Ask the Scholar
Page 2 of 2
I can add historical knowledge about this page.
Page image
OCR
67. How many furloughs or passes for more than 24 hours
have you had since you have been in the Middle East?
None
One
Two
Three
Four or more
If you have had any furloughs or passes for more than 24
ORIGINAL RETIRED FOR PRESERVATION
hours in the Middle East, please answer the following
questions about the last two
68. Your last furlough or pass
a. How long was the leave?
1 day
2 day
3 day
4 days or more
b. Where did you go (towns)?
c. About how much did you spend? 3
69. Your next to last furlough or pass
....
a. How long was the leave?
1 day
2 day
3 day
4 days or more
b. Where did you go (towns)?
c. About how much did you spend? 8
70. Regardless of how much you saved last month, how much
of your total pay each month do you think you ought
to save? (Include in this amount allotments from your
pay for dependents, other money sent home, defense
bonds, insurance, and other kinds of savings) d
- 18 -
CONFIDENTIAL
now
War
71. There are several ways that you can use to save money.
Which one do you think is the best one for you to use,
Dept
(Check one)
Buy defense bonds
Send it back to the U.S. by allotment and have someone
deposit it there for you
Deposit it with the Finance Office through your C.O.
(to be held for you with 4% interest until discharge)
Other ways - - -hat are they?
ORIGINAL RETIRED FOR PRESERVATION
72. About how much money last month did you
Put into defense bonds?
Send Rome by allotment from your pay?
Send home by money order or by other means?
Pay out for all insurance?
Deposit with the Finance Office through your 0,0.7
I} you have any further remarks to make on any subject, write them
below as fully as you like:
Before turning in your paper, be sure to check back through it to see
if you have answered all the questions.
CONFIDENTIAL
CONFIDENTIAL
PSF
War sept
WHAT THE
SOLDIER THINKS
NUMBER TWO, AUGUST. 1943
Quarterly Report, with
Charts, of Research Studies
Indicating the Attitudes,
Prejudices and Desires of
American Troops
Franklin D. Roosevelt Library
DECLASSIFIED
DOD DIR. 5200.9 (9/27/58)
Date- 3-17-59
Signature- care & Spicer
SPECIAL SERVICE DIVISION
RESEARCH BRANCH
ARMY SERVICE FORCES, WAR DEPARTMENT
WASHINGTON, D.C.
THIS DOCUMENT CONTAINS INFOR-
MATION AFFECTING THE NATIONAL
DEFENSE OF THE UNITED STATES
WITHIN THE MEANING OF THE ES-
PIONAGE ACT, 50 U.S.C., 31 AND 32,
AS AMENDED. ITS TRANSMISSION OR
THE REVELATION OF ITS CONTENTS
IN ANY MANNER TO AN UNAUTHOR-
IZED PERSON IS PROHIBITED BY LAW.
CONFIDENTIAL
WHAT THE SOLDIER THINKS
NUMBER TWO
Quarterly Report, with Charts, of Research Studies
Indicating the Attitudes, Prejudices and Desires
of American Troops
SPECIAL SERVICE DIVISION
RESEARCH BRANCH
ARMY SERVICE FORCES, WAR DEPARTMENT
WASHINGTON, D. C.
REPORT NO. 58
August, 1943
COPY NO. 285
CONFIDENTIAL
CONFIDENTIAL
WAR DEPARTMENT
HEADQUARTERS. ARMY SERVICE FORCES
IN REPLY
REFER to
SPSPX 330.11
WASHINGTON D. c.
(15 Jul 43)
15 July 1943.
MEMORANDOM FOR THE COMMANDING GENERAL, ARMY SERVICE FORCES:
Subject: Quarterly report to the Chief of Staff
on factors relating to morale.
1. This report sumarizes some mjor aspects of recent studies on the attitudes and
interests of troops. These studies are based on the statistical analysis of replies made
anonymously to questions asked of thousands of soldiers, here and abroad. In the field
covered, such factual evidence is more representative, and therefore more generally appli-
cable, than the personal impressions of even the most experienced observer.
2. Our studies indicate the satisfaction of troops with many physical factors gen-
erally related to norale. The nen like their food; they are appreciative of the medical
services: they appreciate their technical training. The picture is not so favorable with
respect to factors less tangible but equally important to morale.
3. The first section of the report shows the attitudes of the men toward their
role as soldiers. Here we find tant only two men out of five feel that they would be zore
useful as soldiers than na civilian war workers. Men with doubte about the Tar or about
our Allies are more likely to prefer the role of civilian war worker. This reluctance to
be soldiers is grently accentunted nuone those who are married, older, and those with are
classified na limited service. The general picture is made worse by the discovery that
the longer A private has been in the service, the less he believes he can contribute more
as A roldier than as a civilian war worker. Perhaps even more disturbing is the evidence
that the longer nen are in the service the less is their pride in their outfite.
4, Such attitudes any well be a hendicap to training and to efficiency in combnt,
These studies indicnte the need for unremitting effort to impart to the sen A pride in
their service, a sense of personal participation, and a belief In the cause for which they
are fighting. This effort will be most effective 1f special attention is given to the
older, married, and limited service men,
5. The fect that the great majority of men A.W.O.L. are found at the lower educa-
tional levels suggests that the Command may desire to acquaint itself more fully with the
special problems of the nen with low education and make clear to then the penalties in-
volved for being A.V.O.L. and the rensons for the necessary discipline.
6. The second section of the report deals with general problems of the soldier.
n. The favorable reaction of the men to Army technical echoole is highly satis-
factory, and A gratifying number are assigned to jobs which maice use of this special train-
ing.
b. The attitudes of our troops towards our Allies in this War must necessarily
reflect a carry-over from civilian attitudes. Yet proper attitudes toward our Allies are
essential to tenn-work in the Far, and it is evident from these studies that only the con-
stant effort of the Command can improve these attitudes and keep them from deteriorating.
F. M. OSBORN.
Brigndier General,
Director.
SPECIAL SERVICE DIVISION,
CONFIDENTIAL
CONSIDENTIAL
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
How the Studies Are Made
6
Where Studies Have Been Made
7
PART 1. THE SOLDIER LOOKS AT HIS SOLDIER ROLE
9
PART 11. SPECIAL STUDIES OF SOLDIER ATTITUDES
1. Attitudes toward Noncommissioned Officers
41
2. Job Satisfaction and the Utilization of Skills
47
3. Attitudes of Negro Soldiers
55
4. Health and Food
61
5. The Off-duty Life of the Soldier
65
6. Attitudes toward Our Allies
79
SUPPLEMENTARY REPORTS
A. Measuring the Effectiveness of Informational
Motion Pictures
87
B. Who is the American Soldier?
105
5
CONFIDENTIAL
HOW THE STUDIES ARE MADE
The staff of the Research Branch of the Special Service Division
is composed of Army officers who are specialists in this field,
together with a number of civilians from leading universities and
from commercial life.
Techniques have been developed, tested and adjusted to fit the
Army's problems.
The basic steps in conducting a study are as follows:
1. The questionnaire 11 prepared in consultation with the
War Department Branches immediately concerned. All de-
tails are worked out in advance.
2. The questionnaire 15 pre-tested on smaller groups to
make certain that the questions are meaningful and
understandable to the enlisted men.
3. The project is cleared for action with the Commands in
which the study is to be made.
4. The number of men to be surveyed is set sufficiently
large to insure statistically reliable findings.
5. The men to be surveyed are selected to insure as true
6. cross-section as possible.
6. The men are assembled in class rooms or mess halls,
where they themselves--in absolute anonymity--fill in
their questionnaires. No officers are present, the
classes being conducted by trained enlisted men. The
questionnaires bear no names, serial numbers, or other
personal identification. Ordinarily, illiterates or
men of very low intelligence are interviewed personally
by trained enlisted men.
Other techniques, of course, are employed from time to time to
fit special needs.
e
CONFIDENTIAL
WHERE SURVEYS HAVE BEEN MADE
EUROPE AN
NORTH AMERICAN
ASIATIC
ASIATIC
NORTH
MIDDLE
AFRICAN
EAST
PACIFIC
LATIN AMERICAN
SOUTHWEST
SOUTH
PACIFIC
PACIFIC
SURVEYS HAVE BEEN MADE
IN 100 DIFFERENT POSTS,
CAMPS, AND STATIONS IN U.S.A.
Shaded sections show the theaters where
studies have been conducted or are under way
7
PART 1.
THE SOLDIER LOOKS AT HIS
SOLDIER ROLE
Representative cross-sections of thousands of
troops, here and abroad, have been asked the
question:
"If it were up to you to choose, do
you think you could do more for
your country as a soldier or as a
worker in a war job?"
How the men answer this question and related
questions, how different kinds of men differ
in their attitudes--is shown in the pages
following.
This material is basic for developing the In-
formation Program of the Special Service Di-
vision. It may also have implications for
other branches of the Army.
9
CONFIDENTIAL
SOLDIER OR WAR WORKER?
In the United States, 39 per cent of all the enlisted men
think they can do more for their country as soldiers than as
war workers.
In the Middle East Command, soldiers stationed along the
Mediterranean from the Nile delta to Tunisia have much the
same attitude as those at home. Forty-eight per cent of the
men attached to bomber and fighter squadrons and 37 per cent
of the service troops in this area are convinced of the
greater usefulness of their work as soldiers.
What is the significance of such responses?
When a man is drawn from civilian Life, with skills in de-
mand and wartine wages high, he is making a sacrifice in ac-
cepting Army discipline, Army pay, and Army danger. Some
men who say that they are less useful as soldiers than as
war workers may be expressing a fact, without implying lack
of zeal for the war. Such men may, however, be no less a
problem to the Army than the soldiers who lack enthusiasm
for the war.
But--as the next pages show-the average soldier who rates
his soldier role as less useful than B. civilian role in a
war job is more likely than other men to be
apathetic about the war
distrustful of our Allies
not desirous of going overseas
not very proud of his company, battery or squadron
not desirous of afighting job if he goes overseas
10
CONFIDENTIAL
LESS THAN HALF of the enlisted men
believe that they could serve better as SOLDIERS
QUESTION.....If it were up to you to choose, do
you think you could do more for your country as
a soldier or os a worker in a wor job ?
TROOPS IN THE CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES
PERCENTAGE WHO ANSWER
SOLDIER
UNDECIDED
WAR WORKER
39%
12%
49%
TROOPS IN THE MIDDLE EAST
PERCENTAGE WHO ANSWER
SOLDIER
UNDEGIDED
WAR WORKER
Troops attached to
48%
24%
fighter and bomber groups
28%
Service troops
37%
19%
44%
II
CONFIDENTIAL
CONFIDENTIAL
MEN WITH DOUBTS ABOUT THE WAR AND OUR ALLIES
ARE LEAST LIKELY TO PREFER A SOLDIER ROLE
"THIS WAR IS AS MUCH MY AFFAIR AS ANYBODY'S "
think they are more useful
Among men who HAVE DOUBTS
18%
os SOLDIERS
Among men who BELIEVE IT
43%
think they are more useful
as SOLDIERS
"WE SHOULD KEEP ON FIGHTING UNTIL ENEMIES ARE CRUSHED
EVEN IF THEY OFFER TO GIVE UP COUNTRIES TAKEN OVER"
Among men who would be willing,
28%
.....
think they are more useful
with this offer, to TALK PEACE NOW
as SOLDIERS
Among men who think we should
45%
think they are more useful
keep on FIGHTING UNTIL ENEMIES
as SOLDIERS
ARE CRUSHED
HAVE FAITH IN ALLIES"
Among men who DISTRUST ENGLAND
32%
think they are more useful
and RUSSIA
os SOLDIERS
Among men who have more
46%
think they are more useful
FAITH in these Allies
as SOLDIERS
NOTE: Figures are based on representative cross-sections of white enlisted men except for
the data shown under "Have Faith In Allies*. Here the figures are based on men in a re-
placement training center only, these being the only recent data available.
12
CONFIDENTIAL
CONFIDENTIAL
QUESTION
If it were up to you to choose,
do you think you could do more for your country
as a soldier or as 0 worker in a war job?
"PREFER OVERSEAS DUTY"
Among men who do NOT
think they are more useful
22%
prefer it
as SOLDIERS
Among men who DO
55%
think they are more useful
prefer it
os SOLDIERS
"
"PREFER ACTUAL FIGHTING JOB IF SENT OVERSEAS"
Among men who do NOT
think they are more useful
25%
prefer it
as SOLDIERS
Among men who DO
think they are more useful
57%
prefer it
os SOLDIERS
" FEEL PROUD OF COMPANY, BATTERY, OR SQUADRON"
Among men who are NOT
33%
think they are more useful
very proud
as SOLDIERS
Among men who ARE
48%
think they are more useful
very proud
as SOLDIERS
WHAT KIND OF MEN ARE UNCONVINCED OF THE GREATER USEFULNESS OF THEIR SOLDIER ROLE? HOW DO
THEY COMPARE -- BY RACE? BY AGE? MARITAL CONDITION? EDUCATION? HOW DOES LENGTH OF TIME
IN THE ARMY AFFECT THEM? BRANCH OF SERVICE? PROMOTION? THE PAGES FOLLOWING DISCUSS THESE
QUESTIONS.
13
CONFIDENTIAL
DO NEGRO ENLISTED MEN ACCEPT
THEIR SOLDIER ROLE?
Only 27 per cent of the Negro enlisted men in the United States
think they can be more useful to their country as soldiers than
as war workers. This compares with 40 per cent of the white en-
listed men.
Negro soldiers have been divided into three groups according to
the answers to three questions on the fairness of treatment of
Negroes in the Army.
1. One group consists of Negroes with the most favorable
attitude toward Army fairness. Men in this group--a fifth
of all Megro soldiers--say the Army is fair to Negroes on
each of the three questions. Thirty-nine per cent of the
men in this group--almost the same proportion as among
whites--say that they are more useful to their country as
soldiers than as war workers.
2. The second group consists of men who say the Army is
unfair to Negroes on one or two of the three questions.
Three-fifths of the Negroes are in this group. Twenty-five
per cent of the men in this group feel they are more useful
as soldiers than as war workers.
3. The third group, containing a fifth of the Negro sol-
diers, says the Army is unfair on all three questions. Only
twenty-one per cent of the Negroes in this group feel they
can serve their country best as soldiers.
.
-
.
Because Negro attitudes are influenced by special conditions, the
pages following deal with attitudes of white soldiers, except
where otherwise specified.
14
NEGROES ARE LESS CONVINCED THAN WHITES
OF SOLDIER USEFULNESS
QUESTION +....... If it were
choose, de pas think you could de
country .. soldier or .. . worker
PERCENTAGE WHO WOULD RATHER BE SOL
White soldiers
40%
Negro soldiers
27%
EXCEPT those Negroes who feel best about fairness of
treatment in the Army
PERCENTAGE WHO WOULD RATHER BE SOLDIE
Negroes most inclined to
think Negroes are TREATED
39%
FAIRLY in the Army
Negroes with MIXED
attitudes on fairness
25%
of treatment
Negroes most inclined to
think that Negroes are
21%
TREATED UNFAIRLY in the Army
15
CONTIDENTIAL
CONFIDENTIAL
SPECIAL PROBLEMS OF OLDER
AND MARRIED MEN
Among the men most likely to feel that they could be more useful as
civilian war workers than as soldiers are:
1. The men of thirty and over, whether married or not
2. The younger men who left wives behind when they entered the
Army
One-fourth of all enlisted men in the Army were 30 and over as of the
spring of 1943. That these men have special physical problems in ad-
justing to Army life is indicated by a study of six Infantry Divisions
in April and May, 1943. Of the men 30 and over, 44 per cent said the
physical conditioning program was too tough. By contrast, only 21 per
cent of the men 21 to 29 and only 11 per cent of the men under 21
thought it was too tough.
The Special Service Division gave a series of physical proficiency
tests to a group of filler replacements about to go overseas from
a staging area in April, 1943.
Among men aged 30 and over about two-thirds failed to meet mini-
mun standards of physical proficiency; among those under 30, less
than half failed to meet minimum standards.
A fifth of the enlisted men in the United States in the spring of 1943
were married before enlistment or induction. Another tenth married
after entering the Army. The latter do not, however, contribute the
same morale problem as those who left behind wives and, in some cases,
children when joining. Men married after entering the Army are about
as role, likely as single men to recognize their usefulness in the soldier
The men under 30, unmarried when entering the Army, are studied in
more detail in the next few pages.
16
CONFIDENTIAL
CONFIDENTIAL
OLDER AND MARRIED MEN
LEAST LIKELY TO PREFER SOLDIER ROLE
QUESTION If it were up to you to choose, do you think you could
do more for your country as a soldier of " a worker in a war job?
s
MEN WHO ARE
30 YEARS OLD
OR OVER
PERCENTAGE WHO WOULD
e
RATHER BE SOLDIERS
Married before
le
joining Army
27%
1-
18
le
er
21
Single before
joining Army I
is
28%
cy
om
MEN WHO ARE
UNDER 30 YEARS OLD
i-
88
Married before
43
joining Army
31%
ed
he
s,
ut
o
Single before
er
48%
joining Army &
in
Figures based on white troops in Continental U.S.
§ Including the few men who were widowed or divorced when joining Army.
17
GORFIDENTIAL
HOW LENGTH OF TIME IN THE ARMY
AFFECTS ATTITUDES TOWARD SOLDIER'S TASK
QUESTION If it were " to you to
choose, de you think you could do more for your
country as soldler or as a worker in a war job?
PERCENTAGE WHO WOULD RATHER BE SOLDIERS
PRIVATES
3 months
of service, or less
51%
NONCOMS
NO
Over 3 months
of service, to a year
41%
50%
Over / year
of service
37%
61%
Figures based on white troops in Continental U.S., under 30 years
of age, unmarried when joining the Army.
18
CONFIDENTIAL
THE LONGER MEN SERVE AS PRIVATES
THE LESS THEY ARE CONVINCED
OF THE USEFULNESS OF THEIR SOLDIER ROLE §
Among recruits in basic training, 51 per cent think they are
more useful as soldiers than civilian war workers. Among
privates with over a year of service, only 37 per cent think
so,
The noncom pattern is the opposite. The longer noncoms have
been in the Army the larger the proportion who think them-
selves more useful as soldiers.
One should guard against confusing cause and ef-
fect. The charts opposite may mean (1) that pro-
motion is a factor in creating and maintaining
attitudes healthy for the Army, or (2) that men
with healthy attitudes are more likely to be pro-
moted than others. Both may be true to some ex-
tent.
In any event, these charts demonstrate that a problem exists
--GS Long as the training a soldier gets in his first year
fails to convince him of the importance of his job as a sol-
dier compared with what he thinks he might do as a civilian,
SIN order to eliminate confusion with influences traceable to age and
marital condition, these data are based only on men under 30 who were
unmarried when joining the Army.
19
CONFIDENTIAL
CONTIDENTIAL
PRIDE IN OUTFIT
The men who have the most pride in their company,
battery, or squadron are also likely to be men who
recognize the usefulness of their role as soldiers
rather than as civilians in war jobs.
Just as the percentage of men who recognize the
importance of their soldier role coes down with
increasing Length of service as privates, so does
tride in company, battery, or squadron. Among
noncome, pride in outfit also decreases slightly
with length of service.
Pride in branch of service also plays a part in
morale. How men rate their own branches is shown
on the following pages.
20
CONFIDENTIAL
PRIDE IN OUTFIT IS LOWEST AMONG PRIVATES
WITH LONGEST SERVICE
QUESTION
....
"Do you feel proud of
your Company, Battery or Squadron?"
PERCENTAGE ANSWERING "VERY PROUD"
PRIVATES
3 months
54%
of service, or less
NONCOMS
ces
Over 3 months
50%
57%
of service, to o year
Over I year
of service
31%
53%
in order to eliminate confusion with influences traceable to color, age, and marital
condition, the data are based on white men under 30, who were unmarried when
joining the Army.
21
CONPIDENTIAL
ATTITUDES TOWARD BRANCH
AND SOLDIER ROLE
Does 8 liking for his own branch of the Army make a man
more favorable to his soldier role?
The answer is No.
Only in the Air Corps is a high degree of liking for
branch accompanied by a high proportion of men believing
they are more useful as soldiers than as war workers.
Excluding the Air Corps, the four branches most liked by
their OWN nen are the Signal Corps, the Ordnance Depart-
ment, the Quartermaster Corps and the Military Police.
Not one of these branches is among the top four in terms
of the proportion of men favoring a soldier to a civil-
ian war worker assignment.
Preference for the soldier role is highest among combat
arms. The top four, excluding Air Corps, are the Ar-
mored Force, the Corps of Engineers, the Field Artillery
and the Infantry.
The low standing of some of the ASF-trained branches in
recognition of the importance of their service 88 sol-
diers is partly due to the attitudes of limited service
men, who are mainly concentrated in these branches. The
next step is to look at the attitudes of these limited
service men.
22
BRANCHES MOST LIKED BY THEIR OWN MEN
are LOW in proportion respecting SOLDIER ROLE
...
...
EXCEPT AIR CORPS - which is high in both
QUESTION
......
If it were up
QUESTION
......
If you had a
to you to choose, do you think you
choice, which one of these branches
could do more for your country as a
of the Army would you like to be in?
soldier or as a worker in a war job?
Percentage in each branch who
Percentage who would
prefer their own branch
rather be soldiers
Air Corps
76%
Air Corps
53%
Signal Corps
46%
Signal Corps
39%
Ordnance
42%
Ordnonce
37%
Quartermaster
38%
Quortermaster
37%
Military
Military
Police
36%
Police
26%
Medical
35%
Medical
40%
Engineers
32%
Engineers
45%
Chemical
Chemical
Warfore
30%
Warfare
35%
Field
Field
27%
Artillery
Artillery
44%
Armored
Armored
Force
26%
Force
46%
Coast
Coast
26%
Artillery
37%
Artillery
Infantry
11%
infantry
42%
The five branches ranking highest in each column are denoted by heavier shading of the bars.
23
COMPIDENTIAL
LIMITED SERVICE MEN
One in every five of the enlisted men in the Army
Service Forces is a limited service man, as contrasted
with less than one intwenty in A.A.F. and one in fifty
in A.O.F.
The chart opposite shows how the attitudes
of the limited service men differ from
others. This difference: must be taken into
account in comparison of attitudes among
various arms and services.
A special and important problem exists in convincing
the limited service men, through better job placement
within the Army and through an adequate program of in-
formation, that they are more useful to the country
as soldiers than 88 civilian war workers.
The next section discusses the problem of Army job
satisfaction in more detail, for the general service
men only.
24
CONFIDENTIAL
LIMITED SERVICE MEN in branches trained by A.S.F.
LACK ENTHUSIASM for their military job
QUESTION
.......
If It were " to you to
choose, do you think you could do more for your
country " soldier or " a worker in 4 war job?
Percentage who would rather be soldiers
PRIVATES
UNMARRIED MEN
MARRIED MEN AT ALL AGES
UNDER 30
AND UNMARRIED MEN 30 AND OVER
General service
49%
26%
Limited service
24%
13%
NONCOMS
**
General service
58%
49%
Limited service
36%
19%
Figures apply to men in ASF - trained branches with more than three months of service
25
CONFIDENTIAL
HOW DESIRE TO CHANGE JOBS IS RELATED
TO PREFERENCE FOR SOLDIER ROLE
QUESTION
.......
If it were " to you to
choose, do you think you could do more for your
country .. a soldier or .. . worker in a war job?
AMONG EVERY TWENTY
A.S.F. PRIVATES
5 MEN
00000
...
want to transfer to
OF SUCH
think they are
41%
another Army job in A.S.F.
MEN...
more useful as soldiers
7 MEN
0...000
"""""""
want to transfer to
OF SUCH
.
think they are
53%
another Army job in
MEN...
more useful as soldiers
A.A.F. or A.G.F.
4 MEN
OF SUCH
think they are
are undecided
48%
MEN.
more useful as soldiers
4 MEN
-
do not want to
OF SUCH
think they are
transfer to another Army job
53%
MEN
more useful as soldiers
Figures apply to unmorried white men under 30, qualitied for general service.
26
CONFIDENTIAL
A.S.F. MEN WHO WANT OTHER A.S.F. JOBS
ARE LEAST IMPRESSED WITH SOLDIER ROLE
The chart opposite is based on privates in ASF-trained branches, after
eliminating special problem groups--the married men, the men 30 and
over, the limited service men.
It shows a picture of dissatisfaction with Army job assignment and
its relationship to attitudes toward the soldier role. Five out of
every twenty privates want to transfer to another Army job in A.S.F.,
seven out of every twenty want to transfer to a job in the A.A.F. or
A.G.F., and four are undecided. Only four out of twenty say they do
not want to transfer to another Army job.
Among men who want to transfer to other A.S.F. jobs, 41 per cent
think they are more useful to their country as soldiers than as
civilians.
Among the A.S.F. men who want to transfer to A.A.F. or A.G.F.,
53 per cent think they are more useful as soldiers than as civ-
ilians. This is just the same proportion as among those who want
to stay in their present jobs.
A somewhat similar picture would appear if Army Ground Force privates
were charted. Even among A.G.F. unmarried men under 30, qualified for
general service, one in five wants to transfer to A.S.F. The A.G.F.
men who want to transfer to A.S.F. are much less likely to be con-
vinced of the importance of their soldier role than are the A.G.F. men
who want to transfer to A.A.F. or to another job within Ground Forces.
*
*
*
Since rank and education are factors in job assignment, it is impor-
tant to note that the same general pattern appears when the better
educated and the lesser educated privates and noncoms are studied
separately. However, the better educated, whether privates or non-
coms, tend to be more convinced of their usefulness as soldiers than
the lesser educated, as will be discussed presently.
27
CONFIDENTIAL
THE CHALLENGE OF AN EDUCATED ARMY
AND HOW IT HAS BEEN MET
This is the best educated Army in history, as measured by years spent
in school. The change in manpower between World Wars I and II through
the spread of public education is as spectacular as the change in
machines of war. The following chart shows the comparative educa-
tional level of all selectees in World Wars I and II.
WORLD WAR I
WORLD WAR II
COLLEM NEW
5%
o
or
- BOMBOL SPADUATES
11%
- NON-GRADUATED
24%
É
case - -
80%
Mr.
This great social change was a challenge to the Army. The first
survey made by the Research Branch of the Special Service Division,
in an Infantry division just after Fearl Harbor, showed that the Army
was having difficulties meeting that challenge. Promotion at first
was slow--which increased the shock of transition from a civilian life
with its rewards for schooling. The better educated were the most
frustrated.
As the Army grew, through 1942 and 1943, the gates of opportunity for
promotion were opened wide. Over two hundred thousand enlisted men,
mostly high school and college graduates, have been commissioned from
the ranks. The better educated men have fared well in securing non-
commissioned ratings as the charts on the page opposite show.
In a survey of several Infantry divisions made in the spring of
1943, 55 per cent of the high school graduates and college men said
"The Army is giving me a chance to show what I can do," as contrasted
with only 24 per cent in the Infantry division studied a little over
a year earlier. This proportion has remained quite constant since
the summer of 1942. How the nen at different educational levels feel
about their soldier role, as compared with what they might do as
civilians, is shown next.
