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Great Britain - Kennedy, Joseph P., 1938-June 1939
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Great Britain - Kennedy, Joseph P., 1938-June 1939
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President's Secretary's File (Franklin D. Roosevelt Administration)
Diplomatic Correspondence
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PSF: Great Britain : Joseph Kennedy 1938- June 1939
file
PSF:Kennedy
TELEGRAM
6WUDB 77NL
The White House
Mashington
Shelby Montana January 13 1938
The President
The White House
My dear Mr. President: Moore and I are on our way home by train.
The last crackup out of Seattle scared us a bit. Just got news of
my confirmation. Will thank you personally when I get home. I want
to say now that I don't know what kind of a diplomat I shall be,
probably rotten, but I promise to get done for you those things that
you want done. Rose and I are deeply grateful.
Joe Kennedy.
PSF
Feb. 10, 1938.
Pres. Memo to Admiral Leahy--attaches excerpt from Col Lindbergs'
letter on German of planes etc. for his informati n
Leahys reply attached also memo from J. Kennedy and Gray
SEE--Navy folier-Drawer 1--1938
PSF Kennedy
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
(2)
February 12, 1938.
MEMORANDUM FOR
HON. JOSEPH P. KENNEDY
will you speak to me
about this?
F. D. R.
MEMO FROM THE PRESIDENT
JOE KENNEDY
TO SEE BRANDEIS & WISE
PSF: Kennedy
JOSEPH P: KENNEDY
30 ROCKEFELLER PLAZA
NEW YORK, N.Y.
February 23, 1938
(2)
Dear Mr. President:
Regarding the Culberson matter, since the entire
picture subject is in controversy with the British
Government, I think that it might be well to wait
until we finish our negotiations rather than have
any breakup for fear of the harm it might do to the
deal that we might make.
I shall be on top of the subject and just as
soon as we have it so that no harm can possibly come
of it, we can proceed. I think if anything is said
to the Department at this time it will mean an up-
set. It would of course cause a leak and have a
bad effect.
Very respectfully yours,
Joe.
JPK/b
The President of the United States,
The White House,
Washington, D.C.
TELEGRAME: LONDON 6321
freesmal
PSF:Kennedy PSF: Kennedy
TELEPHONE:
PARK LANE HOTEL
Personal & Confidential.
PICCADILLY
LONDONW1
THE WHITE HOUSE
The President,
MAR 12. 9 08 AM
4th
The White House,
March
Washington, D.C.
1938
Dear Chief,
I have just come from the American Embassy,
to put it more simply, from Joe Kennedy. I know you
will be glad to hear, though probably you will have
heard it before this, that J.K. has already made a
very good impression. These Britishers will hear,
of course in private, language from him to which
their dainty ears are not accustomed. He must have
said some things to the godly Halifax at their first
meeting which that plaster saint of 1938 will not
speedily forget.
I write for two reasons, one, to tell you
of the joy which is mine in common with most Americans,
let us say, 65 rather than 66 per cent. of 1936, in
the day which marks the completion of five great un-
forgettable years of your historic service to our
country. They have been war years, but you have been
privileged to be the nation's defender, defender of
the dispossessed and under-privileged. What higher
distinction could any human achieve; and in defending
those who could not defend themselves save through
force, you have done most to save our democracy from
the peril which threatened in the two last Hoover years.
There is one thing more that I must add by
way of postscript. After Joe K. told me that he was
the first Catholic to hold the London Embassy post, I
pointed to Choate's portrait and said: "I suppose you
know, J.K., that Choate was nastily anti-Irish at
times?" J.K's answer was: "I'll ring for the porter
and have the portrait removed at once". We both
noted that Choate was frowning at us, Joe for being
an Irish ambassador, and at me on general principles
88 Jew and Rabbi. But Joe is going to give the earlier
Joe a chance to hang on the wall if he adapts himself
TOWDOW
TELEGRAMENT. VENOR LONDON 6321.
PARK LANE HOTEL
PICCADILLY
LONDON,W.1
- 2 -
to his new Irish American surroundings.
much
I must tell you something of none moment to
not a few of your friends including Iskaiah and Felix
and Ben V.C. and Judge Mack, namely, that as a result
of typical English manoeuvring, the Foreign Office now
now plans to give us even less than the Peel partition
proposed, namely, to take out everything including and
above Haifa, to cut off our access to the Lebanon, to
take away the north and upper Galilee which 18 so
important, and to keep the entire Southern Palestine 88
British, though of course that would make it more
accessible to Jewish settlers than it would be if it
become Arab. I think you will find that J.K. is going
to be very helpful as he is keenly understanding, and
there is just enough Irish in him to make him sympathetic
to those of us who resent the British promise that is in
danger of being broken to our hope.
Wuth most affectionate greeting,
Always dear Chief,
Yours,
S.
rond
LONDON. 5 5PM'C W.C.
N
EMPIR
4 MCH
EXHIBITI
POSTAGE
REVENUE
1938
GLASGO
D
MAY-OCTOBER
The President,
The White House,
Washington, D.C.
PSF
Memo to President
From Hull
March 13, 1938
In re-Joe Kennedy's proposed speech in London.
SEE--Hull folder-Drawer 1--1938
PSF: st. Britain
iscuredy
March 22, 1938.
Dear Joe:-
Yours of the eleventh has come an hour
before I leave for Wara Springs 80 I cannot even
sign this. It is grand to have your news and I
hope you will keep on writing.
Poor old Russian Ambassador! I hope he
will not die of fright If he is sent for.
Since you left things have not changed
greatly here -- no better, no worse.
I miss you much. Love to Rose and the
children.
As ever yours,
Honorable Joseph P. Kennedy,
American Embasay,
London,
England.
P.S. when you feel that British accent creeping up
on you and your trousers riding up to the knee,
take the first steamer home for a couple of
weeks holiday.
London, March 11, 1938.
Dear Mr. President:
I am writing this at noon, after just having
made three courtesy calls on the French, Spanish and
Argentine Ambassadors. This afternoon I have the
Turkish Embassy, the Cardinal Archbishop of West-
minster, the Russian Embassy and the Brazilian Em-
bassy and, if I get anything interesting, I will add
it on to this letter.
I don't expect that I will be able to tell you
anything you are not familiar with or that you will
consider very deeply a judgment formed after ten days
here, but there are certain definite signs that would
help me to make up my mind in America on a given con-
dition and I think I am justified in drawing the same
conclusions here.
First of all, I am impressed in talking with
the various Government officials of foreign countries
that they regard the situation as acute in Central
Europe, but, in the words of the French Ambassador
this
The President,
The White House.
-2-
this morning, nothing is likely to happen except to
have Schuschnigg eventually give in unless there is
some indication that France and England are prepared
to back him up. The Spanish Ambassador, of course,
feels that if a strong position had been taken in the
Spanish situation, it would not now be necessary to
have to take one in Central Europe in order to save
Europe.
My own impression is that Hitler and Mussolini,
having done so very well for themselves by bluffing,
they are not going to stop bluffing until somebody
very sharply calls their bluff. They have made con-
siderable capital in their own countries of the fact
that Eden was more or less persona non grata to both;
they have persuaded their own people that they were
strong enough to force Eden out of the British Cabi-
net. This is psychologically the worst result that
has been obtained; this and the fact that the small
countries of Europe are impressed with the fact that
England is considerably moved by the positions of
Spain and Italy.
The French Ambassador feels that the real point
of ifference between the Eden and Chamberlain poli-
cies was that Eden maintained a policy always looking
at
-3-
at the outside of Britain and Chamberlain makes his
policy looking at the political situation here. If
Chamberlain is successful in working out some kind
of a deal with either country, he will be & hero;
if he isn't successful, he will probably say, "I
have done the best I could to avert war; I have
used every facility at my command to make a trade
with these two nations; I can't do anything." The
impression seems to be pretty general among the bank-
ing and financial interests that this is probably the
way he will finally work himself out.
With all due respect to all these ideas, I am
thoroughly convinced and the heads of the various
departments in the Government and outside of the
Government all feel that the United States would
be very foolish to try to mix in. All they are
interested in is to have the United States stay
prosperous and build a strong navy, and they feel
that time will take care of their position with the
United States. This feeling is almost unanimous
among the top side people.
However, as I say, I am more convinced than
ever that the economic situation in Europe is becom-
ing more and more acute and if our American business
does
-4-
does not pick up so that trade is generated for
these countries, we will have a situation that will
far overshadow any political maneuverings. Great
Britain has the same kind of stock market we have;
it is thin and nobody is anxious to buy anything.
Armament is keeping industry going and they are
looking around for methods of increasing taxation.
There is some feeling in the industrialist's mind
that there is always a potential danger from Germany
by air raids, because London's political, financial
and industrial centers are practically all one and
the same and a hostile air fleet hit into a small
part of London would put the whole place out of
commission. In a discussion yesterday with Inskip,
Minister of National Defense, the question was brought
up as to the possibility of this same air fleet keep-
ing off ships carrying food to England, but even
though they think about this incidentally, the
bankers see the handwriting on the wall and are
frightfully disturbed. The standard of living, of
course, is getting much worse in all the countries
of Europe, except England, and they are finding them-
selves more and more dependent on America's prosperity
than they ever believed possible.
My
-5-
My own belief, on that plan you discussed with
me, is that the time is going to come, after Chamber-
lain has made the political offers necessary, for you
to make a worldwide gesture and base it completely on
an economic stand, but it should be entirely a ques-
tion of proper timing. There is nothing, I believe,
that could possibly be done at the moment. The ob-
ligation of finding a way to accelerate trade and get
business started in all these countries should come
when there is a mad desire on their parts to have you
do it. To my thinking, that is bound to come, and
the proper entrance into the field at the right time
will make world history never to be forgotten, and it
isn't something that may have to be done, it is some-
thing that will have to be done.
I am getting some rather strong convictions on
personnel and methods of organization, but that will
wait for a while.
I think I have made a fairly good start here with
the people and seem to be getting el ong reasonably well
with the Government so far.
On the 31st of this month I am going to take the
American point of view on the Merchant Marine at a
banquet here in London of all the steamship operators
and
-6-
and builders. I think I have a chance to answer
the criticism that has always been so prevalent 88
to why America should have a Merchant Marine.
I don't know that you want to be bothered with
this kind of a letter, but, if you do, just let me
know and I will send them along to you when I have
any personal observations. A great deal of the
stuff that will go forward, it seems to me, might
be interesting, but not particularly important.
Nobody is going to fight a war over here unless
Germany starts shooting somebody. Nobody wants it.
I miss seeing you all very, very much.
Faithfully yours,
P.S. - On my trips this afternoon, there was nothing
interesting at the Turkish Embassy. The Cardi-
nal told me that the Apostolic Delegate in Spain, al-
though an Italian, had informed him that there were
approximately twenty thousand Italian troops still in
the Franco army, but that there is a general feeling
that the war is coming to 8 close.
At the Russian Embassy I had 8. very interest-
ing time. I told him point blank that America was
frankly amazed at the so-called trials in Russia and
wondered if he cared to tell me something about them.
He told me that they all date back to the original
break of the Trotsky-Stalin philosophy; Stalincontend-
ing on one hand that Russia was big enough to maintain
a social system of her own; Trotsky, on the other hand,
saying that Russia could never prosper under a Com-
munistic system unless they worked to make the rest
of the world Communistic.
This fight went on in a
proper way between the ordinary political opponents
for five or six years.
Then came time to lay out the Five Year Plan
around 1928, and things started to be very bad in 1932
and 1933. Since they were not able to get outside
capital, they were obliged to lay out their own money
and, of course, this capital did not earn them any
money
money and therefore conditions were extremely bad.
But the Trotsky group, representing 8. great many men
in high places, contended among themselves that there
was still a good spot here for planning and plotting
and Stalin recognized that this was taking place, but,
because of the unsettlement and unrest, did not want
to take dire steps. Then conditions started to im-
prove in 1934, 35, '36 and '37, and this group, seeing
that they would lose the advantage gained by unrest
of the people, now decided to carry on with Japan
and Germany, going so far 88 to pledge the Ukraine
to Cermany and the maritime port to Japan.
I said all this might be true, but why did these
men hold these high places. He said that in a great
many cases Stalin knew of their leanings, but tried
to win them over, but finally decided it was impos-
sible and took these steps.
He would like to 80 into this more at length
later and I will have a talk with him. To be very
frank, he looks scared to death himself. My own
belief is that, if the telephone had rung and said
"Come back to Russia," he would have died right on
my hands.
I don't know whether any of this makes any
sense, and, 88 I say, I never have had any experi-
ence as to what you want in news, so please don't
hesitate
hesitate to tell me not to bother sending this and
just ke ep up with the quick bulletins, but, if you
take my word, these quick bulletins will be newsy
but still unimportant as far as the United States
of America's policy goes.
J.P.K.
PSF: Kennedy
P.F.
London, March 22, 1938.
Dear Mr. President:
The St. Georges have arrived and I am
planning to see them on Wednesday. I told
Mr. St. George that I would open up my London
account with him, and I think that pleased
him more than anything I could do for them
socially.
I will also get in touch with the
Gordons and have them in any time they
will come.
Faithfully yours,
Jae Kennedy
The President,
The White House,
Washington.
PsF:Kerundy
ADDRESS OFFICIAL COMMUNICATIONS TO
THE SECRETARY OF STATE
WASHINGTON, D.C.
fillsonal
DEPARTMENT OF STATE
WASHINGTON
April 15, 1938
In reply refer to
PR 811. 001 Roosevelt, F.D./5885
Secretary
My dear Miss LeHand:
I am pleased to transmit herewith, for the
information of the President, a copy of a telegram
addressed to him personally, which was received
in the Department this morning from the American
Ambassador at London.
Sincerely yours,
George Jummerthi Protocol.
Enclosure:
From the American
Ambassador at London
to the President,
April 15, 1938.
Miss Marguerite A. LeHand,
Private Secretary to the President,
The White House.
PSF : Kennedy
EG
London
Dated April 15, 1938
REc'd 6:55 a.m.
Secretary of State,
Washington.
315, April 15, noon.
"PERSONAL FOR THE PRESIDENT.
Just finished reading your speech. It is a great
spiritual document as well as a great piece of Economic
reasoning. If WE all live to that - business, labor and
government - problem is solved. JOE."
KENNEDY
RR
Runny PSF folder
April 18, 1938.
My dear Mr. President:
with reference to our telephone conver-
sation of this morning, I am enclosing here-
with for your consideration a suggestion of
what you might wish to say at your press con-
ference tomorrow with regard to the British-
Italian Agreement.
I have spoken on the telephone to the
Secretary and he is in accord with the gen-
eral lines of this suggestion.
Believe me
Faithfully yours,
Enclosure.
The President,
The White House.
AS this Government has on frequent occasions made
it clear, the United States, in advocating the mainte-
nance of international law and order, believes in the
promotion of world peace through the friendly solution
by peaceful negotiation between nations of controversies
which may arise between them, as well as in the promotion
of peace through the finding of means for economic ap-
peasement. Without attempting to pass upon the politi-
oal features of the accord recently reached between
Great Britain and Italy, this Government has seen the
conclusion of the agreement with sympathetic interest.
Ps FiKennedy
EDA
GRAY
LONDON
Dated April 15, 1938
RECEIVED 4:22 p.m.
Secretary of State
Washington
319, April 15, 5 p.m.
STRICTLY
FOR THE SECRETARY AND THE
UNDERSECRETARY.
Following personal and confidential letter dated April
14 just received from Lord Halifax.
"You will remember that WE spoke together the other
day on the subject of the conversations now proceeding be-
tween my Government and the Italian Government with a
vigw to the settlement of all matters outstanding between
them. I am glad to say that these conversations are now
reaching their final stage and I have every reason to
believe that an agreement will bE signed by Lord Perth,
our Ambassador in ROME, and the Italian Minister for For-
Eign Affairs within the next day or two.
As you know WE have through our Embassy in Washing-
ton been trying to keep the President in touch with the
developments of these conversations and I think perhaps
it might bE useful if I were to attempt to give you some
account of the contents of the agreement which WE hope
shortly
EDA - 2 - #319, April 15, 5 p.m. from London
shortly to sign.
A number of instruments forming part of the agreement
will bE annexed to a protocol which will provide that they
shall come into force at a date to bE determined together
by the two governments and that upon their taking Effect
negotiations will bE opened (the Egyptian Government bEing
invited to participate where necessary) for the purposes
of dealing with certain questions such as frontiers and
trade, affecting their relations in East Africa. In this
connection there is to bE in the meantime a 'bon voisinage'
agreement which the United Kingdom, Italy and (in respect
of the Anglo-Egyptian Soudan) Egypt will sign.
The instruments annexed to the protocol will comprise
(a) a reaffirmation of the declaration signed by the
United Kingdom and Italy on the second January 1937 regard-
ing the Mediterranean and of the Exchange of notes between
them of the 31st DECEMBER 1936 respecting the status quo
in the Western Mediterranean; (b) an agreement for the
periodical Exchange of military information in regard to
the two parties' forces in certain parts of Africa, the
Mediterranean and the REd Sea, and providing for advance
information regarding decisions to provide new naval or
air bases in the Eastern Mediterranean and in the RED SEA
or
EDA - 3 - #319, April 15, 5 p.m. from London
or its approaches; (c) an agreement providing that there
shall bE no conflict between their respective policies in
certain areas in the Middle East, more particularly
Saudi Arabia and the Yemen; and (d) a declaration pro-
viding that one party shall not Engage in propaganda against
the other. There will also bE declarations on certain
African matters of particular interest to His Majesty's
Government such as the sources of the Nile in Ethiopia
(Lake Tsana), the undesirability of raising large native
armies and the treatment of missionaries in Ethiopia. A
declaration reaffirming the intention of the United King-
dom and Italy to abide by the Suez Canal Convention of
1888 will also bE made.
Other subjects will bE dealt with by Exchanges of
letters. These will include the reduction by Italy of her
forces in Libya by one thousand men a WEEK until peace
time strength is reached and her accession to the London
Naval Treaty of 1936, In regard to Spain Count Ciano will
send Lord Perth a letter confirming the Italian Government's
full adherence to the United Kingdom formula for the
proportional Evacuation of the foreign volunteers from
that country and pledging the Italian Government to
apply
REB
4-#319, From London, Apr.15,5p.m.
apply such Evacuation on conditions to bE determined by
the Non-intervention Committee on the basis that formula.
HE will reaffirm an assurance previously given to His
Majesty's Government that if this Evacuation had not been
completed at the termination of the civil war all remaining
Italian volunteers will forthwith leave Spanish territory
and all war material bE withdrawn. HE will also reaffirm
a previous assurance that the Italian Government have no
territorial or political aims and SEEK no privileged
Economic position in Spanish territories (including the
Spanish zone of Morocco) and do not intend to keep any
armed forces there. In reply to this letter Lord Perth
will take note of these assurances and will state that
His Majesty's Government regard a settlement of the Spanish
question as a prerequisite of the Entry into force of the
agreement reached between themselves and the Italian Govern-
ment. In the same letter hE will then turn to the subject
of Ethiopia and will inform Court Ciano that His Majesty's
Government bEing desirous that such obstacles as may at
present bE hEld to impede the freedom of member states as
regards recognition of Italian soverEignty over Ethiopia
should bE removed, intend to take steps at the forthcoming
meeting
REB
5-#319, From London, Apr.15,5p.m.
meeting of the Council of the League of Nations for the
purpose of clarifying the situation of member states in
this regard.
I should add that while the agreement will bE signed
as WE hope very shortly it will not as you will notice
from the account of the protocol given above, Enter into
force until 'such date as the two Governments shall together
determine'. You will have SEEN that WE have given assur-
ances in Parliament that WE shall not conclude this agree-
ment until WE are satisfied regarding a settlement of the
Spanish problem and so far as WE are concerned WE shall
determine the date when the agreement shall Enter into
force by reference to the Spanish question. On their side
the Italian Government will no doubt determine that date
by reference to the steps WE may take regarding the recog-
nition of Italian sovertignty over Ethiopia.
