Lake 747
F5
Ah-Gwah-Ching 400
D3
Campbell 286
B4
Eitzen 226
G7
Hayfield 243
F7
Long Prairie© 2,859
D5
Aitkin® 1,770
E4
Canby 2,143
B6
Elba 198
F6
Hayward 294
E7
Longville 191
D4
Akeley 486
D3
Cannon Falls 2,653
F6
Elbow Lake© 1,358
B5
Hector .252
D6
Lonsdale 1, 160
E6
Albany 1,569
D5
Canton 386
F7
Elgin 667
F6
Henderson 739
E6
Loretto 297
F5
Alberta 145
B5
Carlos 364
C5
Elizabeth 195
B4
Hendricks 737
B6
Lowry 283
C5
County seat.
Population of metropolitan area.
53
133gm
A 97°
B
96
D
E
93°
F
92°
91° H
Aulneau
Woodridge
Peninsula
o
C
Angle
00
/Oak
Islands
500g Manitou L.
90°
Whitemouth
Kakagi
ONTARIO
1
Stuartburn
M
N
I
Big
T
North L.
Whitefish
L
OSouthB
A
Lake
R
Arrow L.
Emerson
Piney
Junction
Bigsby L
Pipestone
499
oSprague
I
49°
I
OSt. Vincent
I
of the
Gunflint
Trail
Eagle
South Fowl
Mtn.
Pigeon
o Pinecreek
OOrleans
Muskeg
Loonhaunt
o
48
301
ft.
(701
Grand
48°
Humboldt
R
Warroad O
Woods
L.
Otukamamoan
0
K
Mineral
Center
OPortage
Northccte
Rosso
L.
GRANDPORTAGE GRAND PORTAGE
KTTTSON
Roseau@
OSalot
OSwift
MISQUAH
IND. RES: NAT'L MON.
Middle
R
0 s
Hallock
E
1Fk.
Roosevelt
Rivers
Rainy River
Hovland
Badger
Williams
Lake Bronson
Graceton Pitt
Grand
O₂
Greenbush
Pencer
Q
Marais®
o
Baudette
Border
South
Superior
Halma
o
WannaskaO
4
Clementson
Kennedy
Fk
Rainy
Internation Frails
Island
,
NORTHEASTERN
Karistad
Donaldson
o
LAKE OF THE WOODS
Birchdale O
Lake
PART OF
OStrathcona
Fallso
Lutsen
Indus
Ranier
Same scale as main map
MINNESOTA
2
Tamarac
Thief
Hand
River,
2
Stephen O
Carp
Loman
VOYAGE
90°
0
R
Strandquist
Middle
River
R
Ericsburgo
Newfolde
OGatzke
Black
Kabetogamage
.
M OArgyle A R.SoH R ASLIL
Rap
abetoga
Lac La Croix
Saganaga
5
Middle
Holt
di
KOOCHICHING
sh
R
Mud
Grygla
Cranery
2
Oslo
Radiumo
OKinmount
Lake
Crooked L.
OViking
Knife
Warren
Waskish
Ash Lake
0
2506
R
Alvarado
Thief River
OGoodridge
"Big
pelican
RED-LAKE
Upper Red Lake
Falls
R.
Buyck
Basswood
Tabor
Angus
Falls
NETTSLAKE
Nett
O
Lake
RAM
Cusson
K
O Márgie
PLake
3
PENNINGTON
all
Nett
L
as
O Sherack
INDIAN
O Ponemah
Pelican
Orr
Trout
48
IND.
of
48°
Euclido
CA
O.Saum
-
East Grand Forks
OWylie
Lower Red Lake
Q Gemmell
OGheen
Burntside)
10
Plummer
RES
Hattle
OKelliher
Lake
Grand
Huot RED LOAKE
OMizpah
Craigville
Rauch
Greaney
Ely
o
Wildwood
Bygland
Lost
ONorthome
Celinap
O'Cooklion
Long
Forks
Red Lake Falls
Bald Eagle Isabella
TerreO
Redlake Redby.
Gentillyo
EffieO
Fisher
bonne
Oklee
Togo
Red
Brooks
TrailO Gully o
R.10
Angora
-Tower
10.1
Isabella
R
Nebisho
FunkleyO
Big
Eldred
Crookston
Gonvick
Blackduck
Alvwood Dora Lake
Fork
Mentor
R
wo
as
OBigfork
Bear
Bear
Birch
7
d
of
[River
A
o
P
Maple
K
©Clearbrook
Hines O
Wabatawangang
OWirt
SAINT
U
L
Climax
Leonard
To
Spring
Lake
EmbarrassBabbitt*
LAKE Sawbill LandingO
0
Side Lakeo
Maple Bay
Erskine
2
&
Puposky
O Tenstrike
Britto
N
Isabella
Tofte
Melvin
Mcintosh
Turtle
R
T
OPinewood
River
Squaw
Fosstono
Claimoon
Beltrami
R.
Winger
Lengby
Bagley Shevlin
Bow OMarcell
Bemidji
Chisholm Mountain Kinney Virginia OFlorenton Frankling
A
Max
R.
FGrernwood
Schroeder
3
CONielsville
o
Fertile
Solway
Astring
to
A
8
Aurora
$
W
O
Wilton
Pennin
T
S
4
Praine
Taconite 3
Ebro
IO
3 work Lake
Bowstring
Boofraser
Buhloo
Cilbertinley
Hoyt Lakes
Harbor
Shelly Lockhart
o
O
ississippi
Sundahl
Bemidi
Cass
LEECH LAKE)
L
A
AUR
Partridge
BejouOWHITE EARTH
/
Na
Hibbing
Toimi
10
Finland
9Little
Deer
Marais
Hillsboro
Halstad
Gary
&
MAHNOMEN
DAlida
o
O Nary
Winnibigoshish
Deer
Cooleyo
of
Cass
River
33
Kelly
*
OFairbanks
NORMAN
T
K
Bovey of o
Kee-)
Lake
OMakinen
R
©Ada
Beaulieu
Rice Faith O
Mankonce
Becida,
Guthrie
Lake
Schley
OBena
watin/I
Zemple
Marbie
OZim
9/Silver Bay
Hendrum
Mahnomen
E
o
IND: RES.
Club
Swan
Brimson
OBeaver
Twin
Naytahwaush O
Lake O
Wilkinson)
Laporte
Cohasset
Borup Valley
INDIAN
Itasca)
Q
oleraine
Melrudeo
face
OWales
Bay
A
OPerley
O
Syre
Flom
R
X
Lake o
o
Waubun
George
Federal Dam
Grand OLa Prairie
"Kelsey
L. Itasca
Benedict O
Leech
OBoy River
Rapids
Georgetown
Pokegaman
Goodlands
ToivolaO
OShaw
Ogema Elbow
OWarba
Cotton
Castle
D
Felton O
00
Walker
L.
UlenO
HUBBARD
Lake
Swan River
Elmer
=
White Earth
47
RESERVATION
pArago
Brevik
o
Payne
Ah-Gwah-Ching
Akeley
Owhipholt
Remer
Wawina.O. Meadowlands
O Canyon
Averill Hitterdal
Dorset
"CLAY
Richwood
PonsfordO
LongvilleO
Jacobson
Prosit
OAlborn
Osage
o O Nevis
OHill City
French
Palmers Knife OLarsmont River Danger Sand NATE APOSTLE LAKESHORE ISLANDS
=
*Culvero
Dilworth
Shovel Lake
Andependence
River
Fargoo
Daleo
Park Rapids
DOHackensack
Verndon
Floodwood
Burnett
Arnold
R.
Glyndon Hawley
LakeB E C, E R
Audubon Rochert
Hubbard
CASS
t
St.
Moorhead
Louis Saginaw Twig Wild
RED CLIFF
Park
Swatara
Gowan
Backus
Outing
Brookston
Hermantown
DULUTH
IND. RES.
Detroit Lakes
Wolf
of
O,Sabin Downer
Mr
o
Lake
FONDDULAC
Adolph
H
Rollag
Cormorant
Shoreham
Huntersville
Chickamaw
Libby
OBaker
o
p
OFrazee
Menahgao
Beach Fifty Lakes
Emily
&PlWhitefish
Palisade
Sandy L
Rustad
IND.RES.
Cloquet
Proctoro
Superior
Barnesville
Pelican
o
OManhattan
303
Cromwell
Scanlon
Eskol
ONopeming
Washburn
Comstock
Lake
Butler QHillview Nimrod
Pine
River
Beach
Wright
Crosslake
-
T
Vergas
Red.
O/E
Jenkinsp
SawyerO
Olamarack
Cariton
Luce
awndal
Pelican
L. Lida
oPerham
Breezy Point (Pelican Lakes)
-Atkinsono
nomson
Sebeka
Pequot Lakes
Wolverton
o
Rapids
Dent
York
WADENA
R
Blue
GrassP(70
Oylen
R cbo WA imberly T McGregor K° Lawier N
CARLTON Mahtowa
a
Leader
Doran
Parkers
king
Lake
Campbell
are
OPraine
OBend
Cushing
Bloit
Redtop
Groningen
OUrbank
ClarissaO Browerville
0°C
Ripley
Solsle
Friesland
PINECI
o
Pairmount
AshbyO
Millerville
OHarding
Hankinson
Freedhem
Wahkon
Kroschelo
o
Sandstone
o
MINNESOTA
o
Nashua
Tenney
a
Wendell
Miltóna
MILLELAC
Cove
Melby
Leafo
Clotho
Cloverdale
46°
Evansvilleo
Valley
OMiltona
O
Flensburg MORRISON
Onamia
Hinckley
SCALE
46°
Tintah
Elbow Lake ©
0
5
10
20
30
40
50MI.
OErdahl
Garfield
OBelle
River
A
PCarlos
Long
PierzO
GR
Brandono
Round
Mustinka
DOUGLAS
Prairie
Prairie
Swan-
Falls
OBrook Park
Barretto
Oville
Genola
Sauk
Alexandria Nelson
OBurtrum
OBuckman
Quambao
0 5 10 20 30 40 50 KM.
OBeroun
Norcross
Hoffman
Mud L.C.)
HolmesO
Mary
Osakis
PLittle
Sobieski
Royalton
Mora©
A
Morrill
OHenriette
Elmdale
State Capitals
*
@Wheaton
Ward
R
Herman
City
OForada
West
Sprs.)
OGrey
O
29
of
ORameyL
Grasston
QUnion
TRAVERSE
Upsala
Bowlus
Little
Rock
Pine City Grantsburg
County Seats
O
West
OBock
OBrunswick
Dumont
Donnelly
OFarwell
Reno
port
Sauk
St
Rosao
Holdingford
Gilman
Sisseton
o
o
Anthonyo
St
E
N°T
Milaça
ORock Creek
o
Lowryb
CentreY
Brahamo
Rush
o
VA
Villard
Collis
Melrose Freeport
Stephen
Foley@
OPease Dayo
Browns
ochokio
Cyrus
Long
Beach9
Glenwood
Meire Gr.O
Long
Siding
ODalbo
ostanchtield y
Starbuck
O,
Greenwald ONew OAlbany AvonO Sauk
OGrandy
Harris
0
5
10MI.
Champlin
ISANTISTA
o
ANOKA
WASH
Beardsley O Barry Graceville
o
Morris
Minnewask
P
sig
P
E
Sedan
STEAR Sartell OSE. Ràpids
Coon Rapidso
North
OBlaine
STEVENS
0
Elrosa
Cloud
ambridge@
ind
Lksh
BIG
oSpring. Hill OMartin St. Pleasanto Joseph Waite Park OCable Santiago
Branch
0
10KM.
Lexingtono
o
5
TerraceO
Brooten
Maple
Osseo
Circle
Hancock
STONE OClinton
Emily
Henry
IsantiO
HENNEPIN
Grove
o
Mounds
View
Pines
3
Richmond
00
SHERBURNE
CHISAGO
N.
Oaks
Spring
White
Belgrade
RoscoeO
Rock
OLuxem
OCrown
Rockford Corcoran
Fridley
Center
Vadnais
Bear
a
Clear
Lake
Zimmerman
Bethel
Brooklyn
OSwift
Lake
Georgeville
Paynesville scold Spring ville Clearwater burg Becker Big
StacyO
City©
Brooklyn Center
HtsD
LOVE
L,Falls
Regal
St. FrancisC
Taylor
QGreenfield
New
Clontarf
loSunburg
Fairhaven
Lake Elk
East
Chisago
OLoretto
Crystal
Shoreview
Ortonville
Benson
Hawicko
Eden
Valley
Kimball
Falls
Sarah
Brighton Willernie
<Bethel
Odessa
T
Newo
o
Silver
Cro
L
Hamel, New Hope O
S
Enfield
River
Ramsey
ANOKA
from
Independ
Independence
o
Anthony
RAMSEYN
St.