28
OF MEN WHO ENTERED THE ARMY AS PRIVATES
....
many had received promotions by April 1, 1943
especially the better educated
(Each separate education group=100%)
Became Officers
15%
Become Noncoms
31%
32%
27%
18%
Remained Privates
54%
62%
72%
82%
College
High School
High School
Grade School
Men
Graduates
Non-Graduates
Men
....
on January 1, 1942, the relative advantage of the
better educated men was not so marked
Became Officers
Become Noncoms
22%
22%
20%
13%
Remained Privates
76%
77%
80%
87%
College
High School
High School
Grade School
Men
Graduates
Non-Graduates
Men
29
CONFIDENTIAL
THE BEST EDUCATED MEN ARE THE MOST
CONVINCED OF THEIR USEFULNESS AS SOLDIERS
The educated soldier knows more about the war and has greater
facility in acquiring further knowledge. §
The charts opposite show that among recruits the percentage of
college men who are convinced of the importance of their soldier
role is more than twice as large as the percentage of grade
school men so convinced (61 per cent compared with 27 per cent).
At all but the lowest educational levels, the percentages
fall off with length of service as privates.
At all educational levels, the men who have finished basic
training and become noncoms or technicians tend to have
greater respect for the importance of their role as soldiers
than do privates with comparable length of service.
These data are for all white soldiers in the Army in Continental
United States. For men under 30 years of age and unmarried when
joining the Army, for Negroes, for white men 30 and over, and
for white men under 30 who were married on entry, the same gen-
eral story can be told. In all these groups the better educated
are more likely than the lesser educated to understand the sig-
nificance of their Army mission.
§ on war information tests given to soldiers from time to time in the past
year by the Research Branch of the Special Service Division, the better
educated always make the highest scores.
30
CONFIDENTIAL
CONFIDENTIAL
WELL EDUCATED MEN are
most likely to FAVOR SOLDIER ROLE
QUESTION
........
If it were up to you to
choose, do you think you could do more for your
country as asoldier or " . worker in a war job?
PRIVATES in Army 3 MONTHS or LESS
PERCENTAGE WHO WOULD RATHER BE SOLDIERS
College Men
61%
High School
50%
Graduotes
High School
Non- graduates
46%
Grade School
27%
Men
PRIVATES in Army OVER 3 MONTHS
ALL NONCOMS
WOULD RATHER BE SOLDIERS
WOULD RATHER BE SOLDIERS
College Men
42%
55%
High School
Graduates
40%
58%
High School
Non-graduates
31%
51%
Grade School
Men
28%
42%
Figures based on all white troops in Continental U.S.
31
CONTIDEATIAL
CORFIDENTIAL
DOES EDUCATION AFFECT NEGRO
ATTITUDES TOWARD SOLDIER ROLE?
The better educated a Negro soldier, the more likely
he is to believe that he is more useful to his coun-
try as a soldier rather than as a civilian war
worker.
This is true among both Northern and Southern Negro
soldiers.
Attitudes toward the soldier role are much more
closely related to education than to residence in
the North or South. At each educational level,
Southern soldiers are more likely to express pref-
erence for the soldier role. But the North-South
differences are small, except among the men with
the least schooling.
32
EDUCATED NEGROES, like educated whites,
are most likely to BELIEVE SOLDIER ROLE IS IMPORTANT
QUESTION If it were up to you to choose, de you think you could
do more for your country as 4 soldier or .. a worker in a war job?
PERCENTAGE WHO WOULD
NORTHERN NEGROES
RATHER BE SOLDIERS
High school graduates or
college men
32%
Men who completed 8th grade
or high school non-graduates
29%
Grade school
non-graduates
18%
SOUTHERN NEGROES
High school graduates or
35%
college men
Men who completed 8th grade
or high school non-graduates
31%
Grade School
26%
non - graduates
33
NUMBER OF DESERTERS PER 1000 ENLISTED MEN
July through November 1942, in Continental U.S.
Among 1000
College Men
À
0.5 men)
Among 1000
High School
Graduates
Ai
(1.7 men)
Among 1000
High School
Non-graduates
ARRAR
(5.4 men)
Among 1000
Grade School
Men
(7.9 men)
Prepared from data supplied by Machine Records Division, A.G.O.
34
CONFIDENTIAL
THE AWOL PROBLEM IS GREATEST
AMONG MEN WITH LOW EDUCATION
As might be expected from the preceding pages, the problem of absence
without leave is least acute at the higher educational levels.
This is confirmed by statistics on desertions especially tabulated by
A.G.O. and charted on the page opposite, and by several scattering
surveys and reports which have been compiled by the Research Branch
of Special Service. §
Intensive study of 257 enlisted men in a stockade at a staging area,
confined for AWOL, shows that only 21 per cent of the men felt that
they were more useful as soldiers than as war workers, as compared
with 40 per cent among white enlisted men generally.
All White Enllsted Men
405
257 AWOL Men In Stockede
215
At Staging Areat
TAbout half the AWOL'S in this sample had & grade school education only.
Other findings from this study--most of which are paralleled by other
reports from the field--are as follows:
1. Volunteers are more likely to go AWOL than Selectees.
2. A considerable number of AWOL's are plainly psychiatric cases,
but estimates of the proportion must await further study.
3. Many AWOL's are repeaters.
When a cross-section of soldiers throughout the Army was asked why men
whom they have known went AWOL, half of the reasons given related to
homesickness or desire to see relatives or friends. In this connec-
tion, a good many mentioned unfair furlough treatment.
§ More detailed and adequate statistics should be available later in the summer of
1943. based on B. new system of reporting AWOL's, authorized in AR 615-300.
35
CONFIDENTIAL
WHAT TROOPS OVERSEAS SAY ABOUT THEIR
DESIRE FOR INFORMATION
(FROM A SURVEY IN THE EUROPEAN THEATRE OF OPERATIONS)
say that o knowledge of current events
97%
helps a man to be a better soldier.
of those who have heard talks by their
94%
officers on what is going on in the world
today say these talks help them under-
stand the war and their role in it.
95%
want to hear regular talks on this
subject.
RANK ORDER OF TOPICS WHICH MEN OVERSEAS
WANT DISCUSSED
....
I. What is going on in the United States today
2. What will happen after the wor
3. What is going on inside Germany today
4. What is going on inside the conquered countries of Europe today
5. What is going on in Russia today
6. Air power -- air strategy
7. Individual self protection
8. What we are fighting for
9. German propaganda and fifth column technique
IO. Important military compaigns of the war
36
MEN WANT MORE INFORMATION
ABOUT THE WAR AND THEIR PART IN IT
The chart opposite, based on n. research survey in the European
theater, illustrates this fact. Another example: In the United
States, in six Infantry divisions studied in April and May, 1943,
only 3 per cent of the officers and 3 per cent of the enlisted
men say that soldiers are hearing too many talks on what the war
is all about.
SUMMARY OF PART I
The facts presented in this section outline a difficult problem
facing Commanding Officers. They can be summarized as follows:
1. Only 39 per cent of the enlisted men in the United States be-
lieve they are more useful as soldiers than they would be 88
civilian war workers.
2. The seriousness of the problem is heightened by the fact that
soldiers studied overseas reveal attitudes essentially simi-
lar to those of nen in the United States.
3. Attitudes toward soldier role, toward the meaning of the war
to the individual, toward Allies, toward pride in outfit and
toward discipline are all interrelated.
4. The groups in which attitudes undesirable to the Army appear
most frequently are:
Men 3° and over
Men married before entering the Army
Limited service men
Men in the Army a Long time as privates
Men who want to transfer to jobs in certain branches
Men with little formal education
Negroes
Changes of attitudes of men in some of these classes probably
depend onwhether changes are made in Army policy or practice.
Even if some changes are feasible, there remains a responsibility
for further arming the minds and spirits of the men. Even among
the younger noncoms, unmarried, qualified for general service,
satisfied with their Army assignment, and well educated, there is
a large minority who still are unconvinced about the importance
of their role as soldiers. Among these, an among the others,
Commanding Officers have 8. task of imparting information and
building enthusiasm for the struggle ahead.
37
CONFIDENTIAL
PART 11.
SPECIAL STUDIES
OF SOLDIER ATTITUDES
1. Attitudes toward Moncommissioned Officers
2. Job Satisfaction and the Utilization of Skills
3. Attitudes of Negro Soldiers
4. Health and Food
5. The Off-duty Life of the Soldier
6. Attitudes toward Our Allies
39
CONFIDENTIAL
CONPIDENTIAL
ATTITUDES TOWARD
NONCOMMISSIONED OFFICERS
The relationship of leadership to morale
makes it important to study attitudes of
soldiers toward their noncommissioned offi-
cers.
The data reported here are from two surveys:
Attitudes toward the selection of noncome
were learned from a study of a representative
cross-section of white enlisted men in all
arms and services in the United States in
February, 1943.
Material on the evaluation of noncom abili-
ties comes from a survey of company grade
officers of six Infantry divisions and a
representative cross-section of the enlisted
men in the same divisions. This survey was
made in April and May, 1943.
41
PROMOTION
AS THE
SOLDIERS SEE IT
A high percentage of enlisted men--3 out of 5--say that the
noncoms they know are about as good as could have been
picked from their outfits.
Privates are almost as favorable on this point as are non-
coms.
Two-thirds of those who approve the selection of non-
coms or are doubtful on this point say that noncoms
win their stripes through ability.
Many of the men who do not believe their noncoms were
well chosen believe that bootlicking is the main way
to get promotion.
.
.
.
Two men out of every five think methods of selecting non-
como can be improved. The most frequent concrete sugges-
tion is to require examinations before promotion.
Well educated men are the most often critical of promotion
methods--in spite of the fact that the well educated have
the best chance for promotion (See page 29).
Privates with long service are more critical of promotion
methods than are new recruits. Even among noncoms, there
is slightly less respect for promotion methods as service
lengthens.
42
CONFIDENTIAD
MOST MEN APPROVE CHOICE OF NONCOMS
QUESTION: "Do you think your noncoms are about as good as any
that could have been picked from your outfit?"
PERCENTAGE ANSWERING
NO
DON'T KNOW
YES
PRIVATES
25%
17%
58%
NONCOMS
24%
9%
67%
ALL ENLISTED
25%
14%
61%
MEN
The 25% who answered "NO" and the 75% who answered "YES"or "DONT KNOW" were asked
"HOW DO YOU THINK MOST OF THE NONCOMS
YOU KNOW WERE SELECTED FOR THEIR JOBS?"
THOSE WHO ANSWERED
THOSE WHO ANSWERED "YES"
"NO" SAID
OR "DON'T KNOW" SAID.
ABILITY
67%
ABILITY
12%
LUCK
18%
BOOTLICKING
56%
10%
LONG TIME
IN ARMY
4%
OTHER
BOOTLICKING
LUCK
9%
9%
LONG TIME
IN ARMY
4%
11%
OTHER
43
CONFIDENTIAL
WHAT MAKES A GOOD NONCOM?
Officers and Enlisted Men Disagree on
The Importance of Various Abilities
Some of the criticism of the choice of noncoms may arise
because officers and men honestly disagree on the relative
importance of specific abilities which noncoms need.
This situation was observed in six Infantry divisions stud-
led in April and May, 1943. The principal findings of this
study are charted on the opposite page.
Nost officers believe that the two most important
abilities e noncom needs are the ability to carry out
orders promptly and accurately and the ability to
think for himself,
Privates put a much greater stress on the noncom's
abilities to help and advise the men under him, to
explain things clearly, and to pain the personal Lik-
ing of the men under him.
Noncoms' ratings of these abilities fall between those
of the officers and those of the privates.
The personal abilities are stressed most by privates who
have been in the Army only a short time. This fact may be
interpreted in several ways. It may indicate merely that
rookies have naive ideas of the role of noncoms. It may,
however, indicate that cadremen picked to train recruits
should have somewhat different abilities than those needed
by noncoms in veteran outfits.
4%
IMPERSONAL ABILITIES are stressed by OFFICERS
Percentage rating each ability first or second in importance
ABILITY TO CARRY
ABILITY TO THINK
OUT ORDERS PROMPTLY
FOR HIMSELF
AND ACCURATELY
87%
60%
44%
75%
44%
23%
Officers
Noncoms
Privates
Officers
Noncoms
Privates
PERSONAL ABILITIES seem important to PRIVATES
Percentage rating each ability first or second in importance
ABILITY TO HELP
ABILITY TO EXPLAIN
ABILITY TO GAIN
AND ADVISE
THINGS CLEARLY
PERSONAL LIKING
THE MEN
TO THE MEN
OF THE MEN
22%
41%
49%
9%
22%
35%
7%
33%
49%
Officers
Noncoms
Privates
Officers
Noncoms
Privates
Officers
Noncoms
Privates
From a Special Study of Officers and Enlisted Men in Six Infantry Divisions
45
CONFIDENTIAL
JOB SATISFACTION AND
THE UTILIZATION OF SKILLS
Proper job assignment is important to
morale as well as to efficiency.
This fact has been demonstrated by nu-
merous studies made by the Research
Branch of the Special Service Division
since Pearl Harbor.
The material presented in this section
is based on surveys of representative
cross-sections of white enlisted men in
the Continental United States in the
spring of 1943.
47
CONFIDENTIAL
JOB SATISFACTION OF MEN WHO GOT THE ASSIGNMENT
THEY CHOSE
...
compared with other men
JOB SATISFACTION
Percentage of men in each group who have
high, medium, and low satisfoction
HIGH
MEDIUM LOW
MEN WHO GOT THE JOB
ASSIGNMENT ASKED FOR
74%
22%
#(4%)
MEN WHO DID NOT GET THE
JOB ASSIGNMENT ASKED FOR
19%
40%
41%
OR HAD NO CHANCE TO ASK
Based on a cross-section of men in the Army over 3 months, April, 1943
QUESTIONS forming JOB SATISFACTION SCALE
1. On the whole, do you think the Army is giving
you a chance to show what you can do?
2. Would you change to some other job if given a
chance?
3. Do you feel that everything possible has been
done to place you in the Army job where you
best fit?
4. Do you think your ability and experience fit
you better for some other job or duty?
5. How satisfied are you about being in your
present Army job instead of some other job?
6. How interested are you in your Army job?
48
CUNFIDENTIAL
MEN LIKE THEIR ARMY JOBS
IF THEY GET THE JOBS THEY ASK FOR
Men come from civilian life with thousands of special-
ized skills. Only a fraction of these can be used by
the Army. Even if classification and assignment worked
perfectly in matching men to Army jobs, many men would
have to be placed in jobs they would not choose.
Surveys of the Research Branch of the Special Service
Division show that a man's job satisfaction depends in
great measure on his success in securing a job he
chooses for himself.
Men who are given no choice of job and those who
ask for a job but fail to get it are usually much
less satisfied with their jobs. These facts are
charted on the opposite page, and the questions
used in establishing relative job satisfaction are
presented.
It is obvious that classification and assignment cannot
be so arranged as to meet every soldier's desires in
the matter of job choice. Under the time pressures of
war, decisions must be made quickly, and mistakes will
sometimes be made.
Where reassignment of dissatisfied men is impossible,
explanations of the reasons for the present assignment
may be helpful.
Job dissatisfaction is a more acute problem in some
arms and services than in others. Details on this
point appear on the following pages.
49
CONFIDENTIA
JOB SATISFACTION VARIES
WITH ARM AND SERVICE
The Air Corps has the highest proportion of men who were
given the job they asked for. This branch also contains the
largest proportion of men with high job satisfaction scores.
Infantry is at the opposite extreme. It has the smallest
percentage of men serving in jobs they chose and the small-
est percentage of men with high job satisfaction scores.
Further study will be required before the reasons for the
sharp difference between the different arms and services can
be ascertained. A study of classification, assignment and
job satisfaction in selected ASF-trained branches is now in
progress.
BRANCH DIFFERENCES IN JOB SATISFACTION
EXIST OVERSEAS
About one man In five in the Middle East Command
expresses dissatisfaction with his job assignment.
Men in ASF-trained units are twice as likely to be
critical of misclassification as men in bomber and
fighter squadrons. The latter, however, are more
critical of excessive routine duties and failure
to utilize skills than are ASF-trained men.
50
CONFIDENTIAL
AIR CORPS LEADS, INFANTRY TRAILS
in job choice and job satisfaction
PERCENTAGE OF MEN
PERCENTAGE OF MEN
IN EACH BRANCH GETTING
IN EACH BRANCH WITH
JOB ASSIGNMENT ASKED FOR
HIGHEST JOB SATISFACTION SCORES
Air Corps
54%
53%
Ordnance
39%
44%
Signal Corps
38%
44%
Medical
32%
41%,
Engineers
32%
33%
Field
26%
Artillery
41%
Quartermaster 25%
40%
Coast
Artillery
25%
34%
Armored
Force
24%
33%
Chemical
Warfore
23%
33%
Military
19%
Police
33%
Infantry
11%
17%
From a cross-section survey of men in the Army over 3 months, April 1943
51
CONFIDENTIAL
JOB SATISFACTION IS GREATEST
AMONG MEN USING THEIR
TECHNICAL TRAINING
Nine Air Corps men out of every ten trained in Army
technical schools report that this training is
being used in their present assignments.
In other arms and services, seven out of every ten
say they are using their Army technical school
training in their present jobs.
Half the men who say their technical school train-
ing is wasted score low in job satisfaction.
Only one man in six who says his technical school
training is used scores low in job satisfaction.
Men want to attend Army technical schools. Nine
out of ten graduates of Army technical schools (a
number which includes many men who feel they are
not now using their training) are glad they at-
tended. Six out of ten men who have not attended
these schools say they wish they had been sent.
52
CONTIDENTTAL
9 OUT OF 10 AIR CORPS TECHNICAL SCHOOL GRADUATES
ARE USING THEIR TRAINING
not so high for other branches
NOT USING SKILLS
USING SKILLS
LEARNED IN SCHOOL
LEARNED IN SCHOOL
AIR CORPS
INFANTRY
FIELD ARTILLERY
ARMORED
ENGINEERS
SIGNAL CORPS
QUARTERMASTER
MEDICAL
EACH SYMBOL REPRESENTS 10 % OF THE TECHNICAL SCHOOL GRADUATES
53
CONTIDENTIA
ATTITUDES
OF NEGRO SOLDIERS
Early this year the Research Branch of
the Special Service Division was in-
structed to survey the attitudes of
Negro enlisted men in the Army. This
study, completed in March, 1943, covered
7,000 Negro enlisted men who formed a
representative sample of Negroes in 46
different Army organizations from Coast
to Coast. Comparable data were obtained
at the same time from a representative
sample of white enlisted men.
The material reported here covers two of
the several subjects studied. They are:
a) Negroes' preferences in officers.
b) Attitudes of Negro and white troops
toward separation of the two races
in the Army.
55
CONFIDENTIAL
WHAT KIND OF JUNIOR OFFICERS
DO NEGRO SOLDIERS PREFER?
Negro soldiers, expressing their opinions in an
atmosphere of anonymity, leave no doubt as to the
answer to this question.
They prefer Negro lieutenants to white lieu-
tenants.
They prefer Morthern lleutenants to Southern
lieutenants.
A considerable minority of the Negro troops feel
it makes no difference which type of officer they
have, but the percentage favoring Southern or
white lieutenants is insignificant.
The percentage saying it makes no difference is
largest among the Southern Negroes, but even this
group has a substantial majority favoring Northern
and Negro lieutenants.
56
CONFIDENTIAL
N
NEGRO SOLDIERS
PREFER NEGRO LIEUTENANTS
PERCENTAGE CHOOSING
NO
WHITE
NEGRO LIEUTENANTS
DIFFERENCE
LIEUT
QUESTION
.....
Suppose your company
could get its lieutenants from the North
only, but they could be either WHITE or
57%
33%
10%
NEGRO. which would you rather have?
QUESTION
.....
Suppose your company
could get southern officers only. If
so, would you rather have WHITE or NEGRO
73%
22% 5
lieutenants?
NEGRO SOLDIERS
PREFER NORTHERN LIEUTENANTS
PERCENTAGE CHOOSING
NO
SOUTHERN
NORTHERN LIEUTENANTS
DIFFERENCE
LIEUT.
QUESTION Suppose your company
lieutenants were all white officers, but
they could come either from the NORTH or
80%
17% 3
from the SOUTH. which would you rather
have?
QUESTION
Suppose your company
lieutenants were all Negro officers.
would you rather have them cone from the
54%
38%
8%
NORTH or from the SOUTH?
57
RACE SEPARATION IN THE ARMY
...
AS THE NEGRO SOLDIER SEES IT
In response to each of three questions on separation of Negroes
and whites in the Army, a minority of Negro soldiers--but a sub-
stantial minority, from 38 to 48 per cent--say they consider
some form of separation a good idea.
About half favor separate service clubs; four in ten favor
separate post exchanges.
Thirty-eight per cent believe that Negro and white soldiers
should be in separate outfits; 36 per cent believe Negro
and white soldiers should be in the same outfits; the rest
are undecided.
Many of the Negroes and some of the whites who favor separation
in the Army indicate by their comments that they are opposed to
segregation in principle. They favor separation in the Army to
avoid trouble or unpleasantness arising from race prejudice.
This point is most often made in connection with service clubs,
where social relations are most important.
Negroes who oppose segregation in the Army indicate most fre-
quently that their reasons are related to the idea that we are
fighting for democracy and equality.
.
The longer a Negro has served in the Army, the less likely he in
to favor separation of the races.
Most favorable to racial separation in the Army are the Southern
Negroes with least education. Least favorable are the better
educated Northern Negroes.
The chart at the right presents the answers of Negro and white
soldiers to the three questions on racial separation in the
Army.
58
NEGRO OPINIONS
DIFFER ON RACE SEPARATION
QUESTION "Do you think it is a good idea or opoor idea for Negro and
white soldiers to have SEPARATE SERVICE CLUBS in Army camps?"
PERCENTAGE SAYING
UN-
GOOD IDEA
DECIDED
POOR IDEA
NEGRO
48%
13%
39%
SOLDIERS
WHITE
85%
6
9%
SOLDIERS
QUESTION
"Do you think it is a good idea or a poor idea for white and Negro
soldiers to have SEPARATE PX's in Army camps?"
UN-
GOOD IDEA
DECIDED
POOR IDEA
NEGRO
40%
12%
48%
SOLDIERS
WHITE
SOLDIERS
81%
9 10%
QUESTION. "Do you think white and Negro soldiers should be in SEPARATE
OUTFITS or should they be together in the SAME OUTFITS?"
SEPARATE OUTFITS
NO DIFFERENCE
SAME OUTFITS
NEGRO
38%
26%
36%
SOLDIERS
WHITE
88%
9%3
SOLDIERS
t
Includes men who are undecided
59
HEALTH AND FOOD
Good food and good medical care are gen-
erally recognized 88 important to the
morale of any Army organization.
Numerous studies by the Research Branch
of the Special Service Division have
found essentially the same attitudes on
these points. They are:
1. The men speak well of their medical
care.
2. The men believe their food is of
good quality.
3. Many of the sen are critical of the
preparation of the food.
61
CONFIDENTIAL
CONEIDENTIAL
MOST MEN VOTE
MEDICAL SERVICE GOOD
QUESTION ... How do you feel about medical attention in the Army?"
It is very good
30%
It is fairly good
39%
Undecided
8%
15%
It is rather poor
8%
It is very poor
Data from a cross-section of white enlisted men in Continental United States
62
CONTIDENTICL
SOLDIERS SAY THE FOOD IS GOOD,
BUT disagree on the cooking
QUESTION "How do you feel about Army food?"
It is good quality
35%
and well prepared
It is good quality
44%
but poorly prepared
Undecided
13%
It is poor quality
5%
but well prepared
It is poor quality
3
and poorly prepared
Data from a cross-section of white enlisted men in Continental United States
63
CONFIDENTIAL
THE OFF-DUTY LIFE
OF THE SOLDIER
The soldier's use of his leisure time is a matter of prac-
tical concern to the Army. The right off-duty activities
promote health, efficiency, morale. The wrong activities
are reflected in AWOL and VD statistics, and can be re-
flected in lowered efficiency of training during hours of
duty.
Many men have difficulty in finding satisfactory off-duty
activities. In England, for example, the men were asked:
"Do you have trouble finding interesting
things to do in your free evenings?"
The distribution of answers was:
YES
NO
NOST OF
MUCH OF
THE TIME
THE TIME
NOT VERY OFTEN
NEVER
241
20%
415
155
The proportion reporting difficulty was larger in small,
isolated camps, and in camps lacking Special Service offi-
cers or "A" and "8" recreation kits.
Facts on men's use of their leisure time are presented on
the following pages.
65
CONFIDENTIAL
WHAT MEN DO OFF-DUTY
American soldiers in England report a different use of their leisure
time than do our men in the United States.
Men stationed in the United States are more likely than those
abroad to:
Write letters
Listen to the radio
Read magazines
See a movie
Men stationed in England are more likely than those at home to:
Drink beer or liquor
Play cards
Date a girl
Two-thirds of the drinkers on a typical evening in England drink
only beer. In the United States, four-fifths of the drinkers
drink only beer.
Off-duty activities are influenced in Large measure by the availability
of facilities. The difficulty of obtaining radios and magazines,
for example, is a factor limiting listening and reading in England,
It should be borne in mind that the chart opposite does not indicate
the amount of time spent on various activities. For example, letter
writing is reported by more men than any other activity, but it does
not necessarily consume as much time as the other things men do in
their off-duty evenings.
What men do off-duty is not always what they most want to do. Pref-
erences in leisure-time activities are discussed on the following
pages.
00
CONFIDENTIAL
OFF-DUTY ACTIVITIES DIFFER HERE and ABROAD
Percentage of men off-duty saying they take part
in each activity on a typical evening.
62% In United States
WRITE LETTERS
49% In England
47%
LISTEN TO RADIO
11%
41%
READ MAGAZINE
21%
31%
SEE A MOVIE
24%
23%
DRINK BEER OR LIQUOR
36%
15%
TAKE PART IN SPORTS
15 %
11%
READ A BOOK
10 %
11%
PLAY CARDS
25%
9 %
DATE A GIRL
21%
6%
GO DANCING
8%
The total percent is more than 100, since many men reported more than one activity.
67
PREFERENCES IN OFF-DUTY ACTIVITIES
American Soldiers Are Movie Fans
In the United States
One enlisted man out of every four in the United States rates attend-
ing movies as his favorite leisure-time activity. (See the chart on
the opposite page.)
Participation in sports and athletics is the favorite off-duty
activity of one man in every five.
One man in every seven says he likes most to go dancing.
One man in every ten gives top rating to listening to music.
In England
Movies are the favorite diversion of our men in England, if they are
spending a free evening in camp. On a free evening in town, more men
prefer to go dancing. When asked to name their preference, from a list
of activities, the men responded as shown in the table below:
PER CENT PREFERRING
EACH ACTIVITY FOR A.
FREE EVENING
..IN
..IN
CAMP
TOWN
ACTIVITY
$
$
Movies
41
21
Dance.
26
37
Stage show or play
25
19
Party or sing.
4
5
Concert.
-
,
visit to British home,
I
15
Total per cent
100
100
Details on men's attitudes toward the use of leisure time are pre-
sented on the following pages.