From what I have said you will SEE that the agreement
is a fairly comprehensive one and it was in fact our object
to try and dispose of all questions outstanding between the
two Governments.
The Prime Minister and I hope very much that the Presi-
dent will share our view that this agreement Embodies a
real contribution towards world appeasement. The state
of the world is such that in our opinion it is Essential
to
REB
6-#319, From London, Apr.15,5p.m.
to try and get rid of all removable causes of friction.
There are, alas, so many causes which are not Easily
removable E.G. deep-seated cleavages due to ideological
convictions and ultra-nationalistic sentiments, that WE
are the more bound to do what lies within our power to
get rid of those that are removable. But to do so means
looking facts in the face and this WE have attempted to
do in the present agreement. Our hope is that WE may
get more than is written into the protocol and agreements,
through a genuine improvement in the relations between
the two countries, and by a real cooperation between
them, which may lead to better things in the future.
Should the President share these views I need hardly
say how grateful both the Prime Minister and myself would
bE should hE feel able to give some public indication of
his approval of the agreement itself and of the principles
which have inspired it."
KENNEDY
CSB
PsF
file Kimedy
Letter to President
From Sumner Welles
April 18, 1938.
Enclosessuggestion of what Pres. might
want to say at press conference with re
British-Italian Agreement.
Attached is Halifax's communication
to Kennedy on same subject.
SEE--Sumner Welles folder-Drawer 1--1938
PSF:
got
DEPARTMENT OF STATE
WASHINGTON
May 17, 1938.
My dear Mr. President:
Mr. Kennedy has sent us in a strictly con-
fidential despatch from London, copy of a memorandum
he had received from Cardinal Pacelli on the rela-
tions of the Vatican with various countries.
Faithfully A yours,
Walls
Under Secretary
Enclosure:
As stated above
The President,
The White House.
COPY
Enclosure 1 in despatch No.206 of April 19, 1938,
from the Embassy in London.
As to your investigation about some rumors con-
cerning the attitude of the Church towards the new
rulers in Austria and the possibility of an agreement
in this regard between the Holy See and the Nazi Govern-
ment, I am happy that you brought up this matter 80 as
to allow me to give you my personal views which of course
cannot reflect any positive information from the official
circles and are just delivered to your confidential use.
The sudden statement of the Austrian Catholic Hier-
archy in reference to the new Government, as it was given
to the Press, was evidently the result of some compulsory
influences. Their unexpected declaration immediately
after the military invasion of the country, did not
receive any approval either previously or afterwards from
the Holy See, 88 the official Vatican organ, the
"Osservatore Romano", stated immediately after the issue
of such declaration. One is rather inclined to think
that the text of this statement might have been prepared,
at least in its main points, by & Governmental Press
Bureau, if not by the Government Commissioner Buerckel
himself, and that the signing thereof by the Bishops
might have been the result of a political pressure rather
than of their free initiative and intention. Under this
pressure 8.8 8. matter of fact the Bishops have overlooked
to quote in the text of the declaration the fundamental
principles of the freedom of the practice of Christian
religion, of the respect of the rights of the Church and
of
-2-
of the abolishment of the anti-Christian propaganda,
& clause that in view of the persecution in Germany
could have appeared quite natural. Rather on this
occasion they should have expressed the hope that the
beginning of a Kulturkampf should be avoided in Austria
and that the Kulturkampf in Germany should be quieted
down, & hope, though, which in consideration of the
clear evidence of the facts could not be well founded
and which - as it happened at the time of the Saar
Plebiscite - would undoubtedly be deluded.
Being confronted with so much confusion and critics
among Catholic and non-Catholic circles at such a declara-
tion made by the Austrian Bishops, the Holy See did not
delay, through the "Osservatore Romano", to sever it-
self from the said declaration with great tact and marked
firmness.
Upon this Vatican statement immediately followed
the call to Rome of Cardinal Innitzer, Archbishop of
Vienna, and the same official Vatican paper, the
"Osservatore Romano", published his open statement in
its original German text (English translation of it
follows here below). From the text of this declaration
and from the above attitude of the Vatican authorities
one can easily understand that the Holy See will never
be ready to give its approval to any agreement of any
Bishop to any Governmental action which might be in
contrast with the Divine Law and the freedom and the
rights of the Church.
You know that a diplomatic Concordat was concluded
and signed between the German Reich and the Holy See a
few
-3-
few years ago and that official diplomatic relations
do exist 8.8 there 1s an Apostolic Nuncio in Berlin and
a German Ambassador to the Holy See. But, no matter what
pretexts are set forth by the German Government, the real
fact is that since the early time after the Concordat was
signed a more or less open attitude against all clauses
accepted in the Concordat was adopted by the German
Government. The Holy See has used all possible ways to
protect the freedom of the Church and of the Catholics,
keeping itself ever ready to do the best in order to avoid
any more bitter conflict, and being always prompted by
the desire of avoiding to make the situation more and more
difficult.
Even now, I feel sure that the Holy See would always
be willing to agree and to deal fairly with any political
authority whatsoever, but before & real understanding is
reached there must be at least the beginning of the
evidence of good faith on the other side: evidence that
80 far has been completely lacking in this instance, for
which the possibility of an agreement between the two
Powers is out of question for the time being.
I think it will be very fine if you will convey to
your Friend at home these personal private views of mine.
Ever in my personal judgment, no better opportunity than
this for trying to carry on the plan that we had thought
of while in America and that I know is amongst your aims.
It would make the world think over the ever increasing
necessity in the present troubles of keeping in touch with
the Supreme Moral Powers of the world, which at times feel
powerless
-4-
powerless and isolated in their daily struggle against
all sorts of political excesses from the bolsheviks and
the new pagans arising amongst the young "Arian" genera-
tions.
I still think that the planned provision would increase
the prestige of the American Government which would appear
solely directed to use all means for insuring the peace of
all peoples.
You can Judge yourself of the inconvenience in this
very crucial moment of the European political life that
the American Government is without & direct source of in-
formation from and & straight and intimate connection with
the Vatican circles.
C.P.
I em sure that you have seen in the Press the text of
the statement issued by H1s Eminence Cardinal Innitzer,
Archbishop of Vienna.
Anyway, the English translation of same 1s following
here below:-
"1) The solemn statement of the Austrian Bishops of
the 18th March of this year did not intend evidently
to express an approval of what was not and 1s not
reconcilable with the Laws of God, with the freedom
and the rights of the Catholic Church. Furthermore
that statement cannot be interpreted by the State
and the Party as & duty of conscience of the faithful
nor must it be used for propaganda purposes.
2) For the future the Austrian Bishops request:
a) That in all matters pertaining to the
Austrian Concordat no change be made without
previous
-5-
previous understanding with the Holy
See.
b) That in a particular way all rules
in connection with the schools and the
educational activities as well as in the
training of the youth might be arranged
in such & way as to respect the natural
rights of the parents and the religious
and moral formation of the Catholic youth,
according to the doctrine of the Catholic
religion.
c) That the propaganda against religion
and the Church be forbidden.
d) That the rights of Catholics to pro-
claim, defend and practise Catholic Faith
and the Christian Laws in all the fields
of human life with all the means allowed
by the present progress of our day science
be respected.
Rome, April 6, 1938.
(Signed) Th. Cardinal Innitzer."
DEPARTMENT OF STATE
ASSISTANT SECRETARY
phrate will
Dran Mins bettond -
m. Berle tells me you
Know of items tebquare
which the Decutory around
like the President to
see united delay.
the Security will
Wefome the Present
DEPARTMENT OF STATE
ASSISTANT SECRETARY
about 7.30 as ur
west Cabquable
American , Candy this
usung.
truthfully yours.
6. 30 pen knowledge
PSF: Kennedy
d-2
LMS
PLAIN
London
Dated August 31, 1938
Rec'd 4:10 p. m.
Secretary of State,
Washington.
RUSH.
850, August 31, 7 p. m.
Herewith copy proposed address to bE given Friday
in Aberdeen. Please let me know tonight whether you SEE
any objection in view Existing situation. Call your
attention particularly to concluding four paragraphs.
The memorial which WE are starting on the road to com-
plation today is of a character particularly suited to a
combined effort of Scotland and the United States. It
typifies a common reverence for principles which WE still
believe to bE of prime importance in individual and
national lives, and its construction will constitute a
worthy Exemplification of the sharing of historic ideals.
WE are marking today the consecration of the first
American bishop of the Anglican communion. Samuel Sea-
bury was forced to come to Scotland for refuge when hE
sought to SERVE God and his fellow countrymen in the
vocation
LMS 2-No. 850, August 31, 7 p. m., from London.
vocation hE professed. HERE he found the spiritual rein-
forcement hE could not SECURE Elsewhere. HERE hE found
men of God ready and Eager to help him on the road hE
had marked out for himself when hE accepted the Election
of the former colonists to bE their first bishop.
The event which this memorial is to mark for pos-
terity is now beyond debate. WE need not concern our-
SElVES today with the merits of the controversy which
took place more than a century and a half ago. In this
day and age, in any English-speaking nation, it is most
unlikely that a similar dispute could arise. The polit-
ical passions which formed its background are ashes,
and WE all believe they can never again bE fanned into
flame.
Today WE can congratulate ourselves on the happy
outcome of the debate over Bishop Seabury's consecration.
The Scottish bishops who decided, at considerable risk
to themselves, to lay their hands on the humble applicant
from across the Atlantic, helped to ERECT a milestone
in the history of religious freedom, and WE are accord-
ingly grateful to them. They bore testimony to the prin-
ciple that religion is authorized by one higher EVEN
than
LMS 3-No. 850, August 31, 7 p. m., from London.
than a king -- that the apostolic succession was not
instituted by any earthly political organization and
cannot therefore bE limited or stopped by any worldly
authority.
The relations between church and state have caused
friction throughout the ages. It is inevitable that
there should Exist a border line of vague delineation
marking the limits of the spiritual and the temporal,
and it is inevitable that this border line should bE the
subject of honest difference of opinion. It is extremely
difficult, with the best will in the world, to render
unto Caesar what is Cassar's, but no more. The unhappy
controversy is causing serious repercussions in certain
parts of the world. The profession and practice of
religion is being called a political offense. MEN and
women are being deprived of their natural-born citizen-
ship, they are being thrown out of the land of their
nativity, because they profess a certain religion which
the political authorities have decided to uproot.
Indeed, many who do not profess the forbidden religion,
but whose ancestors did are being treated with Equal
rigor.
Other
LMS 4-No. 850, August 31, 7 p. m., from London.
Other religions are likewise threatened. The Church,
in order to bE allowed to Exist, is forced to take its
place as part of the political, or worldly, organization
of the State. It must bE subordinate to the State in
matters spiritual as well as temporal. It cannot teach
what it believes to bE the word of God, but rather what
the authorities of the State decide it should impart in
the interest of national discipline, national psychology,
racial solidarity or other political aims.
In other parts of the world, the attempt is being
made to Eliminate all religion as a factor in human life.
Churches and religious establishments have bEEn dispersed.
If allowed to function at all, the churches are so re-
stricted as to bE unable, by our standards, to minister
to the spiritual needs of the people they want to SERVE.
I am stating these things as facts, and not as sub-
jects of controversy or debate. WE are not concerned,
as WE are gathered here, with the internal conduct of
other countries. WE are celebrating an outstanding
Example of freedom of religious worship and I know WE
all want to SEE more of it in our own countries as time
goes on.
For
LMS 5-No. 850, August 31, 7 p. m., from London.
For the purpose of this ceremony WE can content ourselves
with putting and keeping our own houses in order.
To do so, WE can legitimately observe events in
other lands and profit from them. WE can and must bE
aternally on guard that our own nations do not SWERVE
from the path of free living which our forefathers marked
out for us so plainly, and at such great cost. The
preservation of the Essentials of democracy is as pre-
cious a goal in Scotland as it is in the United States.
One of the main -- perhaps the main pillar of the
Edifice of democracy is freedom of worship. Many bitter
wars have bEEn fought over the issue. Its infringement --
or what they believed to bE its infringement -- led a
band of determined, courageous, but bitter men to leave
England three hundred years ago to build what was to
become the United States of America. Then, as now, the
kind of people WE are will not stand for any abridg-
mEnt of their fundamental right to worship as their
consciences dictate.
It would appear safe at this moment to predict that
freedom of religion is beyond attack in our countries.
There SEEMS to bE no serious threat, and there has not
been one for many years, to that particular civil liberty --
the most
LMS 6-No. 850, August 31, 7 p. m., from London.
the most precious of them all. But WE must not become
too complacent and decide there never will bE.
There are other civil liberties which are only
slightly, if at all, less precious. Freedom of speech,
freedom of peaceable assembly, the right to trial by
jury, protection against unreasonable search and seizure,
and the other rights which WE associate with citizenship
are worthy of our most ardent defense. Their violation
is often less Easily recognized than is the abridgment
of freedom of worship, but their preservation is as
Essential.
The important thing is that WE still admit and
treasure the principle that these freedoms are inalien-
able from the individual. No state and no political
organization can take them away from him. It is this
conception of the rights of man which marks off the
democracies from other forms of political life, and it
is this conception to which WE must cling if WE are to
go on living as WE have been accustomed to live and as
WE want to live.
It was such a conception which prompted the brave
and commendable action Bishop Robert Kilgour, Bishop
John Skinner and Bishop Arthur Petrie performed on the
day
LMS 7-No. 850, August 31, 7 p. m., from London.
day they carried out the traditional laying on of hands
on Samuel Seabury in the upper room of Bishop Skinner's
house, They passed on to him, in the full conviction
that they were doing the right thing, what they fitting-
ly described as "a free, valid, and purely ecclesiastical
Episcopate".
They sent him forth as the first bishop of the
Anglican communion to plant a diocese outside of the
British Isles. Since his day, of course, countless other
bishops have gone to the Ends of the earth to Establish
outposts of that same communion, to convert the heathen
and to labor among their own who live abroad. They are
all the spiritual descendants of Samuel Seabury and of
his zeal to perpetuate in far lands the church he loved.
They have gone forth in faith, and faith is one of
the rarest qualities in the world today. It appears to
ME WE have COME to a point where spiritual values have
so declined in men that incentive is disappearing. More
and more I talk with individuals who are discouraged,
who have laid their burdens down, who are victims of a
hopeless apathy. WE must reawaken the flame of faith
and spiritual courage which has always Enheartened the
men
LMS 8-No. 850, August 31, 7 p. m., from London.
men of right vision in the world's history.
WE must give our young men and women who are just
coming of age something Else to hope for than a short
life carrying a musket. I well understand the discourage-
ment which I occasionally hear young people Express --
out of keeping as it is for the very young to bE disillu-
sioned and cynical -- and I feel it is the fault of us,
their Elders, that WE have let things come to such a
pass for them.
Some of the nations of the world are involved in
disputes, both internal and External. The rest of us
are anxiously watching from the sidelines, doing what
little WE can to counsel patience and forbearance and,
above all, the avoidance of war. For that is a princi-
plε on which WE can all agree. WE do not want war to break
out, not only because of its immediate Effect on our-
SELVES but because of the devastation it will leave in
its wake, visited on millions of innocent and unoffend-
ing people -- people very much like WE are, who stand
here today.
I should like to ask you all if you know of any
70
dispute or controversy Existing in the world which is
deleted
worth
LMS 9-No. 850, August 31, 7 p. m., from London.
worth the life of your son, or of anyone Else's son?
Perhaps I am not well informed of the terrifically
vital forces underlying all this unrest in the world,
70th
but for the life of me I cannot SEE anything involved
delated
which could bE remotely considered worth shadding
blood for.
Whether our counsel and our aid will bE accepted
by men already immersed in the heat of quarrel, WE
cannot tell. WE can only hope that reason will carry
Wilstion
the day, and that WE will bE able in all good faith to
also
recommided.
help all of those who are in such deep trouble as to feel
they must fight their way out. For WE shall have to
stand for judgment before our children and their children
for the manner in which WE regulate the world's affairs
just now.
The contemporary verdict on Bishop Seabury was that
he was a great organizer and a strict churchman. That
is a good Enough verdict for us, I am sure. May WE all,
when WE COME to the End of our lives, merit as good a
one -- as deserved a tribute to careers devoted to per-
sistent loyalty to conscience and to God.
KENNEDY
HPD
PSF:Kenned
d-r
September 7, 1938.
PRIVATE
Dear Joe:-
As you know, we were all greatly dis-
turbed by the appearance of an "exclusive"
message of advice from you which was published
as having been given to the Boston American
and then passed on to the other Hearst papers.
I know that the Secretary wired you
about it and the other day I saw what you sent
to the Secretary. It is not a question of
"getting along reasonably well with the
t
agencies" -- for, of course, you do that but
it does involve the use by an American newspaper
or single news agency of a "special interview"
or "special message of advice" to people back
here.
I know you will understand.
As ever yours,
Honorable Joseph P. Kennedy,
American Embassy,
London,
England.
DEPARTMENT OF STATE
THE SECRETARY
September 3, 1938.
MEMORANDUM FOR THE PRESIDENT
In accord with your memo-
randum regarding the Boston
Evening American article, I
communicated with Ambassador
Kennedy on September first.
I enclose copies of my tele-
grams to him and his reply
thereto.
C.H.
FS
This telegram must bE
London
closely paraphrased bE-
fore being communicated
Dated September 3, 1938
to anyone. (c)
Rec'd 8:25 a.m.
Secretary of State,
Washington.
860, September 3, 11 a.m.
FOR THE SECRETARY OF STATE.
Replying to your 492, regarding special telegraphic
interview with BOSTON EVENING AMERICAN.
The only conversation they had with mE was to the
Effect that people were very Excited over there and I
told them to keep cool. They asked me if I had any
message for my father-in-law and I told them no and I
told them my children were leaving for Scotland and
Ireland on a trip.
I manage to get along reasonably well with the
agencies and have not heard any complaints and it
is my custom to answer any telephone call that COMES
from Boston because that is where my family is.
I am sorry if Everybody was disturbed.
ALC
KENNEDY
REB
TELEGRAM SENT
This telegram must bE
closely paraphrased bE-
September 1, 1938.
fore being communicated
to anyone. (c)
4 p. m.
AMEMBASSY
LONDON (ENGLAND)
492
PERSONAL FOR THE AMBASSADOR FROM THE SECRETARY OF
STATE.
The President and I have read your recent telegrams
with the utmost interest. With reference to the last
paragraph of your 846, August 31, 5 p. m., I feel that
the recent public speeches and public statements of the
President and myself, which were prepared with great
care, accurately reflect the attitude of this Government
toward the European and world situation, and that it would
not bE practicable to bE more specific as to our reaction
in hypothatical circumstances.
For your information our attention has bEEn called
to the appearance here of a special telephonic interview
with you copyrighted by the Boston Evening American and
the International NEWS Service. This will undoubtedly bE
regarded as unfair to other agencies and would, if the
practice were pursued by our representatives abroad,
result in great confusion.
HULL
Eu:PM:VEJ
CI
/
State Department copy published in
Foreign Relations of the United States,
1938, Vol. I, General
pages 607-608.
Kennedy
FS
This telegram must bE
London
closely paraphrased bE-
fore being communicated
Dated September 17,1938
to anyone. (C)
Rec'd 10 a.m.
Secretary of State,
Washington.
950, September 17, 1 p.m.
STRICTLY
FOR THE SECRETARY OF STATE.
The Cabinet meeting is still on but I asked Cadogan
to SEE me and bring me something to report at ONCE. HE
says that Chamberlain found Hitler in a very bad mood.
Those around him had just reported another incident in
the Sudeten area in which 300 Sudetens were killed.