Manannah Watkinst Annandale Monticello
45 enceo Maple Plain
ORoseville Paul,
Correil
Danvers
London Green
De Graff 04
or
0 Ham
RForesto
Scandia
oMilbank
Dayton
Lake n
Golden
alcon
Holloway
K
OMurdock
MEEKER Maple Lakeo Albertville
Andover
OLong
Lake
Louisburg
Appleton
Kerkhoveno
KANDIYOHI
©Anoka
Marine Ono
Minne-O
St.
trista
Orono
Wayzata
Okingston
Hugo
Croix
Roseho
OPennock Atwater
Buffald
Michael
Rogers
Bellingham
Champlin
Center
Oig Bend
WASHINGTON
Minnetonka MINNEAPOLIS *
Milan
Grove
©Litchfield,
Oknapp
Hanovero
Spring
Parko
ParleCity
Willmar
Kandiyohi
Dassel
Rockford
Spring
Dell
Stillwater
W SP.PAUL
Nassau
Lac
City
qui
qui
Darwin
(O
Loretto
Tolonka
Lake Park
Bay
CMINN
St. Paulo
CHIPPEWA
Howard Montrose CHENNEPIN
xcelsior
Edina
OLilydale
45°
Mariettao
A
@Madison
Watson
Raymondo
Rosendale
SveaO
Greenleaf
Watertown
Delano MINNEAPOLISIRAMSEY Oakdale Lake 10 Elmo OF Bayport
Richfield
Mendota
VictoriaO
Mendota
Hts
S.St.Paul
45°
LAC QUI PARLE
Clara City
Roseland
Blomkest Cosmos,
OWayzata
Laketand
Cedar
Wood-
Chanhassen
OEden
Praine
St. Paul Park
of
Dawson
Montevideo®
Maynardo
O,
O
Mills
Mound
St.
Prinsburg
Lake
Lillian
PAUL
Paul
Croix
Bch
CARVER
Bloomington
Eagan
Do
Corvuso
Lake
Mayer
obury
Boyd
Wegdahl
Sunfish
ONewport
Afton
oBenton Shakopee
DAKOTA
Granite Falls
Hutchinson Biscay
Clear Lake
Waconiag OVictoria Chaska Edina
of
Savage
a
Danube Bird
MC9L/EOD
Inver
Cottage Gr
Chaska@
SCOTT
©Apple Valley
&
Young America
R.
Burns-
O
Clarkfieldo Hazel
o
o
Island
Buffalo
0
YELLOW
Sacred Renville
O
COA
RVER
Grove Hts.
Plato
ville
M
ORun
Lake
Heart
Olivia
Hector
o
Stewart
Cologne,
Shakopee
Burr
Glencoe
Norwood
Rose mount Hastings
o
Ellsworth
0
oCanby
Leo
Carver
OPrior
RENVILLE
New
3
Hanley Falls
Jordan
Lake
Coates
Augustao
Brownto
Green
was
0
OPorter
Echo
OBechyn
Auburno
9sle
Wing
WISCONSIN
Cottonwoodo
Arlington
OoT
b
Wood
Durand
Astoria
Lac
o
aunton
Minneota
Lake
Belview
Delhi
North Redwood
Belle
Plaine
Lydia
New
EIKO
HamptonO
OMiesville
N
Hendricks
6 Green Valley
SIBLE
Redwood
Franklin
11Blakeley
Castle
New Trier
New
Randolph
Lake
o
6
Morton
o
Henderson
Mondovi
ROVestaFalls
o
Gibbon
Winthrop
Gaylord
Pragueo
Cannon Falls
Pepin
6
Ivanhoe
R.
Fairfax
O
OWebster
Frontenaco
City
Ghent
Rush
Heidelbergo
(Iveseli
OVasa
Do
LINCOLNI
D
Lafayette
Rivero
Montgomery|
0
OMorgan
St
OBernadotte
onsdale
Y
O
Lynd)
Milroy Lucan
Norselando
Le Sueur
DU
E
George
Wabasha
OClements Evan
bOttawa
Center
o
Arco
Sleepy
OKlossner
Traverse
Shields
Essig
Swan
SUEUR
Oville
Aspelundo
Goodhue
Center
Brookings
Benton
9/Russell
W
B
S
Lake
NS
Amiret
OWanda
Sleepy Eye
o
T9St.
OClevelando
R
HAA
E
Wanamingo,
Zumbrota
Zumbro
PAlma
Benton
O
Burchard
Tyler
Walnut
Springfield
Cobden
New Ulm
KasotaPeter
Kilkenny
Faribault
Kenyono
OFalls
SArcadia
o
O
Balaton
O Grove
Courtland
Nicollet
Water
Bombay
Mazeppas
Elkton
Madison
NSearles
Cambria
villeo
Warsaw
ANeaver
OVerdi
(Florence
a
Tracy.
B
R
Lake
OMorristówn
Pine HammondO
ball
Garvin
Revere
Mankato
Island
Minneiska
City
RuthtonO
Sanborn
Judsono
Eagle
Medfordo
Moland
OlElgin
T
Comfrey
HanskaO
Skylind,
Lake
Clinton
Pótsdam
Plain
Shetek
Godahl
Crystalo
Mankato Waseca
Falls
Concord
Hollando
Mantorville
ODouglas
view
d'Altura
02
Jeffers
FOOD
Galesville
Flandreauo
Currieo Dovray Westbrook o
Salled
Madelja
Garden
City
ost
Clair
PIPESTONE
MU
La
44°F
PIPESTONE NAT'L
OStorden
Dartuno
BLUEEARTH WASECAM
eriden
2
Havana Dodge
Rochester OViola
Elba
o
Byron
Stockton
R
R
Pratto
Bethanyo
amoille
MON
Clare
N
44°
as
Pipestone
Woodstock
Slayton
COTTONWOOD
WATONWAN
01
OAlma City
Butter St. James Vernono
Beauford
STEELE
mont
Kasson
Hadley
Pemberton
OPickwick
Hatfield
Lake
o
AvocaO
Delft
Binghamo
Center
Waldorto Otisco
OHope
DODGE
Eyota
St.
Utica\wiston
Wilson
O Owitoka Dakota
Ihleno
Chandler
o
Mountain field
OMapieton
New
Trosky
PEdgerton
R
FuldaO
Ellen.
Branch
OMatawan daleO
Blooming Prairieo OBixby Hayfieldo
OSimpson
lona
ORock Dell
Charles
Lake
Lake Odin
RichlandO
0
Stewartville
Chatfield
\
Ridgeway Nodine ODresbach
Jasper
Dundee'O
MoLa
Crosse
Dell Rapids
OLeota
Rushfordal
KinbraeO
WilderO Windom
Ormsby
Amboy
Wältham
Crescent
St
HardwickO
KilianO
Creek
OHeron
OBergen
Truman
Minnesota Lake Hartland Hollands GenevaO
o
Racine
Pilot-Moung
Jack
Delavan
Easton
Freeborn
Maple
Island
OSargeant
Filimore
Root
Peterson
Kenneth
Wilmont
Okabena,
Lake
o
Trimonto
Northrop
Clarkso
Cansing Browns
Grand
Spring
Fountain/Lanesboro
Houston
Hokah
o
ROCK
Lismore
Readingo
A
R
Winnebago
Wells
Grove
Odale
Meadow
Brewster
Manchester
Mapleviewp
Válley
0401
Wykoff
Whalan
HOUSTON
OBrownsville
7
7
Luverne®
N.OCB
E
Heron
Sherburn
Welcome
Granada
BAULT
FOR
EBOR
Dexter Elkton
ORE
Beavero
Magnolia
THE
Worthington
LakefieldAlphaON
o
OBrush
Alden
Austin M
W
E
R
OSheldon Freeburg
Preston
Sioux
Creek
Adrian
Fairmont
Guckeen
Walters
Kanaranzi
Dunnell
Blue Earth
Albert
Roseb
OstranderO
Caledonia
Jackson
Falls
OHills
O
Ashid
Wilbert
Frost
Myrtle
Creek
Taopi
Cherryo
Harmony
Pilot
Grove
Mansfield
o
Grove
OGI
0
Mabel
OSpring Grove
Creek
RoundO
O,
Petersburg
East
o
Bricelyn
Twin
S
SteenO
of
Lake
Siouxe?
Ceylon
o
Glenville
London
Adams
IO
Canton
Chain
OElmore
Kiester
Lakes
9
L
OEitzen
oLyle
&
Le Roy
Bigelow
Valley
Emmons
Johnsburg
9 Granger Prosper
Rock
Sibley
Spirit
W
North
Lennox
Rapids
wood
OStacyville
A
Lake
Copyright HAMMOND INCORPORATED, Maplewood, N.J.
Estherville
R
Crescoo
B
96°
C
95°
Longitude
D
West of
94°
Greenwich
E
93°
92°
MINNESOTA
Lucan 262
C6
Odessa 177
B5
Saint Paul Park .864
G6
Wells 2,777
E7
Long Prairie (riv.)
Luverne© 4,568
B7
Odin 134
D7
Saint Peter 9,056
D4
E6
Wendell 216
B4
Lost (riv.)
Lyle 576
F7
Ogema 215
C3
Saint Stephen 453
D5
Westbrook 978
C3
C6
Lower Red (lake)
Lynd 304
C6
Ogilvie 423
E5
Saint Vincent 141
A2
West Concord 762
F6
C3
Maple (lake)
Mabel 861
G7
Okabena 263
C7
Sanborn 518
C6
West Saint Paul 18,527
B3
G5
Maple (riv.)
Madelia 2. 130
D6
Oklee 536
C3
Sandstone 1,594
F4
E7
Wheaton© .969
B5
Marsh (lake)
Madison© 2,212
B5
Olivia© 2,802
C6
Sartell 427
D5
White Bear Lake 22,538
B5
G5
Mary (lake)
Madison Lake 592
E6
Onamia 691
E4
Sauk Centre 3,709
C5
C5
Willernie 654
G5
Mesabi (range)
Magnolia 234
B7
Ormsby 181
D7
Sauk Rapids 5,793
D5
Williams 217
E3
D2
Middle (riv.
Mahnomen© 1,283
C3
Orono 6,845
F5
Savage 3,954
G6
Willmar 15,895
B2
C5
Mille Lac Ind. Res.
Mahtomedi 3,851
F5
Oronoco 574
F6
Scanlon ,050
E4
F4
Willow River 303
F4
Mille Lacs (lake)
Mankato© 28,651
E6
Orr 294
F2
Sebeka 774
E4
C4
Wilmont 380
C7
Miltona (lake)
Mantorville© 705
F6
Ortonville© 2,550
B5
Shafer 180
C4
F5
Wilton 176
C3
Minneapolis-Saint Paul
Maple Grove 20,525
G5
Osakis .355
C5
Shakopee© 9,941
F6
Windom© 4,666
C7
Airport
Maple Lake 1,132
D5
Oslo 379
A2
Shelly 276
B3
G5
Winger 200
B3
Minnesota (riv.)
Maple Plain .421
F5
Osseo 2,974
G5
Sherburn 1,275
E6
D7
Winnebago 1,869
D7
Minnetonka (lake)
Mapleton 1,516
E7
Ostrander 293
F7
Shevlin 193
F5
C3
Winona© 25,075
G6
Minnewaska (lake)
Mapleview 253
E7
Ottertail 239
C4
Shoreview 17,300
C5
G5
Winsted 1,522
D6
Misquah (hills)
Maplewood 26,990
G5
Owatonna© 18,632
E6
Shorewood 4,646
F5
F2
Winthrop 1,376
D6
Mississippi (riv.)
Marble 757
E3
Palisade 155
E4
D4
Silver Bay 2,917
G3
Winton 276
G3
Moose (riv.)
Marietta 279
B5
Parkers Prairie 917
C4
Silver Lake 698
C2
D6
Wolverton 126
B4
Mud (lake)
Marine on Saint Croix 543
F5
Park Rapids© 2,976
D4
C2
Skyline 399
D6
Woodbury 297
F6
Mud (riv.)