68
SOLDIERS PREFER MOVIES
FILMS are the FAVORITE off-duty ACTIVITY of a
quarter of the enlisted men in the United States
PERCENTAGE NAMING EACH
ACTIVITY AS THE ONE THEY LIKE MOST
Seeing a movie
25%
Taking part in
sports or athletics
%
20%
Going dancing
14%
jd
Listening to music
10%
Seeing a play
5%
Spending time
5%
on hobbies
Other activities
6%
These bars add to only 85% since 15% of the men expressed no preference.
69
BASEBALL IS STILL THE NATIONAL SPORT
Percentage of enlisted men
in the United States
naming each sport as their favorite
BASEBALL
39%
OR SOFTBALL
FOOTBALL
18%
BASKETBALL .....
11%
SWIMMING
6%
BOXING
4%
OTHER
16%
OUTDOOR SPORTS.
OTHER
INDOOR SPORTS
6%
70
CONELDENTIA
ATHLETICS AND THE SOLDIER
Baseball (or softball) is the favorite sport among enlisted
men stationed in this country. It is also the sport most
commonly engaged in by American troops in England. Foot-
ball stands second in both ratings.
One man in five names sports and athletics his favorite off-
duty activity. One man in seven takes part in sports and
athletics on a typical off-duty evening. This holds true
both in the United States and England.
Many Men Criticize the Army Athletic Program
Four enlisted men out of every ten in the United States say
that they are not given enough opportunity to take part in
sports and athletics.
Three out of ten say their outfits do not have enough ath-
letic equipment.
Three out of ten say the sports and athletic programs in
the outfits are poorly arranged.
Men's attitudes toward recreation facilities are discussed
on the pages that follow.
71
CONFIDENTIAL
THE SOLDIERS' CLUBS
Much of a soldier's non-working life revolves around his clubs. His
dayroom, his service club, his USO (if he is in the United States)
and his Red Cross club (if he is overseas) provide facilities which
his barracks cannot supply.
Service Clubs
One man out of four in the United States visits a service club on a
typical day. One man in twelve visits a service club more than once
in a typical day. The chart opposite shows that the usefulness of a
club depends on how close it is to a man's barracks.
Privates use the service clubs more than do noncoms, and better
educated men use them more than the less educated.
When asked to choose which of three facilities they most want, en-
listed men in the United States say:
First: Another service club on the post
Second: Another dayroom in the battalion area
Third: Another USO club in town
USO and Red Cross Clubs
A third of the men in the United States say they visited a USO club
in a two-week period.
In England, a quarter of the American enlisted men say they visit Red
Cross clubs once a week or oftener, and another fifth say they visit
Red Cross clubs several times a month.
Dayrooms
Most soldiers in the United States report that their dayrooms have
magazines, good lighting, books, radios, and adequate furniture. But
about half the men say their dayrooms lack phonographs and records.
Radio-phonographs are the most needed recreational facilities in
England, according to our enlisted men there.
Two-fifths of our men inEngland say they need dayrooms (See the chart
opposite).
72
LOCATION influences USE OF SERVICE CLUBS
QUESTION Did you visit o Service Club yesterday?"
PERCENTAGE OF MEN WHO SAID
DISTANCE MEN LIVE
FROM SERVICE CLUB
YES
NO
40%
60%
......
5 MINUTE WALK
26%
74%
******
....
10 TO is MINUTE WALK
À
20% 80%
15%
20 MINUTE WALK OR MORE
MEN IN ENGLAND WANT RADIO-PHONOGRAPHS
QUESTION Of the following list, which items do you feel are bodly
needed or need to be improved?"
PERCENTAGE NAMING EACH ITEM
Radio-phonograph
53%
Magazines
47%
Dayroom
40%
Books
33%
Writing tables
28%
Indoor games
26%
Other items named less frequently were: Basketball equipment (by 13%), Baseball equipment (by 10%),
Football equipment (by 8%), and Volleyball equipment (by 4%).
73
5 out of 6 of our MEN IN ENGLAND
read "YANK" each week
PERCENTAGE OF MEN IN ENGLAND WHO
Have read
Never
Read weekly but
only one or
sow o
Subscribe to "Yank"
don't subscribe
two issues copy
35%
48%
16%
1%
"BEST SELLERS" are the SOLDIER'S CHOICE in books
QUESTION "If you were to spend on evening in camp reading,
what type of book would you prefer?"
PERCENTAGE OF MEN IN ENGLAND NAMING EACH TYPE
Recent novels of the
best seller type
26%
Mystery and detective
novels
25%
Adventure and
romance stories
14%
Historical novels
13%
Western novels
10%
Non - Fiction
7%
Classics
5%
Number expressing o preference for these types equals 100 per cent
74
THE SOLDIER IS A READING MAN
ARMY NEWSPAPERS
Five out of every six American enlisted men in England say they read
"YANK" every week. Only one man in a hundred says he has never seen
it. Seven out of eight men in England rate "YANK" as either "excellent"
or "good". Only one man in a hundred calls it "poor".
"STARS AND STRIPES" is read by a slightly larger proportion of the men
in England than read "YANK", but is not quite 80 well liked.
Three-fourths of the American soldiers in England want to see more
news about the United States in "STARS AND STRIPES" and "YANK".
The best liked features in "YANK" are its pictures, war news, and
news from home. The least liked feature is poetry.
POCKET GUIDES TO FOREIGN COUNTRIES
The overwhelming majority of men in the Middle East Command who have
received POCKET GUIDES say these booklets have helped them understand
the country and the people. But only one man out of every three in
this Command had received a Guide as of June 1, 1943.
BOOKS
"Best sellers" and detective books are the soldier's choice for an
evening's reading in English camps.
Nonfiction and the classics are favored by the smallest proportion of
the soldiers. (See the chart opposite.)
On the pages that follow are presented some data on soldier reactions
to V-mail.
75
CONEIDENTIAL
SOLDIER REACTIONS
TO V-MAIL
V-mail is not popular with our men in the
Middle East.
One very important reason for this is
that most men report that V-mail is no
faster than regular mail.
The great majority of men prefer regular
mail because it is more personal and be-
cause the letter may be as long as de-
sired.
About a third complain that V-mail is
not clear and is hard to read.
76
MEN IN THE MIDDLE EAST
4.
1
/
DO NOT LIKE V-MAIL
Percentage preferring
95%
regular mail to V-mail
Percentage who say
V-mail is no faster
63%
than regular mail
BUT even speed wouldn't change
most men's preferences
Percentage who still would prefer regular mail
Even if
V-mail were one week faster
79%
than regular mail
Even if
..V-mail were two weeks faster
55%
than regular mail
77
CONPIDENTIAL
ATTITUDES
TOWARD OUR ALLIES
Facts on soldiers' attitudes toward our Allies
are essential to the Special Service Division
in the development of its program of infor-
mation for troops. It is clear that atti-
tudes toward Allies may relate closely to
attitudes toward the war.
Information on these attitudes has a further
interest to commanders who now or later may
be operating in close contact with Allied
troops.
The data presented on the following pages are
based on surveys of the officers and enlist-
ed men of six Infantry divisions in the United
States, made in April and May, 1943, and of
the enlisted men in the Middle East in May,
1943.
79
CONFIDENTIAL
CONPIDENTIAL
ADMIRATION OF ALLIES' FIGHTING
QUESTION...."Do you agree
or disagree with these statements?"
PERCENTAGE WHO AGREE
98% AMONG THE OFFICERS
"Considering everything, the Rus-
sians are doing as good a job as
possible of fighting this war."
93% AMONG THE ENLISTED MEN
86%
"Considering everything, the Brit-
ish are doing as good a job as
possible of fighting this war."
81%
-
BUT SKEPTICISM OF THEIR POST-WAR AIMS
PERCENTAGE WHO AGREE
"Britain ismore interested in don-
26%
....
AMONG THE OFFICERS
inating or controlling the world
than she is in building a truly
democratic world."
32%
AMONG THE ENLISTED MEN
*Russia is more interested in dom-
30%
inating or controlling the world
than she is in building a truly
democratic world."
31%
Bosed on a survey of company grade officers and a cross-section of enlisted men in six
Infantry divisions in the United States.
80
CONFIDENTIAE
OUR ALLIES
Officers and Enlisted Men Share
Both Admiration and Doubts
Almost all officers and men admire the job which
Russia and Britain are doing in fighting the war.
But about three out of every ten--officers and men
alike--believe that these countries are more
interested in dominating the world than in build-
ing a democratic world.
About 24 per cent of the officers and 18 per
cent of the enlisted men believe we will have
to fight Ruasia after this war is over.
What soldiers in an overseas theater think of our
Allies is shown next.
81
CONFIDENTIAL
WHAT AMERICANS
IN THE MIDDLE EAST
THINK ABOUT OUR ALLIES
Our troops in the Middle East contain a substan-
tial minority doubtful of our Allies' post-war co-
operation. Service in close contact with the
British does not seem to have increased confidence
in this respect.
On the contrary, 71 per cent of the American
enlisted men in the area say there is much
ill-feeling between Americans and British.
Some 72 per cent say the British soldiers do
not 80 out of their way to help the American
soldier and show him G good time.
And 39 per cent of our enlisted men say they
do not like the British.
Men who have been overseas a long time are less
likely to like the British than are new arrivals.
82
DOUBTS OF OUR ALLIES ARE COMMON
IN THE MIDDLE EAST
ATTITUDES TOWARD ENGLISH
QUESTION
"Do you agree or disagree
51%
AGREE
with the statement that
the English can be de-
pended upon to cooper-
ate with us after the wor?"
28%
UNDECIDED
21%
DISAGREE
ATTITUDES TOWARD RUSSIANS
QUESTION
"Do you agree or disagree
with the statement that
AGREE
44%
the Russians can be de-
pended upon to cooper-
ate with us after the war?"
UNDECIDED
40%
DISAGREE
16%
Survey of o representative cross-section of enlisted men in Middle East Theoter, from the Nile
Delta to Tunisia, May 1943.
83
CONFIDENTIAL
SUPPLEMENTARY REPORTS
Supplement A
Measuring the Effectiveness
of Informational Motion Pictures
Section I
Orientation Films, "Why We Fight"
Section II
Film Feature, "The War"
Supplement B
.
Who is the American Soldier?
85
CONSIDENTIAL,
Supplement A
MEASURING THE EFFECTIVENESS
OF INFORMATIONAL MOTION PICTURES
A Report on Methods and Findings of Research
Studies on Effect of Special Service Division Films
To increase soldiers' knowledge of the war and its back-
ground, and to build healthy attitudes toward the war
and our Allies, the Special Service Division produces
motion pictures, radio programs, "Yank", the Army weekly
newspaper, Newsmap, a daily news service and other ma-
terials.
The orientation films of the "Why We Fight" series and
the bi-weekly film feature, "The War" have been sub-
jected to careful analysis. The research studies have
supplied the Special Service Division with facts on the
strength and weakness of the films, and afford a basis
for continual improvement in them.
This work has been conducted by the Experimental Section
of the Research Branch over a period of sixmonths. Dis-
cussion of findings on the first four films of the "Why
We Fight" series is presented in Section I of this Sup-
plement. A report on three films of "The War" is pre-
sented in Section II.
87
SECTION I
ORIENTATION FILMS, "WHY WE FIGHT"
General Marshall indicated the purpose of the "Why We Fight"
series in his introduction to the first film. He said the aim
was
#
to acquaint members of the Army with factual
information as to the causes, the events leading
up to our entry into the war and the principles
for which we are fighting. A knowledge of these
facts is an indispensable part of military train-
ing.
This definition of purpose suggests that the effectiveness of the
films should be measured in terms of two basic factors: (1) gains
in factual information, and (2) changes in attitudes related to
the principles for which we are fighting.
How the Effects of Orientation Films are Measured
The procedure used is that of controlled experiment. The design
is simple. Two groups of soldiers, an experimental group and a
control group, are chosen in such a way that they are closely
matched with respect to age, education, region of origin and other
characteristics. Normally about 1,000 men at a replacement train-
ing center are used in a given study -- half in the experimental
group and half in the control group. The experimental group is
shown the film as part of their regular training program. The
control group does not see the film. About 8. week later, the at-
titudes and factual information of both groups are measured.
Specially designed questionnaires are used to ascertain factual
knowledge and the nature of attitudes held by the men. The same
questionnaire is given anonymously to those who saw the film and
those who did not, and the former group is not told that the ques-
tionnaire has anything to do with the film they have seen. The
differences between the answers of the two groups reveal the ef-
fects of the film.
The procedure just outlined is the one most frequently used. In
some cases a variation in method is introduced by giving a pre-
liminary questionnaire to both groups, then showing the film to
the experimental group, and subsequently retesting both groups.
88
CONFIDENTIAL
Although this method shows essentially the same results as the
simpler one, it allows some refinement to be introduced by making
allowance for any slight initial differences in the attitudes of
the two groups, and also permits determining how specific indi-
viduals in the experimental group are influenced by the films.
How the Films Increase Factual Knowledge
The questionnaire used in studying each film contains an informa-
tion test covering factual material emphasized in that film.
FILM 1: "PRELUDE TO WAR"
Showing the background of the war from the Jap attack on Manchuria
through the conquest of Ethiopia by Italy
49%
Average percentage of questions
35%
answered correctly
MEN WHO
WEN WHO
HAD NOT
HAD
SEEN FILM
SEEN FILM
Percentages of men answering
each point correctly
NEW WHO
MEN WHO
Examples:
HAD NOT
HAD
DIFFER-
SEEN FILM
SEEM FILM
ENCE
$
$
$
Japan's plan for conquest of
Manchuria: outlined in the
Tanaka memorial
7
24
17
Significance of the date Sept.
18, 1931 (beginning of the war
In Manchuria)
19
31
12
Jap boast of dictating peace
terms in Washington
62
85
3
89
FILMS II AND 111: "THE NAZIS STRIKE" AND "DIVIDE AND CONQUER"
Film II pictures Nazi militarization and appression from 1936 through
the Polish compaign. Film III pictures the Nazi conquest of Norway,
the Low Countries and France.
Films II and III were studied as a unit, by comparing questionnaire an-
swers of men who had seen both films with those of men who had seen
neither film.
52%
Average percentage of
32%
questions answered cor-
rectly
MEN WHO
NEW WHO
MAD NOT
MAD
SEEN FILMS
SEEN FILMS
" AND 111
= AND III
Percentages of men answering
each point correctly
WEN wio
WEN -
Examples, Film II:
MAD NOT
HAD
DIFFER-
SEEN FILM
SEEN FILM
ENCE
$
$
$
Hitler's excuse for invading Sudetenland:
minorities of German descent living there
...
45
63
16
Warsaw surrendered only when food supplies
ran out
44
55
11
Nazis' advance through Poland atopped when
they net advancing Russian troops
31
42
11
Geopolitics: Name of German science for
military control of the world
33
36
3
Examples, Film III:
Germans bombed Rotterdam after the Dutch
had surrendered
17
62
45
Namis blocked Allied advance by herding
refugees onto the roads
34
68
34
Nasis prepared for attack on Eben Emael
by building & model of the fort and re-
hearsing in advance
24
51
27
90
CONFIDENTIAI
FILM IV: "THE BATTLE OF BRITAIN"
Showing the Nazi air attack on England, 1940-41
50%
Average percentage of
29%
questions answered
correctly
MEN WHO
MEN WHO
HAD NOT
HAD
SEEN FILM
SEEN FILM
Percentages of men answering
each point correctly
MEN MID
MEN WHO
MAD NOT
HAD
DIFFER-
Examples:
SEEN FILM
SEEN FILM
ENCE
$
$
$
Relative size of Nazi and
British air forces
21
54
33
Extent of British materiel
after Dunkirk.
5
17
12
Extent of German plane
losses in attacks on
Britain.
43
45
2
91
CONFIDENTIAL
How the Films Influence Attitudes
A tacit assumption in the formulation of the policy concerning
informational films is that increased knowledge of facts about
the war will be accompanied by changes in the interpretation of
events related to them. This is very reasonable in the present
instance. If, for example, a man learns for the first time (from
Film III) that Rotterdam was bombed by the Nazis after the Dutch
had surrendered, this may make him think of the Nazis as brutal
and ruthless. Or, if he learns from a film the fact that the
Nazis built a detailed replica of Fort Eben Emael, and used it
for careful rehearsal of each move in the attack on it, this fact
may make the man more aware of the thoroughness and efficiency of
the enemy. Other facts, such as the name of the head of the Ger-
man Air Force, may have little effect on opinions about the enemy.
Examples of the effectiveness of the films in changing attitudes
hinging on interpretation of events are presented below:
FILM I: "PRELUDE TO WAR"
NAZI THREAT TO OUR FREEDOM
Nazi oppression and persecution of religion in Germany was vividly
depicted in the film. Seeing this convinced a number of men that
the Nazis would abolish freedom of religion in America if they
were to win the war.
83%
75%
Percentages of men saying
the Nazis would abolish
our freedom of religion
if victorious
MEN WHO
MEN WHO
HAD NOT
HAD
SEEN FILM
SEEN FILM
92
ENEMY MILITARY STRENGTH
The film presented a lengthy account of the scale of Axis prepa-
rations for war and showed the impressive array of armaments they
had built up. The Axis nations were described as the "haves" and
the democracies as the "have nots", militarily speaking, and the
Luftwaffe was characterized as being, at the outbreak of the
European war, "the world's largest air force." The chart below
illustrates the influence of this presentation on men's ideas of
the present military strength of the Axis.
56%
Percentages of men rating
44%
the Luftwaffe as one of
the two strongest air
forces in the world
MEN WHO
MEN WHO
HAD NOT
HAD
SEEN FILM
SEEN FILM
54%
47%
Percentages rating German
Ground Forces one of the
two strongest
MEN KHO
MEN WHO
MAD NOT
HAD
SEEN FILM
SEEN FILM
32%
Percentages of men rating
26%
Japan's Ground Forces as
one of thethree strongest
MEN WHO
MEN WHO
HAD NOT
HAD
SEEN FILM
SEEN FILM
93
CONFIDENTIAL
FILMS 11 AND 111: *THE NAZIS STRIKE AND "DIVIDE AND CONQUER*
NAZI THOROUGHNESS AND EFFICIENCY
Films II and III showed several instances in which the Nazis had
worked out careful plans and preparations for their attacks long
in advance. Instances were shown in connection with the strategy
of the Polish campaign, invasion of Norwegian ports, the assault
on Fort Eben Emael. These sequences and others had the effect of
increasing men's respect for the general thoroughness and effi-
ciency of Nazi planning, as is shown in the following chart.
83%
71%
Percentages of men saying
Nazis work out details of
their plans to perfection
MEN WHO
MEN WHO
HAD NOT
HAD
SEEM FILMS
SEEN FILMS
11 AND 111
" AND III
WEAKNESS OF DEFENSIVE STRATEGY
Film III particularly emphasized the reliance of the French on
defensive strategy as represented by the Maginot Line, and con-
trasted this static defensive policy withthe insistence on attack
represented by Foch. A number of the men who saw the film drew
the inference that defensive fighting is outmoded:
71%
58%
Percentages of men saying
defensive fighting is
old-fashioned
MEN MHO
WEN WHO
MAD NOT
HAD
SEEN FILMS
SEEN FILMS
" AND III
" AND III
94
REASONS FOR RUSSIA'S PACT WITH NAZIS
Film II showed the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact in connection
with a general pattern of appeasement followed by the nations
subsequently forced intowar with the Nazie, and explained Russia's
agreement to the Pact as an attempt to gain time "to prepare for
the fight they knew was coming." Although the percentage saying
they recalled the Pact was about the same for men who had not
seen the film BB for those who had seen it, seeing the film had a
significant effect on men's ideas of the reasons for Russia's
making the Pact.
71%
60%
Percentages of men saying
Russia made Pact with
Mazis in order to gain
time for defense
MEN WHO
MEN WHO
HAD NOT
MAD
SEEN FILMS
SEEN FILMS
" AND III
11 AND 111
FILM IV: "THE BATTLE OF BRITAIN
THE BATTLE OF BRITAIN WAS PART OF
REAL ATTEMPT AT INVADING ENGLAND
This film showed details of a Nazi strategy for the conquest of
Britain, in which the destruction of the R.A.F. and softening up
by bombing would be followed by invasion shock troops and Panzer
divisions carried across the Channel. Men who saw the film tended
to change their ideas as to what the Nazis 'air blitz was intended
to accomplish.
66%
52%
Percentages of men saying
bombing attacks were part
of an actual Invasion
attempt
NEW wo
NEW WHO
HAD NOT
WAD
SEEN FILM
SEEN FILM
95
THE NAZIS WOULD HAVE WON THE BATTLE OF BRITAIN
EXCEPT FOR THE DETERMINED RESISTANCE OF THE BRITISH
In showing the Nazi air blitz over Britain as part of a real Nazi
attempt to invade and conquer England, the film stressed both the
weakness of the British after Dunkirk and the determination of
the British during the aerial bombardment which they underwent.
British stoicimm under incessant bombing, Britons fighting fires
and clearing away rubble after the raids, Churchill's "We shall
never surrender" speech, and the defense by the R.A.F., "out-
numbered ten to one," all served to document the idea that the
British resisted valiantly in the face of great odds. Seeing the
film convinced many men that only the determined resistance put
up by the British prevented the Nazia from invading and conquer-
ing Britain after the fall of France:
70%
Percentages saying Britain
would have been conquered
46%
except for determined
British resistance
NEW WHO
NEW WHO
MAD NOT
HAD
SEEN FTL#
SEEN FILM
THE R.A.F. DESERVES THE HOST CREDIT FOR SAVING ENGLAND
This idea was fostered by the film's stress on the part played by
the R.A.F., by statements such as Churchill's "Never ... was 80
much owed by BO many to so few", on the inability of the Royal
Navy to operate in the Channel and on the weakness of Britain's
ground defenses after Dunkirk.
745
Percentages saying the
45%
R.A.F. was the most in-
portant factor in saving
England from Nazi con-
quest
MEN WHO
WEN WHO
HAD NOT
MAD
SEEN FILM
SEEN FILM
8
CONTIDENTIAL
AMERICAN INDEBTEDNESS TO THE BRITISH
A number of elements in the film--for example, the portrayal of
the reality of England's peril, her resistance to the Nazi attack,
and the showing of a German master plan for attacking the United
States once Britain was out of the way-combined to produce the
inference that American shores would have been subject to Nazi
attack had British resistance failed. Many of the men who saw
the film were convinced by it that Britain's fight against the
Nazis saved our own cities from bombing.
77%
58%
Percentages saying British
resistance saved our cities
from bombing
HEN WHO
MEN WHO
MAD NOT
HAD
SEEN FILM
SEEN FILM
A number of men indicated their increased admiration for the
British by deciding that the British had stood up under bombing
better than Americans probably would.
415
Percentages saying "British
stood up under bombing bet-
28%
ter than Americans probably
would"
MEN WHO
MEN WHO
HAD NOT
HAD
SED FILM
SEEN FILM
97
Basic Attitudes Are More Difficult to Influence
While asingle film may change attitudes toward the British or in-
crease resentment toward the enemy, it is not expected that the
presentation of a single film will produce significant shifts in
men's basic attitudes such 88 those toward personal participation
in the war.
Examples:
Films II and III emphasized the ruthlessness of the Nazi methods
shown in the bombing of Rotterdam, herding of refugees onto the
roads toblock the Allied advance into the Low Countries, breaking
of promises and treaties, violation of neutrality, and abrogation
of civil liberties in Nazi-dominated countries. The films in-
creased expressions of hatred for the Nazis but did not increase
desire for aggressive action personally against the Germans or
vengeance against the German people.
Film IV, on the Battle of Britain, considerably increased respect
for the British war effort, but only slightly increased the num-
bers who were favorable to such ideas as sending food to England
even at the expense of reducing our own supplies.
Evidence Indicates That the Men Who Like a Film Most
Are Most Influenced by It
A recent study gave evidence that the men who like a film are more
influenced by it than are men who do not like it. The overwhelm-
ing majority (over 80%) say they like the films in the series
"Why Ne Fight". An example of the lowered effectiveness among
the small minority who disliked a film in this series is shown
from a supplementary study of Film IV, "The Battle of Britain."
In the areas in which the film effectively changed attitudes, the
percentage of answers favorable toward Britain changed 16 per cent
(from 52 to 68 per cent) among men who liked the film; the change
was only 6 per cent (from 44 to 50 per cent) among those who did
not like the film.
Because of the importance of adapting film content to appeal to
the men, special research techniques have been developed for meas-
uring accurately the minute-by-minute interest in the film as
it proceeds on the screen. This work is described in the next
section.
98
CONFIDENTIAR
SECTION II
FILM FEATURE, "THE WAR"
The bi-weekly film feature, "The War", is designed for pres-
entation with commercial films at showings for which men pay
admission. In such a situation, "The War" must supply ma-
terial of real interest and entertainment value.
The technique which has been found most useful for measuring
interest is the use of the Program Analyzer, supplemented by
personal interviews and short questionnaires. This method
involves having the men indicate the parts they like by
pressing one push-button and the parts they dislike by press-
ing another while they are viewing the film. The responses
of the men are electrically recorded and can then be cumu-
lated and analyzed. The interviews and questionnaires serve
to bring out the men's reasons for their interest or lack of
interest in the various parts of the film.
An example of the type of data obtained is illustrated by
the study of men's reactions to Issue #5 of "The War," the
results of which are shown on the two pages following.
The content of the various parts of the film and men's re-
actions to each part are summarized on page 100. On page
101, opposite the summary of the episodes, the record of in-
stantaneous "likes" and "dislikes" obtained by the Program
Analyzer is graphically presented.
00
FILM MAGAZINE "THE WAR", ISSUE +5
Summary of Each Episode
and Men's Reactions
The first episode of the film, "FINISHING SCHOOL*. showed Ranger training in
invasion tactics, with embarking and disembarking and advancing under live 11-
munition. This episode was received with a high degree of immediate interest,
as shown by the Program Analyzer chart, and two-thirds of the men who filled out
questionnaires after the end of the film rated it as the best part of the pic-
ture.
The second episode, "BACK HOME". which showed machine tools produced by a small
family shop in Connecticut which was awarded the Army-Navy "E" for its contribo-
tion to var production, was very unpopular with the men. The reasons they gave
for their indifference or dislike centered about the affected speech of the com-
mentator, the propagandistic flavor of the material and the fact that it vas
"old stuff." The low point on the Program Analyzer curve W&B during the speech
and presentation of the '8'. (In this and other films studied, speech-making on
the screen generally proved unpopular with the men.)
"I WAS THERE* featured an Army nurse's eyewitness account of the bombing of
Manila, and the fall of Corregidor, with action shots to illustrate part of her
commentary. The action scenes were moderately interesting to the men but inter-
est dropped off sharply during the two periods when close-ups of the nurse talk-
ing were shown. The commentary was disliked especially because the speaker's
manner was regarded as stilted and her voice as difficult to understand.
"FIRST BIRTHDAY". reviewing the founding and first year's activities of the VAAC
and depicting the induction, training and duties of WAAC's, was received without
much enthusiass. Opinion voiced in interviews and on questionnaires were di-
vided: some men found the material informative and fairly interesting. but
more of them criticized it as dull and thought that the presentation gave an un-
warrantedly "glamourized" depiction of the VAAC.