Chamberlain said hE knew nothing of that and urged Hitler
not to take it for granted unless it was confirmed. The
sum and substance of the conversation after this bad
start was that Hitler wants the recognition at once of
the principle of self-determination. Chamberlain told
him hE was not prepared to make any such agreement until
hE had a chance to consult with the Cabinet and possibly
Parliament. Hitler told Chamberlain that the latter was
familiar with his ideas on race and that it was not
necessary to repeat them but hE insisted that something
bE done immediately. Chamberlain told him that hE must
return home and received an agreement from Hitler that
hE
FS
2-No. 950, S Eptember 17, 1 p.m. from London
hE would not march--although Chamberlain was convinced
that the order was about to bE given when hE arrived--
unless an extremely big incident took place in the
Sudeten area. I do not know just what comfort Chamber-
lain EXPECTS to get from this promise, because Cadogan
says they have evidence that the goundwork is laid for an
incident large Enough to furnish the Germans with an EXCUSE
to COME in.
Chamberlain then told Hitler that, of course, if the
British did not agree to this principle and Hitler went
in, England would bE obliged to go in with France, and
Hitler said hE was perfectly willing to take on a world
war.
I am leaving now to SEE the Military Attache who saw
Cadogan just before mE and I am hoping to SEE Halifax at
the conclusion of the Cabinet meeting. Cadogan told me
this morning that Halifax had said hE regarded it extremely
unlikely that an agreement would bE reached at the morning
meeting and that they would probably have to adjourn
until this afternoon or this Evening.
I received very good information this morning that
there are many rumblings among members of the Cabinet.
First, they are displansed that the so-called inner Cabinet
is being conferred with constantly. This inner Cabinet
consists
FS
3-No. 950, September 17, 1 p.m. from London
consists of Simon; Hoars and Halifax. In addition to
that there are intimations among them that if Chamberlain
tries to force theprinciple of self-determination there
"111 bE C. row in the Cabinst.
I will send you a message on the reaction of the
French Ambassador within a short time and an account of
my talk with Halifax as soon as I can SEE him. Then if
at all possible I will try to SEE the Prime Minister,
either tonight or tomorrow, but I judge if hE is having
a row in the Cabinet hE would rather not discuss the
matter with anybody outside.
My own opinion from my discussions and from what I
have heard from the other members of the Cabinet last
night and this morning 1s that the issue is going to
bE self-determination or war and the responsibility for
declaring war, I think, will bE left with the anti-Chamber-
lain group. The Labor people up to now have played along
very well but Cndogan is not sure what will happen.
GVI
KENNEDY
rj Came it 180 bringjon
my competitation as
R.REGIS DE OLIVEIRA
Ambassadeur du Brisil
Jam command of the
might of your heat
Presidents attendeand
efforts have had in
the prace more.
file kersmal
London, September 30, 1938
Dear Mr. President,
While I was out to lunch today, the
senior Ambassador here dropped this card.
In addition to this, I am receiving letters
praising your action. I thought you might
be interested.
Faithfully yours,
das Hunneld
The President,
The White House.
PSF: Kennedy
File
EMBAJADA DE ESPAÑA
London, December 9th., 1938.
My dear Ambassador,
Following our recent talk, I enclose
herewith copy of a Memorandum on the Spanish question,
together with a note containing a few observations
on the granting of belligerent rights to the Spanish
insurgents. (Attached to the latter you will find a
copy of the note I handed yesterday to the Foreign
Office on the bombing of the civilian population.)
These documents contain observations
of a purely personal nature, but in full agreement
with the general policy of the Government.
I was very much interested in what
you told me about the Catholics and Monsignor Pacelli.
I shall certainly bring up the matter in Barcelona,
and I should like to discuss this with you on my return.
My wife asks me to send her best
wishes to Mrs. Kennedy and yourself, in which I join.
Believe me, my dear Ambassador,
Yours very sincerely,
H.E. The Honourable Joseph P. Kennedy,
Cycarate
United States Embassy.
MEMORANDUM ON THE SPANISH QUESTION.
In examining the present situation in Spain,
especially in its international aspect, the following observations,
in the opinion of the Spanish Government, should be taken into
account :-
First: In its internal, purely Spanish, aspect,
the most elementary common sense shows that the political and
moral position of the Republic, as it has been defined in the
speeches made recently by President Azaña and the Prime Minister
Dr. Negrín, is bound to come nearer to the general feeling of
the Spanish nation on the whole than that of the rebel leaders.
For in the first place it is a frankly Spanish position, after
the elimination carried out spontaneously and by our own
initiative, of all the foreign elements fighting in the Republican
Army. In the second place it is conceived under the sign of
"reconciliation" of all Spaniards for the reconstruction of the
country, and in this respect we must insist particularly on the
two points relating to the amnesty and the plebiscite, which
figure among the thirteen formulated by the Spanish Government
as the essence and summary of its programme.
In contrast with this policy, the rebel
leaders continue to cling stubbornly to their position of a
complete victory, unconditional surrender, the elimination from
the national life of all those who do not accept their ideas and
principles.
Under these conditions it is clear that the
only thing which could bring together once more the general mass
of the country, re-establishing a pacific and juridically normal
national existence, is the policy of national reconciliation
preached by the Republic, on the basis of a broad amnesty and
the establishment of a liberal political régime, democratic and
parliamentary, inaugurated with a great national plebiscite.
- 2 -
Second: In its international apect, and in so far
as it especially concerns Italy, there are no longer any grounds
for failing to realise that Italy finds herself now in the
impossibility of securing by her intervention the aims which
she has thereby pursued. Things have gone too far for Italy
ever to succeed in disposing of Spain as another element in her
political game, by establishing a government of the dictatorial-
fascist type which would be fixed in her orbit of international
policy. This result could not have been obtained except by
ensuring an absolute and complete domination of the country.
Now in the present circumstances not even a military victory for
the rebels could ensure to Italy that absolute and complete
domination of the country which is indispensable to her own
plan. Among other reasons, because this military victory could
only be obtained through an enormous intensification of Italian
intervention itself, which would proportionately increase the
serious internal difficulties which it produces among the Spanish
population in the territory held by the rebels. Supposing a
military victory for the rebels, it would, in practice, be
transformed into a chronic state of popular discontent and
agitation, which would force italy, for reasons of prestige and
even against her own wish, to maintain and constantly intensify
her military intervention in Spain. In short, by this road and
in the most favourable conditions which can be supposed for
Italian policy, Spain would be an item inscribed not in the
"active" but in the "passive" account of Italy's international
policy. And on this question an immense error with the most
serious consequences is committed by anyonewho does not succeed
in estimating, at their true value, the material possibilities,
present and future, of the Republic, and the unshakeable deter-
mination of the Spanish people indefence of their political
independence.
- 3 -
Third: The maintenance and consolidation of the
Republic in Spain will assure the normal functioning of a
democratic and parliamentary régime, clearly and profoundly
Spanish, free from all foreign interference and faithful to
the traditional Spanish policy of friendship and collaboration
with England and with France, and cannot constitute any sort of
threat or risk for legitimate Italian interests in the Western
Mediterranean. Less than ever, if a policy of rapprochement
and friehdship between the three great Mediterranean Powers
has managed to create between them a cordial and trusting
collaboration. The Spanish Republic would not only be without
opposition to such a policy, but would even be disposed to join
in it, putting whatever Spain is worth by her geographical
position, by the properties of her soil and the qualities of her
people, into the service of the conciliatory mission which will
doubtless, in the practice of such a policy, be incumbent on
the British Empire.
Deep as is the resentment caused by the
help which the Italian Government has given to the rebels, and
profound as is the indignation caused by its methods of warfare,
the men who are responsible for the destinies of the Republic have
too much sense of political realism not to understand that
Spain cannot, without the risk of returning to her fatal isolation,
remain outside an Anglo-French-Italian agreement in the Western
Mediterranean. The first step, therefore, in this policy will
have to consist in persuading Italy that the triumph of the
Republic in Spain will not exclude the setting up between the
two countries of political and economic relations inspired in
their reciprocal interests, based on the most scrupulous respect
of each country's internal life, and within the framework of a
confident collaboration between the four Powers with admitted
interests in the Western Mediterranean.
- 4 -
Fourth: Naturally there would be no question of
obtaining from Italy positive action. It would be a question,
purely and simply, of Italy becoming aware of the fact that the
integral and complete withdrawal of her help from the Spanish
rebels, determined and sincerely carried out in fulfilment of
her international undertakings, would be the policy best con-
forming to an effective defence of her political and economic
interests in the Western Mediterranean. And this because on the
one hand the prospects of her attempt at domination in Spain are
daily more gloomy, and on the other because the victory of the
Republic would not mean for her the dangers which she may have
feared. If this total and complete withdrawal, sincerely carried
out, proved not to be an obstacle for the victory of the rebels,
she would have lost nothing. If it should occasion the triumph
of the Republic, then there would be the undertakings offered by
the responsible men of that Republic, the fulfilment of which
could be guaranteed, for example, by the British Government, after
arrangements to be negotiated with the Government of the Republic.
Fifth: A solution of this nature could only be found
on condition that the Government of the Republic is maintained
with its present composition. It is only through the greatest
possible authority conferred on the Government by the fact that
it represents all the elements and parties making up the Republic,
that the pledges and guarantees offered by it would have a worth
and a solidity which would permit then to be accepted for the
fiture. The presence of Dr. Negrín at the head of the Government
would be an indispensable condition; his undisputed authority in
all section of opinion constitutes the best guarantee of obtaining
a speedy pacification of Spain, for everyone would be ready to
accept from him directions which would not perhaps be accepted
from another. When we speak of the Republic, we mean the
Republic of to-day; with its significance and its men, who are
- 5 -
the only ones to whom the masses (those who have defended the
Republic with their arms and their toil) concede the right to
be its spokesmen and torepresent it. A Republic which needs
neither additions nor corrections, because in its significance
and its aims there is nothing which cannot be accepted by all
Spaniards who have not been blinded by the mad desire to try and
impose on the country (illegally and with foreign help) a
political régime, approved perhaps by a minority, but profoundly
repugnant to the temperament and idiosynoracy of the whole country.
Moreover, a régime against which the people would rise en masse
simply because it would be imposed on us by foreigners and
would symbolise our submission to a foreign power. Against
this stands the Republic, displaying a real and a vital
characteristic of its own: namely that it is integrally,
radically, unyieldingly Spanish, without admitting outside
interference from anyone; founded on what in general terms
corresponds to the general will of the Spanish nation: a
sincerely democratic régime based on the 13 Points in which
the Government, from the lips of Dr. Negrín, has summarized its
programme, and in which the yearning for justice, culture and
well-being of the Spanish people are satisfied. And all this
under the sign of reconciliation of all Spaniards for the recon-
stitution of the country, a reconciliation that is no empty
word, since among the 13 Points are two, which have moreover
on
been several times confirmed by Dr. Negrín himself, and/which
it is right that we should insist: amnesty and phebiscite.
London. December 1938.
VARIOUS CONSIDERATIONS ON THE QUESTION OF THE RECOGNITION
OF BELLIGERENT RIGHTS IN FAVOUR OF THE SPANISH INSURGENTS.
Firstly: The British and French Governments have
stated that the concession of belligerent right can only be made in
conformity with the plan drawn up by the London Committee for the
withdrawal of foreigners taking part in the Spanish struggle.
According to this plan, belligerent rights in a limited form cannot
be conceded until the Non-Intervention Committee is satisfied that
"substantial progress" has been made in the withdrawal of foreigners,
it being understood that in accordance with the formula contained in
the plan itself, "substantial progress" consists in the withdrawal of
10,000 foreigners from the side which has the least, with a proportion-
ate number from the other side.
Secondly: There is a reason of first importance
for the stipulation of the Non-Intervention Committee that the
concession of belligerent rights shall be dependent on the virtually
complete withdrawal of foreigners. This is that without such with-
drawal it is impossible to ascertain to what extent the actual
situation which the Spanish rebels have succeeded in creating, is due,
not to the support of genuine Spanish elements, but to that received
from foreign powers. The fact that the insurgents dominate a large
part of the national territory, when in order to maintain law and
order they have to impose a rule of terror, would in no circumstances
justify the granting of belligerent rights. But leaving on one side
this aspect of the question, it would be obviously iniquitous even
to bring up the matter of the recognition of belligerent rights
without the most certain guarantee that this domination of a large
proportion of the national territory and the "law and order" main-
tained by the insurgent leaders, were based on the strength afforded to
them by the support of genuine Spanish elements and not on that given
them by the support of foreign powers.
- 2 -
Thirdly: It can be seen from this that
whatever may be the fate of the plan of the London Committee, and
whether or not it is considered as being in force, there is a fundame: 11
and permanent reason for opposing the concession of belligerent rights
to the insurgents before the withdrawal of all the foreigners taking
part in the Spanish struggle has been, by onemeans or another, within
or without the framework of the London Committee's plan, virtually
completed. It is not a question of a purely formal connection between
the recognition of belligerent rights and the London plan, which might
disappear so soon as the latter ceased to be considered in force.
Respect of the basic principles of internati onal morality demands
the maintenance of the principle which inspired the plan of the London
Committee. This principle requires that the recognition of belligerent
rights shall not even be discussed until the virtually complete with-
drawal of foreigners has shown that the actual situation which the
insurgents bring forward as a justification of their demand is a
genuinely Spanish one and not the result of foreign assistance.
Fourthly: That this is the case as far as the
Spanish Government is concerned, has been proved not only by their
immediate and unreserved acceptance of the plan of the London Committee
for the withdrawal of foreigners, but also by their proposal for the
unilateral withdrawal, under the auspices of an international
commission appointed at the Government's request by the League of
Nations, of the genuine foreign volunteers who were fighting in its
army. (This proposal was immediately acted upon, and as a result all
the foreigners have been withdrawn from the fronts and the majority
repatriated.) And if the acceptance of the plan of the London Committee,
and the proposal of unilateral withdrawal of their own foreigners is
authentic proof that the situation of the Government has been brought about
by
exclusively from the support given by genuine Spanish elements, the
refusal of the insurgents to accept this plan, and the absence of any
proposal on their part for the integral and complete withdrawal, under
international control, of all the foreigners assisting them, must be
logically considered as equally authentic proof of the contrary. To
- 3 -
sum up: until the virtually complete withdrawal of all foreigners
fighting for the insurgents has taken place by one method or another,
with guarantees equivalent to those surrounding the withdrawal,
spontaneously decided upon and carried out by the Spanish Government,
of those who voluntarily joined the ranks of its Army, the recognition
of belligerent rights in favour of the insurgents will be a juridical
iniquity, in complete opposition to the laws of international morality.
Fifthly: Just as it would be essential, before
granting belligerent rights in favour of the insurgents, to ensure
that their domination of a large part of the national territory is not
due to the support which they receive from foreign powers, so in the
same way would it be necessary to have a guarantee that law and order
in this territory is not maintained by terrorist methods incompatible
with the elementary rules of humanity. In contrast with the situation
in Government territory, where order has been established by juridical
means in keeping with the methods of a civilized State, all information
shows that in that part of the country under control of the insurgent
leaders, terrorist methods continue to prevail. In this connection
it should be remembered that whilst the Government was in a position
immediately to accept the suggestion of the British Commission for the
Exchange of Prisoners, under the Presidency of Field-Marshal Sir Philip
Chetwode, to suspend capital punishment, the insurgents categorically
refused to do this; sothat where the latter have continued to carry out
the death sentences in Government territory no executions have taken
place since September 1st.
Sixthly: One final point which should be taken
into account when the problem of granting belligerent rights is under
consideration, is the employment of methods of warfare contrary to the
laws of humanity, and especially the aerial bombardment of the civilian
population with the object of causing terror and demoralization. This
last point is dealt with in a note handed by the Spanish Government to
the Government of the United Kingdom on the 8th. December 1938, and
made public in London on the 9th. December, a copy of which is attached
hereto.
London, December 9th., 1938.
(Taset of the Note sent to the F.O. on December 8th 1938)
In view of the recrudescence of the serial bomberdmente of the
Spanish civilian population by the Italo-German air forces, the Spanish
Government thinks it necessary to communicate the following to Your Ex-
cellency:
(1) The Spanish people cannot contemplate without indignation and
bitterness the cold indifference with which the democratic Governments
accept the repeated end cynical application against them of a. method of
warfare which these very Governments have not hesitated to condemn as
barbarous and inhumen. AR long as the facts were not demonstrated in a
convincing manner, there may have been some justification for en attitude
if not of indifference, at least of reserve. To-day that is no longer
possible. The democratic Governments and the whole world are aware of
the reports of the British Commission of Investigation, which show in the
most categorical manner how the aviation in the service of the Spanish
rebele is systematically applying the bombardment of the civilian popu-
lation 88 8. method of warfare. Indeed, spart from the attacks on Alicante,
which with the exception of four, have been deemed by the Commission to
be directed against the herbour zone, the Commission's conclusions force
one to consider the following cases as attacks on a civilian population,
either deliberate or through negligence:
4 raids on Alicente, carried out 25.5.'38; 25.7.'38
6.3.'38 and 10.'.'38.
Raid on Barcelona carried out 19.8.38
#
#
Sitges
#
- 8.8.38
-
#
Torrevieja -
# 25.8.38
#
If
Figueras
If
# 14.10.38
#
#
Tarragona
#
# 7.11.38
#
#
Barcelona
#
# 23.11.38
Objective proof exists. There is now no room for doubt 88 to the
reality of the systematic employment in Spain of serial bombardments on
the civilisn population. Deliberate, or arising from negligence, they
all come within the formula used by the British Prime Ninister before
Parliament to define the frontiers between legality and crime, in the
matter of serial bombardments, a formula which was taken and reproduced
in the resolution adopted by the League of Nations Assembly on 30th September/ 1938
(2) Very well; once the machinery set up by the Government of the
United Kingdom itself has irrefutably proved the systematic employment
of bombardments of the civilian population in Spain, how is it possible
that there is no attempt to prevent them? Are we not all agreed in
GOACLUNG
datanq8
- 2 -
considering this method of warfare as barbarous, inhuman and contrary to
all the rules of international law? How is it possible that, once the
systematic employment of such a method has been proved, thanks to the
praiseworthy initistive taken by the Government of the United Kingdom,
the democratic Governments should remain passive or indifferent, without
attempting to apply the effective measures which are no doubt at their
disposal, no as to halt and terminate such usage? Why, then, was the
Commission of Investigation instituted? To cover up the absence of ade-
quate reaction, after having perfectly established the reality of the
crime?
(3) Nevertheless it 1s only just to recognise that when the
British Commission of Investigation was designated, end when it was de-
cided in the last League Assembly that its findings should be transmitted
to the Secretary-General to be published and communicated to the Council,
it was hoped, end believed, that if these reports showed the systematic
application of serial bombardments of the civilian population in Spain,
then the mere publication of them would provoke such 8. movement of public
opinion in the world 88 would render impossible, or at lesst restrain
the employment of such methods of warfare. If this movement of opinion
has not come about, and if consequently the publication of the findings
of the Commission not only has failed to limit the seriel bombardments
on the Spenish civilian population, but has not even helped to prevent
their recrudescence and intensification in these last days, that fact
does not diminish the responsibility of the democratic Governments; on
the contrary, it makes that responsibility greater and more precise. The
reports of the Commission have not produced the result expected of them,
but, on the other hand, they have brought conclusive proof of the deede
themselves; things which could formerly, with reason, have been considered
as hypothetical, must now be admitted BB real and positive. And faced
with this reality, established and proven as it is beyond all doubt by
the findings of the Commission, no one can now escape his heavy end
solemn responsibilities.
(4) The Spanish Government proclaime with pride its "helplessness"
to protect the civilian population of its towns and countryside against
the serial bombardments, by application of the one effective method -
- 3 -
reprissls. And it proclaims it with pride because this helplessness
arises not from the lack or insufficiency of technical means, but from
the firm decision of the Spenish Government not to commit the monstrous
action of taking reprisals against people innocent of the crime as is
the Spenish population in the territory dominated by the rebele. But the
origin of this same "helpleseness" which springs from the spirit of hu-
manity and the sense of responsibility of the Spenish Government, only
augments the moral force of this new appeal, which it directs to the
spirit of fair play and the traditional public uprightness of the British
Government, to put into action the fitting measures of pressure or per-
sussion so as to bring to an end, once and for all, this spectacle of
the aerial bombardments of civil populations, which must daily fill with
horror and shame every clear conscience, and the continuation of which
would leave everyone covered with opprobrium before the judgment of his-
tory.