Marshall© 11, 161
C6
Paynesville 2. 140
D5
C2
Slayton© 420
C7
Wood Lake 420
C6
Muskeg (bay)
Mayer 388
E6
Pease 174
E5
C2
Sleepy Eye 3,581
D6
Woodstock 180
B7
Mustinka (riv.)
Maynard 428
C6
Pelican Lakes (Breezy
B5
Sobieski 219
D5
Worthington© 10,243
C7
Nemadji (riv.)
Mazeppa 680
F6
Point) 384
F4
D4
South Haven 205
D5
Wrenshall 333
F4
Nett (lake)
McGregor 447
E4
Pelican Rapids 1,867
E2
B4
South International Falls
Wright 162
E4
Nett Lake Ind. Res.
Mclntosh 681
C3
Pemberton 208
E2
E7
2,806
E2
Wykoff 482
F7
North (lake)
McKinley 230
F3
Pennock 410
F1
C5
South Saint Paul 21,235
G6
Wyoming 1,559
F5
Otter Tail (lake)
Medford 775
E6
Pequot Lakes 681
C4
D4
Spicer 909
C5
Young America 1,237
E6
Otter Tail (riv.)
Medicine Lake 419
G5
Perham 2,086
B4
C4
Springfield 2,303
C6
Zimmerman 1,074
E5
Partridge (riv.)
Medina (Hamel) 2,623
F5
Peterson 291
G3
G7
Spring Grove 1, 275
G7
Zumbro Falls 208
F6
Pelican (lake)
Meire Grove 174
C5
C4
Pierz 1,018
D5
Spring Lake Park 6, 477
E5
Zumbrota .129
F6
Pelican (lake)
Melrose 2. 409
D5
D4
Pillager 341
D4
Spring Park 1. 465
F5
Pelican (lake)
Menahga 980
C4
Pine City© 2,489
F2
F5
Spring Valley 2,616
F7
OTHER FEATURES
Pelican (riv.)
Mendota 219
G5
B4
Pine Island .986
F6
Squaw Lake 162
D3
Pelican (riv.)
G6
Pine River 881
F2
Mendota Heights 7,288
D4
Stacy 996
E5
Ash (riv.)
F2
Pepin (lake)
Mentor 219
B3
F6
Pipestone© 887
B7
Staples 2,887
D4
Bald Eagle (lake)
G3
Pigeon (riv.)
Middle River 349
B2
G2
Plainview 2,416
F6
Starbuck 1,224
C5
Basswood (lake)
G2
Pike (riv.)
Miesville 179
F6
F3
Plato 390
D6
Steen 153
B7
Battle (riv.)
D3
Pipestone Nat'l Mon.
C5
B6
Milan 417
Plummer 353
B3
Stephen 898
A2
Baudette (riv.)
D2
Pokegama (lake)
F6
E3
Millville 186
Plymouth 615
G5
Stewart 616
D6
Bear (riv.)
E3
Pomme de Terre (riv.)
C5
Milroy 242
C6
Porter 211
B6
Stewartville 3,925
F7
Bemidji (lake)
D3
Poplar (riv.)
C3
Miltona 187
C4
Preston© 1,478
F7
Stillwater® 12,290
F5
Benton (lake)
B6
Prairie (riv.)
E3
Minneapolis© 370,951
G5
Princeton 3. 146
E5
Stockton 517
G6
Big Fork (riv.)
E2
Rainy (lake)
E2
Minneapolis-Saint Paul#
Prinsburg 557
C6
Storden 341
C6
Big Sandy (lake)
E4
Rainy (riv.)
D2
2,114,256
G5
Prior Lake 284
E6
Strandquist 136
B2
Big Stone (lake)
B5
Rapid (riv.)
D2
Minneota 1. 470
C6
Proctor 3, 180
F4
Sturgeon Lake 222
F4
Birch (lake)
G3
Redeye (riv.)
D4
Minnesota City 265
G6
Racine 285
F7
Sunfish Lake 344
E6
Black (riv.
D2
Red Lake (riv.)
B2
Minnesota Lake 744
E7
Randall 527
D4
Swanville 295
D5
Blue Earth (riv.)
D7
Red Lake Ind. Res.
C2
Minnetonka 38,683
G5
Randolph 351
E6
Taconite 331
E3
Bois de Sioux (riv.)
B4
Red River of the North
Minnetrista 3,236
F5
Ranier 237
E2
Taunton 177
B6
Bowstring (lake)
E3
(riv.)
A2
Montevideo© 5,845
C6
Raymond 723
C5
Taylors Falls 623
F5
Buffalo (nv.)
B4
Redwood (riv.)
C6
Montgomery 2,349
E6
Red Lake FallsO 1,732
B3
Tenstrike 159
D3
Burntside (lake)
F3
Reno (lake)
C5
Monticello 3. 111
E5
Red Wing© 736
F6
Thief River FallsO 105
B2
Cass (lake)
D3
Rice (lake)
E4
Montrose 762
E5
Redwood Falls© 5,210
C6
Thomson 152
F4
Cedar (riv.)
F7
Rock (riv.)
B7
Moorhead© 29,998
B4
Remer 396
E3
Tonka Bay 1,354
F5
Chippewa (riv.)
C5
Root (riv.)
G7
Moorhead-Fargot
Renville 493
C6
Tower 640
F3
Christina (lake)
C4
Roseau (riv.)
B2
137,574
B4
Revere 158
C6
Tracy 478
C6
Clearwater (riv.)
C3
Rum (riv.)
E5
Moose Lake 1,408
F4
Rice 499
D5
Trimont 805
D7
Cloquet (riv.)
F4
Saganaga (lake)
H2
Mora© 890
E5
Richfield 851
G6
Truman 392
D7
Cobb (riv.)
E7
Saint Croix (riv.)
F5
Morgan 975
D6
Richmond 867
D5
Twin Lakes 210
E7
Cottonwood (riv.)
C6
Saint Louis (riv.)
F4
Morris© 5.367
C5
Robbinsdale 14,422
G5
Twin Valley 907
B3
Crooked (creek)
F4
Sand (creek)
F5
Morristown 639
E6
Rochester© 855
F6
Two Harbors© 4,039
G3
Crooked (lake)
G2
Sand Hill (riv.)
B3
Morton 549
C6
Rochestert 971
F6
Tyler 1. 353
B6
Crow (riv.)
F5
Sarah (lake)
F5
Motley 444
D4
Rock Creek 890
F5
Ulen 514
B3
Crow Wing (riv.)
D4
Schoolcraft (riv.)
C3
Mound 280
E6
Rockford 2. 408
F5
Underwood 332
C4
Cuyuna (range)
D4
Shakopee (creek)
C5
Mounds View 12,593
G5
Rockville 597
D5
Upsala 400
D5
Dead (lake)
C4
Shell (riv.)
C4
Mountain Iron 4, 134
F3
Rogers 652
E5
Utica 249
G7
Deer (lake)
E3
Shetek (lake)
C6
Mountain Lake 2,277
D7
Rollingstone 528
G6
Vadnais Heights 111
G5
Des Moines (riv.)
C7
Sleepy Eye (creek)
C6
Murdock 343
C5
Roscoe 154
D5
Vergas 287
C4
Eagle (mt.)
G2
Snake (riv.
A2
Nashwauk 1,419
E3
Roseau© 2,272
C2
Vermillion 438
F6
East Swan (riv.)
F3
Snake (riv.
E4
Nelson 209
C5
Rose Creek 371
F7
Verndale 504
C4
Elbow (lake)
C3
South Fowl (lake)
G1
Nerstrand 255
E6
Rosemount .083
E6
Vernon Center 365
D7
Emily (lake)
C5
Star (lake)
C4
Nevis 332
D4
Roseville 820
G5
Vesta 360
C6
Fond du Lac Ind. Res.
F4
Sturgeon (riv.)
F3
New Aubum 331
D6
Rothsay 476
B4
Victoria 1, .425
F6
Grand Portage Ind. Res.
G2
Superior (lake)
G3
New Brighton 23,269
G5
Round Lake 480
C7
Villard 275
C5
Grand Portage Nat'l Mon.
G2
Swan (lake)
D6
Newfolden 384
B2
Royalton 660
D5
Virginia 11, 056
F3
Green (lake)
D5
Tamarac (riv.)
A2
New Germany 347
E6
Rush City 1, 198
F5
Wabasha 2,372
G6
Greenwood (lake)
G3
Tamarack (riv.)
D2
New Hope 23,087
G5
Rushford 478
G7
Wabasso 745
C6
Gull (lake)
D4
Thief (lake)
C2
New London 812
C5
Rushmore 387
C7
Waconia 2,638
E6
Heron (lake)
C7
Thief (riv.
B2
New Market 286
E6
Russell 412
C6
Wadena© 4,699
C4
Hill (riv.)
C3
Traverse (lake)
B5
New Munich 302
D5
Ruthton 328
B6
Wahkon 271
E4
Independence (lake)
F5
Trout (lake)
F2
Newport 323
F6
Rutledge 185
F4
Waite Park 3,496
D5
Isabella (lake)
G3
Two Rivers (riv.
A1
New Prague 2,952
E6
Sabin 446
B4
Waldorf 249
E7
Itasca (lake)
C3
Upper Red (lake)
D2
New Richland 263
E7
Sacred Heart 666
C6
Walker 970
D3
Kabetogama (lake)
E2
Vermilion (lake)
F3
New UlmO 13,755
D6
Saint Anthony 7,981
G5
Walnut Grove 753
C6
Kanaranzi (creek)
C7
Vermilion (range)
F3
New York Mills 972
C4
Saint Bonifacius 857
F5
Waltham 176
F7
Kettle (riv.)
F4
Vermilion (riv.
F2
Nicollet 709
D6
Saint Charles 2,184
F7
Wanamingo 717
F6
Knife (lake)
G2
Voyageurs Nat'l Park
F2
Nielsville 145
B3
Saint Clair 655
E6
Warba 150
E3
La Croix (lake)
F2
Wabatawangang (lake)
D3
Nisswa 407
D4
Saint Cloud® 42,566
D5
Warren© 2. 105
B2
Lac qui Parle (lake)
C5
West Swan (riv.)
F3
North Branch 597
F5
Saint Cloud# 256
D5
Warroad 216
C2
Lac qui Parle (riv.)
B6
White Earth Ind. Res.
C3
Northfield 12,562
E6
Saint Francis 1. 184
E5
Waseca© 8,219
E6
Lake of the Woods (lake)
D1
Whiteface (riv. )
F3
North Mankato 9, 145
D6
Saint Hilaire 388
B2
Watertown 818
E6
Leaf (riv.)
C4
Whitefish (lake)
04
North Oaks 2,846
G5
Saint James© 346
D7
Waterville 1. 717
E6
Leech (lake)
D3
White Iron (lake)
G3
Northome 312
D3
Saint Joseph .994
D5
Watkins 757
D5
Leech Lake Ind. Res.
D3
Wild Rice (lake)
F4
North Redwood 206
D6
Saint Louis Park 42,931
G5
Watson 238
C5
Lida (lake)
C4
Wild Rice (riv.)
B3
Northrop 269
D7
Saint Martin 220
D5
Waubun 390
C3
Little Fork (riv.)
E2
Willow (riv.
E4
North Saint Paul 11,921
G5
Saint Michael 1,519
E5
Waverly 470
E5
Little Rock (creek)
C7
Winnibigoshish (lake)
D3
Norwood 1,219
E6
Saint Paul (cap.
Wayzata ,621
G5
Long (lake)
D4
Woods (lake)
D1
Oakdale 12,123
E5
270,230
G6
Welcome 855
D7
Long (lake)
F3
Zumbro (riv.)
F6
County seat.
Population of metropolitan area.
GRANT HEILMAN
ant grain elevators line the docks in Duluth on Lake Superior. It is the third-largest city in the state.
Although the foreign-born residents of Min-
they share many facilities and have many com-
sota make up only approximately 3% of the
mon interests. The increasing interdependence
pulation, the ethnic strains that are one or two
of the Twin Cities and their suburbs was recog-
nerations removed are still clear.
nized by the legislature in 1967 when it created
Way of Life. Two important shifts in the char-
a Metropolitan Council to coordinate and review
ter of Minnesota's population became strongly
the planning and development of the seven-
ident by the middle of the 20th century: the
county area.
sing age level of the people and the increased
Duluth, the state's third city in size and
tio of urban residents to those living in rural
economic importance, was founded on the lum-
eas.
bering industry. Later it grew rapidly with the
In 1880 the age group over 45 made up only
development of iron mining when, because of its
bout 15% of the total population. By 1975 the
strategic site at the head of the Great Lakes,
roportion had increased to about 30%. Although
it became a major shipping center. It also devel-
e proportion of urban population in the state
oped an extensive range of manufactures and
creased steadily after the 1860's, when fewer
grew into a distributing center for a wide area
an 10% of the people lived in cities, not until
reaching westward into the Dakotas.