The last part of the picture was "SNAFU". an animated cartoon showing the mis-
adventures of "Private Snafu" whose complaints about his Army routine and duties
lead to his being magically put in charge and allowed to run the camp according
to his own ideas. After he has virtually transformed the camp into & pleasure
resort, enemy raiders arrive and the resulting chaca points up the "moral" that
Army routine and discipline are essential. Most of the men enjoyed the humor,
se suggested by the high level of "like" reactions on the Program Analyser, but
the cartoon vas rated lower in retrospect. Reasons given for liking "SNAFU"
focussed on the "moral" and the relaxation provided by the humorous presentation.
Some of the men, however, objected to the cartoon an trivial or not in keeping
with the rest of the picture: others would have preferred comedy unrelated to
the Army.
100
CONFIDENTIAL
PROGRAM ANALYZER RECORD
Film Magazine "THE WAR", Issue #5
At each successive six-second interval during the showing of the film
% of men pressing
% of men pressing
"DISLIKE" button
"LIKE" button
in
20%
10%
0%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
1m-
t,
ot
C-
"FINISHING SCHOOL"
(Training of
PRACTICE
Amphibious Troops)
UNDER FIRE
11
1-
/e
:-
is
"BACK HOME"
h
(Harry Powers'
SPEECH
n
Machine Shop)
f
NURSE
TALKING
BOMBING
OF MANILA
"I WAS THERE"
$
(Army Nurse
from Corregidor)
NURSE
TALKING
HELP ON
THE WAY
"FIRST BIRTHDAY"
(WAAC)
"SNAFU"
('Gripes')
101
Studies Evaluate Techniques
This method of testing has potentialities as a means of in-
proving the product, One can determine, for instance, on
the basis of continuing tests of a series of films, which
method of combining narration and pictures of action is most
interesting to the men. Three examples are given below from
the three films 80 far studied:
1. Straight narration all the way through, illustrated
only by pictures of amarine who had been on Guadalcanal
telling his story.
2. Introduction with pictures of the "on the spot"
narrator followed by action shots from the sinking of
the Hornet illustrating his experience, with only a
brief return to pictures of the narrator at the end.
3. Introduction--close-ups of narrator--action shots
from the Philippines--close-ups of the narrator--more
action shots, ofmateriel on its way toour men overseas.
The charts opposite illustrate the Program Analyzer pattern
for these three examples.
These results with the Program Analyzer and the interview
comments and questionnaire data clearly indicate that men
show considerably more interest in action shots illustrating
the narration than in pictures of the narrator telling his
story. Further studies should serve to indicate the optimal
method of combining narration and illustrative scenes.
102
LIKES AND DISLIKES OF FILM NARRATIVES
os Shown by Program Analyzer
At each successive six-second interval during the showing of the film episodes
% of man pressing
% of men pressing
"DISLIKE" button
LIKE button
20%
10%
0%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
ISSUE
PICTURES OF
Meet 0 Gyrene
NARRATOR
from Guadalcanal"
PICTURES OF NARRATOR
ISSUE
3
"I Was There"
SCENES OF
ACTION
(Hornet)
5
PICTURES OF NARRATOR
SCENES OF ACTION
PICTURES OF NARRATOR
ISSUE +5
"I Wos There"
SCENES OF
ACTION
(Army Nurse
from Corregidor)
PICTURES OF NARRATOR
SCENES OF ACTION
103
Supplement B
WHO IS THE AMERICAN SOLDIER?
This information on characteristics of the Ameri-
can soldier is based, in the main, on tabulations
of a five per cent sample of enlistment cards for
all enlisted men in the Army as of March 31, 1943,
made by the Machine Records Branch, A.G.O. Certain
supplementary data were supplied by surveys made
by the Research Branch of the Special Service Di-
vision.
The Machine Records Branch sample is believed to
be representative of the entire Army, and the Re-
search Branch data are believed to be representa-
tive of the white enlisted men stationed in the
Continental United States. The Research Branch is
responsible for the analysis of the data. All
data are from the Machine Records Branch unless
otherwise noted.
105
Characteristics of the American Soldier
Soldiers' attitudes toward their military role are closely related to
personal characteristics. Age, marital condition, race, and educa-
tion are important in this problem. Physical capacities of the men
are closely related to age.
A commander seeking to improve the mental and physical stamina of his
des is in need of information on such characteristics in his own com-
mand. These will frequently differ widely from the Army norm, and the
norm is therefore useful as a yardstick of comparison.
The charts and tables presented in this section give the latest avail-
able figures on the over-all characteristics of the Army.
TRENDS IN CHARACTERISTICS OF INDUCTEES (August 1941 - March 1943)
PERCENTAGE
OF INDUCTEES
so
40
RAY INE BT#
EDUCATION OR LESS
30
a
10 YEARS as
0
I :
20
MARRIED
10
STAFT of
BRAFT If
PEARL
MARRIED
a a
MARSION
NEW
YEAR as
0
AM SEP OCT NOV DEC. JAN FEB was are - AM AA - MP OCT NOV DEC - FEB MAR
(94)
1942
1943
The nature of the Selective Service process is such that the charac-
teristics of the men inducted fluctuate violently from month to month.
The percentage of men inducted in a given month who are 30 years of
age and over had increased from 0.4 per cent in the period from August
to September 1941 to 35 per cent in the fall of 1942, and then dropped
to 12 per cent in February 1943. Large changes are also noted in the
proportions of men that are poorly educated and the proportions that
are married.
106
Variations in Composition of Outfits
Recent surveys by the Research Branch indicate that a tactical unit,
such 88 a division, tends to be composed largely of men who entered
the Army at about the same time. Such units are likely to reflect the
characteristics of the inductee group at a certain period. Two divi-
sions in an early stage of training and two divisions in a late stage
of training were recently sampled on a cross-section basis. In the
divisions in an early stage of training, most of the men had entered
the Army in 1943. Most of the men in the divisions in a late stage of
training entered the Army in 1941 or the early part of 1942.
Inevitably, therefore, the changes in the composition of the inductee
group shown in the chart on the preceding page are reflected in the
composition of the divisions. The early stage divisions were made up
largely of men recruited after the 18 and 19 year old draft began; the
late stage divisions, on the other hand, were made up of men recruited
before this draft and before the induction of men 30 years old and
over had become heavy.
AGE COMPARISON OF TWO GROUPS OF DIVISIONS
TWO DIVISIONS IN AN
TWO DIVISIONS IN A
EARLY STAGE OF TRAINING
LATE STAGE OF TRAINING
19 YEARS OR LESS
435
25
20 YEARS
235
35
21- YEARS
125
391
25-29 YEARS
115
385
30-34 TEARS
6
131
35 YEARS AND OVER
5
5
ITOTAL 100$1
(TOTAL 100%)
This chart compares the age distribution of the two early stage divi-
sions with that of the two divisions in a late stage of training. Of
the men in an early stage of training, 66 per cent are 20 or under,
but only 5 per cent of the men in the late stage divisions are 20 or
under. The contrast between these two groups of divisions may be more
extreme than would normally obtain; nevertheless, it is probably in-
dicative of important variations in the. composition of divisions. Such
differences in characteristics of outfits may affect not only attitudes
of men, but also the type of training which would be most effective.
107
The Over-All Picture
AGE DISTRIBUTION OF ENLISTED NEW
PERCENTAGE OF MEN IN EACH AGE GROUP
18-29 YEARS
4
20-24 YEARS
425
25-29 YEARS
295
30-34 TEARS
145
35-37 TEARS
as
38 TEARS AND OVER
65
ITOTAL 100%
This chart presents a percentage distribution of enlisted men by age
groups as of March 31, 1943. It is possible that by July 1 the pro-
portion of 18 and 19 year olds may have increased to as much as 8 per
cent.
EDUCATIONAL LEVEL OF ENLISTED MEN
PERCENTAGE OF MEN AT EACH EDUCATIONAL LEVEL
GRADE SCHOOL WEN
331
HIGH SCHOOL
MONGRADUATES
281
HIGH SCHOOL
GRADUATES
261
COLLEGE MEN
131
(TOTAL 100%)
The American Army is the best-educated army in history. Two-fifths of
the enlisted men are high school graduates, and one man in eight has
attended college. In general, Northern men have ad more formal edu-
cation than Southern men.
108
The Over-All Picture (continued)
RACE DISTRIBUTION OF ENLISTED MEN
PERCENTAGE OF MEN OF EACH RACE
WHITE
90%
MEGRO
85
OTHER
25
(TOTAL 100%)
Nine out of ten American soldiers are of the white race. The bulk of
the Negro soldiers come from the South, and the bulk of soldiers of
other nonwhite races come from the West.
;e
LOCALITIES FROM WHICH ENLISTED MEN COME
ir
PERCENTAGE OF MEN FROM...
EACH GEOGRAPHIC REGION
SIZE OF HOME TOWN
(Whites only)
615
(TOTAL 100$)
40%
(TOTAL 100%)
30%
305
295
105
NORTH
SOUTH
WEST
RURAL
2,500-
OVER
100,000 100,000
f
The distribution of enlisted men by region of origin and size of home
3
town, as shown above, accurately reflects the distribution of the male
-
population from 18 to 44 years as reported by the Census.
109
The Marital Picture
MARITAL STATUS OF WHITE ENLISTED MEN
PERCENTAGE OF MEN IN EACH MARITAL GROUP
MARRIED
fafore Induction
215
After Industion
91
DIVORCED. WIDOWED,
SEPARATED
,
ITOTAL 10081
SINGLE
571
Thirty per cent of our enlisted men are married. Almost a third of
the married men married after induction.
Almost all old Army men were single when they entered the Army. In
the last year the proportion of men married at the time of induction
has increased sharply. As the chart below shows, more than a fourth
of the men who have been in the Army a year or less were married be-
fore induction.
MEN MARRIED BEFORE INDUCTION: By Length of Service
PERCENTAGE MARRIED 11 EACH LONGEVITY GROUP
) MONTHS
OR LESS
295
OVER 3 MONTHS
TO 6 MONTHS
271
OVER 5 MONTHS
TO 1 YEAR
251
OVER 1 YEAR
TO 2 YEARS
"
OVER 2 YEARS
6
Data are for while am only
110
The Marital Picture (continued)
The reverse tendency is noted in connection with men married since in-
duction. Very few men who have served a year or less have married
since entering the Army, but two-fifths of the men with more than two
years service who entered the Army single have since married. These
facts are brought out in the chart below, which is based on Research
Branch studies made in March, 1943.
NEX MARRIED AFTER INDUCTION: By Length of Service
PERCENTAGE MARRIED IN EACH LONGEVITY GROUP
3 WONTHS
is
OR LESS
OVER 3 MONTHS
35
TO 6 WONTHS
OVER 6 MONTHS
TO 1 YEAR
91
OVER 1 YEAR
225
TO 2 TEARS
OVER 2 YEARS
395
Data are based only on white men who were single when inducted
III
This is The Army - as of April 1, 1943
(Percentage Distribution by Region of Origin, Race and #ducation)
WHITE
NEGRO
OTHER
TOTAL
NORTHERNERS
5
$
$
1
College graduates.
1.9
.
.
1.9
College non-graduates.
6.0
0.1
0.1
6.2
High school graduates.
17.4
0.4
0,1
17.9
High school non-graduates.
17.3
0.8
0.1
18.2
Grade school men
16.0
0.9
0.2
17.1
TOTAL NORTHERNERS
58.6
2.2
0.5
61.3
SOUTHERNERS
College graduates.
0.6
0.1
.
0.7
College non-graduates.
2.1
0.2
.
2.3
High school graduates.
6.2
0.5
0.1
5.8
High school non-graduates.
6.1
1.1
0.1
7.3
Orade school men
8.9
3.3
0.2
12.4
TOTAL SOUTHERNERS
22.9
5.2
0.4
28.5
WESTERNERS
College graduates.
0.8
.
.
0.3
College non-graduates.
1.2
.
0.1
1.3
High school graduates.
2.6
.
0.2
2.8
sign school non-graduates.
2.4
0.1
0.2
2.7
Orade school men
2.7
0.1
0.3
3.1
TOTAL WESTERNERS.
9.2
0.2
0.8
10.2
ALL REGIONS COMBINED
College graduates.
2.8
0.1
-
2.9
College non-graduates.
9.3
0.3
0.2
0.8
Righ school graduates.
25.2
0.9
0.4
26.5
High school non-graduates.
25.8
2.0
0.4
28.2
Orade school men
27.6
4.3
0.7
32.6
GRAND TOTAL
90.7
7.6
1.7
100.0
eless than 0.05 per cent
Regional divisions follow U. 8. Census divisions. Northerners are mes from
New England, Middle Atlantic and East and West North Central states. South
erners are from South Atlantic and East and West South Central states. West-
erners are from Mountain and Pacific states.
112
INDEX
Page
Page
Age,
Education, (Cont.)
and attitude toward physical conditioning
and Negro attitudes toward race separ-
program
16
ation in Army
58
and choice of soldier role
16-17
and opportunities for promotion
28-29
and choice of soldier role, among ASF men
25
changes in trend among inductees
106
and physical proficiency
16
distribution of enlisted men
108
changes in trend among inductees.
106
levels in World Wars I and II
28
differences in two groups of divisions
107
percentage distribution of enlisted men
112
distribution of enlisted men
108
Enemy,
Allies, attitudes toward
effect of films on attitudes toward
92-94, 95
among enlisted men in United States
79-81
influence of Why We Fight films on
among officers in United States
79-81
attitudes toward
92-94
among troops in Middle East
82-83
influence of Why We Fight films on
and choice of soldier role
12
factual knowledge about
89-91
effects of films on
95-97
England, (See Allies)
Army, composition of
105-112
England, troops in
Athletics,
attitudes toward Yank
75
as off-duty preference
68-71
attitudes toward Stars and Stripes
75
criticism of program
71
desire for dayrooms
72-73
AWOL,
desire for information
36
and choice of soldier role
35
features liked in Yank
75
and education level
34-35
participation in off-duty activities
65-66,
factors associated with
35
preferences in off-duty activities.
68
Battle of Britain, (See Why We Fight)
reading of Yank
74-75
Books,
reading of Start and Stripes
75
desire for, among troops in England
73
recreational facilities and equipment
reading of, as off-duty activity.
67
most desired
72-73
types preferred in England
74-75
types of books preferred
74-75
Branch of service,
use of Red Cross clubs
72
and job assignment of choice
50-51
Experimental Section, Research Branch
and job satisfaction
50-51
methods
88,99
preference for, and choice of soldier role 22-23
studies
87
Britain, (See Allies)
Fighting job, preference for, and choice
British resistance, influence of Why We
of soldier role
13
Fight films
Films, liking for
on attitude toward
95-97
and content analysis
100-101, 103
Camps surveyed, location of
7
and effectiveness of informational motion
Card playing, as off-duty activity.
66-67
pictures
98
Classification, (See Job assignment)
Food, attitudes of soldiers toward
61, 63
Concerts, as off-duty preference
68
Force,
Dancing,
desire to change
26-27
as off-duty activity
67
utilization of technical training by men
52-53
as off-duty preference
68-69
Games, desire for, among troops in England
73
Dating, as off-duty activity
66-67
Germans (See Enemy)
Hobbies, as off-duty preference
69
Dayrooms,
adequacy of facilities in
72
Inductees,
desire for, among troops in England
72-73
changes in age of
106
equipment of
72-73
changes in education of
106
Defensive strategy, influence of Why We
changes in marital condition of
106
Fight films
Informational motion pictures,
on attitude toward
94
study of
87
Desertion rates, by education
34
effect on attitudes
92-98
Divide and Conquer, (See Why We Fight)
effect on factual knowledge
89-91
Drinking, as off-duty activity
66-67
effectiveness of and liking for film
98
Education,
Information, desire for
and choice of soldier role
30-31
among troops in E.T.O
36
and desertion rates
34
among troops in United States
37
INDEX
Page
Page
Information, effects of Why We Fight films
Movies (See also Films and Informational
on men's factual knowledge
89-91
motion pictures)
Japan (See Enemy)
as off-duty activity
66-67
as off-duty preference
68-69
Job assignment,
and opportunity to choose Army job,
Music, listening to, as off-duty preference 68-69
by branch of service
50-51
Nazi-Soviet Pact, influence of Why We Fight
satisfaction with and opportunity to
on attitude toward
95
choose Army job
48-49
Natir Strike, The (See Why We Fight)
Job satisfaction,
Negotiated peace, attitude toward
and branch of service
50.51
and choice of soldier role
12
and opportunity to choose job.
48-49
Negro soldiers,
and utilization of technical training
52
attitudes toward Army fairness and choice
in the Middle East Command
50
of soldier role
14-15
Job transfer, desire for
attitudes toward race separation in Army,
among ASF men
27
by education level
58-39
among AGF men
27
attitudes toward race separation in Army,
and choice of soldier role among
by length of service
58
ASF men
26-27
choice of soldier role by education
32-33
Length of service,
choice of soldier role among Northern
and choice of soldier role
18-19
and Southern Negro soldiers
32-33
and Negro attitudes toward race separ-
officer preferences of
56-57
ation in Army
58
percentage of all enlisted men
109
and noncom abilities considered important 44
region of origin and education
112
and pride in outfit
20-21
Noncommissioned officers, abilities considered
by marital condition of white enlisted
important
men
110-111
and length of service
If
Limited service men,
by officers
44-45
and choice of soldier role among ASF men
25
by noncoms
44-45
proportion in each arm or service
24
by privates
44-45
special problems of
24
Noncommissioned officers,
Letter-writing, as off-duty activity
66-67
enlisted men's rating of.
42-43
Machine Records Branch, A.G.O.,
Off-duty activities, participation in
data on characteristics of soldiers
105-112
in England
65-67, 71
Magazines,
in United States
65-67, 70-71
desire for, among troops in England
73
Off-duty activities, preferences for,
reading of, as off-duty activity
66-67
in England
68
Marital condition,
in United States
68, 69-71
and choice of soldier role.
16-17
Officers,
and choice of soldier role among ASF men
25
attitudes toward Allies
79-81
by length of service of white enlisted
preferences of Negro enlisted men
55-57
men in United States
110-111
Orientation films (See Informational motion
changes in trend among inductees
106
pictures, Why We Fight)
Marshall, Gen. G. C,,
Origins of soldiers,
statement of purpose of orientation films
88
and choice of soldier role among Negro
Medical care in the Army, attitudes of
soldiers
32-53
soldiers toward
61-62
percentage distribution of enlisted men.
112
Methods of research
6,88,99
region of United States
109
Middle East, troops in
size of home town
109
and attitudes toward Allies
82,83
Osborn, Gen. F. H.,
and attitudes toward Pocket Guides to
memorandum for the Commanding
foreign countries
75
General, Army Service Porces
3
and attitudes toward V-mail
76-77
Overseas duty,
and choice of soldier role
10-11
and choice of soldier role
13
and distribution of Pocket Guides to
preference for
13
foreign countries
75
Parties,
and job satisfaction
50
as off-duty preference
68
INDEX
Page
Page
Page
Physical conditioning program,
Soldier role, choice of,
and age
16
among Northern and Southern
66-67
attitudes toward
16
Negro soldiers
32-33
68-69
Physical proficiency and age
16
and attitude toward the war
12
68-69
Plays and stage shows,
and faith in Allies
12
V
as off-duty preferences
68
and willingness to talk peace
12
95
Pocket Guides to foreign countries
and desire for job transfer
26-27
attitudes toward, in Middle East Command
75
and education among Negro soldiers
32-33
distribution of, in Middle East Commmand
75
and length of service of noncoms
18-19
12
Prelude to War (See Why We Fight)
and length of service of privates
18-19
and Negro attitudes toward Army fairness 14-15
Pride in outfit,
and preference for actual fighting job
13
and choice of soldier role
13
and length of service of noncoms
20-21
and preference for overseas duty.
13
14-15
and length of service of privates
20-21
and preference for own branch of service 22-23
and pride in outfit
13
58-59
Program analyzer
99-103
and related attitudes
10
Promotion,
by age
16-17
58
and education
28-29
32-33
by ASF men
26-27
enlisted men's views on
42-44
by AWOL men
35
noncoms' views on
44
by education
30-31
32-33
opportunities for
28-29
by general service men in ASF-trained
56-57
relation to choice of soldier role
18-19
branches
24-25
109
Race,
by limited service men in ASF-trained
112
distribution of enlisted men
109
branches
24-25
I
percentage distribution of enlisted men
112
by marital condition
16-17
separation in Army
58-59
by Negro enlisted men in the United
44
attitude of Negro and white soldiers
States
14-15
14-45
toward
58-59
by rank
30-31
14-45
Radio listening, as off-duty activity
66-67
by white enlisted men in the United
14-45
Radio-phonographs,
States
14-15
desire for, among troops in England
72-73
in Middle East Command
10-11
12-43
Rank,
in the United States
10-11
and abilities considered important for
summary of findings
37
7,71
noncommissioned officers
44-45
Soldiers, characteristics of (See Age, Education,
'0-71
and choice of soldier role
18-19,
30-31
Marital Status, Rank, etc.),
and choice of soldier role among ASF men
25
age differences in two groups of divisions
107
68
and pride in outfit
20-21
age distribution
108
i9-71
and views on promotion
42-44
changes in age of inductees
106
men who entered as privates, by educa-
changes in education of inductees
106
9-81
tional level of
29
changes in marital condition of inductees
106
5-57
Reading, as off-duty activity
66-67
educational level
108
Records and phonographs,
marital condition of white enlisted men
need for in dayrooms
72
in United States
110-111
Recreational facilities,
percentage distribution by region of
need for, by men in England
72-73
origin, race and education
112
2-33
race distribution
109
Red Cross clubs,
112
use of in England
72
region of origin
109
.109
size of home town
109
Research Branch, Special Service Division
109
areas surveyed by
7
Special Service Division,
methods of research
6,88,99
information program of
87
Russia (See Allies)
Sports,
3
Service clubs,
as off-duty activity
67,70
preference for
72
as off-duty preference
68-71
13
use of
72
types preferred
70
13
use of and distance from barracks
72-73
Sports equipment,
Singing, as off-duty preference
68
desire for, among troops in England
73
68
INDEX
Page
Stage shows and plays,
War, The (Cont.)
Page
as off-duty preference in England
68
methods for measuring effects of
$
Start and Stripes
portions liked and disliked
100-101, 103
attitudes toward, in England
75
purpose of
102
reading of, in England
75
Why We Fight,
Studies,
effects on men's factual knowledge
89-91
areas surveyed
7
influence on attitude toward British
methods of conducting
6, 88, 99
resistance
95-97
Technical training,
influence on attitudes toward defensive
desire for
52
strategy
94
utilization of, and Army job satisfaction
52
influence on attitudes toward enemy
92-94
utilization of, by arm or service
52-53
influence on attitude toward Nazi-
Theatres where studies have been conducted,
Soviet Pact
95
location of
7
methods for measuring effects of
as
USO clubs, use of
72
purpose of
ss
V-mail, attitudes toward in Middle East
Command
76-77
Writing tables, desire for, among troops
Visits to British homes, as off-duty preference 68
in England
73
War, attitudes toward, and choice of
Yank,
soldier role
12
attitudes toward, in England
75
Far, The
features liked in, by men in England
=
evaluation of techniques of presentation
102
reading of, in England
74-75
age
99
03
102
-91
97
94
94
95
88
88
73
75
75
-75
Requests for additional copies of this report
or for more detailed tabulations of data from
which this material has been compiled should
be addressed to
COMMANDING GENERAL, ARMY SERVICE FORCES
ATTENTION: DIRECTOR, SPECIAL SERVICE DIVISION
WAR DEPARTMENT, WASHINGTON, D. C.