(5) The Spenish Government will not commit the impertinence of
pointing out which methods the Government of the United Kingdom can
apply with the greatest efficiency to attain this end, which after all
was the one inspiring its initiative when the British Commission of In-
vestigation was constituted. No one can doubt that the Government of
the United Kingdom has at its disposal the meane and resources to achieve
an end 80 consonant with its own policy and the unenimous opinion of the
British nation. So much the more 80 when, in fact, everything depends on
two Governments with whom the British Government is linked by ties the
cordislity of which has been solemnly confirmed in recent declarations.
P57 Kennedy
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
CONFIDENTIAL
December 13, 1938.
MEMORANDUM FOR
AMBASSADOR KENNEDY
TO READ AND RETURN. THIS
IS ONLY FOR YOUR EYES.
F.D.R.
Unsigned memorandum dated Dec.
6th, 1938, in re Chamberlain and
what happened at the time of the
crisis.
PSF: Kenne dy
JOSEPH P KENNEDY
30 ROCKEFELLER PLAZA
NEW YORK, N.Y
fill
December 19, 1938
Dear Mr. President:
The enclosed memorandum is not an
aggregate opinion, but merely the viewpoint of one
of the half dozen people whom I have working on
this situation.
Very respectfully yours,
Honorable Franklin Delano Roosevelt,
The White House,
Washington, D.C.
MEMORANDUM
The question posed is what would be the effect on the United States of the
decline or collapse of the British Empire. This question may be considered from
three points of view.
1.
The first is that in a general war in which Great Britain and France
fight Germany, Italy and Japan simultaneously, with or without assistance from
Russia, and with the United States neutral, Great Britain is defeated and has to
make peace, as Germany had in 1918, on the best terms she can obtain. In that
event the victorious totalitarian powers would certainly demand the transfer to
themselves of the British navy, or of such parts of it as could not be sunk in
time. This is what the Allies did to Germany in 1918. The totalitarian powers
would also certainly demand the transfer:
(a) of all overseas strategic naval and air bases such as Gibraltar,
the Falkland Isles, Egypt and the Canal, Aden, Ceylon, Singapore, and some at
least of the South Pacific islands. They would do this because it is the
occupation of these places which has given the British navy control of the seas
in the past, and because the ultimate objective of a totalitarian victory would
be to take over from Great Britainthe control of the oceans and sea highways so
that they could dominate the world.
(b) of large colonial territories in Africa and else where. These
territories would be valuable to them partly for economic and settlement reasons
and partly for strategic reasons. If they continued their present totalitarian
economy they would almost certainly include all these territories within their
own Zollverein, so that they used their own currency and the territories became
economically part of their own home lands, doing only such trade with the rest of
the world as they decided to allow on the principle of barter. Strategically the
occupation of French and British colonies in West Africa would give Germany
- 2 -
and Italy naval and aerial control of the passage from the north to the south
Atlantic. This would compel South Africa and possibly parts of South America
to make terms with the victorious totalitarian powers. The occupation of
Singapore by Japan would give her control of the Indian Ocean and enable her to
impose such terms as she liked on Australia and New Zealand as the price of not
interrupting their trade communications with Europe on the one side and the
Americas on the other.
The political and economic consequences of such a transformation of the
world on the United States are discussed in Section 3 of the Memorandum. The
strategic consequences would be to compel the United States in the interests
of their own defence not only to multiply armaments enormously, but to demand
and if necessary seize aerial and naval bases, at least in the Atlantic, a
thousand miles from her shores, just as to-day she has the Aleutian Islands and
Hawaii far out in the Pacific. In order to buy off her hostility the
victorious totalitarian powers would probably offer to transfer to the United
States the British West Indian Islands and possibly French and British Guiana.
On the other hand they might demand the use of 8. naval and aerial base in
Ireland, which in the last resort Ireland would be impotent to refuse.
Portugal and Spain would almost certainly come within their orbit, so that
they would obtain control of the Azores, Madeira and Teneriffe. What the
political effect of this totalitarian triumph on South America would be it is
difficult to estimate, but it would certainly make the military defence of the
Monroe Doctrine by the United States a tremendously formidable undertaking.
11.
The second alternative is that the traditional method of "squeeze"
through power politics, that is to say the placing of your opponent in
such a position that at the particular point it is impossible for him to
resist the "gangster" technique which was applied both in the case of
Austria and Czechoslovakia will be progrèssively applied both to
bas
it
- 3 -
Great Britain and France so that gradually they have to hand over vital
possessions because they are not strong enough to hold them by force. The
following is a statement attributed to a leading Nazi as to their programme
along these lines:-
"It is the destiny of the Fuehrer to do more than
lead the German Volk out of the wilderness of defeat.
We shall become supreme and strong. France for certain,
England probably, are decadent peoples and must make
way for a powerful people who are ready, as all the
world has seen, to make unlimited sacrifices for national
greatness. We shall absorb Austria and extend our
control over the Balkans and down the Danube Valley.
Czechoclovakia, a nest of Bolshevism, must disappear.
It is an anachronism. Neither England nor France will
fight for the Czechs. We must gain access to the
Mediterranean so that a German bloc extends from Danzig
to Trieste. When we have established effective military
and economic control over Central and Eastern Europe
we shall have secured ourselves against the danger of
blockade, thanks to the Four Year Plan for self-
sufficiency and the raw materials, especially corn,
timber and oil, in Eastern Europe. Now will come the
supreme moment when, being secure in Europe, we shall
demand colonies in order to lay the foundations of a
world empire. Will England concede our demands? I
think she will give way. You ask why? Because you
will not be strong enough to refuse. You will very
likely be in trouble in the Far East and in India and
the Middle East. The Americans won't help you - not
until it's too late anyhow. I don't deny that Great
Britain is making a big effort in the air, but that is
not the point. Even if your Air Force is as good as
ours, and I hear you are behindhand in your plans,
nothing can alter the vulnerability of London and your
tightly packed industrial areas. That's where you are
at a disadvantage as compared with my country and it's
one you can't get away from, and so I believe England
will give in over the colonies."
On this assumption the "squeeze" would result first in
the transfer of, say, ex-German colonies and islands and
facilities for communications and trade. The totalitarian methods of trade
and development would then be applied, but what would be more serious,
CLAUF
- 4 -
they would certainly be organized as bases for the German, Italian and
Japanese air forces and probably for their naval vessels as well. The
consequence of this would be that the power of resistance of Great Britain and
France to & further "squeeze" later on would be enormously reduced until
finally the totalitarian powers were able to attain, not the whole programme
outlined in Section 1 above, but to its essential features, namely the
transfer to themselves of control of world bases for air and sea which
would give them control of the oceans, would reduce Great Britain and
France to dependence and leave only North America and, so far as the
United States could protect it, South America outside their orbit.
The effect of the successful policy of "squeeze" of Great
Britain and France on the United States would inevitably be that the
United States in the interests of her own security would have to present
her own demands for the transfer of British or French overseas territories
to her own control. She certainly could not afford to see the transfer to
the totalitarian powers of some of the British or French West Indian or
Pacific possessions, and she would probably in the interests of the Monroe
Doctrine have to present a claim for the control of part of West Africa.
Unless, therefore, she adopted a policy of confining her attention solely to
her own territorities and leaving Europe and Asia to control the seas right
up to her territorial limits, she would be driven, as Great Britain and
France declined, to enter to some degree into the game of imperialist
competition in the interests of her security.
111.
But there is a deeper aspect to be considered. It is generally
your
- 5 -
recognised that democracy and free institutions begin to develop from below
under conditions of peace and security and tend to decline where war or
revolution are constant. An important by-product of the control of the
seas by Great Britain in the past has been the growth of freedom and
democracy behind the shield of British sea power. Not only has Great
Britain steadily become more democratic in the last century, but Canada,
Australia, South Africa and New Zealand have become in effect independent
nations, and self-government has been rapidly developed recently in India,
Ceylon, Burma and among all peoples of the British Commonwealth who are
ready for it. This is due to no special virtue among the British people.
It is partly due to the fact that Great Britain has long been a satisfied
and prosperous power. It is far more due to the fact that the stable peace
and security created by the control of the seas by an increasingly liberal
Britain made possible an uninterrupted pressure for freedom and self-
government from below both in Great Britain itself and in all its
possessions. The control of the seas by Great Britain has also been the
first line of defence behind which North and South America have enjoyed
the unusual advantage of being able to develop along their own lines without
having to engage in international struggles and war for more than a century
before 1914. The virtue of the system is seen in the fact that the nineteenth
century saw the greatest expansion of freedom all over the non-European and
non-Asiatic world ever recorded and that during that period there was no
world war,until British sea-power was once more challenged in 1914.
It is this system which is now under attack. The basis of the
British control of the seas was twofold:
(a) The policy of the balance of power in Europe, which sought to
prevent any authoritarian or militarist power from obtaining control over
Toban
alogober
- 6 -
the whole European continent and so threatening the safety of Great Britain
itself.
(b) The maintenance of a superior navy to prevent the fleets of
Europe from entering the Atlantic partly by controlling the exits from
Europe by the North Sea and the English Channel, by Gibraltar and Suez, and
partly by maintaining overseas bases at Gibraltar, Cape Town, the Falkland
Islands, Suez, Aden, Ceylon, Singapore, Hong Kong and Australia, which
enabled the British fleet to mobilise effective superiority to any hostile
fleet which might attempt to appear on the high seas, anywhere. This
system is challenged by three facts:-
(1) By the now unchallenged superiority of Germany in Central Europe,
though not yet extended over the whole of Europe.
(2) By the rise of totalitarian Japan, which has driven Great Britain
out of the Far East and back to Singapore.
(3) By the rise of air power, which renders Great Britain itself
vuluerable to direct attack.
Nevertheless, because the United States, for reasons of her own defence,
holds impregnably Alaska, Hawaii and Panama, the control of the high seas
and of the bases necessary to that control is still in democratic hands,
and will continue to be so so long as the Maginot line holds, as Great
Britain controls the North Sea and the English Channel, as France and
Great Britain control the Mediterranean and its exits, as Singapore is
controlled by Great Britain and Hawaii by the United States.
This system of sea power, behind which free institutions still
flourish over about half the globe, while they have been overthrown every-
where else, was vindicated in 1918, but only because the United States
- 7 -
threw in her weight behind it. Without her aid Great Britain and France could
not have continued economically and financially till 1918, nor could they
have ejected Germany from Belgium and Northern France without the assistance
of the 2,000,000 American soldiers in Europe in that year. President Wilson
attempted to make the world a safe place to live in by trying to induce the
whole world to go democratic and low tariff, and to substitute for British
sea power and the balance of power the system of the League of Nations. It
was a magnificient conception. But the world was not ready for it, and
to-day not only has the League gone but the alternative system of preserving
liberty over half the world, the control of the seas by Great Britain alone
coupled with something approximating to free trade is rapidly disappearing
also. On the one hand economic nationalism and still more totalitarian
economics are undermining the old free capitalist exchange. On the other
hand the strategic balance is going rapidly against Great Britain. The
population of Germany is 90,000,000 of Italy is 45,000,000, of Japan is
70,000,000, and all of these countries are now on a war basis. The population
of Great Britain is 45,000,000 and of France about the same. Both are
only half on a war basis. With Russia for the time being outside the picture,
there is now a balance of some 200,000,000 peoples organised on totalitarian
lines, against about 100,000,000, including the overseas Dominions, organised
on democratic lines, though the latter are still in possession of the
strategic keys to sea power.
Two possible conclusions can be drawn from this. One is that the
United States is once more going to be confronted, as it was indeed in 1917,
with the choice of whether, with her population of 130,000,000 and immense
- 8 -
resources, she is going to back the control of the oceans by the democracies,
which has been the ultimate basis of her own and their security in the
past, or whether she is going to let it go, allow the totalitarian powers to
dominate not only Europe and Asia but the oceans also both politically and
economically, and content herself with building up an armed ring fence round
North America by occupying all vital positions 1000 miles from her shores.
On that view the retreat of the democracies has gone so far, that there is,
for the United States, now no middle course, for if she allows the
European democracies to be defeated or squeezed into submission, she will
no more be able to rely upon the armed resources of Britain and France in
a crisis than they can now rely upon the armed resources of Czechoslovakia.
The world, in fact, outside America will be totalitarian. From one point
of view this analysis leads back to the Wilsonian thesis - that the United
States must enter the struggle once more to "make the world safe for
democracy" by overthrowing, by defeat or propaganda, the dictatorial systems.
But there is another possibility. One of the most formidable
pressures to-day, making for poverty, Communism or Fascism, arises from the
political anarchy of Europe. Both the old British system of the balance of
power and the League of Nations perpetuated the anarchy of armies, tariffs
and sovereignties in Europe. The integration of Europe, either by a
voluntary federation or through the dominating influence of one or more
great powers is long overdue, and is essential to a decent level of living
for its people and to peace. It is, in fact, taking place in the latter form
through the predominance of the Third Reich to-day. That may be fatal to
France and England alone. But it would not be fatal to a democratic
world united in self-defence. It is not impossible that peace and
10 ,1500
dolaw
LUBORICS
- 9 -
and prosperity can only be found in our modern world of shrunken time and
space, by its integration into four or five economic and political groups -
the Monroe system, the Franco-British system, the Germanic system, Russia,
and the Japano-Chinese system. Each would be relatively self-supporting
economically. Each could make itself defensively secure at not too great
cost. Each could obtain what it wanted from outside either by barter or
between the democratic groups by relatively free trade. The world might settle
down to a long peace and security in which the forces for freedom everywhere
would once more have an opportunity to develop.
But the condition of such a development is not only that the League
powers no longer claim to dominate or maintain anarchy in Europe and the Far
East - a claim destroyed at Munich and Shanghai but that the democracies are
sufficiently strong and united to make attack on their oceanic system of
defence an impracticable task.
The decision of these vast issues now rests with the United States.
Great Britain and France are no longer strong enough to do it alone. They
are on the defensive; the totalitarian powers are on the offensive. Which-
ever way we look the future of the world rests with the United States.
The choice is inexorably presented to her. Either she will become the
centre of the world, not crusading in Europe or Asia, but the main director
of the policies of the democracies and organiser of their security; or she
will watch the gradual disintegration of the old oceanic defences of democracy
and become almost the last really independent democratic state in the world -
with what results on her internal condition none can predict.
PSF:Kennedy
PSF:
Pink 21
CONFIDENTIAL
21 Feb., 1939.
FROM: THE SECRETARY TO THE PRESIDENT.
TO : THE PRESIDENT.
0021 THE FOLLOWING IS A BRIEF SUMMARY OF A LENGTHY TELEGRAM
RECEIVED FROM AMBASSADOR KENNEDY:
HALIFAX PREDICTS BRITISH LOAN TO CHINA BY CABINET DECISION
WEDNESDAY, EXPECTS SUCH ACTION WILL BE PROVOCATIVE AND HOPES
WHEN ANNOUNCED SOMEONE WILL RECALL ALL THAT UNITED STATES HAS
DONE, THUS CONVEYING IMPRESSION BOTH COUNTRIES HAVE ASSISTED
CHINA. HALIFAX STATES NO CHANGE IN BRITISH ATTITUDE TOWARD
SPANISH SITUATION. RECOGNITION IS FAIRLY IMMINENT. BRITISH,
WHILE DISTRUSTFUL OF HITLER, BELIEVE CHANCES FOR EXPLOSION ARE
SMALL. HALIFAX REITERATED OUR ACTION (WILSON'S RETURN, YOUR
REMARKS TO SENATE COMMITTEE, AND OUR REARMAMENT PROGRAM) AND
SPEEDING UP OF BRITISH PRODUCTION HAS BEEN BODY BLOW FOR PEACE.
HENDERSON, BRITISH AMBASSADOR, BERLIN, REPORTS GOERING CONTINUES
TO EVINCE GREATEST INTEREST IN A DEAL WITH ENGLAND. KENNEDY,
AFTER TALKS WITH HOARE, CHATFIELD, AND SIMON, IN ADDITION TO
HALIFAX AND CHAMBERLAIN AND MANY OTHERS, STATES HIS IMPRESSION
THAT ALL OF THEM THOROUGHLY BELIEVE ENGLAND IS ON HER WAY, THAT
GERMANY WILL NOT ATTACK, THAT CONDITIONS WHICH FORCED THEM TO
DO THINGS LAST FALL THAT PERHAPS THEY WOULD NOT HAVE DONE
OTHERWISE HAVE CHANGED, AND THAT WHILE BRITAIN WOULD NOT GO TO
WAR FOR GERMAN MOVE TO EAST, SHE WOULD AT ONCE DECLARE WAR IF
GERMANY MOVED TOWARDS SWITZERLAND OR HOLLAND. KENNEDY STATES
THAT PSYCHOLOGY RESULTING FROM WHAT UNITED STATES HAS DONE IS A
DETERMINING FACTOR IN THE PEACE OF MIND WHICH EXISTS AT THE
MOMENT.
FROM HULL.
1843
Distribution:
President, Naval Aide, Mil.Aide, Adm. Leahy
For original of this Summary and Mr. Kennedy's letter
of March 3, 1939 which accompanied it; also President's
conf memo to Admiral Leahy making the Summary available
to Operations and the General Board.
See:General Board corres (Joint Army & Navy)
Navy folder
Drawer 1-1939
that
SUMMARY
During the nineteenth century it was Britain's
control of the sea which enabled the peoples of the
Low Countries, the Baltic littoral, and of North and
South America to develop unhindered their own in-
stitutions, and which permitted minor European Powers
such as Portugal and Holland to maintain colonial
empires.
It is this system which is now under attack.
Should the British Empire disintegrate as a result
of war, or by a slower but equally effective under-
mining of its essential bases, the consequences to
the United States must be most serious.
Great Britain no longer occupies its former pre-
dominant position in Europe, where it could maintain
a belance of power. Britain and Frence are now sub-
jeet to a simultaneous pressure on three vital fronts,
The effectiveness of blockade has been seriously
diminished by the German control of the Denubian Basin
and the growth of air power has rendered the United
Kingdom very vulnerable to direct sttack.
Can the United States afford to run the risk
of seeing Britain and France defeated by the totalitarian
regimes? The result of such a defeat would be the
disintegration of the last bulwarks of democracy in
Europe
Europe, and the rise of Germany as the sole Great
Power in Europe. It would mean the Mediterranean
as a German-Italian lade; Russia at the mercy of
Germany and Japan; the division of the British and
French, Dutch and Belgian colonial empires between
Germany, Italy and Japan - with the latter holding
an unassailable position in East Asia and the Western
Pacific.
The effects of such a victory upon the United
States would be:
1. About fifty percent of America's total
export trade and seventy-five percent of its
foreign investment would be lost or in the hands
of potential enemies who would seek to use this
power to extract concessions from us.
2. The reduction of foreign trade and the
tremendous burden of necessary armament would
severely depress the standard of living in the
United States and would require a radical altera-
tion in the American economic structure.
3. These conditions in turn would cause un-
rest and dissatisfaction in the United States,
creating a soil favorable to foreign ideologies.
Fascist and Communistic ideas would spread from
Europe and Asia to the Americas, resulting in
a serious threat to the very democratic institu-
tions which we are arming to maintain.
4. Alone, the American navy would be unable
to protect American trade routes across the
Pacific and Atlantic. Sources of essential raw
materials such as rubber and tin would be in
hostile hands.
5. While the United States, with aid of a
gigantic expansion in armaments and a drastic
alteration in its way of life, should be able to
defend North America from invasion, a simultaneous
attack
attack on both the Atlantic and Pacific fronts,
with Latin America under totalitarian influence,
might well be more than the American navy could
handle alone.