950 did urban dwellers exceed rural residents,
Although most of the smaller cities of the
ith 54.5% of the total. The trend continued in
state have traditionally been "agricultural service
following decades, and by 1970 two thirds
stations"-that is, centers of trade and social life
the residents of Minnesota lived in urban
for the farm areas immediately surrounding them
reas.
-many have sought to develop new economic in-
The distribution of Minnesota's nonfarm pop-
terests. Some Minnesota communities have
ation is in some respects unusual. The Twin
achieved special prominence, such as Rochester,
ities metropolis of Minneapolis-St. Paul and
home of the world-famous Mayo Clinic; Willmar,
heir suburbs contain over 70% of the state's
noted for turkey processing; Brainerd and Be-
rhan people, forming a standard metropolitan
midji, gateways to the Paul Bunyan country for
rea that in 1980 ranked 15th in the country.
tourists; Northfield, home of both St. Olaf Col-
Only one other city, Duluth, had a population of
lege and Carleton College; and St. Cloud, known
lore than 90,000, while all other cities were rel-
for its fine granite.
tively small.
Main Centers of Population. Minneapolis is the
3. The Economy
ate's largest city, with St. Paul, the capital,
A steady flow of products from its factories
anking second. The intense rivalry of early
and farms, augmented by income from mining
ears between the Twin Cities on the Mississippi
and marketing, has provided Minnesota with a
irvives mostly in occasional press agentry.
strong, well-balanced economy. While furs,
hysically, they have grown so close that visitors
northern pine, wheat, and iron ore were once the
nd often residents cannot tell when they leave
mainstays of the state's prosperity, Minnesota
ne and enter the other. Although the two re-
today benefits as much from its technical facili-
nain distinct in government, general character-
ties and highly skilled workers as it does from
stics, and to some extent economic activities,
its ample natural resources.
191
192
MINNESOTA: 3. The Economy
As the marketing and distribution center of
the Upper Midwest, the state enjoys a strong
electronics, instruments, and computers.
city is also a major center for the graphic arts,
position in wholesale and retail trade, banking
and finance, insurance, and the service indus-
In the 19th century, power from the Falls
tries. Manufacturing and trade are the two lead-
St. Anthony in Minneapolis was used to turn the of
ing contributors to the gross state product,
sawmills of the early settlers. Later the water-
followed by the finance-insurance-real estate seg-
power was harnessed for flour milling and the
ment and services.
production of electricity. By 1900 there was
Much of Minnesota's business and industry is
beginning of light industry using electric motors,
concentrated in the Twin Cities, but new indus-
especially in the manufacture of clothing. Other
try is spreading into hundreds of other com-
industries that followed included printing, chem-
munities across the state. More new jobs are
icals, and small machinery. South St. Paul was
being created in nonmetropolitan Minnesota than
once one of the nation's leading meat-packing
in the Twin Cities area.
centers, but this industry has been decentralized
into the rural areas of the state.
Traditionally Minnesota has been known as
Agriculture. The trickle of farmers who set-
one of the leading food producers in the United
tled Minnesota before the Civil War grew, after
States. Although agriculture, both crops and live-
the war, to a flood that followed the pathways
stock, remains strong, manufacturing has sur-
of the railroads built in the 1870's and 1880's.
passed farming as the principal source of income
The era of large-scale wheat raising began,
since 1952. Industry and farming are closely al-
spurred by such new technology as the mold.
lied in the important food-processing business.
board plow, reaper, and threshing machine.
Minnesota is a leading state in meat-packing,
Gradually, farming became more diversified.
flour milling, vegetable canning, and the proc-
Dairying and beef raising flourished with the
essing of dairy products, accounting for one of
introduction of alfalfa, with its high protein con-
its nicknames-the Bread and Butter State.
tent providing excellent forage. Family-type
Manufacturing. In addition to food processing,
farming, using horses for power, formed the
office equipment and computers rank high in
dominant pattern until World War II. Follow-
Minnesota's industrial output. Other important
ing the war a second agricultural revolution
production areas are, in order, fabricated metals,
emerged in Minnesota as elsewhere, spurred by
chemicals, printing and publishing, petroleum
the tractor, which replaced the horse, and the
refining, and paper products. Gross sales by
use of chemicals for insect and weed control and
Minnesota industries amounted to nearly $10
of more productive varieties of crops.
billion in the mid-1970's.
The change in technology went hand in hand
The Minneapolis-St. Paul area ranks as an
with a shift toward corn and soybeans and away
important corporate center. The Twin Cities are
from wheat and other cereal grains. Although
the home of 12 of the 500 largest U.S. industrial
the use of laborsaving machinery resulted in
firms, and the world's four largest milling com-
larger and fewer farms, the family-type farm is
panies are headquartered in Minneapolis. The
still predominant. But certain types of produc-
Minnesota ranks as one of the nation's leading agricultural states, with corn and soybeans among the chief crops.
GRANT HEILMAN
AGRICULTURE AND RESOURCES
as turkey raising, have been organized
under the control of several large corpo-
Although it has yielded supremacy to manu-
Rainy
agriculture remains a vital element in
WHEAT
OATS
economy. In the mid-1970's, Minne-
FLAX
tanked either fifth or sixth among all states
STONE
POTATOES
basis of cash receipts from farm market-
FOREST
FOREST
PRODUCTS
PRODUCTS
These receipts totaled over $4 billion an-
SUGAR
BEETS
IRON ORE
IRON ORE
animals represent the largest share of
POTATOES
IRON ORE
FISH
scome, with the combined inventory value
WHEAT
livestock and poultry estimated at $1.2
Red R. of the North
Duluth
POTATOES
MANGANESE
POULTRY
farmers raise great quantities of beef
OATS
WHEAT
milk cows, hogs, sheep, and poultry.
CATTLE
Minnesota is the foremost producer of butter,
DAIRY
OATS
PRODUCTS
ditat dry milk, and turkeys. Another important
OATS
DAIRY
PRODUCTS
St.
DAIRY
coduct is honey.
PRODUCTS
Cloud
In crop production, the state is first in oats
Croix
BARLEY
GRANITE
ranks among the leaders in corn, soybeans,
FLAX
St.
SUGAR
sugar beets, flaxseed, green peas, and rye.
BEETS
FRUIT
barley, potatoes, and apples also are
St. Paul
HOGS
Minneapolis
WHEAT
Mining. Iron mining has been a major industry
POULTRY
STONE
Mississippi
northeastern Minnesota since the discovery of
OATS
R.
R.
ore suitable for open-pit mining in the
SHEEP
POULTRY
Rochester
Mankato
sulls. In addition to the open-pit mining in
BARLEY
CORN
Mesabi Range, shaft mining developed on
SUGAR
CORN
SOYBEANS
HOGS
BEETS
SHEEP
FRUIT
the
Vermilion Range near Ely and on the Cuyuna
Range near Crosby and Ironton.
After World War II, a process was developed
extracting and pelletizing iron ore from low-
grade ore known as taconite, which has a mag-
tie quality. Today almost all ore shipped from
Minnesota is in the form of taconite pellets, and
result nonmagnetic ore from the Cuyuna
rail service is provided to major cities. Two air-
and Vermilion ranges no longer is mined. But
lines maintain corporate headquarters in Min-
Minnesota mines still account for more than
neapolis, and several airlines serve the Twin
three fifths of all iron ore produced in the United
Cities. The nation's largest bus system, Grey-
States.
hound, was founded in Hibbing in 1914.
Besides iron ore, Minnesota ranks high in the
Barge traffic on the Minnesota, Mississippi,
production of building stones, particularly from
and St. Croix rivers represents an important link
granite quarries near St. Cloud and Ortonville.
in the state's transportation systems. The barges
Several varieties of Minnesota limestone are well
carry such products as coal and oil to Minnesota
known to architects.
ports, where they load up with grain and other
Transportation. Wheat raising, flour milling,
goods. Large quantities of iron ore are shipped
and iron mining would not have been possible in
out of the harbor at Duluth and Superior, Wis.
the 19th century without the extension of rail-
This Lake Superior harbor handles most of the
roads into every cranny of the state. Although
state's waterborne commerce.
passenger travel shifted from railroads to air-
Fur and Lumbering. Both fur trapping and lum-
planes and buses in the 20th century, rail freight
bering were important to the early development
service is still important, and some passenger
of the state, but the fur industry has long since
ceased to exist, and quality lumber is no longer
available in large amounts. However, a pulp-
and-paper industry has arisen, using second-
PERSONAL INCOME IN MINNESOTA
growth pine and poplar.
1960 1970 1980
4. Government
Source
(Millions of dollars)
Although amended many times during its
Farms
526
914
1,289
Mining
147
447
more than a century of existence, the state con-
129
Construction
385
833
1,853
stitution of 1858 still serves the citizens of Min-
Manufacturing
1,365
2,996
7,638
nesota. The procedure for amendment requires
Transportation, communications,
and public utilities
520
870
2,426
that proposals be approved by a majority of both
Wholesale and retail trade
1,156
2,216
5,571
houses of the Legislature and then by a majority
Finance, insurance,
of voters at a general election. The constitution
and real estate
326
612
1,824
Services
704 1,632 4,979
also permits revision by convention, but none has
Other industries
17
39
105
ever been held.
Government
693 1,732 4,176
The constitutional convention of July 1857
occurred at a time when the political climate in
(Dollars)
Per capita personal income
2,093 3,893 9,724
the Territory of Minnesota was so intensely parti-
Per capita income, U.S.
2,216 3,945 9,521
san that the Republican and Democratic dele-
Source: Business. U.S. Department of Commerce, Survey of Current
gates, about equal in number, refused to sit to-
gether in the same room. The two parties met
193
GRANT HEILMAN
Dairy cows on well-kept farms are a familiar sight in Minnesota, which is known as the Bread and Butter State.
separately for a month and a half, but through
governor greater control over them. Heads of
the good offices of a conference committee the
most state departments, boards, and commis-
same constitution was approved by each faction.
sions are appointed by the governor for terms
The Democrats signed one copy of the docu-
ranging from two to six years.
ment and the Republicans another, giving Min-
The Legislature consists of the House of Rep-
nesota the distinction of having two constitutions.
resentatives, whose 134 members are elected for
Since they were substantially the same, however,
two-year terms, and the Senate, with 67 members
no legal difficulty ensued. The voters of the
who serve four-year terms. Before 1974, all
territory accepted the constitution on Oct. 13,
members of the Legislature were elected with-
1857, and it went into effect the following year
out party designation, the houses having been
when Minnesota became a state.
organized by caucuses of so-called liberal and
The document that issued from bitter factional
conservative factions. In that year, however.
cleavage proved workable and generally adapt-
the lawmakers voted to abandon nonpartisan
able to meet the state's needs. The most fre-
elections.
quently amended article is that concerned with
In 1972 voters approved a constitutional
the finances of the state. Important amendments
amendment providing for "flexible sessions" of
enabled the state to improve its road and high-
the Legislature to replace the previous biennial
way system and to develop its airports.
sessions. The measure retained a maximum 120
Structure of Government. The executive de-
legislative days but allowed them to be spread
partment is headed by six constitutional officers:
over a two-year period, permitting the lawmakers
governor, lieutenant governor, secretary of state,
to hold what are in effect annual sessions.
attorney general, auditor, and treasurer. Since
Although the constitution established popula-
1962, all these officers have been elected for four-
tion as the basis of representation, the legisla-
year terms.
tive districts remained the same from 1913
In the years following statehood, the ad-
until 1966, when the governor signed a bill re-
ministrative functions of the executive branch be-
apportioning both houses of the Legislature. The
came more complex. It therefore became neces-
bill did not change the number of legislators in
sary to set up a number of specialized boards
either house, but it gave the Minneapolis-St.
and commissions to take care of these new duties.