Page data
- Page
- 2
- Source index
- 0
- Type
- document
- Media ID
- 7fa1d197430f69ea
- Size
- unknown
Document data
- ID
- 16619521
- Core
- doc
- Type
- document
DTO data
{
"id": "16619521",
"sourceUrl": "https://catalog.archives.gov/id/16619521",
"contentType": "document",
"title": "War - Reports, Weekly Statistical- Surveys of Soldier Opinion, 1943",
"citationUrl": "https://catalog.archives.gov/id/16619521",
"collections": [
"President's Secretary's File (Franklin D. Roosevelt Administration)",
"Departmental Correspondence"
],
"iiifBase": "https://s3.amazonaws.com/NARAprodstorage/opastorage/live/21/6195/16619521/content/arcmedia/presidential-libraries/roosevelt/psf/psf000387.pdf",
"thumbnailUrl": "https://s3.amazonaws.com/NARAprodstorage/opastorage/live/21/6195/16619521/content/arcmedia/presidential-libraries/roosevelt/psf/psf000387.pdf",
"largeImageUrl": "https://s3.amazonaws.com/NARAprodstorage/opastorage/live/21/6195/16619521/content/arcmedia/presidential-libraries/roosevelt/psf/psf000387.pdf",
"imageCount": 2,
"hasImages": true,
"source": "import",
"hasTranscription": false
}
Context sent to Scholar
Document identity
{
"localId": "16619521",
"label": "War - Reports, Weekly Statistical- Surveys of Soldier Opinion, 1943",
"core": "doc",
"dtoType": "document",
"citationUrl": "https://catalog.archives.gov/id/16619521"
}
Document source metadata
{
"id": "16619521",
"sourceUrl": "https://catalog.archives.gov/id/16619521",
"contentType": "document",
"title": "War - Reports, Weekly Statistical- Surveys of Soldier Opinion, 1943",
"citationUrl": "https://catalog.archives.gov/id/16619521",
"collections": [
"President's Secretary's File (Franklin D. Roosevelt Administration)",
"Departmental Correspondence"
],
"iiifBase": "https://s3.amazonaws.com/NARAprodstorage/opastorage/live/21/6195/16619521/content/arcmedia/presidential-libraries/roosevelt/psf/psf000387.pdf",
"thumbnailUrl": "https://s3.amazonaws.com/NARAprodstorage/opastorage/live/21/6195/16619521/content/arcmedia/presidential-libraries/roosevelt/psf/psf000387.pdf",
"largeImageUrl": "https://s3.amazonaws.com/NARAprodstorage/opastorage/live/21/6195/16619521/content/arcmedia/presidential-libraries/roosevelt/psf/psf000387.pdf",
"imageCount": 2,
"hasImages": true,
"source": "import",
"hasTranscription": false
}
Document source extras
{
"url": "https://catalog.archives.gov/id/16619521",
"naId": 16619521,
"levelOfDescription": "fileUnit",
"recordType": "description",
"ocrSource": "nara-archive"
}
Page context
{
"seq": 2,
"pageIndex": 0,
"type": "document",
"url": "https://s3.amazonaws.com/NARAprodstorage/opastorage/live/21/6195/16619521/content/arcmedia/presidential-libraries/roosevelt/psf/psf000388.pdf",
"mediaId": "7fa1d197430f69ea",
"ocrText": "67. How many furloughs or passes for more than 24 hours\nhave you had since you have been in the Middle East?\nNone\nOne\nTwo\nThree\nFour or more\nIf you have had any furloughs or passes for more than 24\nORIGINAL RETIRED FOR PRESERVATION\nhours in the Middle East, please answer the following\nquestions about the last two\n68. Your last furlough or pass\na. How long was the leave?\n1 day\n2 day\n3 day\n4 days or more\nb. Where did you go (towns)?\nc. About how much did you spend? 3\n69. Your next to last furlough or pass\n....\na. How long was the leave?\n1 day\n2 day\n3 day\n4 days or more\nb. Where did you go (towns)?\nc. About how much did you spend? 8\n70. Regardless of how much you saved last month, how much\nof your total pay each month do you think you ought\nto save? (Include in this amount allotments from your\npay for dependents, other money sent home, defense\nbonds, insurance, and other kinds of savings) d\n- 18 -\nCONFIDENTIAL\nnow\nWar\n71. There are several ways that you can use to save money.\nWhich one do you think is the best one for you to use,\nDept\n(Check one)\nBuy defense bonds\nSend it back to the U.S. by allotment and have someone\ndeposit it there for you\nDeposit it with the Finance Office through your C.O.\n(to be held for you with 4% interest until discharge)\nOther ways - - -hat are they?\nORIGINAL RETIRED FOR PRESERVATION\n72. About how much money last month did you\nPut into defense bonds?\nSend Rome by allotment from your pay?\nSend home by money order or by other means?\nPay out for all insurance?\nDeposit with the Finance Office through your 0,0.7\nI} you have any further remarks to make on any subject, write them\nbelow as fully as you like:\nBefore turning in your paper, be sure to check back through it to see\nif you have answered all the questions.\nCONFIDENTIAL\nCONFIDENTIAL\nPSF\nWar sept\nWHAT THE\nSOLDIER THINKS\nNUMBER TWO, AUGUST. 1943\nQuarterly Report, with\nCharts, of Research Studies\nIndicating the Attitudes,\nPrejudices and Desires of\nAmerican Troops\nFranklin D. Roosevelt Library\nDECLASSIFIED\nDOD DIR. 5200.9 (9/27/58)\nDate- 3-17-59\nSignature- care & Spicer\nSPECIAL SERVICE DIVISION\nRESEARCH BRANCH\nARMY SERVICE FORCES, WAR DEPARTMENT\nWASHINGTON, D.C.\nTHIS DOCUMENT CONTAINS INFOR-\nMATION AFFECTING THE NATIONAL\nDEFENSE OF THE UNITED STATES\nWITHIN THE MEANING OF THE ES-\nPIONAGE ACT, 50 U.S.C., 31 AND 32,\nAS AMENDED. ITS TRANSMISSION OR\nTHE REVELATION OF ITS CONTENTS\nIN ANY MANNER TO AN UNAUTHOR-\nIZED PERSON IS PROHIBITED BY LAW.\nCONFIDENTIAL\nWHAT THE SOLDIER THINKS\nNUMBER TWO\nQuarterly Report, with Charts, of Research Studies\nIndicating the Attitudes, Prejudices and Desires\nof American Troops\nSPECIAL SERVICE DIVISION\nRESEARCH BRANCH\nARMY SERVICE FORCES, WAR DEPARTMENT\nWASHINGTON, D. C.\nREPORT NO. 58\nAugust, 1943\nCOPY NO. 285\nCONFIDENTIAL\nCONFIDENTIAL\nWAR DEPARTMENT\nHEADQUARTERS. ARMY SERVICE FORCES\nIN REPLY\nREFER to\nSPSPX 330.11\nWASHINGTON D. c.\n(15 Jul 43)\n15 July 1943.\nMEMORANDOM FOR THE COMMANDING GENERAL, ARMY SERVICE FORCES:\nSubject: Quarterly report to the Chief of Staff\non factors relating to morale.\n1. This report sumarizes some mjor aspects of recent studies on the attitudes and\ninterests of troops. These studies are based on the statistical analysis of replies made\nanonymously to questions asked of thousands of soldiers, here and abroad. In the field\ncovered, such factual evidence is more representative, and therefore more generally appli-\ncable, than the personal impressions of even the most experienced observer.\n2. Our studies indicate the satisfaction of troops with many physical factors gen-\nerally related to norale. The nen like their food; they are appreciative of the medical\nservices: they appreciate their technical training. The picture is not so favorable with\nrespect to factors less tangible but equally important to morale.\n3. The first section of the report shows the attitudes of the men toward their\nrole as soldiers. Here we find tant only two men out of five feel that they would be zore\nuseful as soldiers than na civilian war workers. Men with doubte about the Tar or about\nour Allies are more likely to prefer the role of civilian war worker. This reluctance to\nbe soldiers is grently accentunted nuone those who are married, older, and those with are\nclassified na limited service. The general picture is made worse by the discovery that\nthe longer A private has been in the service, the less he believes he can contribute more\nas A roldier than as a civilian war worker. Perhaps even more disturbing is the evidence\nthat the longer nen are in the service the less is their pride in their outfite.\n4, Such attitudes any well be a hendicap to training and to efficiency in combnt,\nThese studies indicnte the need for unremitting effort to impart to the sen A pride in\ntheir service, a sense of personal participation, and a belief In the cause for which they\nare fighting. This effort will be most effective 1f special attention is given to the\nolder, married, and limited service men,\n5. The fect that the great majority of men A.W.O.L. are found at the lower educa-\ntional levels suggests that the Command may desire to acquaint itself more fully with the\nspecial problems of the nen with low education and make clear to then the penalties in-\nvolved for being A.V.O.L. and the rensons for the necessary discipline.\n6. The second section of the report deals with general problems of the soldier.\nn. The favorable reaction of the men to Army technical echoole is highly satis-\nfactory, and A gratifying number are assigned to jobs which maice use of this special train-\ning.\nb. The attitudes of our troops towards our Allies in this War must necessarily\nreflect a carry-over from civilian attitudes. Yet proper attitudes toward our Allies are\nessential to tenn-work in the Far, and it is evident from these studies that only the con-\nstant effort of the Command can improve these attitudes and keep them from deteriorating.\nF. M. OSBORN.\nBrigndier General,\nDirector.\nSPECIAL SERVICE DIVISION,\nCONFIDENTIAL\nCONSIDENTIAL\nTABLE OF CONTENTS\nPage\nHow the Studies Are Made\n6\nWhere Studies Have Been Made\n7\nPART 1. THE SOLDIER LOOKS AT HIS SOLDIER ROLE\n9\nPART 11. SPECIAL STUDIES OF SOLDIER ATTITUDES\n1. Attitudes toward Noncommissioned Officers\n41\n2. Job Satisfaction and the Utilization of Skills\n47\n3. Attitudes of Negro Soldiers\n55\n4. Health and Food\n61\n5. The Off-duty Life of the Soldier\n65\n6. Attitudes toward Our Allies\n79\nSUPPLEMENTARY REPORTS\nA. Measuring the Effectiveness of Informational\nMotion Pictures\n87\nB. Who is the American Soldier?\n105\n5\nCONFIDENTIAL\nHOW THE STUDIES ARE MADE\nThe staff of the Research Branch of the Special Service Division\nis composed of Army officers who are specialists in this field,\ntogether with a number of civilians from leading universities and\nfrom commercial life.\nTechniques have been developed, tested and adjusted to fit the\nArmy's problems.\nThe basic steps in conducting a study are as follows:\n1. The questionnaire 11 prepared in consultation with the\nWar Department Branches immediately concerned. All de-\ntails are worked out in advance.\n2. The questionnaire 15 pre-tested on smaller groups to\nmake certain that the questions are meaningful and\nunderstandable to the enlisted men.\n3. The project is cleared for action with the Commands in\nwhich the study is to be made.\n4. The number of men to be surveyed is set sufficiently\nlarge to insure statistically reliable findings.\n5. The men to be surveyed are selected to insure as true\n6. cross-section as possible.\n6. The men are assembled in class rooms or mess halls,\nwhere they themselves--in absolute anonymity--fill in\ntheir questionnaires. No officers are present, the\nclasses being conducted by trained enlisted men. The\nquestionnaires bear no names, serial numbers, or other\npersonal identification. Ordinarily, illiterates or\nmen of very low intelligence are interviewed personally\nby trained enlisted men.\nOther techniques, of course, are employed from time to time to\nfit special needs.\ne\nCONFIDENTIAL\nWHERE SURVEYS HAVE BEEN MADE\nEUROPE AN\nNORTH AMERICAN\nASIATIC\nASIATIC\nNORTH\nMIDDLE\nAFRICAN\nEAST\nPACIFIC\nLATIN AMERICAN\nSOUTHWEST\nSOUTH\nPACIFIC\nPACIFIC\nSURVEYS HAVE BEEN MADE\nIN 100 DIFFERENT POSTS,\nCAMPS, AND STATIONS IN U.S.A.\nShaded sections show the theaters where\nstudies have been conducted or are under way\n7\nPART 1.\nTHE SOLDIER LOOKS AT HIS\nSOLDIER ROLE\nRepresentative cross-sections of thousands of\ntroops, here and abroad, have been asked the\nquestion:\n\"If it were up to you to choose, do\nyou think you could do more for\nyour country as a soldier or as a\nworker in a war job?\"\nHow the men answer this question and related\nquestions, how different kinds of men differ\nin their attitudes--is shown in the pages\nfollowing.\nThis material is basic for developing the In-\nformation Program of the Special Service Di-\nvision. It may also have implications for\nother branches of the Army.\n9\nCONFIDENTIAL\nSOLDIER OR WAR WORKER?\nIn the United States, 39 per cent of all the enlisted men\nthink they can do more for their country as soldiers than as\nwar workers.\nIn the Middle East Command, soldiers stationed along the\nMediterranean from the Nile delta to Tunisia have much the\nsame attitude as those at home. Forty-eight per cent of the\nmen attached to bomber and fighter squadrons and 37 per cent\nof the service troops in this area are convinced of the\ngreater usefulness of their work as soldiers.\nWhat is the significance of such responses?\nWhen a man is drawn from civilian Life, with skills in de-\nmand and wartine wages high, he is making a sacrifice in ac-\ncepting Army discipline, Army pay, and Army danger. Some\nmen who say that they are less useful as soldiers than as\nwar workers may be expressing a fact, without implying lack\nof zeal for the war. Such men may, however, be no less a\nproblem to the Army than the soldiers who lack enthusiasm\nfor the war.\nBut--as the next pages show-the average soldier who rates\nhis soldier role as less useful than B. civilian role in a\nwar job is more likely than other men to be\napathetic about the war\ndistrustful of our Allies\nnot desirous of going overseas\nnot very proud of his company, battery or squadron\nnot desirous of afighting job if he goes overseas\n10\nCONFIDENTIAL\nLESS THAN HALF of the enlisted men\nbelieve that they could serve better as SOLDIERS\nQUESTION.....If it were up to you to choose, do\nyou think you could do more for your country as\na soldier or os a worker in a wor job ?\nTROOPS IN THE CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES\nPERCENTAGE WHO ANSWER\nSOLDIER\nUNDECIDED\nWAR WORKER\n39%\n12%\n49%\nTROOPS IN THE MIDDLE EAST\nPERCENTAGE WHO ANSWER\nSOLDIER\nUNDEGIDED\nWAR WORKER\nTroops attached to\n48%\n24%\nfighter and bomber groups\n28%\nService troops\n37%\n19%\n44%\nII\nCONFIDENTIAL\nCONFIDENTIAL\nMEN WITH DOUBTS ABOUT THE WAR AND OUR ALLIES\nARE LEAST LIKELY TO PREFER A SOLDIER ROLE\n\"THIS WAR IS AS MUCH MY AFFAIR AS ANYBODY'S \"\nthink they are more useful\nAmong men who HAVE DOUBTS\n18%\nos SOLDIERS\nAmong men who BELIEVE IT\n43%\nthink they are more useful\nas SOLDIERS\n\"WE SHOULD KEEP ON FIGHTING UNTIL ENEMIES ARE CRUSHED\nEVEN IF THEY OFFER TO GIVE UP COUNTRIES TAKEN OVER\"\nAmong men who would be willing,\n28%\n.....\nthink they are more useful\nwith this offer, to TALK PEACE NOW\nas SOLDIERS\nAmong men who think we should\n45%\nthink they are more useful\nkeep on FIGHTING UNTIL ENEMIES\nas SOLDIERS\nARE CRUSHED\nHAVE FAITH IN ALLIES\"\nAmong men who DISTRUST ENGLAND\n32%\nthink they are more useful\nand RUSSIA\nos SOLDIERS\nAmong men who have more\n46%\nthink they are more useful\nFAITH in these Allies\nas SOLDIERS\nNOTE: Figures are based on representative cross-sections of white enlisted men except for\nthe data shown under \"Have Faith In Allies*. Here the figures are based on men in a re-\nplacement training center only, these being the only recent data available.\n12\nCONFIDENTIAL\nCONFIDENTIAL\nQUESTION\nIf it were up to you to choose,\ndo you think you could do more for your country\nas a soldier or as 0 worker in a war job?\n\"PREFER OVERSEAS DUTY\"\nAmong men who do NOT\nthink they are more useful\n22%\nprefer it\nas SOLDIERS\nAmong men who DO\n55%\nthink they are more useful\nprefer it\nos SOLDIERS\n\"\n\"PREFER ACTUAL FIGHTING JOB IF SENT OVERSEAS\"\nAmong men who do NOT\nthink they are more useful\n25%\nprefer it\nas SOLDIERS\nAmong men who DO\nthink they are more useful\n57%\nprefer it\nos SOLDIERS\n\" FEEL PROUD OF COMPANY, BATTERY, OR SQUADRON\"\nAmong men who are NOT\n33%\nthink they are more useful\nvery proud\nas SOLDIERS\nAmong men who ARE\n48%\nthink they are more useful\nvery proud\nas SOLDIERS\nWHAT KIND OF MEN ARE UNCONVINCED OF THE GREATER USEFULNESS OF THEIR SOLDIER ROLE? HOW DO\nTHEY COMPARE -- BY RACE? BY AGE? MARITAL CONDITION? EDUCATION? HOW DOES LENGTH OF TIME\nIN THE ARMY AFFECT THEM? BRANCH OF SERVICE? PROMOTION? THE PAGES FOLLOWING DISCUSS THESE\nQUESTIONS.\n13\nCONFIDENTIAL\nDO NEGRO ENLISTED MEN ACCEPT\nTHEIR SOLDIER ROLE?\nOnly 27 per cent of the Negro enlisted men in the United States\nthink they can be more useful to their country as soldiers than\nas war workers. This compares with 40 per cent of the white en-\nlisted men.\nNegro soldiers have been divided into three groups according to\nthe answers to three questions on the fairness of treatment of\nNegroes in the Army.\n1. One group consists of Negroes with the most favorable\nattitude toward Army fairness. Men in this group--a fifth\nof all Megro soldiers--say the Army is fair to Negroes on\neach of the three questions. Thirty-nine per cent of the\nmen in this group--almost the same proportion as among\nwhites--say that they are more useful to their country as\nsoldiers than as war workers.\n2. The second group consists of men who say the Army is\nunfair to Negroes on one or two of the three questions.\nThree-fifths of the Negroes are in this group. Twenty-five\nper cent of the men in this group feel they are more useful\nas soldiers than as war workers.\n3. The third group, containing a fifth of the Negro sol-\ndiers, says the Army is unfair on all three questions. Only\ntwenty-one per cent of the Negroes in this group feel they\ncan serve their country best as soldiers.\n.\n-\n.\nBecause Negro attitudes are influenced by special conditions, the\npages following deal with attitudes of white soldiers, except\nwhere otherwise specified.\n14\nNEGROES ARE LESS CONVINCED THAN WHITES\nOF SOLDIER USEFULNESS\nQUESTION +....... If it were\nchoose, de pas think you could de\ncountry .. soldier or .. . worker\nPERCENTAGE WHO WOULD RATHER BE SOL\nWhite soldiers\n40%\nNegro soldiers\n27%\nEXCEPT those Negroes who feel best about fairness of\ntreatment in the Army\nPERCENTAGE WHO WOULD RATHER BE SOLDIE\nNegroes most inclined to\nthink Negroes are TREATED\n39%\nFAIRLY in the Army\nNegroes with MIXED\nattitudes on fairness\n25%\nof treatment\nNegroes most inclined to\nthink that Negroes are\n21%\nTREATED UNFAIRLY in the Army\n15\nCONTIDENTIAL\nCONFIDENTIAL\nSPECIAL PROBLEMS OF OLDER\nAND MARRIED MEN\nAmong the men most likely to feel that they could be more useful as\ncivilian war workers than as soldiers are:\n1. The men of thirty and over, whether married or not\n2. The younger men who left wives behind when they entered the\nArmy\nOne-fourth of all enlisted men in the Army were 30 and over as of the\nspring of 1943. That these men have special physical problems in ad-\njusting to Army life is indicated by a study of six Infantry Divisions\nin April and May, 1943. Of the men 30 and over, 44 per cent said the\nphysical conditioning program was too tough. By contrast, only 21 per\ncent of the men 21 to 29 and only 11 per cent of the men under 21\nthought it was too tough.\nThe Special Service Division gave a series of physical proficiency\ntests to a group of filler replacements about to go overseas from\na staging area in April, 1943.\nAmong men aged 30 and over about two-thirds failed to meet mini-\nmun standards of physical proficiency; among those under 30, less\nthan half failed to meet minimum standards.\nA fifth of the enlisted men in the United States in the spring of 1943\nwere married before enlistment or induction. Another tenth married\nafter entering the Army. The latter do not, however, contribute the\nsame morale problem as those who left behind wives and, in some cases,\nchildren when joining. Men married after entering the Army are about\nas role, likely as single men to recognize their usefulness in the soldier\nThe men under 30, unmarried when entering the Army, are studied in\nmore detail in the next few pages.\n16\nCONFIDENTIAL\nCONFIDENTIAL\nOLDER AND MARRIED MEN\nLEAST LIKELY TO PREFER SOLDIER ROLE\nQUESTION If it were up to you to choose, do you think you could\ndo more for your country as a soldier of \" a worker in a war job?\ns\nMEN WHO ARE\n30 YEARS OLD\nOR OVER\nPERCENTAGE WHO WOULD\ne\nRATHER BE SOLDIERS\nMarried before\nle\njoining Army\n27%\n1-\n18\nle\ner\n21\nSingle before\njoining Army I\nis\n28%\ncy\nom\nMEN WHO ARE\nUNDER 30 YEARS OLD\ni-\n88\nMarried before\n43\njoining Army\n31%\ned\nhe\ns,\nut\no\nSingle before\ner\n48%\njoining Army &\nin\nFigures based on white troops in Continental U.S.\n§ Including the few men who were widowed or divorced when joining Army.\n17\nGORFIDENTIAL\nHOW LENGTH OF TIME IN THE ARMY\nAFFECTS ATTITUDES TOWARD SOLDIER'S TASK\nQUESTION If it were \" to you to\nchoose, de you think you could do more for your\ncountry as soldler or as a worker in a war job?\nPERCENTAGE WHO WOULD RATHER BE SOLDIERS\nPRIVATES\n3 months\nof service, or less\n51%\nNONCOMS\nNO\nOver 3 months\nof service, to a year\n41%\n50%\nOver / year\nof service\n37%\n61%\nFigures based on white troops in Continental U.S., under 30 years\nof age, unmarried when joining the Army.\n18\nCONFIDENTIAL\nTHE LONGER MEN SERVE AS PRIVATES\nTHE LESS THEY ARE CONVINCED\nOF THE USEFULNESS OF THEIR SOLDIER ROLE §\nAmong recruits in basic training, 51 per cent think they are\nmore useful as soldiers than civilian war workers. Among\nprivates with over a year of service, only 37 per cent think\nso,\nThe noncom pattern is the opposite. The longer noncoms have\nbeen in the Army the larger the proportion who think them-\nselves more useful as soldiers.\nOne should guard against confusing cause and ef-\nfect. The charts opposite may mean (1) that pro-\nmotion is a factor in creating and maintaining\nattitudes healthy for the Army, or (2) that men\nwith healthy attitudes are more likely to be pro-\nmoted than others. Both may be true to some ex-\ntent.\nIn any event, these charts demonstrate that a problem exists\n--GS Long as the training a soldier gets in his first year\nfails to convince him of the importance of his job as a sol-\ndier compared with what he thinks he might do as a civilian,\nSIN order to eliminate confusion with influences traceable to age and\nmarital condition, these data are based only on men under 30 who were\nunmarried when joining the Army.\n19\nCONFIDENTIAL\nCONTIDENTIAL\nPRIDE IN OUTFIT\nThe men who have the most pride in their company,\nbattery, or squadron are also likely to be men who\nrecognize the usefulness of their role as soldiers\nrather than as civilians in war jobs.\nJust as the percentage of men who recognize the\nimportance of their soldier role coes down with\nincreasing Length of service as privates, so does\ntride in company, battery, or squadron. Among\nnoncome, pride in outfit also decreases slightly\nwith length of service.\nPride in branch of service also plays a part in\nmorale. How men rate their own branches is shown\non the following pages.\n20\nCONFIDENTIAL\nPRIDE IN OUTFIT IS LOWEST AMONG PRIVATES\nWITH LONGEST SERVICE\nQUESTION\n....\n\"Do you feel proud of\nyour Company, Battery or Squadron?\"\nPERCENTAGE ANSWERING \"VERY PROUD\"\nPRIVATES\n3 months\n54%\nof service, or less\nNONCOMS\nces\nOver 3 months\n50%\n57%\nof service, to o year\nOver I year\nof service\n31%\n53%\nin order to eliminate confusion with influences traceable to color, age, and marital\ncondition, the data are based on white men under 30, who were unmarried when\njoining the Army.\n21\nCONPIDENTIAL\nATTITUDES TOWARD BRANCH\nAND SOLDIER ROLE\nDoes 8 liking for his own branch of the Army make a man\nmore favorable to his soldier role?\nThe answer is No.\nOnly in the Air Corps is a high degree of liking for\nbranch accompanied by a high proportion of men believing\nthey are more useful as soldiers than as war workers.\nExcluding the Air Corps, the four branches most liked by\ntheir OWN nen are the Signal Corps, the Ordnance Depart-\nment, the Quartermaster Corps and the Military Police.\nNot one of these branches is among the top four in terms\nof the proportion of men favoring a soldier to a civil-\nian war worker assignment.\nPreference for the soldier role is highest among combat\narms. The top four, excluding Air Corps, are the Ar-\nmored Force, the Corps of Engineers, the Field Artillery\nand the Infantry.\nThe low standing of some of the ASF-trained branches in\nrecognition of the importance of their service 88 sol-\ndiers is partly due to the attitudes of limited service\nmen, who are mainly concentrated in these branches. The\nnext step is to look at the attitudes of these limited\nservice men.\n22\nBRANCHES MOST LIKED BY THEIR OWN MEN\nare LOW in proportion respecting SOLDIER ROLE\n...\n...\nEXCEPT AIR CORPS - which is high in both\nQUESTION\n......\nIf it were up\nQUESTION\n......\nIf you had a\nto you to choose, do you think you\nchoice, which one of these branches\ncould do more for your country as a\nof the Army would you like to be in?\nsoldier or as a worker in a war job?\nPercentage in each branch who\nPercentage who would\nprefer their own branch\nrather be soldiers\nAir Corps\n76%\nAir Corps\n53%\nSignal Corps\n46%\nSignal Corps\n39%\nOrdnance\n42%\nOrdnonce\n37%\nQuartermaster\n38%\nQuortermaster\n37%\nMilitary\nMilitary\nPolice\n36%\nPolice\n26%\nMedical\n35%\nMedical\n40%\nEngineers\n32%\nEngineers\n45%\nChemical\nChemical\nWarfore\n30%\nWarfare\n35%\nField\nField\n27%\nArtillery\nArtillery\n44%\nArmored\nArmored\nForce\n26%\nForce\n46%\nCoast\nCoast\n26%\nArtillery\n37%\nArtillery\nInfantry\n11%\ninfantry\n42%\nThe five branches ranking highest in each column are denoted by heavier shading of the bars.\n23\nCOMPIDENTIAL\nLIMITED SERVICE MEN\nOne in every five of the enlisted men in the Army\nService Forces is a limited service man, as contrasted\nwith less than one intwenty in A.A.F. and one in fifty\nin A.O.F.\nThe chart opposite shows how the attitudes\nof the limited service men differ from\nothers. This difference: must be taken into\naccount in comparison of attitudes among\nvarious arms and services.\nA special and important problem exists in convincing\nthe limited service men, through better job placement\nwithin the Army and through an adequate program of in-\nformation, that they are more useful to the country\nas soldiers than 88 civilian war workers.\nThe next section discusses the problem of Army job\nsatisfaction in more detail, for the general service\nmen only.\n24\nCONFIDENTIAL\nLIMITED SERVICE MEN in branches trained by A.S.F.\nLACK ENTHUSIASM for their military job\nQUESTION\n.......\nIf It were \" to you to\nchoose, do you think you could do more for your\ncountry \" soldier or \" a worker in 4 war job?