6. A defeated Britain and France would mean,
as far as Europe and Asia are concerned, the end
of liberalism in trade, in thought and in social
organization, and the effects of this would soon
penetrate into every American home.
7. The resources of the conquered peoples,
instead of scting as a protection for the United
States as now, would be used against us.
Events during the past year have resulted in
outstanding changes and serious potential altera-
tions in Britain's international position. The
deterioration in the situation of the European
democracies vis à via the totalitarian states
necessitates an appraisal of the possible con-
sequences to the United States of a disintegra-
tion of the British Empire.
What were the foundations of Britain's power,
which resulted in the Pax Britannica being main-
tained from 1814 to 1914 without a world war and
which enabled the United States to develop its
present economy and form of government without
interference from abroad? They were basically:
First, the maintenance by Britain of superior
sea power with far flung strategic bases. This
gave the United Kingdom effective control of the
world's oceanic highways.
Second, the British policy of maintaining
the balance of power in Europe by seeking to pre-
vent any one State from obtaining an overshelmingly
dominant position on the European Continent, which
might threaten the safety of Great Britain itself.
This state of affairs is now imperilled by
the following four major developments:
1. The actual supremacy of Germany in Central
Europe
-2-
Europe since Munich and the serious threat of the
Reich's future Continental domination from the
Rhine to the Dnieper.
2. The rise of a totalitarian Japan which
has largely vitiated Great Britain's influence
in the Far East and appears to be driving the
Empire's point of resistance back to Singapore.
The threat to Australasia is apparent.
3. The development of air power which renders
Great Britain, with its highly concentrated in-
dustrial areas, vulnerable to attack.
4. A situation whereby Great Britain, for
the first time, can be threatened simultaneously
on three major fronts, 1.e., in the North Sea,
in the Mediterranean and in the Far East.
This threatening situation gives rise to the
question of what would be the effect on the United
States and on the democratic way of life, of a
defeat of the United Kingdom and of the resulting
disintegration of the British Empire. Before
attempting to answer this question, it is neces-
sary to assume the following probable hypotheses:
1. That the British Empire is defeated in a
war
war in which the U.S.A. has not participated,
by a coalition between Cermany, Italy and Japan;
that its colonial territories have been divided
among the victors; and that the United Kingdom
has become a second-class Power, which my have
purchased some degree of economic well-being at
the price of establishing a government and pursuing
a policy acceptable to Germany.
2. That Germany has become the dominent
Power in Europe; that its setellite, Italy, is
in control of Spain and North Africa; and that
The Netherlands have fallen under Germny's con-
trol or influence.
3. That France, shorn of her Empire, has
sunk to the level of a minor Power.
4. That Russia has been crippled by joint
German-Japanese action.
5. That the smaller States of Europe have
fallen under the economic and political domina-
tion of Germany and Italy.
6. That Japan has become the dominant Power
in Asia and the Western Pacific directly con-
trolling East Asia (including Hongkong, Singapore
and Manila) and annexing, alone or jointly with
Cermany,
÷
Germany, the East Indies and Malaya.
7. That India has become an independent
federation, torn by internal strife, and struggling
against pressure from Germany and Japan.
8. That Canada has thrown in her lot with
the United States, and that the British west
Indies have been annexed by the United States
at their own request.
9. That Australia and New Zealand may have
been forced to accept imposed terms, providing
for the opening of Australia to Japanese immigra-
tion and their subjection to economic control by
Japan.
On the basis of these assumptions three
groups of Powers would stand face to face in the
world:
a) A totalitarian coalition formed by the
Berlin-Rome axis - dominant in Europe and Africa.
b) Japan dominant in Asia and the Eastern
Pacific.
o) A predominantly democratic group consist-
ing of the U.S.A., Canada and the Intin-American
Republics.
The extent to which the defeat and disintegra-
tion of the British Empire as indicated above would
effect the interests of the United States (1) strategic-
ally, (2) politically, (3) commercially and (4)
ideologically, is examined below.
1.
-8-
1. The Strategic Effects
In Europe at the present time the continuance
of the political independence of the Low Countries
and of the small states of Northern and South-
eastern Europe, including the Middle East, depends
upon the power and resources of the British Empire
and France.
The essence of this power is the naval supre-
macy of the British fleet and the land defenses of
France. Assuming the defeat of the United King-
dom and France, consequent upon a failure to main-
tain command of the sea and to protect themselves
adequately from aerial attack, the British and
French navies could no longer exist. The strategic
bases now occupied by Creat Britain would pass to
the victors, and Cermany, Italy and Japan, as a
naval coalition, would be dominant in European
waters, the Restern and South Atlantic, the Indian
Deean and the South Pacific.
is a result, although the United States now
holds Alaska, Hawaii and Penama, it is not improbable
that America might find it impossible to maintain
the strategic triangle Dutch Harbor-Hawali-Panama
against such a coalition adequately supplied with
naval bases."
*X.C., Singapore, Hongkong, Vanila, Sydney (?)
Simonstown, West African ports, the Canaries, the
Azores, Gibraltar, the West Coast of Ireland, and
the Falkland Islands.
Also, without sufficient bases of its own,
the United States Navy would be unable to protect
American trade routes across the Pacific and
Atlantic and could be cut off from vital sources
of supply in Malaya and Dutch East Indies. Even
the coastwise traffic to South America might be
subject to attack by raiders in B. manner similar
to the damage inflicted on Creek vessels in the
Mediterrenean during the past year.
Because of the possibility of the blocking
of the Pename Canal by sabotage, the United States
would have to maintain adequate naval forces on
the Atlantic Coast as well as in the Pacific. In
spite of the fact that distances in both the Pacific
and Atlantic decrease to a certain extent the
possibility of & successful neval attack, a very
large fleet - two fleets, in fact - would be neces-
sary to meet these requirements.
An imponderable in the situation is, of course,
Soviet Russia. There is, however, no warrant
for believing that the Soviet Union would be on
the side of the United States. It seems just as
likely that Germany would be able to exert a pre-
ponderant influence on Russia without actual in-
vasion, or that the doctrinaires of the Kremlin
would retire into splendid isolation, hoping for
the day when the pickings in Europe or Western
China
-7-
China were ripe. It would, in any event, be the
height of optimism to expect Russia to come to
the aid of the United States after a victory of
Germany, Italy and Japan over the British Empire.
The air factor, also, cannot be overlooked.
The effective radius of bombers is increasing
rapidly and to this danger must be added the poten-
tial threat of aircraft carriers and of air raids
from bases in Latin America. When all these
possibilities are assumed, it appears clear that
the United States would be forced to construct
at an enormous cost a naval and air armament, re-
quiring sacrifices in time of peace on the part of
the American public which it would be difficult
for a popularly elected Government to demand.
The proceding examination of the American
position in the event of the destruction of the
Empire warrants the deduction that the United
States, with the aid of a sigantic expension of
ermaments should be able, for a time at least, to
defend North America from any actual invasion.
If, however, it was subject to attack simultaneously
on both the Atlantic and Pacific fronts, and if
Latin America were to fall under Fascist or Nazi
control, there would be more than a 50-50 chance
that even though these attacks were repulsed, the
ensuing
+
ensuing alterations in the American system would
be so great and so violent as to wreck permanently
democratic government in the United States. Should
the American fleet be destroyed by a joint attack
on two fronts, the very independence of certain
sections of the country might be difficult to
mintain.
3. The Political Effects
Democracy and free institutions develop under
conditions of peace and security and tend to de-
teriorate where war or the danger of war is constant.
An important by-product of Britain's nevel
supremacy in the past has been the growth of free-
don and democracy behind the shield of British
ses power. While Europe east of the Rhine and
south of the Baltic remained mostly under autocratic
regimes during the last century, not only has
Great Britain become steadily more democratic but
Canada, Australia, South Africa and New Zealand
have become, in effect, democratic self-governing
nations. It WaS because of Britain's power that
the Low Countries and the Scandinavian Kingdoms
were able to develop their democratic regimes.
And who can deny that it was British naval
supremecy during the nineteenth century which
permitted
-9-
permitted North and South America to enjoy the
unusual advantage of being able to evolve along
their own lines without interference from Europe?
The Pax Britannica, which fostered the ex-
pansion of liberal institutions, vanishes with
the defeat of Britain. The little countries, from
Belgium via Soandinavia to the Baltic States,
Poland, Spain, Portugal, the Balkans, Turkey,
Iraw and Trans-Jordania, would be forced to make
terms with the totalitarian victors. Thus, the
disintegration of the British Empire would mean
that the United States would face alone a hostile
concentration of e great part of the combined
peoples of Europe and perhaps even those of an
Asia dominated by Japan.
The sullen end half starving population of
the defected nations, bitterly resentful against
those who thought 11ke them but hesitated to give
aid, might be persunded, if offers were hold out
of material improvement in their lot, to assist
their oppressors to beat down the last stronghold
of democracy. The Intin American States, many of
which have been built up by dictators, would
tend to come under the sway of new rulers of
Europe.
-10-
Europe. The very strength and prestige of the
victorious totalitarian states would result in
an internal situation in the United States which
could be exploited by elements in collusion with
the Dictator Powers.
Today the United States, with a population
of 130 millions and its vast wealth and resources,
holds the balance of power in the world. The
defeat of the British Empire would mean the dis-
appearance of this predominant rôle. Vast as are
American resources they wight well be less than
those of a totalitarian world in arms.
Finally, the huge and unprofitable expenditure
upon armaments and the consequent taxation, to-
gether with the necessary national regimentation
for defense, would inevitably mean the destruc-
tion of the American form of Government as at
present conceived, in the very effort to defend
the country from alien authoritarien forms of
control.
3. The Economic Effects
Out of the total American exports the British
Empire took 43 percent in 1936 and 40 percent in
1937. Exports taken by the United Kingdom or b
Conada
-11-
Canada alone exceed by $200 millions total 02-
ports to South America.
While all this trade would not disappear
with the defeat of Britain and the downfall of
the Empire, it oun certainly be anticipated that
every effort would be made by the victors to
divert Europe's purchases to totalitarian sources
of supply, and the vastly increased prestige and
power of the dictator States would be fully
utilized to curtail American sales to Latin
America and the Far East. Furthermore, the
United States at such time would be primarily
preocoupied with military measures and would be
handicapped in promoting its own overseas Oill->
merce. The defeat of Britain and France would
give such an impetus to the Cerman system of gov-
ernment controlled foreign trade that, in self
defense, a parallel system would have to be
adopted in the United States. It would not be
an exaggeration, therefore, to say that the down-
fall of the British Empire would out American 0 X-
ports at least 50 percent in volume.
It is estimated that approximately 3 million
American workers are directly engaged in producing
for the export trade. Half the cotton, a third
of
-12-
of the tobacco, a third of the petroloum products,
and one-fifth of the wheat we produce are normally
marketed abroad. Certain sections of the country,
such as the Southern States, part of the Middle
West and the West Coast, are particularly dependent
on the export of their produce. A loss of foreign
markets to the extent of 50 percent or more would
have most serious repercussions in large areas
already adversely affected and might well require
8 complete reorientation of the Nation's basic
economy at 6 time when other preoceupations rendered
such an alteration in the economic setup extremely
difficult. It 18, of course, true that a greatly
enlarged rearmament program would take up some
of the slack resulting from shrunken exports, but
it is doubtful whether the rew material and food-
producing areas would greatly benefit from rearma-
ment which would mainly affect the larger indus-
trial centers of the country.
As regards foreign investments, the total
involved is estimated to amount of $15.6 billions*
(compared with a British total of about $20 billions).
Outside of Canada and Newfoundland where American
holdings total 03.9 billions, or a quarter of
the
*AB of December 1930
-13-
the total private American foreign long term
investments, it seems probable that the United
States would lose all its investments in Europe,
China, Africa and eventually Latin America. Even
the Canadian tranche would greatly depreciate in
value in consequence of the impoverishment of the
mother country and the possible preponderant in-
fluence of the totalitarian states in the remainder
of the Empire.
The dislocation in the American economy and
the necessary heavy armament expenses would so
alter the balance of economic forces in the United
States as to require a regimented industrial order
under Government control. Such centralization
would tend to reproduce, possibly under other names,
the basic features of the Fascist state: to
fight totalitarianism we would have to adopt
totalitarian methods.
4. Ideological Effects
The defeat of Britain and her allies would
mean a tremendous impetus for totalitarianism in
all those states which would fall under the domina-
tion of the victors.
In all probability, political upheavals in
Britain and France, as a consequence of defeat,
would
-14-
would result in the establishment in those countries
of governments in hermony with national socialist
doctrines. In support of this supposition, one
need only to recell the political evolution in
those states which, having fallon from time to
time under the domination of Napoleon, went so for
as to furnish troops end to apply the "Continental
system" against Great Britain.
with Europe in the grip of a totalitarion
ideology, little time would elapse before such
ideas established themselves firmly in at least
some of the States of Latin America. The dis-
cussions at the Lima Conference in December 1938
provide not only sufficient evidence of the reality
of this danger but also ofsome indication of the
suspicions and differences of outlook existing
in South America, which night be exploited in
such a way as to render fruitless the efforts of
the United States to unite the Western Hemisphere
in self-defense against the intrusion of foreign
influences and propagende, or even as to turn
those efforts against their originator by raising
the cry of "Yenoui Imperialismo".
It cannot be overlooked that sany of the
Republics
-15-
Republics of South America are, actually or vir-
tually, dictatorships and that the ground is,
in consequence, not unprepared for the seed of
National-Socialiam, which would in the first in-
stance be given a South American character, but
would soon be revealed as the projection of its
European prototype into the New World. The menace
which such a development would constitute to the
continuance of democracy in the United States does
not require to be underlined.
Finally, the depression in the American standard
of living consequent upon the high cost of neces-
sary armament, and the serious effect upon indus-
trial production from the reduction and interrup-
tion in America's foreign trade, would cause much
unrest and dissatisfaction. Such a state of
affairs would provide just the proper soil in
which foreign ideologies could take root.
Conclusion
Great Britain and France are no longer able
to maintain the old world order. They are on
the defensive; the totalitarian states are on
the offensive with the rise of air power. The
pre-eminence of Great Britain has disappeared,
for
-16-
for obviously & country so vulnerable to air
attack cannot be the center of a really stable
world system.
One must, therefore, envisage the possibility,
at bost, that the totaliterion powers may confront
Britain and France with a military and aerial
superiority so great that the latter will be
forced progressively to yield strategic positions
vital to the future of the United States as a
world power. The United States would, thereafter,
be unable to rely upon the armed resources of
Britain and Frence in a crisis - any more than
they can now rely upon the ermed resources of
Czechoslovakia.
At the most the actual defeat of Britain and
France in war would mean not only the occupation
of their Colonial Empire and the possible subjec-
tion of South Africe and the Antipodes, but also
the placing at the disposal of the Axis powers
the resources and strategic positions of the
Dutch and Belgian Colonial Empires and the
disappearance as independent entities of the
small states of Europe. Indeed, it 10 by no
means beyond the bounds of possibility that, in
the
-17-
the bitterness and misery of defeat, the very
man power and resources of France and Britain
might be placed at the disposal of the authoritarian
powers for action against America.
Were Great Britain to be defeated, a tre-
mendous, indeed a decisive, alteration in the
balance of world forces, military, moral and
political, would occur to the grave disadvantage
of the United States. We would be compelled to
watch the disintegration of the old oceanic de-
fenses of democracy. The world, in fact, outside
America would be totalitarian and she would be
unable to do anything effective to prevent it.
with the exis powers dominating Europe, Asia
and Africa, and quite possibly having a major
influence in South America, the United States
would be forced to build on armed fence around
North America by occupying all vital positions
1,000 miles from her shores.
But that would not be all. The terrific
burden of rearnament and the loss of a major
portion of our foreign trade, with its consequent
dislooation of our internal economy, would
necessitate the complete re-ordering of our
industrial
-18-
industrial structure and probably the adoption
of stringent government control over business.
It can also hardly be doubted that the victorious
powers would endeavor to destroy our morele by
boring from within. This would necessitate the
initiation of counter measures that would restrict
severely the liberty of the individual and the
press.
In short, America, alone in a jealous and
hostile world, would find that the effort and
cost of maintaining "splendid isolation" would
be such as to bring about the destruction of all
those values which the isolation policy had been
designed to preserve.
.....
PSF: Kennedy
REB
m (- &
GRAY
London
Dated April 20, 1939
Rec'd 4:04 P. m.
Secretary of State,
Washington.
529, April 20, 10 a. m.
FOR THE PRESIDENT AND SECRETARY.
On my way to Edinburgh with speech. All international
affairs omitted, talking about flowers, birds and trees.
The only thing I am afraid of is that instead of giving
ME the freedom of the city they will make me Queen of
the May.
KENNEDY
KLP
LEGAL INSTITUTE
RICHMOND, VIRGINIA
APRIL 28-29, 1939
MODERN FEDERAL
ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
A SERIES OF THREE LECTURES
DESIGNED FOR THE PRACTISING LAWYER
SPONSORED BY
THE VIRGINIA STATE BAR ASSOCIATION
VIRGINIA STATE BAR
BAR ASSOCIATION OF THE CITY OF RICHMOND
Law SCHOOLS OF:
University of Virginia
Washington and Lee University
University of Richmond
College of William and Mary
AT JOHN MARSHALL HOTEL
COMMITTEE ON LEGAL CONFERENCES
OF
THE VIRGINIA STATE BAR ASSOCIATION
ARMISTEAD M. DOBIE, Chairman
University of Virginia
THEODORE S. Cox
Williamsburg, Virginia
ЛАЯЗ
O.R. McGuire
Arlington, Virginia
EX-OFFICIO
LEWIS C. WILLIAMS, President
CASSIUS M. CHICHESTER, Secretary-Treasurer
Tickets for Courses, $3.00
Students, $1.00
(Including Taxes)
Tickets can be obtained from:
CASSIUS M. CHICHESTER, Secretary-Treasurer
The Virginia State Bar Association
903 State Office Building, Richmond, Virginia
or
At Door, John Marshall Hotel
Reservations should be made in advance by returning
the enclosed order
FOREWORD
The field of Administrative Law in a few years has
broadened to such an extent that it has become vital
to the practising lawyer.
The Virginia State Bar Association is fortunate in
being able to announce that, through Messrs. Dobie,
Cox and McGuire of the Committee on Legal Con-
ferences, and in cooperation with other organizations
of the Bar and the Law Schools of the State, it has
succeeded in bringing together outstanding teachers
and practitioners in the field of Administrative Law,
who are also leaders in their profession. These are
Dean Roscoe Pound, Honorable Eugene L. Garey,
Honorable J. Warren Madden, Honorable Joseph
Padway, and Professor Roswell Magill.
The importance of the subject, and of the Institute
which has been arranged, is also attested by the attend-
ance of the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of
Appeals of Virginia, the Senior Judge of the United
States Circuit Court of Appeals of the Fourth Circuit,
and the Attorney General of Virginia, who will pre-
side, each at one of the three sessions of the Institute.
The American Bar Association, recognizing the im-
portance of such legal institutes, has adopted their
promotion as one of its major activities at this time.
The charges for the lectures, including taxes, will be
$3.00 for the series. Students of Law Schools will
be admitted to the lectures for a fee of $1.00. The
proceeds will be used for defraying the expenses of the
Institute, which are being underwritten by The Virginia
State Bar Association.
Tickets for the series can be obtained by application
to Mr. Cassius M. Chichester, Secretary-Treasurer of
The Virginia State Bar Association, 903 State Office
Building, Richmond, Virginia, or at the John Marshall
Hotel at the time of the meeting.
In order that ample provision for the meeting may be
made, you are asked to secure your tickets in advance.
LEWIS C. WILLIAMS, President
THE VIRGINIA STATE BAR ASSOCIATION
(See Program on Reverse Side)
CASSIUS M. CHICHESTER, EsQ., Secretary-Treasurer,
Virginia State Bar Association,
903 State Office Building,
Richmond, Virginia.