Paul urban area 11 more House seats and 5½
In time the authority of these agencies over-
more Senate seats.
lapped. In 1939 a thorough reorganization inte-
Another reapportionment in 1972, this time
grated these functions in a more orderly arrange-
by a judicial panel, reflected further population
ment of agencies.
shifts. The panel drastically reduced the num-
Another reorganization, approved by the Leg-
ber of legislators, but after that plan was over-
islature in 1973, created new departments of
turned by the U.S. Supreme Court, lines were
finance and personnel, consolidated functions
redrawn with only one House seat eliminated.
that were previously fragmented, and gave the
The judicial branch of the state government
is composed of the supreme court. district court,
county courts, municipal courts, and justices of
the peace. The system is headed by the supreme
GOVERNMENT HIGHLIGHTS
court, the state's court of last resort, made up
Electoral Vote-10. Representation in Congress
of a chief judge and eight associate judges,
-U. S. senators, 2; U.S. representatives, 8. Legis-
elected for six-year terms on a nonpartisan ballot.
lature-Senate, 67 members, 4-year terms; House
of Representatives, 134 members, 2-year terms.
Reform of the judicial procedures in the
Governor-4-year term; can succeed self.
lower courts began in 1948 and accelerated in
1956 when a constitutional amendment was
194
MINNESOTA: 5. Education and Culture
195
dopted authorizing reorganization of the state
costs, relieving pressure on the local property-tax
court system. Under it the chief judge of the su-
structure.
preme court supervises and coordinates the work
Social Services. The state department of public
the state district court. In 1971 the Legisla-
welfare is charged with responsibility for ser-
ture adopted a judicial reform measure that
vices and financial aid to dependent persons. It
turned all probate courts into county courts with
also operates the state institutions for the handi-
panded duties and jurisdictions.
capped and the mentally ill and retarded. The
Public Finance. In the early years of statehood,
bulk of the child-welfare services and financial-
Minnesota's taxing resources were constitutional-
aid programs are administered by the county
limited to the property tax. As the state began
welfare boards.
assume direct responsibility for such functions
Services to children traditionally have been
education and road construction, it required
well developed. Minnesota was the first state
additional revenues. In 1906 most controls were
to treat crippled children at public expense, and
removed from the Legislature's taxing power, and
it continues to serve the physically handicapped
the state became free to broaden its base of
through a children's hospital in St. Paul and a
taxation and to develop its present well-diversi-
traveling pediatric clinic.
fied revenue system.
Along with continued concern for young peo-
The chief sources of the state's revenue are
ple, the state has shown increasing concern for
taxes on income (personal and corporate), sales
senior citizens and for the mentally ill and re-
and gross receipts, gasoline, motor vehicles,
tarded of all ages. Beginning in 1949 the state's
iron ore, gross earnings of railroad and com-
mental-health program was expanded substan-
munications companies, property, liquor, and
tially, and in 1957 state aid was granted to lo-
igarettes. The Legislature enacted the sales tax
cal communities to encourage the establishment
1967, covering all items purchased at retail
of local mental-health centers, making possible
xcept food, medicines, clothing, and gasoline.
a reduction of patients in state hospitals from
In the first half of the 20th century, state
16,000 to 5,000 in an eight-year period.
and local expenditures together increased nine-
fold, but the balance between the state and lo-
5. Education and Culture
cal shares shifted markedly, with the state as-
The citizens of Minnesota have been generous
suming more of the burden. Local governments
in support of education throughout the history
remain restricted to one major source of revenue,
of the state. While education centers predomi-
the property tax. However, since 1967 a sys-
nantly on the public school system, a vigorous
tem of state aid to local government has been
private system, mostly Catholic, provides chal-
instituted that covers about 50% of operating
lenge and alternatives to the public schools. A
number of outstanding private four-year colleges,
GOVERNORS
Although the great virgin forests are gone, new tech-
Territorial
nology supports a prosperous pulp-and-paper industry.
Alexander Ramsey
1849-1853
Willis A. Gorman
1853-1857
GRANT HEILMAN
Samuel Medary
1857-1858
State
Henry H. Sibley
Democrat
1858-1860
Alexandar Ramsey
Republican
1860-1863
Henry A. Swift
"
1863-1864
Stephen Miller
"
1864-1866
William R. Marshall
"
1866-1870
Horace Austin
"
1870-1874
Cushman K. Davis
"
1874-1876
John S. Pillsbury
"
1876-1882
Lucius F. Hubbard
"
1882-1887
Andrew R. McGill
:
1887-1889
William R. Merriam
"
1889-1893
Knute Nelson
:
1893-1895
David M. Clough
"
1895-1899
John Lind
Democrat
1899-1901
Samuel R. Van Sant
Republican
1901-1905
John A. Johnson¹
Democrat
1905-1909
Adolph O. Eberhart
Republican
1909-1915
Winfield S.
Hammond¹
Democrat
1915
Joseph A. A.
Burnquist
Republican
1915-1921
Jacob A. O. Preus
1921-1925
Theodore
Christianson
"
1925-1931
Floyd B. Olson¹
Farmer-Labor
1931-1936
Hjalmar Petersen
1936-1937
Elmer A. Benson
1937-1939
Harold E. Stassen
Republican
1939-1943
Edward J. Thye
1943-1947
Luther W. Youngdahl
"
1947-1951
C. Elmer Anderson
1951-1955
Orville L. Freeman
DFL²
1955-1961
Elmer L. Andersen
Republican
1961-1963
Karl Rolvaag
Democrat
1963-1967
Harold LeVander
Republican
1967-1971
Wendell R. Anderson
Democrat
1971-1976
Rudolph Perpich
DFL²
1976-1979
Albert H. Quie
Republican
1979-1983
Rudolph Perpich
DFL2
1983-
Died in Office. ²Democrat-Farmer Labor.
in liberal arts training, they were accorded t
status of colleges in 1957 and the status of un
versities in 1976. Six are located outside of t
Twin Cities-in Winona, Bemidji, Moorhead,
Cloud, Marshall, and Mankato-and one operat
from St. Paul as a "university without wall
The junior college system originated in ma
communities, with only local support, as an €
tension of certain high schools. In 1957 a stat
wide junior college system with state aid W
established by the Legislature. Today, 18 COI
munity colleges function. In addition, there a
34 vocational-technical schools.
Minnesota's private colleges are outstandir
All were originally established as denomination
schools. However, Carleton, Macalaster, a:
Hamline colleges are now essentially nond
nominational in character. Augsburg, Bethel,
Olaf, and Concordia colleges maintain close
lations with the Norwegian-based Luther
Church, while Gustavus Adolphus has ties wi
the Augustana (Swedish) Lutheran synod.
John's, St. Thomas, St. Catherine, St. Benedi
ELLIS SAWYER, FPG
and St. Scholastica have all emerged from t.
The marble-domed state capitol in St. Paul, designed
Roman Catholic tradition.
by Cass Gilbert, is surrounded by wide terraces.
A number of small institutions serve as trai
ing centers for religious workers, ministers, an
priests. Perhaps the best known of these
most with roots in Catholic or Lutheran de-
Northwestern College, founded as a Bapt
nominations, dot the landscape. The total edu-
seminary and once headed by Billy Graham, b
cational establishment is a cause for pride for
now a four-year interdenominational school.
Minnesotans and helps attract both people and
Libraries and Museums. Almost every con
industries to the state.
munity in the state has a library, all linked t
Elementary and Secondary Education. Common
gether in an interlibrary loan system and a
grade schools were established by an act of the
ministered by the state department of educatio
Territorial Legislature in 1849, from which com-
The Minneapolis Public Library is the largest
prehensive elementary and high school systems
the public system. The University of Minneso
have emerged. Each system functions under an
library, with 25 specialized sub-branches, CO
elected school board and is coordinated by the
tains more than 3 million volumes and ranks
Minnesota department of education. The pro-
one of the better research libraries in the natio
verbial one-room schoolhouse in rural areas has
The James J. Hill Reference Library in :
disappeared. Rural students are taken by bus to
Paul is noted for its special collections deali
some nearby consolidated center. Over 60% of
with business and economic matters in the nor
the cost of operating elementary and secondary
central states. The library, manuscript divisio
schools is covered by state aid money, and these
and newspaper files of the Minnesota Historic
funds are graduated to favor poorer districts
Society are useful for many types of schola:
having an inadequate tax base.
The Historical Society maintains a museum, as
A complementary system of private schools
many county historical societies throughout tl
exists along with the public. Most are Catholic-
state. The University of Minnesota houses
sponsored, a few are Lutheran, and a handful
excellent Museum of Natural History, and tl
are nondenominational, many having emerged
Minneapolis Public Library offers daily plan
from boys' military academies. Parents sending
tarium shows.
children to private schools are allowed a tax
Other Cultural Activities. Since it was esta
credit. Otherwise these schools are maintained
lished in 1963, the Guthrie Theater of Minn
through tuition and voluntary contributions.
apolis has dominated the cultural scene in Mi
Higher Education. Post-secondary education in
nesota with its outstanding repertory production
Minnesota is operated through three systems: the
A number of smaller, more avant-garde theate
University of Minnesota, the state university
flourish as well. The Minnesota Symphony 0
system, and the junior college system. Each has
chestra, based in Minneapolis, enjoys almost
its own governing board, and each is dependent
century-long tradition. The St. Paul-based Mi
on the Legislature for funding to complement
nesota Opera Company offers more than a doze
tuition income and investment earnings.
performances annually, specializing in Englis
Chartered in 1851 as a land-grant college,
language versions of lesser known or new opera
the University of Minnesota has emerged as one
Also in St. Paul, the Arts and Science Cent
of the largest in the nation. In addition to the
maintains a theater, an art museum, and
main campus in Minneapolis, there are three
science museum.
smaller campuses in St. Paul (agricultural tech-
The Minneapolis Society of Fine Arts is a
nology), Duluth (liberal arts, medicine, social
umbrella organization for the Minneapolis Inst
work), and Morris (liberal arts), along with
tute of Arts, the College of Art and Design, an
several agricultural experiment stations and tech-
the Children's Theatre Company. The Institu
nical schools.
exhibits a fairly traditional art collection, whi
The state university system operates seven
the Walker Art Center of Minneapolis ten
colleges that originally were teachers' training
more toward modernism. The American Swedis
(normal) schools. In recognition of their role
Institute, a museum in Minneapolis, offers
196
MINNESOTA: 6. Recreation and Places of Interest
197
range of cultural activities stressing Scandina-
FAMOUS MINNESOTANS
vian roots.
Communication. In addition to the usual com-
Blackmun, Harry A. (1908- ), associate justice
of the U.S. Supreme Court; appointed in 1970
mercial television and radio stations, Minne-
after 11 years as a judge of the U.S. Court of
sotans enjoy a strong public broadcasting system.
Appeals.
Minnesota Public Radio, a listener-supported
Burger, Warren Earl (1907- ) chief justice of
the United States; served 13 years on the U.S.
system, blankets the state through six outlets.
Court of Appeals before assuming the high
The University of Minnesota radio station shares
court directorship in 1969.
a portion of its air time with St. Olaf College.
Calvin, Melvin (1911- ), chemist, winner of the
Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1961 for his work
There is one channel of public television, with
on photosynthesis in green plants.
its main studios in St. Paul and five outlets
Douglas, William O. (1898-1980), associate justice
around the state.
of the U.S. Supreme Court; resigned in 1975
after a record 36 years and 7 months; a cham-
Daily newspapers are published in the Twin
pion of civil liberties and an ardent conserva-
Cities and in more than a dozen smaller cities
tionist.
in the state. The largest of these are the Tribune
Dylan, Bob (1941- ), songwriter and singer,
whose songs of protest made him a hero to the
and Star in Minneapolis and the Pioneer Press
civil-rights and student movements of the
and Dispatch in St. Paul. Local weekly papers,
1960's.
a rural tradition, are published in more than 300
Fitzgerald, F. Scott (1896-1940), novelist, known
for his depiction of the Jazz Age in such
communities. A famous "freedom of the press"
novels as The Great Gatsby and Tender Is the
case in 1858 revolved around the destruction of
Night.
the press machinery of the St. Cloud Visitor,
Garland, Judy (1922-1969), actress and singer,
who began her career as Hollywood's top child
edited by Jane Grey Swisshelm, a vigorous femi-
star; as an adult, her concert tours in Europe
nist and abolitionist prior to the Civil War.
and the United States made her one of the most
beloved entertainers of her time.
6. Recreation and Places of Interest
Getty, Jean Paul (1892-1976), businessman, whose
oil operations made him one of the world's
With its 15,000 lakes of more than 10 acres
richest men.
