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Although the Virgin is elegantly dressed, including a garnet (?) brooch, as befits the Queen of Heaven, she is shown here in a moment of maternal intimacy with her son. The composition is full of symbols. The Christ Child wears a rosary around his neck from which hangs a pendant sprig of coral (thought to ward off evil). The apple in Christ’s hands alludes to the “forbidden fruit” eaten by Adam and Eve (and therefore to their sin, which Christ will redeem with his death); the floral garland, which includes a carnation and a rose, symbolizes the Madonna’s love and purity, and the goldfinch flying toward the Christ Child is a foreshadowing of his death. According to popular legend, the bird plucked a thorn from Christ’s crown at the Crucifixion and became forever stained with his blood, hence the red spot on its beak.Intimately-scaled and certainly intended for private devotion in a domestic interior, the painting is typical work by Bernardino di Mariotto, a prolific artist active primarily in his native region of Umbria in Central Italy in the early 1500s. By this date, gold backgrounds as well as the use of “pastiglia,” a technique of building up “gesso” (a plaster-like substance used as primer) on the painting’s surface to create three dimensionality, were largely out of fashion though they remained popular among patrons with more conservative tastes.