Please send me
tickets for the Legal Institute, to be held
at the John Marshall Hotel, Richmond, Virginia, April 28-29, 1939, for which
I enclose check (or money order) at the rate of $2.72 admission, tax $0.28,
total $3* per ticket, or $
Address
*(NoTE.-Students' tickets-Admission $0.91, Tax $0.10, Total $1.01-Reduced price $1.00.)
THIS OVERSIZE ITEM HAS BEEN
MICROFILMED IN SECTIONS.
1939
PSF:
April
Space in Great Demand
advta today.
The Boston Daily Globe
Globe in Great Demand
Order your wants for next Sub-
Order your Sunday Globe today.
day's Globe today. Read the
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Bie.
CXXXV
No. 116
close
SENSPAPER
BOSTON, THURSDAY MORNING, APRIL 20. 1939-TWENTY-TWO PAGES (2) TWO CENTS
CENT#
Does F.D.R. Want
Joe Kennedy Out?
CARDINAL HITS 'MEDDLING'
Carter Says Envoy Came Home For
Showdown-Won't Quit Post
British Deny "Encirclement"
READY TO GIVE
No Hard Feelings Over a Record
Prelate in Warning
HITLER PLEDGE,
SAYS HALIFAX
On Foreign Affairs
Opposing Fronts Race to
Add to Alliances
Tells K.of C. 'True Patriotism'
LONDON, April 19 CA. P.)-
Britain offered a "no encircle-
ment" piedge to Adolf Hitler to-
night as the Cabinet urgently
Of Washington Less Evident
stepped up its drive for more
arms and allies.
Foreign Secretary Viscount
In Government Today
Halifax, discussing the "ery of en-
circlement" raised by Germany
and Italy against the French-Brit-
ish defensive front, declared:
William Cardinal O'Connell, speaking through Rt.
"I would be prepared at any
KENNEDY SAHLING AFTER "SHOWDOWN"
time to give . most solemn under-
Rev. Magr. Francis L Phelan, S. T. L., chancellor of the
*I'm past going back to my post."
taking on the authority of the
archdiocese, last night praised Washington's advice "not to
Government that no such Idea
meddle in the affairs of other nations" and said that "this
"The President would perform a public service
would ever find . place in British
true patriotism
is not so evident in the affairs of
if he immediately recalled our Ambassador to Great
policy.
Lord Halifax said negotiations
Government today."
Britain and replaced him with the best Benjamin
with Seviet Runia for as air pact
Magr. Phelan, who told 800 members and guests of the
Franklin he can find."-Ex-Gov. Philip LaFollette, in 4
were being actively pursued and
he hoped "recognition of different
Massachusetts State Council of the Knights of Columbus
speech to the Beonomic Club in New York City, quoted in
points of view would permit the
at the Copley-Plaza that he was telling them what His
last night's Globe,
progrem that we all desire."
It was reported reliably that, as
Eminence "gave me to give to you," differentiated be-
By BOAKE CARTER
part of the armaments speed-up,
tween false and true patriotism.
Prime Minister Chamberlate had
It is about time that a few home
agreed to set up a department of
He charged that "there is a great deal of hysteria
truths about our own Embassy in London
supply to equip the expanding
ELLISON "TANZAN" BROWN (LEFT) AND LESLIE PAWSON
about the dangers which face our people at this moment.
be told.
Britain
The holder et the eld record congratulates the man who set I new one,
It is being stirred up by certain individuals for their own
The simple fact of the matter ta:
Continued ou Page 4
selfish purposes, as is manifestly is not for the good of the
Mr. Roceevelt has sold out his Am-
nation."
bassador, lock, stock and barrel. Nothing
LEWIS ORDERS
Brown Breaks All Marks
"KEEP POWDER
would delight the President more than to
is
1
to
DRY, " TOBIN'S
K. of C.-
America
and
our
beloved
state,
pry Kennedy loose from that post.
ALL SOFT COAL
For Recognized Marathon
those
Plus
XI
But the next simple fact of the matter
Continued from the First Page
deliberately
Kennedy has no intention of miltine
truths about our own Embassy in London
supply to equip the expanding
ELLISON "TANZAN" BROWN (LEFT) AND LESLIE PAWSON
about the darigers which face our people at this moment,
be told.
Britain
The holder of the old record congratulates the man who net . new DOB.
It is being stirred up by certain individuals for their own
The simple fact of the matter is:
Continued - Page 4
selfish purposes, as it manifestly is not for the good of the
Mr. Rocervelt has sold out his Am-
nation."
bassador, lock, stock and barrel. Nothing
LEWIS ORDERS
Brown Breaks All Marks
"KEEP POWDER
1
would delight the President more than to
in sacred conservation to NETVE
pry Kennedy loose from that post.
But the next simple fact of the mailer
ALL SOFT COAL
For Recognized Marathon
DRY,' TOBIN'S
K. of C.-
America and our beloved state, and
to combat those influences which
Continued from the First Page
our late lamented Pius XI has said
have long been artiberately siming
Kennady has - plantion of quiting
the Ambassadorship to London-Just yel.
MINES CLOSED
First Five in Marathon
PLEA ON 19TH
at. Restruction nL
Bite at Flag Wavers
cirilization
This is the metrage which NY
Boake Carler
Ellises M Brown, *
to
No
Describing the "brasen boast-
Eminence has given the to give
NEW YORK, April II (A.
Denald the
th
la
"We will stand our ground and
Ing" of "those who go about the
you
Continued on Page 2
John L Levis carried out toolght
Walter Years, Verdan, P e
th the
keep our powder dry" was the
Later in the program Magr. Pheto
This threat to order . complete
Pat Dengis, Baltimore, MA
lb
the
land waving the flag." Magr. Phe-
bestowed the blessing of Pope Pic
latest my of "Paul Revere" as he
shutdown of the nation's soft coal
Lealie Pawied, E
a Itm
lan said, "There is the patrictism
XII on rossery beads given out to
industry unless Appalachian re-
sped through Boston, Charles-
of those who ettain high public
gathering saying that in . prival
Alsop and Kintner
glos operators quickly came to
town, Mediced and Arlington to
audience - March 14 His Eminesd
By JERRY NASON
riaried him on the glory road at
office and public trust and elo-
the Cardinal secured " very special
terms with his United Mine Work-
Imperturbable - any of his
pastoral Repkinton.
Lexington yesterday, delivering a
quently proclaim the glories of
blessing" from the Page for
REN (C. as on new contract.
eminest Indian forebears, Ellison
The new mark bettered all Tec-
Patriots' Day massage by Mayor
democracy while secretly working
Knighte of Columbia in America,
Officials of the U. M. W. in dis-
orde for recognized marathon
SAY
Tobin and taking part In the
for their own private, selfiah in-
tricts outlying the Appelechian re-
Meyers Brown, old Rain-ip-the-
races over the regulation 26 miles,
terests, by the use of practices not
Ovallion for Saltonatall
ginn began announcing that the
Face himself, ran the panting
285 yards.
execises commemorating the his-
in accord with Christian stand-
Co-sprakers on the program
Stabilization Fund May Be
C.L. president had notified them
painfaces into the matadam once
None of his warlike antecedents
totic ride 164 years ago,
ands."
cluded Ger. Leverett Salionata
to terminate special agreements
ever progressed more purpose-
Mayor Tobin, speaking at North
Loudly applauded throughout
who received a long ovation, praise
Maintained in Event of War
again yesterday afternoon.
under which they have continued
The Indomitable Narraganent
40. whence the remactment
his address, Magr. Phelan declared
the X. of C. as a "tremendous por
fully over some long-forgotten
or for good." and lauded the wiado
working while 338,000 Appalach-
brave whooped down the rain-
warpati, than did the wild-gaited
lan minero were idle.
started at 10 o'elock yesterday
that "Washington counseled care-
and ability of Cardinal O'Connal
By JOSKPH ALSOP and
the war crisia, none is more Inter-
drenched Boston A. A. Marathon
"Tarzan" while the heavens wept
Fifteen days' notice la required
morning, sounded the declaration
tion in approaching the problems
He emphasized the need for from
ROBERT KINTNER
esting than that of the stabiliza-
course at a record pace that sent
for his 188 hapless opponents yes-
that American people must keep
which involve our nation in the
dom of religion and freedom of ede
to terminate the agreements. A
him reeling up Exoter at = hourt
terday.
WASHINGTON, April 10-
u. M. W. spokesman here said
out of foreign wars,
affairs of other nations, Washing-
cation and other liberties enjoyed
tion agreement, which now links
28 minutes 51 4-5 seconds after
Marathon
in . demeracy
the American Treasury to the
about 150,000 miners in 14 states
"We cannot stop the warring
ton counseled prudent and calm
Among all the questions raised by
another Brown Walter hardi
Continued on Page I
deonsideration of those problema
Other speakers included John
treasuries of England, France, the
would be affected by the cancella-
conflicts of Europe and Asia," be
and bluntly told us as a nation to
Kennedy, editor and commentato
said, "but we can and will pre-
and attorney Edward B. Hanify
Netherlands, Switzerland and Bel-
tion.
The spokesman would neither
vent these continents from bring-
Imind our own business and not to
Cembridge, Walter G. Powers, state
gium. The mere list of names
confirm nor deny Lewis' order.
ing their wars to the Western
meddle in the affairs of other na-
Benes Says Democracies
secretary, was general chairma
Expect
makes the question obvicus, The
He said any comment would come
Hemisphere.
and tosstmaster, and John J. Sp
"If the signal of danger la ever
'What Washington said to the
lane, state deputy, prexided.
national with which we are co-
out of the conference of operators'
titizens of his day la good, sound;
- - for - sincere print
operating daily to stabilize the
and miners negotiators resuming
Patriota' Day
patriotic advice in these days. This
ples, But that in . different think
ate?
tomorrow in the face of # growing
Will Conquer in Europe
world money markets are precise-
Continued on Page 5
que patriotism-the patriotism of
- allying Chemselves with thei
coal shortage.
by the nations most likely to be
Speaking almost dispassion-
vM taken to Symphony Hall by
Lincoln and of Washington-1 not
acture enemies and getting is
ab wherever and whenever the
Confirmation Obtained
ataly about political chana in
Mayor Tobin, who gracted the
a evident in the affairs of gov-
in do ao
lined up against the dictatorships
in a European conflict.
Confirmation came nevertheless
Europe which has written at
dirtinguished visitor at the sta-
$66,800,000 For
Grament today."
Yes're miles to you know
least a temporary end to demo-
tion. Crowds packed the station
age "Back Seal Driven"
In the event of war, what are
from several U. M. W. officials in
and thousands jammed Sym-
Air Bases Voted
Phristian Principles Assalled
you're going to be less, For disser
we to dol For some reason, the
Cost-
cratie Ideals is some countries, to
Unless the party keeps "straigh
phony Hall
After urging calm, temperate
perhips. Or as appointment. Tele-
head," be said, the country
impression has got abroad that the
Continued es Page 13
which he has devoted his career,
WASHINGTON, April 19 (A.
sought on today's problems, Magr.
phone shead. ICAPA thoughtful,
nd Itemit traveling in a directio
simple thing to do and in lass-
stabilization agreement will be
Dr. Eduard Benes, former Presi-
Aska Democracion Change
Relan said that This then, is the
dent et the Nazi-abscrbed repub-
Legislation authorizing expenditure
sposite to that in which it was
pensive " well.
abandoned. Actually, the answer,
Hitler Acclaimed
The statestion, who has trans-
theough of His Eminence to the
go.
lie of Creebo-Slovakia, told
of $86,800.000 for development of
Klights here and everywhere.
Capital Parade
terred his work to the faculty of
navel air bases sped through the
Tere never was a time in the life
Incidentally, the progress of
capacity sudience in Symphony
alltiead car not helped by the
our order when there will .
Continued 0% Page 15
Hall last night that "a better and
Clap University, extalled Amer-
Senate in Than than 20 minutes today
smor of the back-aeat drivers wh
in Birthday Fete
los part In the fight for freedom.
Spister need for Its existence
TYPICAL TOWN RATES*
more democratic Europe will in-
masely in the form recommended
"Dentrosscy and distatorships
Today, more than ever before,
Mat out the apparent smoothne
BETWEEN BOSTON AND
Son in Italy Wins
evitably follow present sufferings
by the Naval Committee
dwell side by side," be de-
Centian principles are being as-
the detours of compromise an
BERLIN, April 19 (A. Two
and vast upheaval."
The measure now goes back to
inded by the foress of have and by
Roosevelt
Name and
Dur Signature
days of centory, military display
Arriving et the Back Bay sta-
Benes
the House for action on amend-
rti-Christian and anti-God systems
45
$10,000 Estate Case
ments, The House had authorized
and fanfare with which Germany
tion at 8:55 last night, Dr. Benes
Continued on Page 13
government Not only is the
Continued on Page 3
35
construction costing $18,000,000 less,
burch assailed, but nations them-
Holyets, Mes.
.85
35
9a.
BROCKTON, April 19-Giusappe
is celebrating Chancellor Hitler's
After the Senate had acted Chair-
lives are impertied.
1.00
AS
50th birthday began tonight with
man Vinson, Dem. of Georgia, of
Guidetti, 35. of & Augustick Italy,
de these trying times, when there
Mass.
#
AL
a national broadcast in which the
new
Fushrer's name was called "a po-
Today's
Globe
Contents
the House Naval Committee, said
so much false patrictives and arti-
today was informed by cable that be
Wake
be would recutifiend that the House
hysteria about us, when our
- Pederal Tax -
is the recognized heir to the $10,000
litical program for the entire
accept the Secate changes so the
in traditional form et govern-
estate of his father, Nando Guldetti,
world."
Page 1
GUIDE TO FEATURES
bill could be sent at obte to the
lens is endangered DES only by
Ref tapes # &
who died intestate in Plymouth in
Propaganda Minister Paul Jo-
Cardinal echors Washington's et
President for signature He added
sose fingatient with constitutional
ial Rain, Hai
Burgen
IS
Financial
18-19
seph Goebbels, the speaker, de-
vice "not to meddle
that there was to need for a conder-
1997.
process but by those who, while
Banks Carier
II-11
The Guidetti relatives in Flymouth
Britain offers "no
effice with the Senate concerning the
Bodly championing the cause of
worst effects of the storm week
clared:
Commercial
Obligaries
telephone ahead
Hair
piedge to Hitler.
measure.
"The Reich- standa under the
Crote-Ward
Part of Besies
19
the mocracy, are in reality the most
pected to be felt,
Boake Carter on Ambessador
emicious memies of our democ-
protection of the German sword,
Culbertaen
Radio
15
Continued os Page 5
Xennelly,
$1,000,000 for Quanant Point
such times, there a
In the national security, which is
Death Nations
Serial Nary
Tarran Brown breaks Marathon
Dr Wirsin
Short Story
is
The Sensie placed in the NO
giveral need for an organization such
ever Ost to Sea
Miller birthday date opena.
guaranteed by the German arrated
the Knighte of Columbus, ready
Editoriale
Rports
8-10
$17,000,000 Rem for eslablishment of
forces, economy, culture and NO-
record.
fre defend their country DO matter
Threat of serious foods along of
focipal rivers faded as the more
clal life Bourish. Adolf Ritier has
Son in Itsly wins of $10,000.
Air Bases
andhat the ascrifica."
sich sosked New England Der
Want Advts for
The
Tobin anys "we will stand our
Page 1
Continued on Page
san
the days finally moved out to -
pointed out a new way for the
historical development not only of
ground and keep our powder try
Armit made in total South Bartos
raise for Bosion Press
bar
Finda
his country but for that of Eu-
Dr. Benas predicts rim of . better
accident
Sunday
democracy in Europe.
Lewis orders shutdown of nation's
are
He urged the K. of C. to "use our
rope.
Steel Spring Taken
over and influence property,
Continued on Page $
soft coal mines
Nazi Sup waved from almost
of the primary purpose of
Child with spring in esophagia
ORDER THEM TODAY
Blobe
every building Downtown streets
DUMBBELLS
rushed here from New Bedford.
From Child's Throat
A
existence. "We can dissipate
Rivers rise in wake of severe
stre
power by aguandering a on small
were packed with citizens. Traffle
firm,
Rushed here from New Bedford
ria
unpo unwerthy of our great or-
Start Your Spring
was almost et a standstill as
neighborhood groups of Nazi
DO YOU
WELL,
Page 3
behind . State Police escort yester-
Fall
intration, or by meddling in
Reward
politics which have no place
Test of Roomevelt letter.
day aMericon, Patride A. Graver,
april
Hiller
CARE FOR
KNOW.
the Beld of our activity. be said,
R. told regimentation insure
3-year-old daughter of Mr. and Mrs.
was
"We are concerned with political
Join the "Get About Chil" sow,
Advertising NOW!
THE
Continued on Page 4
SORGONIOL
THINK I
Hable if United States drops foreign
William Graves of 208 Rumail MIII
ulters when and only when some
For only as . work, - -
GLOBE
PREFER THE
trade,
road, Bouth Dertmouth, wish resting
inversive force or some occult in-
and of plu dividends #
The (
OFFERS
at Xye and Ker In-
- like Communism or Redi-
de repube account -
THE DAY IN WASHINGTON
WORK OF
Hotel me open New England
in less dies four reads (8900 plus
Real Estate, Poultry, Automobile,
THE
firmary last night after doctors 14-
an in any form and from any
Business Chances, Help Wanted,
HK BACTHER
Waposition,
a undermining the authority
dividents for #: se . work).
moved a steel spring from her
BEST
calls on opponente
Page ,
Board and Roems, Apartmenta
MEDIUM
EMILE
the nation and the state, or MP
The "On Aboved Ow" brings -
within party to "sobardi-
Chinese students Cap wreath all
To Let advertisements for sext
Patricia mailowed the spring. .
willing the shurch.
Borna the - idea . -
IN
nate projudion" or get out Page 1
Minute Man's status,
part of a by, pasterday and com-
For Doston's newspapers Magr.
seving plans
for
Sunday's Globe-order them today.
Senate votes $88,800,000 for
Page 18
plained to her mother of a pain in
Posian said Cardinal O'Connell had
all who - - "per
NEW
ENGLAND
naval air bases
Page
1
Cuimed taken vacation from gift
her throst She was removed la 51.
the highest proje. is to the
should in the world."
Rend the Advertisements
Sensite takes 12 reliet MII
to nour Europe,
Lake's Horpital in New Bedford and
credit of the sewspapers here
FOR
Cell - -
in Today's Globe
THE
today
Page
-
Tage =
was ordered taken to the Manacho-
- Boaton and Massachusetts, be
Maritime strike Impedes settle-
pette Rye and Xar Infirmary after
and what any now my
SALE OR
Breckloridge Leng argon
The Boston Five Cents
Advertisements may be ordered at the Globe Office
mest of truck strike.
efforse to remove the object were
at the express command of Mis
RENTAL
"seash and earry"
French pilice furn to hrip
-
Expirence, the the
or by telephone. Call LAFayetta 2000
By
plan.
Page
Savings Bank
OF
subotage a multiple Brea en the
Surgeons found the spring, about
newspaper and writene's to
REAL
Employers profer to dest
Para
three-quariers of at inch long,
the present Time, have approached
N SCHOOL STREET. BOSTON
with A. F. of L. M. L R.
Your persons Injured by auto and
Jodged at the opentor of the
the discussion of them trying prob-
ESTATE
chairmas insure
Page
truck crash in Cembridge.
esophagus, near the larage.
lema in an admirable manner. calm-
by. prodently, cautiously - in
manner truly patriotic.
Recalls Late Pape
Magr. Phelan enneluded for myse
that "She Knights of Columbia
under the guidance of nete epiace-
THIS OVERSIZE ITEM HAS BEEN
MICROFILMED IN SECTIONS.
2
THE BOSTON GLOBE-THURSDAY. APRIL 20. 1939
SAYS EMPLOYERS
been set ande by the board in the
ground of belween -
"CASH-CARRY" PLAN
SENATE TAKES UP
player and union representatives,
Boake Carter-
Reports on Spain by Kennedy Jr.