(4 hectares) and 15,000 miles (24,000 km) of
Gilbert, Cass (1859-1934), architect, whose pub-
lic buildings keynoted the classical revival;
rivers, Minnesota has long been noted as a haven
known as the "father of the skyscraper," he
for outdoor recreation. A complementary system
designed the Woolworth Building (completed
of national, state, and county parks and camp-
1913) in New York City.
grounds offers ample facilities for sportsmen and
Heller, Walter W. (1915- ), economist; chair-
man of the Council of Economic Advisers in the
Kennedy and Johnson administrations.
Hench, Philip S. (1896-1965), physician; winner of
A distinctive feature of the IDS Center in Minneapolis
the 1950 Nobel Prize in physiology and medicine
for his use of hormones in the treatment of
is the Crystal Court, an eight-story-high promenade.
rheumatoid arthritis.
DR. GEORG GERSTER. RAPHO/PHOTO RESEARCHERS
Hill, James J. (1838-1916), financier and railroad
magnate; known as the "empire builder," he
helped open the West with his Great Northern
Railway.
Humphrey, Hubert H. (1911-1978), U.S. senator
and vice president of the U.S. (1965-1969);
Democratic candidate for president, 1968.
Kellogg, Frank B. (1856-1937), secretary of state
in the cabinet of President Coolidge; he pro-
moted a treaty, known as the Kellogg-Briand
Pact, to outlaw war; winner of the Nobel Peace
Prize in 1929.
Lewis, Sinclair (1885-1951), author, winner of the
Nobel Prize for literature; his novels included
Babbitt, Elmer Gantry, and Main Street, of
which the setting, Gopher Prairie, is modeled
on Sauk Centre, Minn.
Mayo, Charles H. (1865-1939), and William J.
(1861-1939), physicians, who founded the world-
famous Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minn.
McCarthy, Eugene Joseph (1916- ), U.S. con-
gressman and senator, whose bid for the Demo-
cratic nomination for president in 1968 was a
factor in President Johnson's withdrawal from
the race.
Mondale, Walter Frederick (1928-
), 42d vice-
president of the United States (1977-1980);
Democratic candidate for president of the United
States in 1984.
Pillsbury, John S. (1828-1901), a leader in flour
milling, he helped found the family company in
Minneapolis in 1872; three-time Republican gov-
ernor of Minnesota (1876-1882).
Rölvaag, Ole Edvart (1876-1931), author of real-
istic novels of pioneer life in the Dakotas,
notably Giants in the Earth.
Stassen, Harold E. (1907- ), politician, who
was elected governor of Minnesota in 1938 at
age 31 and twice reelected; president of the
University of Pennsylvania (1948-1953).
Tate, Allen (1899-1979), poet and critic, whose
poems include the well-known Ode to the Con-
federate Dead; winner of the Bollingen Prize
(1956).
Veblen, Thorstein (1857-1929), economist and
sociologist, known for The Theory of the Leisure
Class in which he analyzed consumption.
sites, each with an interpretive center, such as
the Charles Lindbergh, Sr., home, the Mille Lacs
Indian Museum, the Jeffers petroglyphs from
prehistoric time, and Fort Snelling.
County and Municipal Areas. Almost every
county and city has established a park and rec-
reation system. On an everyday basis, these are
the facilities that are most used by Minnesota
citizens. Both Minneapolis and St. Paul, for ex-
ample, manage elaborate systems of roads, parks,
and neighborhood recreation centers, often ex-
ploiting the many lakes and wild areas within
their boundaries, including the Como Zoo in
St. Paul. The Sinclair Lewis home is preserved
as a historic site by the town of Sauk Centre.
Annual Events. Almost every town or city in
Minnesota holds a festival sometime during the
year, celebrating its chief industry, its special
ethnic heritage, a historical event, or special arts
and crafts. The best known of the festivals are
the Minneapolis Aquatennial in July and the St.
Paul Winter Carnival, beginning in late January.
Among more than 200 other festivals are King
Turkey Day at Worthington, Lumberjack Days
at Stillwater, Kolacky Days at Montgomery, the
Rutabaga Festival at Askov, the Renaissance
Festival at Jonathan, Steamboat Days at Winona,
the Paul Bunyan Water Carnival at Bemidji, and
Svenskarnas Dag in Minneapolis. During the
summer months there are county fairs with live-
WILLIAM CARTER. PHOTO RESEARCHERS
stock, grain, and handiwork exhibits, along
Indians working in pairs in canoes harvest wild rice
with carnivals. The fair season culminates with
from lakeshores and marshes in northern Minnesota.
the Minnesota State Fair in St. Paul during
the ten days prior to Labor Day, an event that
attracts over a million people each year.
vacationers. While these parks are most nu-
Minnesota supports major league teams in
merous in the northern third of the state, they
baseball, football, hockey, and soccer. The Uni-
are scattered through all parts of Minnesota,
versity of Minnesota teams attract many specta-
especially in the southeastern hardwood forest
tors, as do the high school championship play-
area. Public facilities, along with many private
offs for girls' and boys' basketball and for hockey.
lodges, lake cabins, and ski resorts, attract
A unique zoological garden featuring Northern
thousands of visitors each year. In the mid-
Hemisphere plants and animals was scheduled
1970's, some 6.7 million tourists were spending
to open in 1978 at a 480-acre (194-hectare) site
more than $1 billion in Minnesota each year.
30 miles (48 km) south of Minneapolis. The
National Areas. The Voyageurs National Park,
zoo will exhibit free-roaming animals and will
covering some 219,000 acres (89,000 hectares)
be open to the public year-round.
of Minnesota lake country near the Canadian
border, was established in 1971 to preserve this
7. History
forest region in its primitive condition. The
About 20,000 years ago a people of the
park includes areas of historical and geologic
Pleistocene Epoch roamed the lands that are now
interest. Minnesota also has two national forests,
Minnesota. The skeleton of one, known as Min-
Superior and Chippewa, managed by the U.S.
nesota man, was found near Pelican Rapids in
Forest Service. A part of the Superior Forest
1931. Much later, Indian inhabitants left evi-
has been set aside as the Boundary Waters Canoe
dence of their activities in abandoned village
Area, with strict prohibitions against motorized
sites and in mounds. But probably the most
equipment.
popularly known, and certainly the most con-
There are two designated national monu-
troversial, of Minnesota's archaeological remains
ments in Minnesota: the Pipestone quarry, from
is the Kensington Rune Stone, discovered in
which a soft stone (catlinite) was mined by
1898, which purports to record a visit of Vikings
Indians for peace pipes, and Grand Portage, the
to the area in 1362. However, the authenticity
entrepôt on Lake Superior from which furs were
of the stone has been discounted by scholars.
shipped to Montreal and trade goods sent inland
Exploration. Continuous recorded history be-
to Indians during the last third of the 18th
gins with the intrepid sons of New France, who
century.
came seeking a route to the Pacific and on to
State Areas. The state of Minnesota manages
Cathay. Pushing westward from their settle-
61 state parks, most of which have either primi-
ments on the lower St. Lawrence they discovered
tive or modern camping facilities. The state is
the Great Lakes one after another, and then,
increasing the number of recreation trails devel-
drawn on by the Indian tales of a great river
oped for hiking, bicycling, horseback riding,
"called the Mechasipi" and of a western sea
and snowmobiling in winter. In addition, nu-
"whose waters are not fit to drink," they followed
merous state monuments and wayside areas note
the river routes from Lake Michigan and Lake
points of historical interest, such as sites of
Superior into the upper Mississippi Valley. They
forest fires or Indian rebellions. The Minnesota
did not find the passage to the East they sought,
Historical Society operates 13 major historic
but the wealth of furs to be exploited and of In-
198
MINNESOTA: 7. History
199
lian souls to be won brought trader and mis-
Minnesota by the Ojibway Indians in the 18th
stonary to join the explorer.
century and then having relinquished their rights
Participating, directly or indirectly, in the
to most of the plains land in southern Minne-
pening of Minnesota country were such figures
sota. After the rebellion, the Sioux were forced
the French regime in American history as
onto reservations in western South Dakota, and
Robert Cavelier, sieur de La Salle; Samuel de
the Winnebago tribe, which did not rebel, was
hamplain; Jacques Marquette and Louis Jolliet;
also expelled from the state.
Nicolet; Pierre Esprit Radisson and Médard
The decade of the 1870's further tested the
Chouart, sieur des Groseilliers; Father Louis
young state-with the great snowstorm of 1873,
Hennepin; Daniel Greysolon Duluth; and Pierre
the financial panic of that same year, the "grass-
Caultier de Varennes, sieur de La Vérendrye.
hopper" plague of 1873-1878, and the Minne-
Through them the great northern wilderness be-
apolis flour mill explosion of 1878. Although
name part of the French empire in America.
war and disaster had their temporary effects, the
Thus it remained for a century. But when
rapid growth of the state was not deterred.
France yielded to Britain in the Treaty of Paris
Maturity. Minnesota remained a pioneer com-
1763), the Union Jack replaced the flag of
munity for some years in its western and north-
France in the Minnesota country east of the Mis-
ern reaches, but in its older areas it soon began
sissippi. The area west of the Mississippi came
its development toward maturity. Important as-
under the sovereignty of Spain, but in actuality
pects of this development included the change
British traders and trading companies were in
from a predominantly rural society to one marked
control of the entire upper Mississippi Valley.
by industrialization and urbanization; the shift
With the successful conclusion of the American
from exploitation to conservation of natural re-
Revolution, Minnesota East passed into possession
sources; the conversion from one-crop farming to
of the United States. It was joined by Minnesota
a diversified agriculture and from a simple to a
West as a part of the Louisiana Purchase. The
complex economy; the growth of cooperatives;
British, however, remained in control of the re-
the increasing assumption by the state of respon-
gion and its trade until well after the War of 1812.
sibility for the public welfare; and an expansion
Settlement. The earliest effective step toward
of cultural and intellectual pursuits.
American occupation of the Minnesota country
was the building of Fort Anthony in 1819-1820
(renamed Fort Snelling in 1825) at the junction
HISTORICAL HIGHLIGHTS
of the Mississippi and Minnesota rivers. The
1680
Father Louis Hennepin discovered the Falls
fort served not only as a military center on the
of St. Anthony, site of present-day Minnea-
frontier, but even more as a base for further
polis.
1784
The part of Minnesota east of the Missis-
exploration of the wilderness and as a nucleus for
sippi River became U.S. territory.
settlement. Here the soldiers made rudimentary
1803
By terms of the Louisiana Purchase, the
beginnings in the economic activities that would
remainder of Minnesota was attached to
the United States.
later characterize the state-agriculture, flour
1805
Zebulon Pike led an expedition up the
milling, and lumbering.
Mississippi River in the Minnesota region to
Actual settlement really got under way with
enforce U.S. claims against British fur
traders.
the government's purchase from the Indians, in
1819
Construction of Fort St. Anthony began,
1837, of the triangle of land between the St.
later renamed Fort Snelling.
Croix and the Mississippi rivers. Once the land
1823
First steamboat arrived at St. Paul and Fort
Snelling.
had been bought and opened to settlers, lumber-
1832
Henry Schoolcraft discovered the true
men, farmers, artisans, townsite speculators,
source of the Mississippi River, at Lake
storekeepers, doctors, and teachers began to arrive.
Itasca.
1837
Sioux and Chippewa Indians ceded large
During this early period of settlement the
triangle of land between the St. Croix and
Minnesota country was, in succession, a part of
Mississippi rivers, opening the way to set-
Michigan, Iowa, and Wisconsin territories. Fi-
tlement.
1849
nally, in 1849, settlement had progressed far
Minnesota Territory established at the time
Wisconsin became a state.
enough for Congress to authorize the organiza-
1851
Sioux Indians ceded most of southern
tion of Minnesota Territory. When, two years
Minnesota.
1858
Minnesota became the 32d U.S. state.
later, the federal government took over from the
1862
Thirty-nine Sioux Indians executed for role
Indians the bulk of territorial lands west of the
in Sioux Rebellion that killed hundreds of
Mississippi, the influx of settlers, both from older
settlers and Indians.
1863
Minnesota volunteers played key role in
communities to the east and from Europe, began
Battle of Gettysburg.
in earnest. Towns sprang up, some actually and
1878
Explosions caused by dust destroyed half
some only on paper; stagecoach lines provided
of flour-milling capacity at Falls of St.