\nPercentage who would rather be soldiers\nPRIVATES\nUNMARRIED MEN\nMARRIED MEN AT ALL AGES\nUNDER 30\nAND UNMARRIED MEN 30 AND OVER\nGeneral service\n49%\n26%\nLimited service\n24%\n13%\nNONCOMS\n**\nGeneral service\n58%\n49%\nLimited service\n36%\n19%\nFigures apply to men in ASF - trained branches with more than three months of service\n25\nCONFIDENTIAL\nHOW DESIRE TO CHANGE JOBS IS RELATED\nTO PREFERENCE FOR SOLDIER ROLE\nQUESTION\n.......\nIf it were \" to you to\nchoose, do you think you could do more for your\ncountry .. a soldier or .. . worker in a war job?\nAMONG EVERY TWENTY\nA.S.F. PRIVATES\n5 MEN\n00000\n...\nwant to transfer to\nOF SUCH\nthink they are\n41%\nanother Army job in A.S.F.\nMEN...\nmore useful as soldiers\n7 MEN\n0...000\n\"\"\"\"\"\"\"\nwant to transfer to\nOF SUCH\n.\nthink they are\n53%\nanother Army job in\nMEN...\nmore useful as soldiers\nA.A.F. or A.G.F.\n4 MEN\nOF SUCH\nthink they are\nare undecided\n48%\nMEN.\nmore useful as soldiers\n4 MEN\n-\ndo not want to\nOF SUCH\nthink they are\ntransfer to another Army job\n53%\nMEN\nmore useful as soldiers\nFigures apply to unmorried white men under 30, qualitied for general service.\n26\nCONFIDENTIAL\nA.S.F. MEN WHO WANT OTHER A.S.F. JOBS\nARE LEAST IMPRESSED WITH SOLDIER ROLE\nThe chart opposite is based on privates in ASF-trained branches, after\neliminating special problem groups--the married men, the men 30 and\nover, the limited service men.\nIt shows a picture of dissatisfaction with Army job assignment and\nits relationship to attitudes toward the soldier role. Five out of\nevery twenty privates want to transfer to another Army job in A.S.F.,\nseven out of every twenty want to transfer to a job in the A.A.F. or\nA.G.F., and four are undecided. Only four out of twenty say they do\nnot want to transfer to another Army job.\nAmong men who want to transfer to other A.S.F. jobs, 41 per cent\nthink they are more useful to their country as soldiers than as\ncivilians.\nAmong the A.S.F. men who want to transfer to A.A.F. or A.G.F.,\n53 per cent think they are more useful as soldiers than as civ-\nilians. This is just the same proportion as among those who want\nto stay in their present jobs.\nA somewhat similar picture would appear if Army Ground Force privates\nwere charted. Even among A.G.F. unmarried men under 30, qualified for\ngeneral service, one in five wants to transfer to A.S.F. The A.G.F.\nmen who want to transfer to A.S.F. are much less likely to be con-\nvinced of the importance of their soldier role than are the A.G.F. men\nwho want to transfer to A.A.F. or to another job within Ground Forces.\n*\n*\n*\nSince rank and education are factors in job assignment, it is impor-\ntant to note that the same general pattern appears when the better\neducated and the lesser educated privates and noncoms are studied\nseparately. However, the better educated, whether privates or non-\ncoms, tend to be more convinced of their usefulness as soldiers than\nthe lesser educated, as will be discussed presently.\n27\nCONFIDENTIAL\nTHE CHALLENGE OF AN EDUCATED ARMY\nAND HOW IT HAS BEEN MET\nThis is the best educated Army in history, as measured by years spent\nin school. The change in manpower between World Wars I and II through\nthe spread of public education is as spectacular as the change in\nmachines of war. The following chart shows the comparative educa-\ntional level of all selectees in World Wars I and II.\nWORLD WAR I\nWORLD WAR II\nCOLLEM NEW\n5%\no\nor\n- BOMBOL SPADUATES\n11%\n- NON-GRADUATED\n24%\nÉ\ncase - -\n80%\nMr.\nThis great social change was a challenge to the Army. The first\nsurvey made by the Research Branch of the Special Service Division,\nin an Infantry division just after Fearl Harbor, showed that the Army\nwas having difficulties meeting that challenge. Promotion at first\nwas slow--which increased the shock of transition from a civilian life\nwith its rewards for schooling. The better educated were the most\nfrustrated.\nAs the Army grew, through 1942 and 1943, the gates of opportunity for\npromotion were opened wide. Over two hundred thousand enlisted men,\nmostly high school and college graduates, have been commissioned from\nthe ranks. The better educated men have fared well in securing non-\ncommissioned ratings as the charts on the page opposite show.\nIn a survey of several Infantry divisions made in the spring of\n1943, 55 per cent of the high school graduates and college men said\n\"The Army is giving me a chance to show what I can do,\" as contrasted\nwith only 24 per cent in the Infantry division studied a little over\na year earlier. This proportion has remained quite constant since\nthe summer of 1942. How the nen at different educational levels feel\nabout their soldier role, as compared with what they might do as\ncivilians, is shown next.\n28\nOF MEN WHO ENTERED THE ARMY AS PRIVATES\n....\nmany had received promotions by April 1, 1943\nespecially the better educated\n(Each separate education group=100%)\nBecame Officers\n15%\nBecome Noncoms\n31%\n32%\n27%\n18%\nRemained Privates\n54%\n62%\n72%\n82%\nCollege\nHigh School\nHigh School\nGrade School\nMen\nGraduates\nNon-Graduates\nMen\n....\non January 1, 1942, the relative advantage of the\nbetter educated men was not so marked\nBecame Officers\nBecome Noncoms\n22%\n22%\n20%\n13%\nRemained Privates\n76%\n77%\n80%\n87%\nCollege\nHigh School\nHigh School\nGrade School\nMen\nGraduates\nNon-Graduates\nMen\n29\nCONFIDENTIAL\nTHE BEST EDUCATED MEN ARE THE MOST\nCONVINCED OF THEIR USEFULNESS AS SOLDIERS\nThe educated soldier knows more about the war and has greater\nfacility in acquiring further knowledge. §\nThe charts opposite show that among recruits the percentage of\ncollege men who are convinced of the importance of their soldier\nrole is more than twice as large as the percentage of grade\nschool men so convinced (61 per cent compared with 27 per cent).\nAt all but the lowest educational levels, the percentages\nfall off with length of service as privates.\nAt all educational levels, the men who have finished basic\ntraining and become noncoms or technicians tend to have\ngreater respect for the importance of their role as soldiers\nthan do privates with comparable length of service.\nThese data are for all white soldiers in the Army in Continental\nUnited States. For men under 30 years of age and unmarried when\njoining the Army, for Negroes, for white men 30 and over, and\nfor white men under 30 who were married on entry, the same gen-\neral story can be told. In all these groups the better educated\nare more likely than the lesser educated to understand the sig-\nnificance of their Army mission.\n§ on war information tests given to soldiers from time to time in the past\nyear by the Research Branch of the Special Service Division, the better\neducated always make the highest scores.\n30\nCONFIDENTIAL\nCONFIDENTIAL\nWELL EDUCATED MEN are\nmost likely to FAVOR SOLDIER ROLE\nQUESTION\n........\nIf it were up to you to\nchoose, do you think you could do more for your\ncountry as asoldier or \" . worker in a war job?\nPRIVATES in Army 3 MONTHS or LESS\nPERCENTAGE WHO WOULD RATHER BE SOLDIERS\nCollege Men\n61%\nHigh School\n50%\nGraduotes\nHigh School\nNon- graduates\n46%\nGrade School\n27%\nMen\nPRIVATES in Army OVER 3 MONTHS\nALL NONCOMS\nWOULD RATHER BE SOLDIERS\nWOULD RATHER BE SOLDIERS\nCollege Men\n42%\n55%\nHigh School\nGraduates\n40%\n58%\nHigh School\nNon-graduates\n31%\n51%\nGrade School\nMen\n28%\n42%\nFigures based on all white troops in Continental U.S.\n31\nCONTIDEATIAL\nCORFIDENTIAL\nDOES EDUCATION AFFECT NEGRO\nATTITUDES TOWARD SOLDIER ROLE?\nThe better educated a Negro soldier, the more likely\nhe is to believe that he is more useful to his coun-\ntry as a soldier rather than as a civilian war\nworker.\nThis is true among both Northern and Southern Negro\nsoldiers.\nAttitudes toward the soldier role are much more\nclosely related to education than to residence in\nthe North or South. At each educational level,\nSouthern soldiers are more likely to express pref-\nerence for the soldier role. But the North-South\ndifferences are small, except among the men with\nthe least schooling.\n32\nEDUCATED NEGROES, like educated whites,\nare most likely to BELIEVE SOLDIER ROLE IS IMPORTANT\nQUESTION If it were up to you to choose, de you think you could\ndo more for your country as 4 soldier or .. a worker in a war job?\nPERCENTAGE WHO WOULD\nNORTHERN NEGROES\nRATHER BE SOLDIERS\nHigh school graduates or\ncollege men\n32%\nMen who completed 8th grade\nor high school non-graduates\n29%\nGrade school\nnon-graduates\n18%\nSOUTHERN NEGROES\nHigh school graduates or\n35%\ncollege men\nMen who completed 8th grade\nor high school non-graduates\n31%\nGrade School\n26%\nnon - graduates\n33\nNUMBER OF DESERTERS PER 1000 ENLISTED MEN\nJuly through November 1942, in Continental U.S.\nAmong 1000\nCollege Men\nÀ\n0.5 men)\nAmong 1000\nHigh School\nGraduates\nAi\n(1.7 men)\nAmong 1000\nHigh School\nNon-graduates\nARRAR\n(5.4 men)\nAmong 1000\nGrade School\nMen\n(7.9 men)\nPrepared from data supplied by Machine Records Division, A.G.O.\n34\nCONFIDENTIAL\nTHE AWOL PROBLEM IS GREATEST\nAMONG MEN WITH LOW EDUCATION\nAs might be expected from the preceding pages, the problem of absence\nwithout leave is least acute at the higher educational levels.\nThis is confirmed by statistics on desertions especially tabulated by\nA.G.O. and charted on the page opposite, and by several scattering\nsurveys and reports which have been compiled by the Research Branch\nof Special Service. §\nIntensive study of 257 enlisted men in a stockade at a staging area,\nconfined for AWOL, shows that only 21 per cent of the men felt that\nthey were more useful as soldiers than as war workers, as compared\nwith 40 per cent among white enlisted men generally.\nAll White Enllsted Men\n405\n257 AWOL Men In Stockede\n215\nAt Staging Areat\nTAbout half the AWOL'S in this sample had & grade school education only.\nOther findings from this study--most of which are paralleled by other\nreports from the field--are as follows:\n1. Volunteers are more likely to go AWOL than Selectees.\n2. A considerable number of AWOL's are plainly psychiatric cases,\nbut estimates of the proportion must await further study.\n3. Many AWOL's are repeaters.\nWhen a cross-section of soldiers throughout the Army was asked why men\nwhom they have known went AWOL, half of the reasons given related to\nhomesickness or desire to see relatives or friends. In this connec-\ntion, a good many mentioned unfair furlough treatment.\n§ More detailed and adequate statistics should be available later in the summer of\n1943. based on B. new system of reporting AWOL's, authorized in AR 615-300.\n35\nCONFIDENTIAL\nWHAT TROOPS OVERSEAS SAY ABOUT THEIR\nDESIRE FOR INFORMATION\n(FROM A SURVEY IN THE EUROPEAN THEATRE OF OPERATIONS)\nsay that o knowledge of current events\n97%\nhelps a man to be a better soldier.\nof those who have heard talks by their\n94%\nofficers on what is going on in the world\ntoday say these talks help them under-\nstand the war and their role in it.\n95%\nwant to hear regular talks on this\nsubject.\nRANK ORDER OF TOPICS WHICH MEN OVERSEAS\nWANT DISCUSSED\n....\nI. What is going on in the United States today\n2. What will happen after the wor\n3. What is going on inside Germany today\n4. What is going on inside the conquered countries of Europe today\n5. What is going on in Russia today\n6. Air power -- air strategy\n7. Individual self protection\n8. What we are fighting for\n9. German propaganda and fifth column technique\nIO. Important military compaigns of the war\n36\nMEN WANT MORE INFORMATION\nABOUT THE WAR AND THEIR PART IN IT\nThe chart opposite, based on n. research survey in the European\ntheater, illustrates this fact. Another example: In the United\nStates, in six Infantry divisions studied in April and May, 1943,\nonly 3 per cent of the officers and 3 per cent of the enlisted\nmen say that soldiers are hearing too many talks on what the war\nis all about.\nSUMMARY OF PART I\nThe facts presented in this section outline a difficult problem\nfacing Commanding Officers. They can be summarized as follows:\n1. Only 39 per cent of the enlisted men in the United States be-\nlieve they are more useful as soldiers than they would be 88\ncivilian war workers.\n2. The seriousness of the problem is heightened by the fact that\nsoldiers studied overseas reveal attitudes essentially simi-\nlar to those of nen in the United States.\n3. Attitudes toward soldier role, toward the meaning of the war\nto the individual, toward Allies, toward pride in outfit and\ntoward discipline are all interrelated.\n4. The groups in which attitudes undesirable to the Army appear\nmost frequently are:\nMen 3° and over\nMen married before entering the Army\nLimited service men\nMen in the Army a Long time as privates\nMen who want to transfer to jobs in certain branches\nMen with little formal education\nNegroes\nChanges of attitudes of men in some of these classes probably\ndepend onwhether changes are made in Army policy or practice.\nEven if some changes are feasible, there remains a responsibility\nfor further arming the minds and spirits of the men. Even among\nthe younger noncoms, unmarried, qualified for general service,\nsatisfied with their Army assignment, and well educated, there is\na large minority who still are unconvinced about the importance\nof their role as soldiers. Among these, an among the others,\nCommanding Officers have 8. task of imparting information and\nbuilding enthusiasm for the struggle ahead.\n37\nCONFIDENTIAL\nPART 11.\nSPECIAL STUDIES\nOF SOLDIER ATTITUDES\n1. Attitudes toward Moncommissioned Officers\n2. Job Satisfaction and the Utilization of Skills\n3. Attitudes of Negro Soldiers\n4. Health and Food\n5. The Off-duty Life of the Soldier\n6. Attitudes toward Our Allies\n39\nCONFIDENTIAL\nCONPIDENTIAL\nATTITUDES TOWARD\nNONCOMMISSIONED OFFICERS\nThe relationship of leadership to morale\nmakes it important to study attitudes of\nsoldiers toward their noncommissioned offi-\ncers.\nThe data reported here are from two surveys:\nAttitudes toward the selection of noncome\nwere learned from a study of a representative\ncross-section of white enlisted men in all\narms and services in the United States in\nFebruary, 1943.\nMaterial on the evaluation of noncom abili-\nties comes from a survey of company grade\nofficers of six Infantry divisions and a\nrepresentative cross-section of the enlisted\nmen in the same divisions. This survey was\nmade in April and May, 1943.\n41\nPROMOTION\nAS THE\nSOLDIERS SEE IT\nA high percentage of enlisted men--3 out of 5--say that the\nnoncoms they know are about as good as could have been\npicked from their outfits.\nPrivates are almost as favorable on this point as are non-\ncoms.\nTwo-thirds of those who approve the selection of non-\ncoms or are doubtful on this point say that noncoms\nwin their stripes through ability.\nMany of the men who do not believe their noncoms were\nwell chosen believe that bootlicking is the main way\nto get promotion.\n.\n.\n.\nTwo men out of every five think methods of selecting non-\ncomo can be improved. The most frequent concrete sugges-\ntion is to require examinations before promotion.\nWell educated men are the most often critical of promotion\nmethods--in spite of the fact that the well educated have\nthe best chance for promotion (See page 29).\nPrivates with long service are more critical of promotion\nmethods than are new recruits. Even among noncoms, there\nis slightly less respect for promotion methods as service\nlengthens.\n42\nCONFIDENTIAD\nMOST MEN APPROVE CHOICE OF NONCOMS\nQUESTION: \"Do you think your noncoms are about as good as any\nthat could have been picked from your outfit?\"\nPERCENTAGE ANSWERING\nNO\nDON'T KNOW\nYES\nPRIVATES\n25%\n17%\n58%\nNONCOMS\n24%\n9%\n67%\nALL ENLISTED\n25%\n14%\n61%\nMEN\nThe 25% who answered \"NO\" and the 75% who answered \"YES\"or \"DONT KNOW\" were asked\n\"HOW DO YOU THINK MOST OF THE NONCOMS\nYOU KNOW WERE SELECTED FOR THEIR JOBS?\"\nTHOSE WHO ANSWERED\nTHOSE WHO ANSWERED \"YES\"\n\"NO\" SAID\nOR \"DON'T KNOW\" SAID.\nABILITY\n67%\nABILITY\n12%\nLUCK\n18%\nBOOTLICKING\n56%\n10%\nLONG TIME\nIN ARMY\n4%\nOTHER\nBOOTLICKING\nLUCK\n9%\n9%\nLONG TIME\nIN ARMY\n4%\n11%\nOTHER\n43\nCONFIDENTIAL\nWHAT MAKES A GOOD NONCOM?\nOfficers and Enlisted Men Disagree on\nThe Importance of Various Abilities\nSome of the criticism of the choice of noncoms may arise\nbecause officers and men honestly disagree on the relative\nimportance of specific abilities which noncoms need.\nThis situation was observed in six Infantry divisions stud-\nled in April and May, 1943. The principal findings of this\nstudy are charted on the opposite page.\nNost officers believe that the two most important\nabilities e noncom needs are the ability to carry out\norders promptly and accurately and the ability to\nthink for himself,\nPrivates put a much greater stress on the noncom's\nabilities to help and advise the men under him, to\nexplain things clearly, and to pain the personal Lik-\ning of the men under him.\nNoncoms' ratings of these abilities fall between those\nof the officers and those of the privates.\nThe personal abilities are stressed most by privates who\nhave been in the Army only a short time. This fact may be\ninterpreted in several ways. It may indicate merely that\nrookies have naive ideas of the role of noncoms. It may,\nhowever, indicate that cadremen picked to train recruits\nshould have somewhat different abilities than those needed\nby noncoms in veteran outfits.\n4%\nIMPERSONAL ABILITIES are stressed by OFFICERS\nPercentage rating each ability first or second in importance\nABILITY TO CARRY\nABILITY TO THINK\nOUT ORDERS PROMPTLY\nFOR HIMSELF\nAND ACCURATELY\n87%\n60%\n44%\n75%\n44%\n23%\nOfficers\nNoncoms\nPrivates\nOfficers\nNoncoms\nPrivates\nPERSONAL ABILITIES seem important to PRIVATES\nPercentage rating each ability first or second in importance\nABILITY TO HELP\nABILITY TO EXPLAIN\nABILITY TO GAIN\nAND ADVISE\nTHINGS CLEARLY\nPERSONAL LIKING\nTHE MEN\nTO THE MEN\nOF THE MEN\n22%\n41%\n49%\n9%\n22%\n35%\n7%\n33%\n49%\nOfficers\nNoncoms\nPrivates\nOfficers\nNoncoms\nPrivates\nOfficers\nNoncoms\nPrivates\nFrom a Special Study of Officers and Enlisted Men in Six Infantry Divisions\n45\nCONFIDENTIAL\nJOB SATISFACTION AND\nTHE UTILIZATION OF SKILLS\nProper job assignment is important to\nmorale as well as to efficiency.\nThis fact has been demonstrated by nu-\nmerous studies made by the Research\nBranch of the Special Service Division\nsince Pearl Harbor.\nThe material presented in this section\nis based on surveys of representative\ncross-sections of white enlisted men in\nthe Continental United States in the\nspring of 1943.\n47\nCONFIDENTIAL\nJOB SATISFACTION OF MEN WHO GOT THE ASSIGNMENT\nTHEY CHOSE\n...\ncompared with other men\nJOB SATISFACTION\nPercentage of men in each group who have\nhigh, medium, and low satisfoction\nHIGH\nMEDIUM LOW\nMEN WHO GOT THE JOB\nASSIGNMENT ASKED FOR\n74%\n22%\n#(4%)\nMEN WHO DID NOT GET THE\nJOB ASSIGNMENT ASKED FOR\n19%\n40%\n41%\nOR HAD NO CHANCE TO ASK\nBased on a cross-section of men in the Army over 3 months, April, 1943\nQUESTIONS forming JOB SATISFACTION SCALE\n1. On the whole, do you think the Army is giving\nyou a chance to show what you can do?\n2. Would you change to some other job if given a\nchance?\n3. Do you feel that everything possible has been\ndone to place you in the Army job where you\nbest fit?\n4. Do you think your ability and experience fit\nyou better for some other job or duty?\n5. How satisfied are you about being in your\npresent Army job instead of some other job?\n6. How interested are you in your Army job?\n48\nCUNFIDENTIAL\nMEN LIKE THEIR ARMY JOBS\nIF THEY GET THE JOBS THEY ASK FOR\nMen come from civilian life with thousands of special-\nized skills. Only a fraction of these can be used by\nthe Army. Even if classification and assignment worked\nperfectly in matching men to Army jobs, many men would\nhave to be placed in jobs they would not choose.\nSurveys of the Research Branch of the Special Service\nDivision show that a man's job satisfaction depends in\ngreat measure on his success in securing a job he\nchooses for himself.\nMen who are given no choice of job and those who\nask for a job but fail to get it are usually much\nless satisfied with their jobs. These facts are\ncharted on the opposite page, and the questions\nused in establishing relative job satisfaction are\npresented.\nIt is obvious that classification and assignment cannot\nbe so arranged as to meet every soldier's desires in\nthe matter of job choice. Under the time pressures of\nwar, decisions must be made quickly, and mistakes will\nsometimes be made.\nWhere reassignment of dissatisfied men is impossible,\nexplanations of the reasons for the present assignment\nmay be helpful.\nJob dissatisfaction is a more acute problem in some\narms and services than in others. Details on this\npoint appear on the following pages.\n49\nCONFIDENTIA\nJOB SATISFACTION VARIES\nWITH ARM AND SERVICE\nThe Air Corps has the highest proportion of men who were\ngiven the job they asked for. This branch also contains the\nlargest proportion of men with high job satisfaction scores.\nInfantry is at the opposite extreme. It has the smallest\npercentage of men serving in jobs they chose and the small-\nest percentage of men with high job satisfaction scores.\nFurther study will be required before the reasons for the\nsharp difference between the different arms and services can\nbe ascertained. A study of classification, assignment and\njob satisfaction in selected ASF-trained branches is now in\nprogress.\nBRANCH DIFFERENCES IN JOB SATISFACTION\nEXIST OVERSEAS\nAbout one man In five in the Middle East Command\nexpresses dissatisfaction with his job assignment.\nMen in ASF-trained units are twice as likely to be\ncritical of misclassification as men in bomber and\nfighter squadrons. The latter, however, are more\ncritical of excessive routine duties and failure\nto utilize skills than are ASF-trained men.\n50\nCONFIDENTIAL\nAIR CORPS LEADS, INFANTRY TRAILS\nin job choice and job satisfaction\nPERCENTAGE OF MEN\nPERCENTAGE OF MEN\nIN EACH BRANCH GETTING\nIN EACH BRANCH WITH\nJOB ASSIGNMENT ASKED FOR\nHIGHEST JOB SATISFACTION SCORES\nAir Corps\n54%\n53%\nOrdnance\n39%\n44%\nSignal Corps\n38%\n44%\nMedical\n32%\n41%,\nEngineers\n32%\n33%\nField\n26%\nArtillery\n41%\nQuartermaster 25%\n40%\nCoast\nArtillery\n25%\n34%\nArmored\nForce\n24%\n33%\nChemical\nWarfore\n23%\n33%\nMilitary\n19%\nPolice\n33%\nInfantry\n11%\n17%\nFrom a cross-section survey of men in the Army over 3 months, April 1943\n51\nCONFIDENTIAL\nJOB SATISFACTION IS GREATEST\nAMONG MEN USING THEIR\nTECHNICAL TRAINING\nNine Air Corps men out of every ten trained in Army\ntechnical schools report that this training is\nbeing used in their present assignments.\nIn other arms and services, seven out of every ten\nsay they are using their Army technical school\ntraining in their present jobs.\nHalf the men who say their technical school train-\ning is wasted score low in job satisfaction.\nOnly one man in six who says his technical school\ntraining is used scores low in job satisfaction.\nMen want to attend Army technical schools. Nine\nout of ten graduates of Army technical schools (a\nnumber which includes many men who feel they are\nnot now using their training) are glad they at-\ntended. Six out of ten men who have not attended\nthese schools say they wish they had been sent.\n52\nCONTIDENTTAL\n9 OUT OF 10 AIR CORPS TECHNICAL SCHOOL GRADUATES\nARE USING THEIR TRAINING\nnot so high for other branches\nNOT USING SKILLS\nUSING SKILLS\nLEARNED IN SCHOOL\nLEARNED IN SCHOOL\nAIR CORPS\nINFANTRY\nFIELD ARTILLERY\nARMORED\nENGINEERS\nSIGNAL CORPS\nQUARTERMASTER\nMEDICAL\nEACH SYMBOL REPRESENTS 10 % OF THE TECHNICAL SCHOOL GRADUATES\n53\nCONTIDENTIA\nATTITUDES\nOF NEGRO SOLDIERS\nEarly this year the Research Branch of\nthe Special Service Division was in-\nstructed to survey the attitudes of\nNegro enlisted men in the Army. This\nstudy, completed in March, 1943, covered\n7,000 Negro enlisted men who formed a\nrepresentative sample of Negroes in 46\ndifferent Army organizations from Coast\nto Coast. Comparable data were obtained\nat the same time from a representative\nsample of white enlisted men.\nThe material reported here covers two of\nthe several subjects studied. They are:\na) Negroes' preferences in officers.\nb) Attitudes of Negro and white troops\ntoward separation of the two races\nin the Army.\n55\nCONFIDENTIAL\nWHAT KIND OF JUNIOR OFFICERS\nDO NEGRO SOLDIERS PREFER?\nNegro soldiers, expressing their opinions in an\natmosphere of anonymity, leave no doubt as to the\nanswer to this question.\nThey prefer Negro lieutenants to white lieu-\ntenants.\nThey prefer Morthern lleutenants to Southern\nlieutenants.\nA considerable minority of the Negro troops feel\nit makes no difference which type of officer they\nhave, but the percentage favoring Southern or\nwhite lieutenants is insignificant.\nThe percentage saying it makes no difference is\nlargest among the Southern Negroes, but even this\ngroup has a substantial majority favoring Northern\nand Negro lieutenants.\n56\nCONFIDENTIAL\nN\nNEGRO SOLDIERS\nPREFER NEGRO LIEUTENANTS\nPERCENTAGE CHOOSING\nNO\nWHITE\nNEGRO LIEUTENANTS\nDIFFERENCE\nLIEUT\nQUESTION\n.....\nSuppose your company\ncould get its lieutenants from the North\nonly, but they could be either WHITE or\n57%\n33%\n10%\nNEGRO. which would you rather have?\nQUESTION\n.....\nSuppose your company\ncould get southern officers only. If\nso, would you rather have WHITE or NEGRO\n73%\n22% 5\nlieutenants?\nNEGRO SOLDIERS\nPREFER NORTHERN LIEUTENANTS\nPERCENTAGE CHOOSING\nNO\nSOUTHERN\nNORTHERN LIEUTENANTS\nDIFFERENCE\nLIEUT.\nQUESTION Suppose your company\nlieutenants were all white officers, but\nthey could come either from the NORTH or\n80%\n17% 3\nfrom the SOUTH. which would you rather\nhave?\nQUESTION\nSuppose your company\nlieutenants were all Negro officers.\nwould you rather have them cone from the\n54%\n38%\n8%\nNORTH or from the SOUTH?\n57\nRACE SEPARATION IN THE ARMY\n...