Paris, where he exchanged his dip-
Inmatie passport for an cettinary
PREFER A.F.OFL.
while only one C. L a contract
with a journaliste visa, and
had been Invalidated - that pround
The board chairman attributed
ADVOCATED BY LONG
RELIEF BILL TODAY
Continued from the First Page
Win Praise of Britain's Premier
left for Spain at core. He returned
to London last week.
this to greater willingness of -
players to deal with the A. F. of L
Backs State Department
Madden Makes Assertion
By HARRY HENRY
than with the C. 1. O. in not Indu-
Ex-Ambassador Opposes
Act Would Consolidate
This is what has happened:
an extract from one of young Joe's
LONDON, April 19-The mystery
letters to him. The company was
tries,
When Kennedy presented his
of the presence in Madrid of Jo-
so Impressed by the stirewdness
at Senate Hearing
$3.50
"If you took a vote among em-
pleyers, I believe you would find
Embargo on Aggressors
Existing Agencies
crédential* to Chamberlain be
and maight shown by the extract
seph Kennedy Jr., eldest son of
that they begind Mr Kennedy to
. strong preference for the A. F.
forthwith and without equivoca-
Ambassador Joseph P. Kennedy, has
= on, and in the end be read
WASHINGTON, April 19 CA. P.I-
of - Madden said.
whole batch of the Jetters. They
Committee members frequently
WASHINGTON, April 19 CA. P.I-
WASHINGTON, April 19 CA.
tíon, Informed the British Prime
been explained He went to Spain
NEW YORK
Chairman 2. Warren Madden of the
Interrupted to ask Madden to dis-
Conceding that the "cash and carry"
The Senste is scheduled to
Minister that so long as he, Ken-
as a journallst, and his father has
wordbox the praise of the Prime Minis-
up tomorrow . far-reaching bill
Ser on géneral grounds, and were
Round
National Labor Relations Board ex-
cure specific board artions In each
neutrality plan would work, Steare-
nedy, was holding down the Lon-
been wing bis letters in discussing
discard existing relief department
commended on their journalistic ex-
Drive
delived
pressed the opinion today that em-
case be contended the board had
titally et least to the advantage of
don post for America, he would
the Spanish situation with the Brif-
players generally preferred to ber-
and consolidate them into .
cellence by Mr. Dawson
made the only possible decision is
Japan, Breckinridge Long ex-am-
do his utmost to see that no help
lah Prime Minister, Neville Cham-
the light of the evidence before #.
public works agency. The bill *
it was some months ago that Jo-
pun with A. F. of L rether than
reported out today by a special
was forthcoming from America
berlain.
bainador to Daty, nevertheless rec-
each 2r. asked for his father's per-
a
unlons
These interruptions prevented him
Madden made the statement in
ommended such . agaiem today as .
to any one in Europe If Europe
AL . recent dinner party which
committee headed by Senatar
mission to P. to Spain. The Am-
OLONIAL
from completing . prepared state-
means of keeping out of war.
was attended by the Ambassador,
sponse to questions during his testi-
Byrnes, Dem. of South Carolina
went
to
war,
baseador refused, pointing out that
ment which be begin reading yes.
Testifying in the Senate foreign
the Prime Minister and Genffrey
since be held - diplomatic passport
mony before the Senate Labor Com-
terday morning He is expected to
Originally the legislation -
But Kennedy, being a trader in
Dawan, the editor of the London
mittee considering proposals to
relations committee's hearings so
tained proposala for liberalization
it would be highly Improper for him
return when the committee meets
proposed changes in the neutrality
the many years of his business
Times, the conversation turned on
to do an. Joe said nothing further
amond the Wagner Labor act.
again Monday. Senator Holt ex-
present Social Security benefits
act, be strongly objected to proposals
career, understands the wisdom
the Spanish situation. To empha-
but when his father had gone back
Setistor Holt, Dem. of West Vir.
present a desire to question the
particularly those which 40 to 5
commented that 15 A. F. of
calling for an embargo on aggresse
of compromise when to follow
size some point, Mr. Kennedy read
to the United States be went la
other members of the board at that
unemployed. Since the latter sets
collective bargaining contracts had
nations or even upon all belligerenta
time,
Unn seemed likely to encounter
an opposite course might spell
in # foreign war. Me called them
position and extensive debate the
destruction all around. Because
pear with the credit and you with
dangerous,
committee decided today to break
be intuitively understands the
discredit."
Automatic Bargain
While Long was expounding his
Filene's
the measure into two bills
value of trading. he has under-
MEN
views before the Senale committee,
The proposed marger would bring
the House committee on foreign at-
stood the motives underlying
BASEMENT for
into the new agency the presenti
Why He Wes't Quit Post
faira, conducting a similar study,
Chamberlain's principle of ap-
Works Progress Administration, 09
beard a succession of witnesses:
AIR CONDITIONED
Public Works Administration,
peasement. Chamberlain also is
Mr. Rocsevelt, with foreknows-
5
Benjamin C. Marsh, executive
Civilian Conservation Corps, 19
.
trader in private business.
edge of Hitler's intentions to real-
secretary of the People's Lobby, said
Thus, contrary to feeding Mr.
low Checho-Slovakia, summoned
National Youth Administration 5
the threatened condict in Europe
Bureau of Public Roads and 7d
Roosevelt's resolution to meddle
Kennedy from Palm Beach and
A FIRE broke out last week in the corner of this maker's
vas "between entranched Aggrements,
end building activities.
in Europe Kennedy, monta after
sent him back to London.
Britain and France, which have
Before reporting the two bills
month, has bucked both the State
Kennedy returned. He has re-
stockroom-it seas put our in # few minutes-all smoke
stoles . large part of the habitable
the Senate today the commité
area of the world
Department and Mr. Roosevelt
mained. But be went in a vartly
WITHOUT PAYING
soiled costs discarded-here are unhart costs of fire stock
and na-
eliminated from the Social Security
who is, of course, the State De-
different frame of mind. He TO-
tides which want to do Ukewise He
prices, FRIDAY at 9:30 A. M.
measure an amendment by Sed
opposed giving discretionary power
stor Lodge, Rep., et Manachuset
partment.
turned to London with the Inten-
to the President to deal with prob-
He has consistently recom-
tion of sticking as long as he can.
A PENNY MORE-
providing that after 1840 no recip
lema of neutrality,
ient of Federal old age traurania,
mended courses to the President
even at the risk of being totally
Maxwell 5. Stewait of New York
benefits should receive less than the
diametrically opposed to those
discredited by the Rocervelt war
NEAR A FIRE
recommended that an embargo he
average old age assistance payment
subsequently followed by Mr.
propaganda.
YOU CAN NOW ENJOY
placed expirest nations which break
paid by the state in which be 16
Roosevelt. He has repeatedly
He feels that he can serve
their treaties
sides.
been at complete odds with Mr.
America, not Mr. Roosevelt, bet-
F. D. MAY PLACE R.F.C.
told him so in
ter by sticking than in any other
but UNHURT
COL. LINOBERGH BEGINS
language that Mr. Roosevelt does
job. For if he sticks and refuses
DUNHILL'S!
IN HOPKINS' DEPARTMENT
AIR SURVEY FOR ARMT
not care to hear.
to be "smeared" out by the Ad-
WASHINGTON, April 18 (A. P.)
ministration, be at least thwarts
Reports reached Capital Ka to
WASHINGTON, April 19 (A.
day that President Roosevalt was
Behind closed doors et the War De
Embarraming Position
Mr. Roosevelt from filling the
post with & puppet or another
X Superior Cigarette
MEN'S
considering transferring the R. F. c.
parement, Col. Charles A. Lindberge
But upon more occasions than .
Walter Hines Page. To be able
and other Government lending
started at Intensive survey today
man has fingers on his two hands,
of American aviation research ta-
to force Kennedy out under cloud
at the popular price of
agencies to the Commerce Depart-
cilities for the expending Army Air
Kennedy has told Chamberlain
of discredit, and substitute for
ordinary brands. Blended
ment in the first reorganization
Corps.
one thing. only to have Mr. Roose-
him a White House marionette,
move under authority part him
to the private formula of
The famous for reporting for
valt make . complete fool of the
recently by Congress.
at this stage of the dangerous
reversible
two weeks special duty as an active
American Ambassador in London,
game, would please Mr. Roceevelt
Alfred Dunhill, Ltd.,
The contemplated receganization
order, which some Inglalatore mid
Army officer. read reports and rec-
by himself announcing a different
beyond measure.
London, Eng. Of tradi-
they expedied to be issued next
ords in preparation for air trips to
policy,
Chamberlain, being . calculat-
and other NEW
week. also might Include the Fed-
several stattered research centers.
Chamberiain la sympathetic to
Ing statesman devoid of emotion-
eral Housing Administration and
Home Owners Loan Corporatists,
tiotial Advisory Committee for Aero,
Kennedy's embarrassing position,
alism, realizes the situation.
Chamberlain understands. Had he
While be gives Kennedy still
Dunhill
tional Dunhill quality
A meeting tomorrow of the Na-
in superb tobaccos
in
neutica will afford Lindbergh -
skillful blending. At
thus consolidating major business
opportunity to supplement directly
not understood, Kennedy probab+
more confidences than any other
recovery agencies under one com-
your regular tobacco
mand, was suid.
recent reports be has made to that
by would have been out by now,
foreign representative in London,
TOP
In addition, there were reporta
organization on Germany's repid ad-
and under any circumstances
he understands that his cus is to
counter discover
that the President visa considering
vance to the forstront among world
would never have been able to
follow the leads of Mr. Roosevelt
air powers, No has not publicly
Dunhill's today.
transferring to the Interior Depart-
give the most accurate reports of
directly, over the head of the
ment both the Biological Survey,
indicated whether be will attend the
the Inside working of a foreign
American Ambassador.
new in Agriculture, and the Buresu
meeting of the committee.
Government ever made to the
Far from feeding Mr. Roosevelt,
of Fisheries, new in Commerce.
GERMANY DUMPING PULP,
White House.
far from turning "Brith)," Ken-
So dismayed at the trend of
nedy has fought bitterly to do the
COATS
BAY STATE GROUP URGES
U. S. PRODUCERS CLAIM
Roosevelt policy became the
opposites. For this he has been
FUNDS FOR NAVY YARD
WASHINGTON, April 19 (A. P.S.
American Ambassador that he a
"mid out." So there's little left
CIGARETTES
The Treasury ordered today in-
turned home around Christmas to
for him to de but "stick" It
WASHINGTON. April 19-Con-
mediate investigation of allegations
find out what Roosevelt's foreign
thearts Mr. Roceevelt from In-
gressmen Flaberty, McCormsck.
by American wood plup producers
policy actually was. He intended
stailing . robot in that critical
Realey and Conntry of Massacho-
that Germany was duriping word
Job. That la Kennedy's contribu-
sette appeared today before the sub-
to step off the bost, go to the
pulp in this country,
committee on Naval appropriations
White House, in effecti "Pvt up
tion to his fellow-citisens in their
NOTE-du maker used all better prote trimmings,
Pending estimate of the Investi-
not as full chest HYMO FRONTS (* shape ne
signature favorable action on needed
or shut up, but either way quis
fight to stay out of war.
gation, customs officials have
faining fasture of more expensive costs.)
additions and equipment for the
ordered to obtain special bonds en
making & sucker out of me.
(Devisions,
Navy Yard at Boston, Congressman
importa of German wood pulp
"Some of NA friends talked him
Casey is . member of the committee.
Sunday Globe advis-order
satiefy any water will dutiné which
out of that Intention, "Mr. Roose-
The delegation was confident that an
may be assessed,
them today. Read the Roto-
MEN'S wool REVERSIBLE COATS
velt is alicker than you," they ad-
appropriation of $1,341,000 would be
vised him. "He'll twist whatever
ground and Comie Sections
approved by the committee for the
ICKEB CHIEF SMEARER OF
with cotton gabardine
following tiems:
you say and make himself ap-
in next Sundays' Globa.
Marking -
NEW DEAL" BRIDGES SAYS
Choose from brown, No. gray of
WASHINGTON, April 18 (A. 20
green Berringhose 34
Benstot Bridge, Rep., of New
Hampshire, described Secretary
to 42 regulars, some shorts-to SATE -
Icken today " chief accepted
the
New
Deal
him
Globa
The
ed-
them
today.
Read
the
Roto-
MEN'S wool REVERSIBLE COATS
of
whatever
grauure and Comic Sections
ICKES
OF
my
and
make
himself
40-
is 5421 Sundays' Globe.
with cotton gabardine
NEW
BRIDGES
WASHINGTON,
Agril
19
CA.
PO
Choose from brown, Hue, any or
Rep.,
of
New
green herringbone 34
42
regulars,
9
described
to
some
-
Ickes
as
chief
admarer
handsomely,
of
the
New
Deal
Bridges
told
the
Seriale
that
the
Interior
ALL WOOL TWEED, PLAIN COLOR or
press.
the
the
reporters
and
most
HERRINGBONE TOPCOATS
MUST PAY FOR OVERTIME.
15e
added
COMPARE
ANDREWS NOW SAYS
5
left
are
few
who
Rich looking twends, herringbones or
stated in his mesting
WASHINGTON, April 19 (A.
plain color Reecy fabrics la regian
$12
Emer F. Abdrews, Wage-Hour Ad-
steeve of styles-prays, Blue
CHARGED WITH THEFTS
pays, brown or greens, in sizes 35 to
ministrator, corrected himself today
BASED ON FALSE PRETENSE
42 regulars, some shorts is lot,
and said that payments for over-
time work must be made in cash.
ARLINGTON, April 19-Stectifer
Arlingtos, Medford, Newton,
ALL WOOL WANTED FLY FRONT
Yesterday, be expressed belief
Costs of Financing Your New Car
Waltham and Quinty women, ao
that under the Wage-Mour law, em-
cording to the Arlington police, a
COVERT CLOTH TOPCOATS
players could compensate salaried
the man who had gained entrance to
employees for working time in ex-
houses
or
apartments
under
Note the nov popular fy front style
case of 44 hours by giving them time
false presentes to steal, Refael South
and a half off in a subsequent week.
with "railroad sitching" on sleeve and
38,
&
Negro,
giving
this
address
at
1.50
or green covert clock, also
$15
today be issued # tormal
Worenter IL Boston, booked
ment
saying
be
regretted
in
an
tonight at the pelice
camel color wool
oral
discussion
at
.
press
conference
on . charge of Seeaking and enter-
31 to 42 regulars, few shorts is let.
had
given
a
"wirong
impression
ing
and
stimpled
larony
in
as
the overtime requirements."
Before you purchase any car on time pay-
apartment
here.
Net only must the competation
His screet by the Arlington police
be
in
cash,
be
said,
but
#
must
be
ments, check the cost under the General
in Borton resulted from an
Use
/
1
-
"when
the
this
employee
custom-
bille registration given the police by
receives his compensation,"
women of the Artington spart-
Motors Instalment Plan and compare it with
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INDIGESTION
Letter to President
From Sumner Welles
May 11, 1939
In re-Pres. memo of May 10, 1939
about the British Gov. making an
announcement about Palestine--attaches
letter from Kennedy of May 10, 1939.Also
telegram to Brandeis from Henny Montor.
See Palestine folder-Foreign File-Drawer 1-1939
Britain Kennedy for
No 315
THE WEEK
28 VICTORIA STREET.
May 17th 1939.
TELEPHONE
LONDON. S.W.1
ADDEY 1954
THE CRISIS
Key-points in the crisis as it developes towards its climax are
these:-
(1)
The Anglo-Soviet situation is much less bright than the
Downing Street inspirations to the British press suggest. The position
in a nutshell is that on April 16 the Soviet Government proposed a Pact
of Mutual Aid against aggression, based on a defensive military alliance
between Britain, France and the Soviet Union, and on that basis erecting
a really unbreakable barrier of small states too.
The British Government gave no reply to that proposal until May
8th, but in the meantimo while telling the House of Commons that every-
thing was going well, suggested to everyone that on the one hand the
Poles would object to such an arrangement, and -- to other people -- that
Mussolini, Franco, Salazar and the Japanese would dislike it too.
On May 8th the British Government rejected the Soviet offer.
On the same day the Germans and Italians concluded their military
pact.
Izvestia Article
The outline ofthe Soviet reply to the British rejection was con-
tained in the now famous Izvestia article of the middle of last week --
which even now several British newspapers could not bring thems elves to
publish in full, though it was very evidently the hottest news available
on the possibility of preserving the peace.
Then came the Soviet official reply. And to-day (Wednesday May
17) the Cabinet is due to turn it down -- with the proviso that the
whole thing had better be discussed at Geneva.
"Impersonal"
There was a comical feature to & tragic affair in 80 far 5.6 the
British Government. believing that the Soviet Government is conducted on
as "personal" a basis as is the British Government. and that -- as
British officials always suppose -- "1f you only snaffle the right man"
you get to do business regardless whether the business you do makes sense
or not, thought that if only they could get Molotov to Geneva they would
thereby persuade the anxious British public that things were going well.
Then they learned that the Soviet Government was not at the moment
thinking of sending Molotov but might send Potemkin.
Just after that came the Soviet reply to the British "counter-
proposals" and the British press, inspired directly from No.10. suddenly
issued (on Tuesday May 16) a series of suggestions to the effect that the
the
every
- 2 -
British found these proposals unacceptable but would be propared to
stall the whole thing. and start all over at Geneva in conversations
with Potemkin.
Already the British Foreign Office WALL beginning to "play up"
as quito a coup the fact that Lord Halifax would now "get togother"
with the Vice-Commissar for Foreign Affairs of the Soviet Union.
"Human Element"
The British Government is of course not really so foolish
though its enemies and evon its friends often accuse it of so boing
8.6 to suppose that the diplomacy of the now world is really based on
whether this person or that Litvinov or Potemkin or Maisky
happens to be in charge of particular nogotiations. The British
Foreign Office, which (although it often has to pretend the contrary
in deference to the wishes and innor political noccesitios of No.10
and the Conservative Central Office) is really very well-informed on
everything except really basic matters, is perfectly aware that
Soviet diplomacy and Soviet policy are not one-man affairs.
Genova illusions.
Precisoly for the reason however that a good doal of British
Foreign Office propaganda had been put out to the effect that the
Soviet Government were now 80 interested in the British counter-pro-
posals that they were actually going to sond somebody all the way
over from Moscow to talk to Halifax, they put their chins out to be
smacked by the Soviet Government which, to it had already repoatedly
stated, did not in fact regard the British proposals no anything but
& somewhat naive and despicable manner of gaining timo.
So when it was suddenly announced that after all M. Maisky &
Soviet diplomat who by the very nature of his job really does under-
stand the English inside out would be going to Gonevn - there was
somo quite unseemly petulance in Whitehall.
The petulance in question is not due to the personality of
M. Maisky, who is justifiably popular in London, but to the fact that
his appointment to the Geneva job neatly cut across the British
Government's plan for "playing up" Genova na an "example" of how well
the British Government was really gotting on with the Soviet Union.
The Game
For in view of the British public's presumed ignorance of the
fact that n. representative of the Soviet Government 1a n representative
of the Soviet Government and noither more nor less, it had been the
purpose of the British Government to use the presence of Potemkin or
even Molotov in Goneva na a ground for convincing the British public
that the Russians do not after All think so badly of the British
counter-proposals.
This game has in fact boon going on over since the original
Soviet proposals for the conference nt Bucharest which were made on
March 18, three days after the invasion of Prague. It will be re-
called how on that occasion the Foreign Office and No.10, in order to
head off Opposition -- and above all Conservative anxiety regarding
the possibility that the Chamberlainitos would anbotngo the Russian
talks, deliberately encouraged the newspapers to run n. big line of
Anglo-Russian friendship. to the extent that the Evening News of All
papers headlined "Moscow is with us".
ther"
y
ions
to
man
- 3 -
No.315
The some thing has occurred nt various intervals throughout
the -- in fact -- mainly dendlocked conversntions with the Soviet Union:
every time that things are going badly (because the British Government
has refused n Soviet offer of assistance, because Spnin, Portugal.