Anthony, Minneapolis.
regular service; railroads were chartered; hotels,
1889
Mayo Clinic founded in Rochester.
churches, and schools were built; and newspapers
1890
Vast iron-ore deposits discovered in Mesabi
multiplied. In 1858, Minnesota was admitted to
Range.
the Union as the 32d state.
1894
Forest fire destroyed 400 square miles (1,-
036 sq km) of timber in eastern Minnesota,
Two years later, when the Civil War broke
including towns of Hinckley and Sandstone;
out, the infant commonwealth responded to Pres-
418 lives lost.
ident Lincoln's call by being the first state to
1918
Over 400 killed in forest fires in Carlton
and St. Louis counties.
offer troops to the Union cause. Its soldiers,
1922
Henrik Shipstead elected to U.S. Senate on
22,000 in all, served throughout the war, dis-
fledgling Farmer-Labor ticket.
1940
tinguishing themselves with special gallantry at
Famous Armistice Day blizzard took 49
lives.
Gettysburg. But within its own borders the state
1944
Democrat-Farmer-Labor party formed.
faced a crisis, the Sioux Rebellion of 1862, which
1955
First taconite processing began at Silver
Bay on Lake Superior.
was sparked by tardy payment of the cash an-
1972
Fifty-seven-story IDS Center office tower
nuity promised under Indian land treaties. The
completed in Minneapolis.
Sioux (or Dakota) Indians had a long history of
1976
Minnesota Sen. Walter Mondale elected
zrievances, having been forced out of northern
vice president of the United States.
COURTESY ST. PAUL WINTER CARNIVAL
The St. Paul Winter Carnival is an annual event. This Ice Palace was featured at the first carnival in 1886.
Politics. Minnesota's political history was
Walter Mondale, began and ended a bid in 1974
marked, until the 1950's, by a dominant Repub-
for the 1976 presidential nomination. Selected
can tradition almost constantly under challenge
by Jimmy Carter as his running mate, he was
from maverick and third-party forces. These
elected vice president in the 1976 election.
atter groups have had more influence in the
As the 1970's matured into the 1980's, new
shaping of governmental policy and in prodding
concerns arose, notably those involving environ-
the Republicans and Democrats toward a more
mental and economic problems. The most vex-
progressive outlook than their relatively few
ing of the environmental concerns was the pollu-
victories at the polls would indicate. In the
tion of Lake Superior by a major taconite plant
19th century the Anti-Monopoly party, the Farm-
that discharged 67,000 tons of tailings into the
ers' Alliance, and the People's party were
lake daily. The wastes contained carcinogenic
energized by the colorful leadership of Ignatius
asbestos fibers that flowed into the drinking-
Donnelly. Minnesota's vigorous farm cooperative
water systems of Duluth and other cities. Fi-
tradition has its roots in this era.
nally the courts ruled that the tailings must be
A more massive protest movement emerged
deposited on land, resolving the controversy.
in about 1918 in the form of the Farmers'
Minnesota faced economic problems in the
Nonpartisan League, which merged with the
early 1980's that stemmed largely from the na-
Workingman's Nonpartisan League toward the
tionwide recession. Iron mining was particu-
formation of the Farmer-Labor party. The new
larly affected as it reflected the national drop in
party captured both U.S. Senate seats with the
demand for steel. However, the recession did
election of Henrik Shipstead in 1922 and Magnus
not prevent extensive redevelopment for the
Johnson in 1923. The Farmer-Labor party
Minneapolis and St. Paul downtown areas.
achieved control of the state government during
JEANNE SINNEN, Senior Editor
the 1930's with the election of Floyd B. Olson
University Press, University of Minnesota
for three terms and Elmer A. Benson for one.
JAMES M. YOUNGDALE*
After the election of Harold Stassen as gover-
University of Minnesota
nor in 1938, the Republicans remained in power
Bibliography
for the next 16 years, spanning World War II and
Anderson, Chester G., ed., Growing Up in Minnesota (Univ.
the early postwar years. In 1944 the Farmer-
of Minn. Press 1976).
Labor and Democratic parties merged and, gain-
Blacklock, Fran, and others, Our Minnesota (Voyageur
ing strength from the popularity of Franklin D.
Press 1978).
Blegen, Theodore C., Minnesota: A History of the State, 2d
Roosevelt's New Deal programs, began to win
ed. (Univ. of Minn. Press 1975).
periodic election victories. In 1948 a new Dem-
Brook, Michael, compiler, Reference Guide to Minnesota
ocratic leadership emerged around Hubert Hum-
History (Minn. Hist. Society 1974).
Chrislock, Carl H., The Progressive Era in Minnesota,
phrey, who dominated the merged Democratic-
1899-1918 (Minn. Hist. Society 1971).
Farmer-Labor party (DFL) in the 1950's and
Coen, Rena N., Painting and Sculpture in Minnesota, 1820-
1960's, and who was elected vice president in
1914 (Univ. of Minn. Press 1976).
Folwell, William W., A History of Minnesota, 4 vols. (1921-
1964. Political iconoclasm surfaced again in
1968 with the rebellion against the Humphrey
Gieske, Millard, Minnesota Farmer-Laborism: The Third
1930; reprint, Minn. Hist. Society 1956-1969).
leadership by Sen. Eugene McCarthy, who made
Party Alternative (Univ. of Minn. Press 1979).
Kane, Lucile M., and Ominsky, Alan, Twin Cities: A Pic-
an unsuccessful bid for the presidency as a peace
torial History of Saint Paul and Minneapolis (Minn. Hist.
candidate. In the same year Humphrey was the
Society 1983).
national Democratic nominee but lost to Repub-
Hage, George S., Newspapers on the Minnesota Frontier
1849-1860 (Minn. Hist. Society 1967).
lican Richard Nixon.
Minnesota Historical Society, Minnesota History (quar-
Another liberal Democratic Minnesotan, Sen.
terly).
200
MINNESOTA, UNIVERSITY OF-MINNETONKA
201
MINNESOTA, University of, a state controlled,
MINNESOTA ORCHESTRA, one of the leading
deducational institution of higher learning in
symphony orchestras in the United States, with
Minnesota, with its main campus at the Twin
headquarters in Minneapolis. It was founded in
Cities of Minneapolis and St. Paul. It also has
1903 by Emil Oberhoffer as the Minneapolis
impuses at Duluth and Morris. The Mayo
Symphony Orchestra, and Oberhoffer served as
Coundation for Medical Education and Research,
its conductor until 1922. He was succeeded by
Rochester, Minn., is a coordinate institution
Henri Verbrugghen. Later permanent conductors
perating under the graduate school. University
included Eugene Ormandy, Dimitri Mitropoulos,
diricultural and biological experiment stations
Antal Dorati, and Stanislaw Skrowaczewski.
located in Crookston, Duluth, Grand Rapids,
In 1968 the Minnesota Orchestra adopted its
Lamberton, Morris, Rosemount, and Waseca.
present name to give it a regional audience,
The University of Minnesota at Twin Cities
with concerts not only in Minneapolis but in St.
has schools of architecture; business; dentistry;
Paul and other Minnesota cities as well. It also
lietetics; aeronautical, agricultural, chemical,
appears throughout the United States and in
vivil, electrical, geological, mechanical, metal-
countries abroad. In the summer the orchestra
urgical, mining, and sanitary engineering; for-
gives free concerts in the Minneapolis-St. Paul
stry: hospital administration; journalism; land-
area, and it performs programs for young people.
scape architecture; law; librarianship; medical
technology; medicine; music; nursing; occupation-
MINNESOTA RIVER, a river in the state of Min-
therapy; pharmacy; physical therapy; psychol-
nesota that rises in Big Stone Lake on the Min-
public health; social work; speech pathol-
nesota-South Dakota border. It has a total length
teacher education; and veterinary medicine.
of 332 miles (534 km). Draining a rich agricul-
Its enrollment is about 65,000.
tural region, the river flows southeast to Man-
The Duluth Campus offers programs leading
kato and then northeast to the Mississippi River
to bachelor's and master's degrees in liberal arts
at Minneapolis and St. Paul. Once known as the
and education. Its enrollment is about 8,000.
St. Peter or St. Pierre, it was an important
The Morris campus offers programs leading to
route for explorers and fur traders.
bachelor's degrees in liberal arts and education.
Its enrollment is about 2,000.
MINNESOTA STATE UNIVERSITY SYSTEM, an
Special university-wide academic programs
educational system consisting of seven state-
melude the Martin Luther King program, which
controlled institutions of higher learning in Min-
provides financial, academic, and counseling aid
nesota. They are located in Bemidji, Mankato,
for disadvantaged students. There also are mi-
Marshall, Moorhead, St. Cloud, St. Paul, and
nority studies programs in Afro-American and
Winona.
American Indian studies.
Bemidji State University has schools of chem-
The library of the University of Minnesota
istry, social work, and teacher education. Its
has more than 3 million volumes. Its collections
enrollment is about 5,500. Mankato State Uni-
include the Bell Library of History of World
versity has schools of art, chemistry, dental as-
Trade, the Ames Library of South Asia, and the
sisting, music, nursing, social work, and teacher
Kerlan Collection of Illustrated Children's Lit-
education. Its enrollment is about 13,000. The
erature. The library for the Duluth branch has
Metropolitan State University, in St. Paul, is a
holdings that include the voyageur collection.
liberal arts institution that operates as a "uni-
The University of Minnesota is governed by
versity without walls." Its enrollment is about
board of 12 regents. It was first chartered in
1,500. Moorhead State University has schools
1851. The Duluth branch, chartered as the
of chemistry, music, social work, and teacher
State Normal School in 1895, became part of
education and an enrollment of about 5,500.
the university in 1947. The Morris branch was
St. Cloud State University has schools of busi-
established in 1959.
ness, music, and teacher education and an en-
rollment of about 11,000. The Southwest State
MINNESOTA MULTIPHASIC PERSONALITY IN-
University, in Marshall, has a school of chem-
VENTORY (MMPI), also called Multiphasic Per-
istry. It enrolls about 2,000. Winona State Uni-
sonality Inventory (MPI), a personality test
versity, with schools of music, nursing, and
designed to detect and measure personality dis-
teacher education, enrolls about 5,000.
orders by comparing the responses of the person
The system has its own governing board and
who takes the test with those of psychiatric pa-
depends in part on the legislature for funding.
tients with known kinds of disorders. It consists
The seven institutions originally were teachers
of about 500 statements to be checked as true
training (normal) schools. They were given the
false as applied to the person taking the test.
status of colleges in 1957 and of universities
Sample statements are:
in 1976.
At times my thoughts have raced ahead faster than
speak them.
My mother or father often made me obey even
MINNETONKA, min-i-tong'ks, a city in south-
when I thought it was unreasonable.
eastern Minnesota, is in Hennepin county, 15
'hrill have never done anything dangerous for the
miles (24 km) west of Minneapolis. Part of the
of
it.
city borders on Lake Minnetonka, from which
A test is scored by the degree of correspon-
Minnehaha Creek flows eastward through the
lence between the answers of the person being
city to Minneapolis. Minnetonka is situated on an
tested and those given by patients with various
interstate highway. Primarily a residential com-
psychological disturbances. The result of the
munity, Minnetonka has very little industry, most
original MMPI test is a profile of scores for var-
of its working citizens commuting to Minneapolis
ans disorders including hypochondria, depres-
and other suburbs. The city has its own theater
Jon. paranoia, and social introversion. The test
group and symphony orchestra. First settled in
includes special validating questions designed to
the 1850's, Minnetonka was incorporated in 1969
measure the tested person's honesty and attitude
and has a city manager-council form of govern-
Sward being tested.
ment. Population: 38,683.
05-17-1995 12:05
612 624 6839
U of MN CLA ADMIN
P.01
Twin Cities Campus
UNIVERSITY Freding OF MINNESOTA
Office of the Dean
215 Johnston Hall
101 Pleasant Street S.E.
College of Liberal Arts
Minneapolis. MN 55455
Fax: 612-624-6839
FAX TRANSMISSION COVER SHEET
their
Date:
5-17-95
1985 Starts. 9.45 a 45 at I to Ilam. ym up
TO:
Julie
fax# (202) (202) 456-5340 456-5340
FROM:
Mary Hicks
fax# 612/624-6839
CLA
NUMBER OF PAGES, INCLUDING THIS COVER SHEET:
6
COMMENTS:
If there is a problem with this transmission, please call 612/624-1524 11
05-17-1995 12:06
612 624 6839
U of MN CLA ADMIN
P.02
May 17, 1995
Julie Hopper
Scheduling Office
1600 Pennsylvania Ave, NW
Washington, DC 20500
Dear Julie,
We are eagerly moving forward with arrangements for the First Lady's appearance on
the University of Minnesota Twin Cities campus on Sunday, June 11, 1995. I am
forwarding planning information in the hopes that you can obtain some preliminary
reactions form the Secret Service and other appropriate officials.