\nAS THE NEGRO SOLDIER SEES IT\nIn response to each of three questions on separation of Negroes\nand whites in the Army, a minority of Negro soldiers--but a sub-\nstantial minority, from 38 to 48 per cent--say they consider\nsome form of separation a good idea.\nAbout half favor separate service clubs; four in ten favor\nseparate post exchanges.\nThirty-eight per cent believe that Negro and white soldiers\nshould be in separate outfits; 36 per cent believe Negro\nand white soldiers should be in the same outfits; the rest\nare undecided.\nMany of the Negroes and some of the whites who favor separation\nin the Army indicate by their comments that they are opposed to\nsegregation in principle. They favor separation in the Army to\navoid trouble or unpleasantness arising from race prejudice.\nThis point is most often made in connection with service clubs,\nwhere social relations are most important.\nNegroes who oppose segregation in the Army indicate most fre-\nquently that their reasons are related to the idea that we are\nfighting for democracy and equality.\n.\nThe longer a Negro has served in the Army, the less likely he in\nto favor separation of the races.\nMost favorable to racial separation in the Army are the Southern\nNegroes with least education. Least favorable are the better\neducated Northern Negroes.\nThe chart at the right presents the answers of Negro and white\nsoldiers to the three questions on racial separation in the\nArmy.\n58\nNEGRO OPINIONS\nDIFFER ON RACE SEPARATION\nQUESTION \"Do you think it is a good idea or opoor idea for Negro and\nwhite soldiers to have SEPARATE SERVICE CLUBS in Army camps?\"\nPERCENTAGE SAYING\nUN-\nGOOD IDEA\nDECIDED\nPOOR IDEA\nNEGRO\n48%\n13%\n39%\nSOLDIERS\nWHITE\n85%\n6\n9%\nSOLDIERS\nQUESTION\n\"Do you think it is a good idea or a poor idea for white and Negro\nsoldiers to have SEPARATE PX's in Army camps?\"\nUN-\nGOOD IDEA\nDECIDED\nPOOR IDEA\nNEGRO\n40%\n12%\n48%\nSOLDIERS\nWHITE\nSOLDIERS\n81%\n9 10%\nQUESTION. \"Do you think white and Negro soldiers should be in SEPARATE\nOUTFITS or should they be together in the SAME OUTFITS?\"\nSEPARATE OUTFITS\nNO DIFFERENCE\nSAME OUTFITS\nNEGRO\n38%\n26%\n36%\nSOLDIERS\nWHITE\n88%\n9%3\nSOLDIERS\nt\nIncludes men who are undecided\n59\nHEALTH AND FOOD\nGood food and good medical care are gen-\nerally recognized 88 important to the\nmorale of any Army organization.\nNumerous studies by the Research Branch\nof the Special Service Division have\nfound essentially the same attitudes on\nthese points. They are:\n1. The men speak well of their medical\ncare.\n2. The men believe their food is of\ngood quality.\n3. Many of the sen are critical of the\npreparation of the food.\n61\nCONFIDENTIAL\nCONEIDENTIAL\nMOST MEN VOTE\nMEDICAL SERVICE GOOD\nQUESTION ... How do you feel about medical attention in the Army?\"\nIt is very good\n30%\nIt is fairly good\n39%\nUndecided\n8%\n15%\nIt is rather poor\n8%\nIt is very poor\nData from a cross-section of white enlisted men in Continental United States\n62\nCONTIDENTICL\nSOLDIERS SAY THE FOOD IS GOOD,\nBUT disagree on the cooking\nQUESTION \"How do you feel about Army food?\"\nIt is good quality\n35%\nand well prepared\nIt is good quality\n44%\nbut poorly prepared\nUndecided\n13%\nIt is poor quality\n5%\nbut well prepared\nIt is poor quality\n3\nand poorly prepared\nData from a cross-section of white enlisted men in Continental United States\n63\nCONFIDENTIAL\nTHE OFF-DUTY LIFE\nOF THE SOLDIER\nThe soldier's use of his leisure time is a matter of prac-\ntical concern to the Army. The right off-duty activities\npromote health, efficiency, morale. The wrong activities\nare reflected in AWOL and VD statistics, and can be re-\nflected in lowered efficiency of training during hours of\nduty.\nMany men have difficulty in finding satisfactory off-duty\nactivities. In England, for example, the men were asked:\n\"Do you have trouble finding interesting\nthings to do in your free evenings?\"\nThe distribution of answers was:\nYES\nNO\nNOST OF\nMUCH OF\nTHE TIME\nTHE TIME\nNOT VERY OFTEN\nNEVER\n241\n20%\n415\n155\nThe proportion reporting difficulty was larger in small,\nisolated camps, and in camps lacking Special Service offi-\ncers or \"A\" and \"8\" recreation kits.\nFacts on men's use of their leisure time are presented on\nthe following pages.\n65\nCONFIDENTIAL\nWHAT MEN DO OFF-DUTY\nAmerican soldiers in England report a different use of their leisure\ntime than do our men in the United States.\nMen stationed in the United States are more likely than those\nabroad to:\nWrite letters\nListen to the radio\nRead magazines\nSee a movie\nMen stationed in England are more likely than those at home to:\nDrink beer or liquor\nPlay cards\nDate a girl\nTwo-thirds of the drinkers on a typical evening in England drink\nonly beer. In the United States, four-fifths of the drinkers\ndrink only beer.\nOff-duty activities are influenced in Large measure by the availability\nof facilities. The difficulty of obtaining radios and magazines,\nfor example, is a factor limiting listening and reading in England,\nIt should be borne in mind that the chart opposite does not indicate\nthe amount of time spent on various activities. For example, letter\nwriting is reported by more men than any other activity, but it does\nnot necessarily consume as much time as the other things men do in\ntheir off-duty evenings.\nWhat men do off-duty is not always what they most want to do. Pref-\nerences in leisure-time activities are discussed on the following\npages.\n00\nCONFIDENTIAL\nOFF-DUTY ACTIVITIES DIFFER HERE and ABROAD\nPercentage of men off-duty saying they take part\nin each activity on a typical evening.\n62% In United States\nWRITE LETTERS\n49% In England\n47%\nLISTEN TO RADIO\n11%\n41%\nREAD MAGAZINE\n21%\n31%\nSEE A MOVIE\n24%\n23%\nDRINK BEER OR LIQUOR\n36%\n15%\nTAKE PART IN SPORTS\n15 %\n11%\nREAD A BOOK\n10 %\n11%\nPLAY CARDS\n25%\n9 %\nDATE A GIRL\n21%\n6%\nGO DANCING\n8%\nThe total percent is more than 100, since many men reported more than one activity.\n67\nPREFERENCES IN OFF-DUTY ACTIVITIES\nAmerican Soldiers Are Movie Fans\nIn the United States\nOne enlisted man out of every four in the United States rates attend-\ning movies as his favorite leisure-time activity. (See the chart on\nthe opposite page.)\nParticipation in sports and athletics is the favorite off-duty\nactivity of one man in every five.\nOne man in every seven says he likes most to go dancing.\nOne man in every ten gives top rating to listening to music.\nIn England\nMovies are the favorite diversion of our men in England, if they are\nspending a free evening in camp. On a free evening in town, more men\nprefer to go dancing. When asked to name their preference, from a list\nof activities, the men responded as shown in the table below:\nPER CENT PREFERRING\nEACH ACTIVITY FOR A.\nFREE EVENING\n..IN\n..IN\nCAMP\nTOWN\nACTIVITY\n$\n$\nMovies\n41\n21\nDance.\n26\n37\nStage show or play\n25\n19\nParty or sing.\n4\n5\nConcert.\n-\n,\nvisit to British home,\nI\n15\nTotal per cent\n100\n100\nDetails on men's attitudes toward the use of leisure time are pre-\nsented on the following pages.\n68\nSOLDIERS PREFER MOVIES\nFILMS are the FAVORITE off-duty ACTIVITY of a\nquarter of the enlisted men in the United States\nPERCENTAGE NAMING EACH\nACTIVITY AS THE ONE THEY LIKE MOST\nSeeing a movie\n25%\nTaking part in\nsports or athletics\n%\n20%\nGoing dancing\n14%\njd\nListening to music\n10%\nSeeing a play\n5%\nSpending time\n5%\non hobbies\nOther activities\n6%\nThese bars add to only 85% since 15% of the men expressed no preference.\n69\nBASEBALL IS STILL THE NATIONAL SPORT\nPercentage of enlisted men\nin the United States\nnaming each sport as their favorite\nBASEBALL\n39%\nOR SOFTBALL\nFOOTBALL\n18%\nBASKETBALL .....\n11%\nSWIMMING\n6%\nBOXING\n4%\nOTHER\n16%\nOUTDOOR SPORTS.\nOTHER\nINDOOR SPORTS\n6%\n70\nCONELDENTIA\nATHLETICS AND THE SOLDIER\nBaseball (or softball) is the favorite sport among enlisted\nmen stationed in this country. It is also the sport most\ncommonly engaged in by American troops in England. Foot-\nball stands second in both ratings.\nOne man in five names sports and athletics his favorite off-\nduty activity. One man in seven takes part in sports and\nathletics on a typical off-duty evening. This holds true\nboth in the United States and England.\nMany Men Criticize the Army Athletic Program\nFour enlisted men out of every ten in the United States say\nthat they are not given enough opportunity to take part in\nsports and athletics.\nThree out of ten say their outfits do not have enough ath-\nletic equipment.\nThree out of ten say the sports and athletic programs in\nthe outfits are poorly arranged.\nMen's attitudes toward recreation facilities are discussed\non the pages that follow.\n71\nCONFIDENTIAL\nTHE SOLDIERS' CLUBS\nMuch of a soldier's non-working life revolves around his clubs. His\ndayroom, his service club, his USO (if he is in the United States)\nand his Red Cross club (if he is overseas) provide facilities which\nhis barracks cannot supply.\nService Clubs\nOne man out of four in the United States visits a service club on a\ntypical day. One man in twelve visits a service club more than once\nin a typical day. The chart opposite shows that the usefulness of a\nclub depends on how close it is to a man's barracks.\nPrivates use the service clubs more than do noncoms, and better\neducated men use them more than the less educated.\nWhen asked to choose which of three facilities they most want, en-\nlisted men in the United States say:\nFirst: Another service club on the post\nSecond: Another dayroom in the battalion area\nThird: Another USO club in town\nUSO and Red Cross Clubs\nA third of the men in the United States say they visited a USO club\nin a two-week period.\nIn England, a quarter of the American enlisted men say they visit Red\nCross clubs once a week or oftener, and another fifth say they visit\nRed Cross clubs several times a month.\nDayrooms\nMost soldiers in the United States report that their dayrooms have\nmagazines, good lighting, books, radios, and adequate furniture. But\nabout half the men say their dayrooms lack phonographs and records.\nRadio-phonographs are the most needed recreational facilities in\nEngland, according to our enlisted men there.\nTwo-fifths of our men inEngland say they need dayrooms (See the chart\nopposite).\n72\nLOCATION influences USE OF SERVICE CLUBS\nQUESTION Did you visit o Service Club yesterday?\"\nPERCENTAGE OF MEN WHO SAID\nDISTANCE MEN LIVE\nFROM SERVICE CLUB\nYES\nNO\n40%\n60%\n......\n5 MINUTE WALK\n26%\n74%\n******\n....\n10 TO is MINUTE WALK\nÀ\n20% 80%\n15%\n20 MINUTE WALK OR MORE\nMEN IN ENGLAND WANT RADIO-PHONOGRAPHS\nQUESTION Of the following list, which items do you feel are bodly\nneeded or need to be improved?\"\nPERCENTAGE NAMING EACH ITEM\nRadio-phonograph\n53%\nMagazines\n47%\nDayroom\n40%\nBooks\n33%\nWriting tables\n28%\nIndoor games\n26%\nOther items named less frequently were: Basketball equipment (by 13%), Baseball equipment (by 10%),\nFootball equipment (by 8%), and Volleyball equipment (by 4%).\n73\n5 out of 6 of our MEN IN ENGLAND\nread \"YANK\" each week\nPERCENTAGE OF MEN IN ENGLAND WHO\nHave read\nNever\nRead weekly but\nonly one or\nsow o\nSubscribe to \"Yank\"\ndon't subscribe\ntwo issues copy\n35%\n48%\n16%\n1%\n\"BEST SELLERS\" are the SOLDIER'S CHOICE in books\nQUESTION \"If you were to spend on evening in camp reading,\nwhat type of book would you prefer?\"\nPERCENTAGE OF MEN IN ENGLAND NAMING EACH TYPE\nRecent novels of the\nbest seller type\n26%\nMystery and detective\nnovels\n25%\nAdventure and\nromance stories\n14%\nHistorical novels\n13%\nWestern novels\n10%\nNon - Fiction\n7%\nClassics\n5%\nNumber expressing o preference for these types equals 100 per cent\n74\nTHE SOLDIER IS A READING MAN\nARMY NEWSPAPERS\nFive out of every six American enlisted men in England say they read\n\"YANK\" every week. Only one man in a hundred says he has never seen\nit. Seven out of eight men in England rate \"YANK\" as either \"excellent\"\nor \"good\". Only one man in a hundred calls it \"poor\".\n\"STARS AND STRIPES\" is read by a slightly larger proportion of the men\nin England than read \"YANK\", but is not quite 80 well liked.\nThree-fourths of the American soldiers in England want to see more\nnews about the United States in \"STARS AND STRIPES\" and \"YANK\".\nThe best liked features in \"YANK\" are its pictures, war news, and\nnews from home. The least liked feature is poetry.\nPOCKET GUIDES TO FOREIGN COUNTRIES\nThe overwhelming majority of men in the Middle East Command who have\nreceived POCKET GUIDES say these booklets have helped them understand\nthe country and the people. But only one man out of every three in\nthis Command had received a Guide as of June 1, 1943.\nBOOKS\n\"Best sellers\" and detective books are the soldier's choice for an\nevening's reading in English camps.\nNonfiction and the classics are favored by the smallest proportion of\nthe soldiers. (See the chart opposite.)\nOn the pages that follow are presented some data on soldier reactions\nto V-mail.\n75\nCONEIDENTIAL\nSOLDIER REACTIONS\nTO V-MAIL\nV-mail is not popular with our men in the\nMiddle East.\nOne very important reason for this is\nthat most men report that V-mail is no\nfaster than regular mail.\nThe great majority of men prefer regular\nmail because it is more personal and be-\ncause the letter may be as long as de-\nsired.\nAbout a third complain that V-mail is\nnot clear and is hard to read.\n76\nMEN IN THE MIDDLE EAST\n4.\n1\n/\nDO NOT LIKE V-MAIL\nPercentage preferring\n95%\nregular mail to V-mail\nPercentage who say\nV-mail is no faster\n63%\nthan regular mail\nBUT even speed wouldn't change\nmost men's preferences\nPercentage who still would prefer regular mail\nEven if\nV-mail were one week faster\n79%\nthan regular mail\nEven if\n..V-mail were two weeks faster\n55%\nthan regular mail\n77\nCONPIDENTIAL\nATTITUDES\nTOWARD OUR ALLIES\nFacts on soldiers' attitudes toward our Allies\nare essential to the Special Service Division\nin the development of its program of infor-\nmation for troops. It is clear that atti-\ntudes toward Allies may relate closely to\nattitudes toward the war.\nInformation on these attitudes has a further\ninterest to commanders who now or later may\nbe operating in close contact with Allied\ntroops.\nThe data presented on the following pages are\nbased on surveys of the officers and enlist-\ned men of six Infantry divisions in the United\nStates, made in April and May, 1943, and of\nthe enlisted men in the Middle East in May,\n1943.\n79\nCONFIDENTIAL\nCONPIDENTIAL\nADMIRATION OF ALLIES' FIGHTING\nQUESTION....\"Do you agree\nor disagree with these statements?\"\nPERCENTAGE WHO AGREE\n98% AMONG THE OFFICERS\n\"Considering everything, the Rus-\nsians are doing as good a job as\npossible of fighting this war.\"\n93% AMONG THE ENLISTED MEN\n86%\n\"Considering everything, the Brit-\nish are doing as good a job as\npossible of fighting this war.\"\n81%\n-\nBUT SKEPTICISM OF THEIR POST-WAR AIMS\nPERCENTAGE WHO AGREE\n\"Britain ismore interested in don-\n26%\n....\nAMONG THE OFFICERS\ninating or controlling the world\nthan she is in building a truly\ndemocratic world.\"\n32%\nAMONG THE ENLISTED MEN\n*Russia is more interested in dom-\n30%\ninating or controlling the world\nthan she is in building a truly\ndemocratic world.\"\n31%\nBosed on a survey of company grade officers and a cross-section of enlisted men in six\nInfantry divisions in the United States.\n80\nCONFIDENTIAE\nOUR ALLIES\nOfficers and Enlisted Men Share\nBoth Admiration and Doubts\nAlmost all officers and men admire the job which\nRussia and Britain are doing in fighting the war.\nBut about three out of every ten--officers and men\nalike--believe that these countries are more\ninterested in dominating the world than in build-\ning a democratic world.\nAbout 24 per cent of the officers and 18 per\ncent of the enlisted men believe we will have\nto fight Ruasia after this war is over.\nWhat soldiers in an overseas theater think of our\nAllies is shown next.\n81\nCONFIDENTIAL\nWHAT AMERICANS\nIN THE MIDDLE EAST\nTHINK ABOUT OUR ALLIES\nOur troops in the Middle East contain a substan-\ntial minority doubtful of our Allies' post-war co-\noperation. Service in close contact with the\nBritish does not seem to have increased confidence\nin this respect.\nOn the contrary, 71 per cent of the American\nenlisted men in the area say there is much\nill-feeling between Americans and British.\nSome 72 per cent say the British soldiers do\nnot 80 out of their way to help the American\nsoldier and show him G good time.\nAnd 39 per cent of our enlisted men say they\ndo not like the British.\nMen who have been overseas a long time are less\nlikely to like the British than are new arrivals.\n82\nDOUBTS OF OUR ALLIES ARE COMMON\nIN THE MIDDLE EAST\nATTITUDES TOWARD ENGLISH\nQUESTION\n\"Do you agree or disagree\n51%\nAGREE\nwith the statement that\nthe English can be de-\npended upon to cooper-\nate with us after the wor?\"\n28%\nUNDECIDED\n21%\nDISAGREE\nATTITUDES TOWARD RUSSIANS\nQUESTION\n\"Do you agree or disagree\nwith the statement that\nAGREE\n44%\nthe Russians can be de-\npended upon to cooper-\nate with us after the war?\"\nUNDECIDED\n40%\nDISAGREE\n16%\nSurvey of o representative cross-section of enlisted men in Middle East Theoter, from the Nile\nDelta to Tunisia, May 1943.\n83\nCONFIDENTIAL\nSUPPLEMENTARY REPORTS\nSupplement A\nMeasuring the Effectiveness\nof Informational Motion Pictures\nSection I\nOrientation Films, \"Why We Fight\"\nSection II\nFilm Feature, \"The War\"\nSupplement B\n.\nWho is the American Soldier?\n85\nCONSIDENTIAL,\nSupplement A\nMEASURING THE EFFECTIVENESS\nOF INFORMATIONAL MOTION PICTURES\nA Report on Methods and Findings of Research\nStudies on Effect of Special Service Division Films\nTo increase soldiers' knowledge of the war and its back-\nground, and to build healthy attitudes toward the war\nand our Allies, the Special Service Division produces\nmotion pictures, radio programs, \"Yank\", the Army weekly\nnewspaper, Newsmap, a daily news service and other ma-\nterials.\nThe orientation films of the \"Why We Fight\" series and\nthe bi-weekly film feature, \"The War\" have been sub-\njected to careful analysis. The research studies have\nsupplied the Special Service Division with facts on the\nstrength and weakness of the films, and afford a basis\nfor continual improvement in them.\nThis work has been conducted by the Experimental Section\nof the Research Branch over a period of sixmonths. Dis-\ncussion of findings on the first four films of the \"Why\nWe Fight\" series is presented in Section I of this Sup-\nplement. A report on three films of \"The War\" is pre-\nsented in Section II.\n87\nSECTION I\nORIENTATION FILMS, \"WHY WE FIGHT\"\nGeneral Marshall indicated the purpose of the \"Why We Fight\"\nseries in his introduction to the first film. He said the aim\nwas\n#\nto acquaint members of the Army with factual\ninformation as to the causes, the events leading\nup to our entry into the war and the principles\nfor which we are fighting. A knowledge of these\nfacts is an indispensable part of military train-\ning.\nThis definition of purpose suggests that the effectiveness of the\nfilms should be measured in terms of two basic factors: (1) gains\nin factual information, and (2) changes in attitudes related to\nthe principles for which we are fighting.\nHow the Effects of Orientation Films are Measured\nThe procedure used is that of controlled experiment. The design\nis simple. Two groups of soldiers, an experimental group and a\ncontrol group, are chosen in such a way that they are closely\nmatched with respect to age, education, region of origin and other\ncharacteristics. Normally about 1,000 men at a replacement train-\ning center are used in a given study -- half in the experimental\ngroup and half in the control group. The experimental group is\nshown the film as part of their regular training program. The\ncontrol group does not see the film. About 8. week later, the at-\ntitudes and factual information of both groups are measured.\nSpecially designed questionnaires are used to ascertain factual\nknowledge and the nature of attitudes held by the men. The same\nquestionnaire is given anonymously to those who saw the film and\nthose who did not, and the former group is not told that the ques-\ntionnaire has anything to do with the film they have seen. The\ndifferences between the answers of the two groups reveal the ef-\nfects of the film.\nThe procedure just outlined is the one most frequently used. In\nsome cases a variation in method is introduced by giving a pre-\nliminary questionnaire to both groups, then showing the film to\nthe experimental group, and subsequently retesting both groups.\n88\nCONFIDENTIAL\nAlthough this method shows essentially the same results as the\nsimpler one, it allows some refinement to be introduced by making\nallowance for any slight initial differences in the attitudes of\nthe two groups, and also permits determining how specific indi-\nviduals in the experimental group are influenced by the films.\nHow the Films Increase Factual Knowledge\nThe questionnaire used in studying each film contains an informa-\ntion test covering factual material emphasized in that film.\nFILM 1: \"PRELUDE TO WAR\"\nShowing the background of the war from the Jap attack on Manchuria\nthrough the conquest of Ethiopia by Italy\n49%\nAverage percentage of questions\n35%\nanswered correctly\nMEN WHO\nWEN WHO\nHAD NOT\nHAD\nSEEN FILM\nSEEN FILM\nPercentages of men answering\neach point correctly\nNEW WHO\nMEN WHO\nExamples:\nHAD NOT\nHAD\nDIFFER-\nSEEN FILM\nSEEM FILM\nENCE\n$\n$\n$\nJapan's plan for conquest of\nManchuria: outlined in the\nTanaka memorial\n7\n24\n17\nSignificance of the date Sept.\n18, 1931 (beginning of the war\nIn Manchuria)\n19\n31\n12\nJap boast of dictating peace\nterms in Washington\n62\n85\n3\n89\nFILMS II AND 111: \"THE NAZIS STRIKE\" AND \"DIVIDE AND CONQUER\"\nFilm II pictures Nazi militarization and appression from 1936 through\nthe Polish compaign. Film III pictures the Nazi conquest of Norway,\nthe Low Countries and France.\nFilms II and III were studied as a unit, by comparing questionnaire an-\nswers of men who had seen both films with those of men who had seen\nneither film.\n52%\nAverage percentage of\n32%\nquestions answered cor-\nrectly\nMEN WHO\nNEW WHO\nMAD NOT\nMAD\nSEEN FILMS\nSEEN FILMS\n\" AND 111\n= AND III\nPercentages of men answering\neach point correctly\nWEN wio\nWEN -\nExamples, Film II:\nMAD NOT\nHAD\nDIFFER-\nSEEN FILM\nSEEN FILM\nENCE\n$\n$\n$\nHitler's excuse for invading Sudetenland:\nminorities of German descent living there\n...\n45\n63\n16\nWarsaw surrendered only when food supplies\nran out\n44\n55\n11\nNazis' advance through Poland atopped when\nthey net advancing Russian troops\n31\n42\n11\nGeopolitics: Name of German science for\nmilitary control of the world\n33\n36\n3\nExamples, Film III:\nGermans bombed Rotterdam after the Dutch\nhad surrendered\n17\n62\n45\nNamis blocked Allied advance by herding\nrefugees onto the roads\n34\n68\n34\nNasis prepared for attack on Eben Emael\nby building & model of the fort and re-\nhearsing in advance\n24\n51\n27\n90\nCONFIDENTIAI\nFILM IV: \"THE BATTLE OF BRITAIN\"\nShowing the Nazi air attack on England, 1940-41\n50%\nAverage percentage of\n29%\nquestions answered\ncorrectly\nMEN WHO\nMEN WHO\nHAD NOT\nHAD\nSEEN FILM\nSEEN FILM\nPercentages of men answering\neach point correctly\nMEN MID\nMEN WHO\nMAD NOT\nHAD\nDIFFER-\nExamples:\nSEEN FILM\nSEEN FILM\nENCE\n$\n$\n$\nRelative size of Nazi and\nBritish air forces\n21\n54\n33\nExtent of British materiel\nafter Dunkirk.\n5\n17\n12\nExtent of German plane\nlosses in attacks on\nBritain.\n43\n45\n2\n91\nCONFIDENTIAL\nHow the Films Influence Attitudes\nA tacit assumption in the formulation of the policy concerning\ninformational films is that increased knowledge of facts about\nthe war will be accompanied by changes in the interpretation of\nevents related to them. This is very reasonable in the present\ninstance. If, for example, a man learns for the first time (from\nFilm III) that Rotterdam was bombed by the Nazis after the Dutch\nhad surrendered, this may make him think of the Nazis as brutal\nand ruthless. Or, if he learns from a film the fact that the\nNazis built a detailed replica of Fort Eben Emael, and used it\nfor careful rehearsal of each move in the attack on it, this fact\nmay make the man more aware of the thoroughness and efficiency of\nthe enemy. Other facts, such as the name of the head of the Ger-\nman Air Force, may have little effect on opinions about the enemy.\nExamples of the effectiveness of the films in changing attitudes\nhinging on interpretation of events are presented below:\nFILM I: \"PRELUDE TO WAR\"\nNAZI THREAT TO OUR FREEDOM\nNazi oppression and persecution of religion in Germany was vividly\ndepicted in the film. Seeing this convinced a number of men that\nthe Nazis would abolish freedom of religion in America if they\nwere to win the war.\n83%\n75%\nPercentages of men saying\nthe Nazis would abolish\nour freedom of religion\nif victorious\nMEN WHO\nMEN WHO\nHAD NOT\nHAD\nSEEN FILM\nSEEN FILM\n92\nENEMY MILITARY STRENGTH\nThe film presented a lengthy account of the scale of Axis prepa-\nrations for war and showed the impressive array of armaments they\nhad built up. The Axis nations were described as the \"haves\" and\nthe democracies as the \"have nots\", militarily speaking, and the\nLuftwaffe was characterized as being, at the outbreak of the\nEuropean war, \"the world's largest air force.\" The chart below\nillustrates the influence of this presentation on men's ideas of\nthe present military strength of the Axis.