Japan and Italy have entered a cavent against Anglo-Soviet commitments)
the British Government and its press pour out assurances of how nicely
things are going.
The Facts
The real position and it is one of life and death for the
British is that 80 far:-
It is not true, 0.5 the British press has suggested, that there
has boen on "approximation of view" between the British and Soviet
Governmonts.
The Soviet Government persists in calling for a practical
defence system including mutual guarantees and if possible military
talks, and the British Covernment persists in refusing mutual guaran-
tees and refusing military talks.
Contradiction
The contradiction could hardly be sharper. especially as it is
based on the fact that the British Covernment's refusal is backed by
all those "appeasers" in the British Government who are perpetually
"explaining" to their colleagues that the thing to do is to make some
further concessione to the Japanese, to Mussolini, to Portugal, and --
of all poople to Franco, and that the only concession that can be
made 1s that the British should refrain from making my definite
commitments to the Soviet Union.
(2) All this is perfectly well known in Moscow, and the intrigues of
the British Goverrment in this nonao -- unreported for the most part
in the British prese being common knowledge there and in the USA
provide at least & part of the basic for that "mysterious" mcopticism
regarding the "aims" the "sincerity" of the British Government in its
alleged opposition to Fasciem, which the British press finds 30 sur-
prising". Nobody else, unfortunately, is in the slightest degree
surprised.
(3) The position of the Anglo-Soviet negotiations -- and above all
the delay in them -- remains (in the view of Berlin-Reme, London, Paris,
and Moscow) the crucial factor in the whole position, and in all
calculations DE to when "the balloon is likely to go up".
(4) Bost information from Berlin, Rome, Paris, and London, offers
the following ne an approximate eketch of the alternatives before the
Axis Government (now definitely centred in Berlin with Benito Mussolini
more than over fulfilling simply the role of Cauleitor Italien) the
following:-
(a) In view of the delay in the Anglo-Soviet negotintions success-
fully ongineered by the German diplomnts working through Rome, Burgos,
Tokyo and Lisbon, there remains in Berlin a profound belief that in
fact the British Government is not serious about the whole affair.
For it is more or less logically argued in Berlin that if the
British Government were really serious in its alleged attempt to organise
& general Cofonce -- or "ven a purely British defence -- against the
- 4 -
Axis attack, the obvious thing to do would be to achieve an immedinto
alliance with the Soviet Union.
The fact that the somewhat nnively concenled representations
of German agents in the above-mentioned capitals have proved to have
50 impressive effect upon Mr. Chamberlain, is takon in Berlin --
rightly or wrongly -- n.s proof that the British Government is after all
not serious.
(b) This being 80, or at least believed to be so in Berlin, the
Gorman and Italian Governments are faced with the choice between one
of two almost equally attractive linos of policy: That is to any,
they can -
either, in the belief that in the long run the British opposi-
tion -- meaning particularly the Conservative Opposition --
will force the Anglo-Russion alliance which spells the end of
the Hitler ambitions, attack now at Danzig
or, in the belief that another apparent "lull" will permit the
"appensers" to find their feet Again and come to the top,
allow things to alide n little further, running n. continuous
terrorisation and victimisation compaign, in the hope that very
soon both in Britain and in France the anti-Municheers will get
tired, and the Municheers will begin to be able to say "after
all, these people have not invaded any independent state for
several weeks, what reason is there for not trenting them na in
fact very decent chaps?
The market.
In fact, putting the thing market-wise, it is one of those
situations in which a really strong-nerved bear will make more money
than anybody, but a nervous bull will make more money than a nervous
bear. And, as is notorious nll over the world, the London market is
full of nervous bulls who read their newspapers in the morning and
get the pep-talk and start buying forward, and then talk to their
friends over lunch and telephone the continent, and begin to get the
facts, and start hedging before midday.
(c) There is being put about in London this week a heavy propa-
ganda barrage to the effect that the Germans and Italians have been
"stopped anyway" and that therefore there are no further unpleasant
surprises to be expected. Investigntion in Berlin and Rome does
not support this view, but rather suggests that it is in fact boing
put out from precisely those two centres: again with the central
notion of delaying, or giving the impression that there is no longer
any necessity for, the Anglo-Soviet Pnct.
It has to be reported that 80 far no the German General Staff --
which is the stume thing 0.8 the Italian General Staff -- is concerned.
the view is that everything stands or falls by the success or failure
of the Anglo-Soviet negotintions. Whatever the views of Dr.Salazar
- 5 -
No.315
(and his friends in the British Conservative Party) there are no
illusions in the German General Staff AS to the decisive change in the
situation which would nrise from a definite military commitment betwoen
the British and the Pussians.
The general impression in informed circles both in London and
Paris is that the situntion is renching its most critical point: and
that the key to it lies in London, and porticularly in the question of
whether or not the "appensers" continue to be able to dolny signature
of c. practical Anglo-Soviet Pnot.
For it 10 pointed out in both capitals that although -- except
in the columns of The Times -- the appensers have been lying compara-
tivoly low in public during the past week, they have in fact been
doing 80 because thoir principal concentration has been precisely upon
the wrecking of the Pact, or nt lenst upon the prolongation of the
endless delay.
As c. result, Berlin estimates very high the chances that the
"appensere" are still in fact in power in Britain: tind 80 long as they
are strong enough to dolay the Pact, no amount of finger-wagging from
members of the Government and in the editorial columns of the London
press will have any effect in "persunding" Herr von Ribbentrop that he
is mistaken in this matter.
The danger therefore is A double one: first that the appensers
without actually being in power may give to the German Government the
impression that they are, long enough and deeply enough to provoke A
disaster; and secondly. that, having produced that situntion, they may
actually turn out to be near enough to power to mnko of that disaster
not n resistance but "B second Munich".
The Rushcliffe Letter.
F:om an exceeeingly well-informed source it is confirmed to us
this week that the roal author of the now notorious "Rushcliffe Letter"
to The Times, calling for "& second Munich" all along the line really
WOB drafted by Sir Horace Wilson, and therefore represented exactly the
views and cims of the appeasers at No.10.
It appears, according to sources in Berlin, to be this fact above
all -- communicated of course by the German Embassy and by unofficial
agents -- which accounts for what nll agree to be an air of immense con-
fidence and jauntiness on the part of Herr von Ribbentrop. Confident
that the Rushcliffe letter (a) represents the views of No.10 and (b)
would nevor have been published in such & form unless it did, he is
still this week advising the Fuchrer that everything pointing the other
way -- including the Chamberlain speech nt the Albert Hall -- is and
must be the merest bluff.
The fact that after relegating the "appeasement" correspondence
to its inside columns for & day or two, The Times suddenly gave it pride
of place again was also -- absurdly AS some think but seriously never-
theless -- taken in Berlin as & useful straw in the wind.
It was also remarked there that The Times went so far na to
publich a Intter from a Territorial Officer of which the argument. if
- 6 -
pushed to its logical conclusion. cruse perilously near to incitement to
refusal of military service. In it appeared in fact the anme type of
argument that was last seen in this country in the dnys of Lord Carson
and "Galloper Smith" -- the first overt hint that the "Fifth Column" is
prepared actually to urge people not to serve in the armed forces except
in support of its own policies. It yas e. minor straw in the wind, but
appearing where it did, an important one, and one which, 1f it had come
from another quarter -- for instance a Trade Union lender -- would cor-
tainly have been denounced by The Times in no uncertain terms.
file
MR. KENNEDY
London (and perhaps Washington) who becoming increasingly puzzled
this week by the "mystery of Mr. Kennedy" and still more, by the mys-
tery of why Mr. Roosevelt maintains Mr. Kennedy in the post of Ambassador
to Great Britain. His role has been and still is of very much greater
importance in its effects on both sidos of the Atlantic, than the general
public supposes.
Before his recent trip to Washington. Mr. Kennedy who alrendy well
known in both capitals no an "appeasor" of the first water. He was the
principal apologist for Mr. Chamberlain in Washington, and at the anme
time was known to be informing Mr. Chamberlain that in reality American
opinion -- serious American opinion -- so far from being hostile to Munich-
ism, we.s really supporting it and that therefore Mr. Chamberlain did not
really need to worry nbout the apparent outburate of indignation from the
other side, regardless of the quarter from which they come.
Mr. Kennedy, whose relations with certain representatives of Gen-
eral Franco were common knowledge, played n. particularly important part in
the politics of non-Intervention", and was actively engnged in supporting.
from his strategically very strong position, the policy which resulted in
the great brenk through of the Axis in Spain. -His trip to Washington
WES, ns everyone expected, the occasion of n very severe dressing down by
the President. But the mystery began when Mr. Kennedy, instead of being
sent on holiday, after all returned to London na Ambnasador. For since
his return, his activities have become more remarkable than ever. He has
for instance gone to the longth of informing members of the British Govern-
ment that they "neod not worry" about anything that Mr. Roosevelt may say,
for the reason that
(1) "It will be my friends that are in the White House in 1940.
(2) "Roosevelt is run by the Jows and all the anti-fascist sentiment in
the United States is really crented by the Jews, who control the press".
The bland assurance with which Mr. Kennody circulates these stagger-
ing opinions about the Government which he is after all supposed to repre-
sent, have occasioned some considerable eyebrow lifting even among those --
in the "appeasement" camp who find them very useful.
There have in fact been soveral occasions during the past three or
four weeks, on which the opinions of the American Ambassador have been
not merely quoted but decisively used at British Cabinot meetings. when the
suggestion has been mnde that the continued signs of "appeasement", and
above all the Federation of British Industries Agreement with the German
Government, are producing a disnstrous effect upon the other side of the
Atlantic. To those who try to suggest that the American Ambnssador -- 6.
wealthy Catholic speculator. is probably not representative at all of
American opinion, and is playing a game of his own, the rotort is mnde: If
that is 80, why does he remain Ambassandor?
(Subscription rates to THE WEEK 8/- half yearly. 16/- yearly. Foreign rates 12/-
and 24/- USA and Canada and Dominions where Air Mail rates of 3d per 02 do not
apply IO/- and 20/-. Dominions where Chenp Air Moil rates are in force 13/- and
26/-. Printed & published by Cloud Cockburn at 28 Victoria St. London, S.W.1.)
Kennedy folder -1939
EDA
GRAY
LONDON
Dated June 7, 1939
RECEIVED 1 p.m.
SECRETARY of State
Washington
795, June 7, 5 p.m.
FOR THE PRESIDENT.
If any of the British party start talking about the
hot Washington weather, will you please inform them that
WE have had the two hottEst days in fifty years right here
in London. It may take Washington weather out as a
subject for consideration.
KENNEDY
HPD
Kennedy
1
London, June 8, 1939.
Dear Mr. President:
I thought you might like
to have this "United States
Number" of the TIMES as a
souvenir.
Faithfully,
Hunnedy
The President,
The White House.
Kennedy
file Personal
CJ
GRAY
LONDON
Dated June 9, 1939
RECEIVED 11:18 a.m.
Secretary of State,
Washington.
June 9, 4 p.m.
PERSONAL FOR THE PRESIDENT.
Your thoughtful wire sent to me today in the midst
of the great Excitement in Washington touches me deeply.
Our regret at not being with you is lessened only by
our joy in seeing you achieve another great SUCCESS.
KENNEDY
HPD
C
0
P
INTERNATIONAL HOUSE
Y
500 Riverside Drive
New York
June 14, 1939
My dear Mr. O'Connor,
I received this morning the following clipping of
the Swiss Democratic party paper: "National Zeituns, Basel"
with the article of the well known Italian diplomat Count Sporja
(since several years in exile). The Count Sporja is a personality
of highest political experience and has the best relations with
all the leaders in the world.
I believe it will be of a special interest for you
to keep this article. The most important paragraph deals with the
American Ambassador in London, Mr. Kennedy. I give you a short
translation of this paragraph:
"The American Ambassador in London, Kennedy, is speaking
with the Germanophile circle which is behind the London
Times not only in a defaitistoc manner, but more in a way
extremely hostile against President Roosevelt. He is
sympathizing in such a way with General Franco - and means
that he is doing a very good work for his church - that he
often explains that the Democratic policy of the United
States is only a jewish matter and that Roosevelt will
disappear 1940.
The Count Sporja is publishing the fact with the
mention that until the date of the edition of his article, nobody
has had the courage to tell this special fact in all publicity
notwithstanding many people have knowledge about Mr. Kennedy's
talks against the President.
Hoping you have an interest to know that
I remain
With best regards
Yours very sincerely,
W. L. COLZE (sgd)
Encls.
Ameritanifde Gtimmungen
und Gegenftimmungen
Bon Brof Giorga
Diver bee Intime Ratgeber Sillens im
biale 24r Bütgerline bee
Deu
Batring ergäbtte entr a Rem Dort. turs DOC
unb & Terast, bag Re in Sendible
Tobe. wile Dräfibent Billion,
Belabe bas Reft boben, the angeldmints au -
über bie unb bie @ebeimperträge ber
metimen.
Millierten, im Subre 1917 elmal N. the fagles
Geit ber Squidenoffäre bat subr bie er-
Gebutben mir uns: themit efft einmal ber Brieg
faltere ameritaniide Sympathie hir neu
au Enbe ift, merben mir lie finangielf in unferer
aufgimörmt, unb toer in Pronteeis oben anbersmo
" belieht trin Smelled bei brute in Unerita bie
Demotration erleben bürfent, To haben
Jyanb boben; mobt ober übef müffen Re fid) bonn
воб pom (pridit, bie Sis put
sabireides (in) els bie Freunde Ber
wir bies her con Ing BH Ing modgenben amerifa
unlerer Denfroeile näbern, BM ibrem elgemen unb
Bafabette gurüdreichen, ber bout auf Truggebijbe,
Demotration Unb man mub. fafern
nilden Wibneigung grgen bie Totalitärftenten gift
- unletem Borteil."
bie für Intrier peridjmunben fink Unb mas England
mon bas Drablem pom Standountt
merbanfen, Die stite öffentliche Runbgrbung biefer
Do trat eine ber tielen Erldeinungen ein, bie
Betrifft, jo Ift jein Driftige fortmäbrenb gefunten,
aus betradtet, sugeben, both men to Barts menig
Solibarität. mar bie To fategorilde Moole-
Billion nicht porausgeleben batte. Reines unferet
nelts on bie beiben Ber nidit
lettbem feine fonierpation Registring unter Dem
unb in Bonbon nod meniger für elise Bieber-
Bümber besabite feine Schulben: es ift überllüffig,
Drug von Boructellen Innenpolitilder Ratur in
beritellung ber Compatbien getern bet.
lofort ben Bert biefer Gelte erforte,
bier 84 unterluchen, eb mir, von unterm mittidaft-
Geof bie Biraterie unterfrügte unb loger
Ht an biejem Raftanb auto Bräffbent
bein murbe et burds bie Not, als
lichen unb moralisten Standpunit aus betrachtet,
Roolecelt nimt gans unbetrigt. Itan erfaube mir.
balb borouf Blue XII. in feimer Unitiative bie
to welt ging, ein Engebot ameritanijder IRIt-
richtig ober fello bonbelten. bottem wit
asbeit im Sermen Often
in Diclem Sulammenbang then ET or
greiler unb thre Opfer als gleidhmertig behanbelte.
fider vom Standpunit ber ameritantiden Dent-
Orrtümer con loldem Human binterlalien
ben hisber nod) niemond ber su
Das Oberhaupt ber Rinde Bib.
meile. (In einsiger Staatsmann in Cutopo
Epuren, unb lo ift es burdous natürlich, bag bie
unterbreiten mogte: Der Bolidafter
mie bies bäufig grichiebt, menn es Diplo-
Rr. 248, Breing, 2. Buni 1939
empfanb bies: Gbourb Actriot, ber fier in bie
Engelden after Relientimento Hd relatio böufig be+
in Bonbon, Rennebo, führte im Beforão mit ben
matie au treiben glaubt, unb es febite nide en ein-
Submit Schoute, als " im Degember 1932 als
Residen bie ber "Limes" mobed
lichtigen Ratholiten, bie fonftatiscten, befs die Bet-
mertbar тафел, hier IR ein gans neurs, bas id
Winifterprofident vergeblich bas Daria-
fteben, nidit nur eine fonbern gerabeju
Idalt bee Droteflanten Roalebelt mebr men/dilide
in einer ber leglen cus USM. erbaltenen Rummern
thent folgenbes gir bebenfeh beldimor: beh bie
unb diriftlide Worme perjpüren lieb.
alles Interelle beron, boß ein ftorfes Englan
bee Ree Doef Times" Finbe. Seite 47 pom 14. TRal
roafebeltgegnerilde Eprode. Bingertlen pon Selment
(Frantreid) bie Groberungsmelle einbómmen
rines Zages (umb amor
Sompathien Nr General Franco, glabble er, mill
36 gloube, die mir gegenüber gräußerten Br.
bom Orgebnis einer Runbfrage, bie bas
eines Tages bie Unabbängigteit lübameritar
Früber als man beginnet obmen fonnte) eine Godie
Unrecht, ouf folde Brik liner Riche gar bienent
benten prominenter Emeritaner mortgetreu unb
clostitute of Public Opinions on alle Schldten ber
unb ging babel To mell, mit Immensider Rime
jabenfolle Rongrmäß miebergugeben, menn ié thre
Republitem bebroben fonnte. Sum Glud N
non Seben unb Inb bebeuten mürbe. Das Borio-
öllentlichen, Thinung bes ganjen Banbes ridjete
englifen Regierenben bat beis
thent molite (nbellen nicht out ibn bören, unb fyer-
onjubeuten, bie Bolitit bec Bereinig-
Dentart folgenbermaßen formuliere, eine Denfort,
unb bie folgenbermaßen (autete: mir Im
ibren TRangel en Boantafie unb Brof to
riot ging.
ten Stooten Tell mur eine unbi
bie gerobe, meil Sie jeglider Bentimentafität emibebet,
Belle ejnes Relages gegen
Beitber babe ld) mieberfiott bie Bereinigten
Roofenelt merbe 1940 to Roff Tommen,
für Englanb with Brantreido ungemen midrig Ift:
Die feite Boltung. au Der bes eng
grantreld unb England biefen belben Sänbern
Bolt nod ber Bergemaltigung bes Refter
Starten befught. Subfreiche unb eng-
3um order für undere Demotration salus ab
In ber nächten Rrife merben bie Englänber uns
Belb leiben. bamili lie bei uns Relegematerial tou-
Inimiels - bringen bir Difiatoren mit ihrem
Emerifaneen gegenüber in einer Bage fein, bie
bie Registrung nätigt
Bolitifer beben ein Gleides getan. Uber lid)
fem Number Rur 31 Brogent antmorieten in
nidit nur ben ber Dominions eu
bobe gelinbe Smellet, bah Be angelichts bee aus-
Rollenmobnfinn unb them Will-
nid)t unäbnlich [ein mirb ber Bage ber
elnem für Brantreis und England günftigen Sinne,
Bian gerulen, lanbern cud out jene topild eng
geseldineten mit ber bile amerifanilée
tarismus In [enem hombersig erregbaten Banbe
im Telgten September gegenüber England. Chamber-
möbrenb 69 Brogent midits son einer Brileibe on
frinblide Gruppe pon Amerifanern
Clite libre Gälte au emplangen affegt, and bie
bas guitanbe, toos Daris unb Bonbon met gelungen
lein Charfob bie börbiten Interellen feimes Banbes:
einen bee belien (rübern Billiberten millen mollten.
aber bles ift tein Grunb, boB Roolevelt fein Beir
Em fegten September bife Barole diregegeben be
gange Birflichfeit erfaht baben. Delder Wel IR
ift. Benn mir, mile 10 mir correlle
Bolder Stiplete Rd felde permabren, unb
Run girt, min merben bfe Deutimen bis du
belb misber eine Arit ben
fpiel пофовте, Die Bereinigten Stadten baben
legten Englänber Bettempten!*