Press Relations
UNIVERSITY MINNESUTA
CLA
University Relations, our University news service, will handle the arrangements for
working with the press. Your direct contacts there are:
125
Pat Everheart: phone 612/ 624-8520
YEARS
e-mail [email protected]
fax: 612/ 624-6369
Bill Brady: phone 612/ 625-8510
e-mail [email protected]
fax: 612/ 624-6369
We have arranged for a press room in the arena, press table at court side, and a press
platform at the far end of the court for television cameras. We still need to know of
your interest in the proposed USA Today story. University Relations will coordinate
press releases, press credentials, and other press matters. If you have guidelines for
the kinds of press releases used, please explain them to Bill and Pat.
Security
Enclosed is a map of the arena. The stage, with a 65 foot wide backdrop will be at the
west end. No seating will be available behind the stage. On the map I have indicated
which seats will be eliminated. I would Buggest you plan to arrive at he east end of the
building, as only stage personnel and press will be using those doors. The recessional
will take Mrs. Clinton directly to those doors.
05-17-1995 12:06
612 624 6839
U of MN CLA ADMIN
P.03
It would be helpful to know what information Secret Service will require for people
seated on the stage, if Secret Service requires additional security in the building,
and any concerns about the facility. It is my understanding there may be local federal
employees who could conduct a preliminary security review of the facility. It would be
helpful to us if we could have some of our questions answered early.
Program
The processional will begin at 9:45 a.m., and the program will begin with the National
Anthem at 10. It is my understanding that Mrs. Clinton's address will last
approximately 20 minutes. She will be introduced by U.S. Senator Paul Wellstone.
The University of Minnesota Board of Regents has approved the Honorary Doctorate
of Law. After Mrs. Clinton's speech, the degree will be presented by President Nils
Hasselmo and Board of Regents Chairperson, Jean Keffler. Following the
presentation, the conferring of degrees will occur. We are striving to have the entire
ceremony completed no later than 12:45.
I am enclosing program copy that pertains to Mrs. Clinton. Space is limited, but if
changes or corrections need to be made, please contact me by the end of the business
day Thursday, May 18.
Julie, I appreciate your assistance in planning and coordinating the details of this
important event.
Sincerely,
Mary
Mary Hicks
Director of Development
612/625-5541
fax: 612/624-6839
MKH/hg
University of Minnesota
Williams Arena
P.04
Upper and Lower Deck Seating Diagram
MORTH
U of MN CLA ADMIN
ATING
SEATING
KEY TO SEATING TYPE
WEST
BENCH
WHEELCHAIR
612 624 6839
INDIVIDUAL SEATURE
VISITOR
HOME
ASSURED SEATING
S
NO
05-17-1995 12:06
NO
375th
05-17-1995 12:07
612 624 6839
U of MN CLA ADMIN
P.05
Speaker and Honorary Doctor of Laws
First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton
Hillary Rodham Clinton served as First Lady of Arkansas for twelve years.
During that time, she worked as a full-time partner of a law firm, chaired an
education committee that set public school standards in Arkansas, managed a
home, and cared for her husband and child. On many occasions, Hillary
Clinton has spoken about the need "to find the right balance in our lives."
For her, the elements of that balance are family, work, and public service.
Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton was born in Chicago, Illinois, on
October 26, 1947, daughter of Dorothy Rodham and the late Hugh Rodham.
She and her two younger brothers grew up in Park Ridge, Illinois, as a close-
knit family. An excellent student, she was also a Girl Scout and a member of
the local Methodist youth group. She enjoyed sports and was always
interested in politics.
She entered Wellesley College in 1965. Graduating with high honors,
she then enrolled in Yale Law School, where she served on the Board of
Editors of the Yale Review of Law and Social Action. There she met Bill
Clinton, a fellow student. While at Yale, she developed her strong concern for
protecting the interests of children and their families.
In 1973, Mrs. Clinton became a staff attorney for the Children's Defense
Fund. A year later, she joined the Impeachment Inquiry staff of the Judiciary
Committee of the U.S. House of Representatives to work on the Watergate
impeachment proceedings.
Mrs. Clinton left Washington and "followed her heart to Arkansas."
She married Bill Clinton in 1975. The couple both taught on the law faculty of
the University of Arkansas at Fayetteville. Their daughter, Chelsea, was born
in 1980.
As First Lady of Arkansas, Mrs. Clinton continued to work tirelessly on
behalf of children and families. In addition to chairing the Arkansas
Education Standards Committee, she founded the Arkansas Advocates for
Children and Families. She introduced a pioneering program called
Arkansas' Home Instruction Program for Preschool Youth, which trains
parents to work with their children in preschool preparedness and literacy.
Mrs. Clinton also served on the board of the Arkansas Children's Hospital. In
recognition of her professional and personal accomplishments, she was
named Arkansas Woman of the Year in 1983 and Arkansas Mother of the
Year in 1984.
Upon taking office, the President made health care one of his highest
priorities. He appointed the First Lady to head his Task Force on National
Health Care Reform. Like her predecessors, Hillary Rodham Clinton brings to
the role of First Lady of the United States her own special talents, experience,
style, and interests.
Today Mrs. Clinton will receive the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws.
The honorary degree is the highest award conferred by the University of
Minnesota, and is reserved for those who have achieved acknowledged
05-17-1995 12:08
612 624 6839
U of MN CLA ADMIN
P.06
eminence in cultural affairs, in public service, or in a field of knowledge and
scholarship.
"People of all views recognize that Hillary Rodham Clinton's
commitment to public service exemplifies the best of our nation," United
States Senator Paul Wellstone wrote in support of Mrs. Clinton's nomination
for the honorary Doctorate of Laws. "Minnesota - and the University of
Minnesota - also has a long tradition of energizing public service.
Consequently, this Doctorate is well-deserved."
Withdrawal/Redaction Marker
Clinton Library
DOCUMENT NO.
SUBJECT/TITLE
DATE
RESTRICTION
AND TYPE
002. fax
re: political (3 pages)
05/18/1995
Personal Misfile
COLLECTION:
Clinton Presidential Records
Speechwriting
Lissa Muscatine
OA/Box Number: 12075
FOLDER TITLE:
HRC - University of Minnesota 5/11/95
2017-1164-S
rc2369
RESTRICTION CODES
Presidential Records Act - |44 U.S.C. 2204(a)]
Freedom of Information Act - [5 U.S.C. 552(b)]
P1 National Security Classified Information [(a)(1) of the PRA]
b(1) National security classified information [(b)(1) of the FOIA]
P2 Relating to the appointment to Federal office [(a)(2) of the PRA]
b(2) Release would disclose internal personnel rules and practices of
P3 Release would violate a Federal statute [(a)(3) of the PRA]
an agency [(b)(2) of the FOIA]
P4 Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential commercial or
b(3) Release would violate a Federal statute [(b)(3) of the FOIA]
financial information [(a)(4) of the PRA]
b(4) Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential or financial
P5 Release would disclose confidential advice between the President
information [(b)(4) of the FOIA]
and his advisors, or between such advisors [a)(5) of the PRA]
b(6) Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
P6 Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
personal privacy [(b)(6) of the FOIA]
personal privacy [(a)(6) of the PRA]
b(7) Release would disclose information compiled for law enforcement
purposes [(b)(7) of the FOIA]
C. Closed in accordance with restrictions contained in donor's deed
b(8) Release would disclose information concerning the regulation of
of gift.
financial institutions [(b)(8) of the FOIA]
PRM. Personal record misfile defined in accordance with 44 U.S.C.
b(9) Release would disclose geological or geophysical information
2201(3).
concerning wells [(b)(9) of the FOIA]
RR. Document will be reviewed upon request.
5/2/95
File
PATTI
June
THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA HAS INVITED CONGRESSWOMAN PAT
SCHRODER TO THE GRADUATION ON JUNE 11, SHE IS A GRADUATE OF THE
UNIVERSITY.
HER SCHEDULING OFFICE HAS ASKED IF IT IS POSSIBLE THAT THE
CONGRESSWOMAN ACCOMPANY THE FIRST LADY.
HER SCHEDULER IS BERT RAMLOW AND SHE CAN BE REACHED AT 225-4431
MARGE TARMEY
payment needs to be
addressed. Cong. Schroder
does not have the
funds to cover - University I
of MN? J told them
would call back as
the schedule legins
to fum up.
5/9. Juli
444 STATES AND REGIONS
MINNESOTA
tric about the ghosts of the horses and mules
once tethered to the hitch-rail enclosing the
county courthouse and it might almost be said
L'étoile du nord. (The star of the north.)
to have only two directions, north and south,
State motto.
since until a few years ago it was impossible to
To understand Minnesota it is necessary that
travel east or west in it unless you walked or rode
one of the horses or mules.
one respond to youth, forgiving its occasional
awkwardness and egoism for the sake of its
WILLIAM FAULKNER, "Mississippi," American Panorama:
East of the Mississippi, 1960.
healthy vigor, its color, its alternating self-confi-
dence and self-distrust, its eagerness for experi-
For the native Mississippian long has accepted
ment. One will not expect to find here the mel-
the fact that the Delta is more than a distinct
lowness of cities, villages, and countrysides as in
geographical unit, it is also a way of life. The
the older states.
word "Delta" connotes for him persons charm.
FEDERAL WRITERS' PROJECT, Minnesota: A State Guide,
ingly lacking in provincialism rather than wide
1938.
flat fields steaming with fertility and squat plan-
tation towns that are all alike.
Where all the women are strong, all the men are
FEDERAL WRITERS' PROJECT, Mississippi: A Guide to the
good looking, and all the children above average.
Magnolio State, 1949.
GARRISON KEILLOR, 1980s, on Lake Wobegon, fictional
Minnesota town of radio show "Prairie Home
We Mississippi white folk think as our land
Companion."
thinks, and those who understand our simple
Minnesotans are just different, that's all. On the
psychology and accept our way as being com-
day of which I speak, with the wind-chill factor
plete rather than clever find us tolerant but not
hovering at fifty-seven below, hundreds of them
susceptible, easy to amuse but hard to convince.
could be perceived through the slits of my ski
Our faith is in God, next year's crop, and the
mask out ice fishing on this frozen lake. It was
Democratic Party.
cold out there, bitter, biting, cutting, piercing,
FEDERAL WRITERS' PROJECT, Mississippi: A Guide to the
Magnolia State, 1949.
hyperborean, marmoreal cold, and there were all
these Minnesotans running around outdoors,
Mississippians are serenely confident that they
happy as lambs in the spring.
have the most colorful history of any state.
CHARLES KURALT, Dateline America, 1979.
Never mind that almost all of it concerns one
lost concern or another.
The state seal shows a farmer, a waterfall, a for-
8ERN KEATING, Fodor's South, 1979.
est, and an Indian riding into the sunset. It
should be changed to ice cubes rampant on a
A debonair disregard for the truth, lawlessness
field of white, a grinning, barefoot Swede in a
allied with righteousness, and a contempt for
Grain Belt Beer T-shirt riding a snowmobile, and
Negroes are the major elements which go into
a shivering visitor whose stricken breath is freez-
the making of the Mississippi mind.
ing into ice crystals.
WILLIAM MCCORD, Mississippi: The Long Hot Summer, 1965.
CHARLES KURALT, Dateline America, 1979.
When you're in Mississippi, the rest of America
"Home of the Late April Slush."
doesn't seem real. And when you're in the rest of
CALVIN TRILLIN, suggested motto for Minneapolis,
America, Mississippi doesn't seem real.
Minnesota, "The Motto-Maker's Art," The Nation,
Bos PARRIS MOSES, ca. 1961, in lack Newfield, "Amite
February 23, 1985.
County," Bread and Roses Too, 1971.
MISSISSIPPI
MISSOURI
Virtute es armis. (By valor and arms.)
Sallus populi suprema lex esto. (The welfare of the
State motto.
people shall be the supreme law.)
State motto.
Mississippi begins in the lobby of a Memphis,
Tennessee, hotel and extends south to the Gulf
The spare Ozark hillman,
with
his
rabbit
gun
of Mexico. It is dotted with little towns concen-
and dog, is a Missourian.
So is the weathered