\n56%\nPercentages of men rating\n44%\nthe Luftwaffe as one of\nthe two strongest air\nforces in the world\nMEN WHO\nMEN WHO\nHAD NOT\nHAD\nSEEN FILM\nSEEN FILM\n54%\n47%\nPercentages rating German\nGround Forces one of the\ntwo strongest\nMEN KHO\nMEN WHO\nMAD NOT\nHAD\nSEEN FILM\nSEEN FILM\n32%\nPercentages of men rating\n26%\nJapan's Ground Forces as\none of thethree strongest\nMEN WHO\nMEN WHO\nHAD NOT\nHAD\nSEEN FILM\nSEEN FILM\n93\nCONFIDENTIAL\nFILMS 11 AND 111: *THE NAZIS STRIKE AND \"DIVIDE AND CONQUER*\nNAZI THOROUGHNESS AND EFFICIENCY\nFilms II and III showed several instances in which the Nazis had\nworked out careful plans and preparations for their attacks long\nin advance. Instances were shown in connection with the strategy\nof the Polish campaign, invasion of Norwegian ports, the assault\non Fort Eben Emael. These sequences and others had the effect of\nincreasing men's respect for the general thoroughness and effi-\nciency of Nazi planning, as is shown in the following chart.\n83%\n71%\nPercentages of men saying\nNazis work out details of\ntheir plans to perfection\nMEN WHO\nMEN WHO\nHAD NOT\nHAD\nSEEM FILMS\nSEEN FILMS\n11 AND 111\n\" AND III\nWEAKNESS OF DEFENSIVE STRATEGY\nFilm III particularly emphasized the reliance of the French on\ndefensive strategy as represented by the Maginot Line, and con-\ntrasted this static defensive policy withthe insistence on attack\nrepresented by Foch. A number of the men who saw the film drew\nthe inference that defensive fighting is outmoded:\n71%\n58%\nPercentages of men saying\ndefensive fighting is\nold-fashioned\nMEN MHO\nWEN WHO\nMAD NOT\nHAD\nSEEN FILMS\nSEEN FILMS\n\" AND III\n\" AND III\n94\nREASONS FOR RUSSIA'S PACT WITH NAZIS\nFilm II showed the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact in connection\nwith a general pattern of appeasement followed by the nations\nsubsequently forced intowar with the Nazie, and explained Russia's\nagreement to the Pact as an attempt to gain time \"to prepare for\nthe fight they knew was coming.\" Although the percentage saying\nthey recalled the Pact was about the same for men who had not\nseen the film BB for those who had seen it, seeing the film had a\nsignificant effect on men's ideas of the reasons for Russia's\nmaking the Pact.\n71%\n60%\nPercentages of men saying\nRussia made Pact with\nMazis in order to gain\ntime for defense\nMEN WHO\nMEN WHO\nHAD NOT\nMAD\nSEEN FILMS\nSEEN FILMS\n\" AND III\n11 AND 111\nFILM IV: \"THE BATTLE OF BRITAIN\nTHE BATTLE OF BRITAIN WAS PART OF\nREAL ATTEMPT AT INVADING ENGLAND\nThis film showed details of a Nazi strategy for the conquest of\nBritain, in which the destruction of the R.A.F. and softening up\nby bombing would be followed by invasion shock troops and Panzer\ndivisions carried across the Channel. Men who saw the film tended\nto change their ideas as to what the Nazis 'air blitz was intended\nto accomplish.\n66%\n52%\nPercentages of men saying\nbombing attacks were part\nof an actual Invasion\nattempt\nNEW wo\nNEW WHO\nHAD NOT\nWAD\nSEEN FILM\nSEEN FILM\n95\nTHE NAZIS WOULD HAVE WON THE BATTLE OF BRITAIN\nEXCEPT FOR THE DETERMINED RESISTANCE OF THE BRITISH\nIn showing the Nazi air blitz over Britain as part of a real Nazi\nattempt to invade and conquer England, the film stressed both the\nweakness of the British after Dunkirk and the determination of\nthe British during the aerial bombardment which they underwent.\nBritish stoicimm under incessant bombing, Britons fighting fires\nand clearing away rubble after the raids, Churchill's \"We shall\nnever surrender\" speech, and the defense by the R.A.F., \"out-\nnumbered ten to one,\" all served to document the idea that the\nBritish resisted valiantly in the face of great odds. Seeing the\nfilm convinced many men that only the determined resistance put\nup by the British prevented the Nazia from invading and conquer-\ning Britain after the fall of France:\n70%\nPercentages saying Britain\nwould have been conquered\n46%\nexcept for determined\nBritish resistance\nNEW WHO\nNEW WHO\nMAD NOT\nHAD\nSEEN FTL#\nSEEN FILM\nTHE R.A.F. DESERVES THE HOST CREDIT FOR SAVING ENGLAND\nThis idea was fostered by the film's stress on the part played by\nthe R.A.F., by statements such as Churchill's \"Never ... was 80\nmuch owed by BO many to so few\", on the inability of the Royal\nNavy to operate in the Channel and on the weakness of Britain's\nground defenses after Dunkirk.\n745\nPercentages saying the\n45%\nR.A.F. was the most in-\nportant factor in saving\nEngland from Nazi con-\nquest\nMEN WHO\nWEN WHO\nHAD NOT\nMAD\nSEEN FILM\nSEEN FILM\n8\nCONTIDENTIAL\nAMERICAN INDEBTEDNESS TO THE BRITISH\nA number of elements in the film--for example, the portrayal of\nthe reality of England's peril, her resistance to the Nazi attack,\nand the showing of a German master plan for attacking the United\nStates once Britain was out of the way-combined to produce the\ninference that American shores would have been subject to Nazi\nattack had British resistance failed. Many of the men who saw\nthe film were convinced by it that Britain's fight against the\nNazis saved our own cities from bombing.\n77%\n58%\nPercentages saying British\nresistance saved our cities\nfrom bombing\nHEN WHO\nMEN WHO\nMAD NOT\nHAD\nSEEN FILM\nSEEN FILM\nA number of men indicated their increased admiration for the\nBritish by deciding that the British had stood up under bombing\nbetter than Americans probably would.\n415\nPercentages saying \"British\nstood up under bombing bet-\n28%\nter than Americans probably\nwould\"\nMEN WHO\nMEN WHO\nHAD NOT\nHAD\nSED FILM\nSEEN FILM\n97\nBasic Attitudes Are More Difficult to Influence\nWhile asingle film may change attitudes toward the British or in-\ncrease resentment toward the enemy, it is not expected that the\npresentation of a single film will produce significant shifts in\nmen's basic attitudes such 88 those toward personal participation\nin the war.\nExamples:\nFilms II and III emphasized the ruthlessness of the Nazi methods\nshown in the bombing of Rotterdam, herding of refugees onto the\nroads toblock the Allied advance into the Low Countries, breaking\nof promises and treaties, violation of neutrality, and abrogation\nof civil liberties in Nazi-dominated countries. The films in-\ncreased expressions of hatred for the Nazis but did not increase\ndesire for aggressive action personally against the Germans or\nvengeance against the German people.\nFilm IV, on the Battle of Britain, considerably increased respect\nfor the British war effort, but only slightly increased the num-\nbers who were favorable to such ideas as sending food to England\neven at the expense of reducing our own supplies.\nEvidence Indicates That the Men Who Like a Film Most\nAre Most Influenced by It\nA recent study gave evidence that the men who like a film are more\ninfluenced by it than are men who do not like it. The overwhelm-\ning majority (over 80%) say they like the films in the series\n\"Why Ne Fight\". An example of the lowered effectiveness among\nthe small minority who disliked a film in this series is shown\nfrom a supplementary study of Film IV, \"The Battle of Britain.\"\nIn the areas in which the film effectively changed attitudes, the\npercentage of answers favorable toward Britain changed 16 per cent\n(from 52 to 68 per cent) among men who liked the film; the change\nwas only 6 per cent (from 44 to 50 per cent) among those who did\nnot like the film.\nBecause of the importance of adapting film content to appeal to\nthe men, special research techniques have been developed for meas-\nuring accurately the minute-by-minute interest in the film as\nit proceeds on the screen. This work is described in the next\nsection.\n98\nCONFIDENTIAR\nSECTION II\nFILM FEATURE, \"THE WAR\"\nThe bi-weekly film feature, \"The War\", is designed for pres-\nentation with commercial films at showings for which men pay\nadmission. In such a situation, \"The War\" must supply ma-\nterial of real interest and entertainment value.\nThe technique which has been found most useful for measuring\ninterest is the use of the Program Analyzer, supplemented by\npersonal interviews and short questionnaires. This method\ninvolves having the men indicate the parts they like by\npressing one push-button and the parts they dislike by press-\ning another while they are viewing the film. The responses\nof the men are electrically recorded and can then be cumu-\nlated and analyzed. The interviews and questionnaires serve\nto bring out the men's reasons for their interest or lack of\ninterest in the various parts of the film.\nAn example of the type of data obtained is illustrated by\nthe study of men's reactions to Issue #5 of \"The War,\" the\nresults of which are shown on the two pages following.\nThe content of the various parts of the film and men's re-\nactions to each part are summarized on page 100. On page\n101, opposite the summary of the episodes, the record of in-\nstantaneous \"likes\" and \"dislikes\" obtained by the Program\nAnalyzer is graphically presented.\n00\nFILM MAGAZINE \"THE WAR\", ISSUE +5\nSummary of Each Episode\nand Men's Reactions\nThe first episode of the film, \"FINISHING SCHOOL*. showed Ranger training in\ninvasion tactics, with embarking and disembarking and advancing under live 11-\nmunition. This episode was received with a high degree of immediate interest,\nas shown by the Program Analyzer chart, and two-thirds of the men who filled out\nquestionnaires after the end of the film rated it as the best part of the pic-\nture.\nThe second episode, \"BACK HOME\". which showed machine tools produced by a small\nfamily shop in Connecticut which was awarded the Army-Navy \"E\" for its contribo-\ntion to var production, was very unpopular with the men. The reasons they gave\nfor their indifference or dislike centered about the affected speech of the com-\nmentator, the propagandistic flavor of the material and the fact that it vas\n\"old stuff.\" The low point on the Program Analyzer curve W&B during the speech\nand presentation of the '8'. (In this and other films studied, speech-making on\nthe screen generally proved unpopular with the men.)\n\"I WAS THERE* featured an Army nurse's eyewitness account of the bombing of\nManila, and the fall of Corregidor, with action shots to illustrate part of her\ncommentary. The action scenes were moderately interesting to the men but inter-\nest dropped off sharply during the two periods when close-ups of the nurse talk-\ning were shown. The commentary was disliked especially because the speaker's\nmanner was regarded as stilted and her voice as difficult to understand.\n\"FIRST BIRTHDAY\". reviewing the founding and first year's activities of the VAAC\nand depicting the induction, training and duties of WAAC's, was received without\nmuch enthusiass. Opinion voiced in interviews and on questionnaires were di-\nvided: some men found the material informative and fairly interesting. but\nmore of them criticized it as dull and thought that the presentation gave an un-\nwarrantedly \"glamourized\" depiction of the VAAC.\nThe last part of the picture was \"SNAFU\". an animated cartoon showing the mis-\nadventures of \"Private Snafu\" whose complaints about his Army routine and duties\nlead to his being magically put in charge and allowed to run the camp according\nto his own ideas. After he has virtually transformed the camp into & pleasure\nresort, enemy raiders arrive and the resulting chaca points up the \"moral\" that\nArmy routine and discipline are essential. Most of the men enjoyed the humor,\nse suggested by the high level of \"like\" reactions on the Program Analyser, but\nthe cartoon vas rated lower in retrospect. Reasons given for liking \"SNAFU\"\nfocussed on the \"moral\" and the relaxation provided by the humorous presentation.\nSome of the men, however, objected to the cartoon an trivial or not in keeping\nwith the rest of the picture: others would have preferred comedy unrelated to\nthe Army.\n100\nCONFIDENTIAL\nPROGRAM ANALYZER RECORD\nFilm Magazine \"THE WAR\", Issue #5\nAt each successive six-second interval during the showing of the film\n% of men pressing\n% of men pressing\n\"DISLIKE\" button\n\"LIKE\" button\nin\n20%\n10%\n0%\n0%\n10%\n20%\n30%\n40%\n50%\n1m-\nt,\not\nC-\n\"FINISHING SCHOOL\"\n(Training of\nPRACTICE\nAmphibious Troops)\nUNDER FIRE\n11\n1-\n/e\n:-\nis\n\"BACK HOME\"\nh\n(Harry Powers'\nSPEECH\nn\nMachine Shop)\nf\nNURSE\nTALKING\nBOMBING\nOF MANILA\n\"I WAS THERE\"\n$\n(Army Nurse\nfrom Corregidor)\nNURSE\nTALKING\nHELP ON\nTHE WAY\n\"FIRST BIRTHDAY\"\n(WAAC)\n\"SNAFU\"\n('Gripes')\n101\nStudies Evaluate Techniques\nThis method of testing has potentialities as a means of in-\nproving the product, One can determine, for instance, on\nthe basis of continuing tests of a series of films, which\nmethod of combining narration and pictures of action is most\ninteresting to the men. Three examples are given below from\nthe three films 80 far studied:\n1. Straight narration all the way through, illustrated\nonly by pictures of amarine who had been on Guadalcanal\ntelling his story.\n2. Introduction with pictures of the \"on the spot\"\nnarrator followed by action shots from the sinking of\nthe Hornet illustrating his experience, with only a\nbrief return to pictures of the narrator at the end.\n3. Introduction--close-ups of narrator--action shots\nfrom the Philippines--close-ups of the narrator--more\naction shots, ofmateriel on its way toour men overseas.\nThe charts opposite illustrate the Program Analyzer pattern\nfor these three examples.\nThese results with the Program Analyzer and the interview\ncomments and questionnaire data clearly indicate that men\nshow considerably more interest in action shots illustrating\nthe narration than in pictures of the narrator telling his\nstory. Further studies should serve to indicate the optimal\nmethod of combining narration and illustrative scenes.\n102\nLIKES AND DISLIKES OF FILM NARRATIVES\nos Shown by Program Analyzer\nAt each successive six-second interval during the showing of the film episodes\n% of man pressing\n% of men pressing\n\"DISLIKE\" button\nLIKE button\n20%\n10%\n0%\n0%\n10%\n20%\n30%\n40%\n50%\n60%\nISSUE\nPICTURES OF\nMeet 0 Gyrene\nNARRATOR\nfrom Guadalcanal\"\nPICTURES OF NARRATOR\nISSUE\n3\n\"I Was There\"\nSCENES OF\nACTION\n(Hornet)\n5\nPICTURES OF NARRATOR\nSCENES OF ACTION\nPICTURES OF NARRATOR\nISSUE +5\n\"I Wos There\"\nSCENES OF\nACTION\n(Army Nurse\nfrom Corregidor)\nPICTURES OF NARRATOR\nSCENES OF ACTION\n103\nSupplement B\nWHO IS THE AMERICAN SOLDIER?\nThis information on characteristics of the Ameri-\ncan soldier is based, in the main, on tabulations\nof a five per cent sample of enlistment cards for\nall enlisted men in the Army as of March 31, 1943,\nmade by the Machine Records Branch, A.G.O. Certain\nsupplementary data were supplied by surveys made\nby the Research Branch of the Special Service Di-\nvision.\nThe Machine Records Branch sample is believed to\nbe representative of the entire Army, and the Re-\nsearch Branch data are believed to be representa-\ntive of the white enlisted men stationed in the\nContinental United States. The Research Branch is\nresponsible for the analysis of the data. All\ndata are from the Machine Records Branch unless\notherwise noted.\n105\nCharacteristics of the American Soldier\nSoldiers' attitudes toward their military role are closely related to\npersonal characteristics. Age, marital condition, race, and educa-\ntion are important in this problem. Physical capacities of the men\nare closely related to age.\nA commander seeking to improve the mental and physical stamina of his\ndes is in need of information on such characteristics in his own com-\nmand. These will frequently differ widely from the Army norm, and the\nnorm is therefore useful as a yardstick of comparison.\nThe charts and tables presented in this section give the latest avail-\nable figures on the over-all characteristics of the Army.\nTRENDS IN CHARACTERISTICS OF INDUCTEES (August 1941 - March 1943)\nPERCENTAGE\nOF INDUCTEES\nso\n40\nRAY INE BT#\nEDUCATION OR LESS\n30\na\n10 YEARS as\n0\nI :\n20\nMARRIED\n10\nSTAFT of\nBRAFT If\nPEARL\nMARRIED\na a\nMARSION\nNEW\nYEAR as\n0\nAM SEP OCT NOV DEC. JAN FEB was are - AM AA - MP OCT NOV DEC - FEB MAR\n(94)\n1942\n1943\nThe nature of the Selective Service process is such that the charac-\nteristics of the men inducted fluctuate violently from month to month.\nThe percentage of men inducted in a given month who are 30 years of\nage and over had increased from 0.4 per cent in the period from August\nto September 1941 to 35 per cent in the fall of 1942, and then dropped\nto 12 per cent in February 1943. Large changes are also noted in the\nproportions of men that are poorly educated and the proportions that\nare married.\n106\nVariations in Composition of Outfits\nRecent surveys by the Research Branch indicate that a tactical unit,\nsuch 88 a division, tends to be composed largely of men who entered\nthe Army at about the same time. Such units are likely to reflect the\ncharacteristics of the inductee group at a certain period. Two divi-\nsions in an early stage of training and two divisions in a late stage\nof training were recently sampled on a cross-section basis. In the\ndivisions in an early stage of training, most of the men had entered\nthe Army in 1943. Most of the men in the divisions in a late stage of\ntraining entered the Army in 1941 or the early part of 1942.\nInevitably, therefore, the changes in the composition of the inductee\ngroup shown in the chart on the preceding page are reflected in the\ncomposition of the divisions. The early stage divisions were made up\nlargely of men recruited after the 18 and 19 year old draft began; the\nlate stage divisions, on the other hand, were made up of men recruited\nbefore this draft and before the induction of men 30 years old and\nover had become heavy.\nAGE COMPARISON OF TWO GROUPS OF DIVISIONS\nTWO DIVISIONS IN AN\nTWO DIVISIONS IN A\nEARLY STAGE OF TRAINING\nLATE STAGE OF TRAINING\n19 YEARS OR LESS\n435\n25\n20 YEARS\n235\n35\n21- YEARS\n125\n391\n25-29 YEARS\n115\n385\n30-34 TEARS\n6\n131\n35 YEARS AND OVER\n5\n5\nITOTAL 100$1\n(TOTAL 100%)\nThis chart compares the age distribution of the two early stage divi-\nsions with that of the two divisions in a late stage of training. Of\nthe men in an early stage of training, 66 per cent are 20 or under,\nbut only 5 per cent of the men in the late stage divisions are 20 or\nunder. The contrast between these two groups of divisions may be more\nextreme than would normally obtain; nevertheless, it is probably in-\ndicative of important variations in the. composition of divisions. Such\ndifferences in characteristics of outfits may affect not only attitudes\nof men, but also the type of training which would be most effective.\n107\nThe Over-All Picture\nAGE DISTRIBUTION OF ENLISTED NEW\nPERCENTAGE OF MEN IN EACH AGE GROUP\n18-29 YEARS\n4\n20-24 YEARS\n425\n25-29 YEARS\n295\n30-34 TEARS\n145\n35-37 TEARS\nas\n38 TEARS AND OVER\n65\nITOTAL 100%\nThis chart presents a percentage distribution of enlisted men by age\ngroups as of March 31, 1943. It is possible that by July 1 the pro-\nportion of 18 and 19 year olds may have increased to as much as 8 per\ncent.\nEDUCATIONAL LEVEL OF ENLISTED MEN\nPERCENTAGE OF MEN AT EACH EDUCATIONAL LEVEL\nGRADE SCHOOL WEN\n331\nHIGH SCHOOL\nMONGRADUATES\n281\nHIGH SCHOOL\nGRADUATES\n261\nCOLLEGE MEN\n131\n(TOTAL 100%)\nThe American Army is the best-educated army in history. Two-fifths of\nthe enlisted men are high school graduates, and one man in eight has\nattended college. In general, Northern men have ad more formal edu-\ncation than Southern men.\n108\nThe Over-All Picture (continued)\nRACE DISTRIBUTION OF ENLISTED MEN\nPERCENTAGE OF MEN OF EACH RACE\nWHITE\n90%\nMEGRO\n85\nOTHER\n25\n(TOTAL 100%)\nNine out of ten American soldiers are of the white race. The bulk of\nthe Negro soldiers come from the South, and the bulk of soldiers of\nother nonwhite races come from the West.\n;e\nLOCALITIES FROM WHICH ENLISTED MEN COME\nir\nPERCENTAGE OF MEN FROM...\nEACH GEOGRAPHIC REGION\nSIZE OF HOME TOWN\n(Whites only)\n615\n(TOTAL 100$)\n40%\n(TOTAL 100%)\n30%\n305\n295\n105\nNORTH\nSOUTH\nWEST\nRURAL\n2,500-\nOVER\n100,000 100,000\nf\nThe distribution of enlisted men by region of origin and size of home\n3\ntown, as shown above, accurately reflects the distribution of the male\n-\npopulation from 18 to 44 years as reported by the Census.\n109\nThe Marital Picture\nMARITAL STATUS OF WHITE ENLISTED MEN\nPERCENTAGE OF MEN IN EACH MARITAL GROUP\nMARRIED\nfafore Induction\n215\nAfter Industion\n91\nDIVORCED. WIDOWED,\nSEPARATED\n,\nITOTAL 10081\nSINGLE\n571\nThirty per cent of our enlisted men are married. Almost a third of\nthe married men married after induction.\nAlmost all old Army men were single when they entered the Army. In\nthe last year the proportion of men married at the time of induction\nhas increased sharply. As the chart below shows, more than a fourth\nof the men who have been in the Army a year or less were married be-\nfore induction.\nMEN MARRIED BEFORE INDUCTION: By Length of Service\nPERCENTAGE MARRIED 11 EACH LONGEVITY GROUP\n) MONTHS\nOR LESS\n295\nOVER 3 MONTHS\nTO 6 MONTHS\n271\nOVER 5 MONTHS\nTO 1 YEAR\n251\nOVER 1 YEAR\nTO 2 YEARS\n\"\nOVER 2 YEARS\n6\nData are for while am only\n110\nThe Marital Picture (continued)\nThe reverse tendency is noted in connection with men married since in-\nduction. Very few men who have served a year or less have married\nsince entering the Army, but two-fifths of the men with more than two\nyears service who entered the Army single have since married. These\nfacts are brought out in the chart below, which is based on Research\nBranch studies made in March, 1943.\nNEX MARRIED AFTER INDUCTION: By Length of Service\nPERCENTAGE MARRIED IN EACH LONGEVITY GROUP\n3 WONTHS\nis\nOR LESS\nOVER 3 MONTHS\n35\nTO 6 WONTHS\nOVER 6 MONTHS\nTO 1 YEAR\n91\nOVER 1 YEAR\n225\nTO 2 TEARS\nOVER 2 YEARS\n395\nData are based only on white men who were single when inducted\nIII\nThis is The Army - as of April 1, 1943\n(Percentage Distribution by Region of Origin, Race and #ducation)\nWHITE\nNEGRO\nOTHER\nTOTAL\nNORTHERNERS\n5\n$\n$\n1\nCollege graduates.\n1.9\n.\n.\n1.9\nCollege non-graduates.\n6.0\n0.1\n0.1\n6.2\nHigh school graduates.\n17.4\n0.4\n0,1\n17.9\nHigh school non-graduates.\n17.3\n0.8\n0.1\n18.2\nGrade school men\n16.0\n0.9\n0.2\n17.1\nTOTAL NORTHERNERS\n58.6\n2.2\n0.5\n61.3\nSOUTHERNERS\nCollege graduates.\n0.6\n0.1\n.\n0.7\nCollege non-graduates.\n2.1\n0.2\n.\n2.3\nHigh school graduates.\n6.2\n0.5\n0.1\n5.8\nHigh school non-graduates.\n6.1\n1.1\n0.1\n7.3\nOrade school men\n8.9\n3.3\n0.2\n12.4\nTOTAL SOUTHERNERS\n22.9\n5.2\n0.4\n28.5\nWESTERNERS\nCollege graduates.\n0.8\n.\n.\n0.3\nCollege non-graduates.\n1.2\n.\n0.1\n1.3\nHigh school graduates.\n2.6\n.\n0.2\n2.8\nsign school non-graduates.\n2.4\n0.1\n0.2\n2.7\nOrade school men\n2.7\n0.1\n0.3\n3.1\nTOTAL WESTERNERS.\n9.2\n0.2\n0.8\n10.2\nALL REGIONS COMBINED\nCollege graduates.\n2.8\n0.1\n-\n2.9\nCollege non-graduates.\n9.3\n0.3\n0.2\n0.8\nRigh school graduates.\n25.2\n0.9\n0.4\n26.5\nHigh school non-graduates.\n25.8\n2.0\n0.4\n28.2\nOrade school men\n27.6\n4.3\n0.7\n32.6\nGRAND TOTAL\n90.7\n7.6\n1.7\n100.0\neless than 0.05 per cent\nRegional divisions follow U. 8. Census divisions. Northerners are mes from\nNew England, Middle Atlantic and East and West North Central states. South\nerners are from South Atlantic and East and West South Central states. West-\nerners are from Mountain and Pacific states.\n112\nINDEX\nPage\nPage\nAge,\nEducation, (Cont.)\nand attitude toward physical conditioning\nand Negro attitudes toward race separ-\nprogram\n16\nation in Army\n58\nand choice of soldier role\n16-17\nand opportunities for promotion\n28-29\nand choice of soldier role, among ASF men\n25\nchanges in trend among inductees\n106\nand physical proficiency\n16\ndistribution of enlisted men\n108\nchanges in trend among inductees.\n106\nlevels in World Wars I and II\n28\ndifferences in two groups of divisions\n107\npercentage distribution of enlisted men\n112\ndistribution of enlisted men\n108\nEnemy,\nAllies, attitudes toward\neffect of films on attitudes toward\n92-94, 95\namong enlisted men in United States\n79-81\ninfluence of Why We Fight films on\namong officers in United States\n79-81\nattitudes toward\n92-94\namong troops in Middle East\n82-83\ninfluence of Why We Fight films on\nand choice of soldier role\n12\nfactual knowledge about\n89-91\neffects of films on\n95-97\nEngland, (See Allies)\nArmy, composition of\n105-112\nEngland, troops in\nAthletics,\nattitudes toward Yank\n75\nas off-duty preference\n68-71\nattitudes toward Stars and Stripes\n75\ncriticism of program\n71\ndesire for dayrooms\n72-73\nAWOL,\ndesire for information\n36\nand choice of soldier role\n35\nfeatures liked in Yank\n75\nand education level\n34-35\nparticipation in off-duty activities\n65-66,\nfactors associated with\n35\npreferences in off-duty activities.\n68\nBattle of Britain, (See Why We Fight)\nreading of Yank\n74-75\nBooks,\nreading of Start and Stripes\n75\ndesire for, among troops in England\n73\nrecreational facilities and equipment\nreading of, as off-duty activity.\n67\nmost desired\n72-73\ntypes preferred in England\n74-75\ntypes of books preferred\n74-75\nBranch of service,\nuse of Red Cross clubs\n72\nand job assignment of choice\n50-51\nExperimental Section, Research Branch\nand job satisfaction\n50-51\nmethods\n88,99\npreference for, and choice of soldier role 22-23\nstudies\n87\nBritain, (See Allies)\nFighting job, preference for, and choice\nBritish resistance, influence of Why We\nof soldier role\n13\nFight films\nFilms, liking for\non attitude toward\n95-97\nand content analysis\n100-101, 103\nCamps surveyed, location of\n7\nand effectiveness of informational motion\nCard playing, as off-duty activity.\n66-67\npictures\n98\nClassification, (See Job assignment)\nFood, attitudes of soldiers toward\n61, 63\nConcerts, as off-duty preference\n68\nForce,\nDancing,\ndesire to change\n26-27\nas off-duty activity\n67\nutilization of technical training by men\n52-53\nas off-duty preference\n68-69\nGames, desire for, among troops in England\n73\nDating, as off-duty activity\n66-67\nGermans (See Enemy)\nHobbies, as off-duty preference\n69\nDayrooms,\nadequacy of facilities in\n72\nInductees,\ndesire for, among troops in England\n72-73\nchanges in age of\n106\nequipment of\n72-73\nchanges in education of\n106\nDefensive strategy, influence of Why We\nchanges in marital condition of\n106\nFight films\nInformational motion pictures,\non attitude toward\n94\nstudy of\n87\nDesertion rates, by education\n34\neffect on attitudes\n92-98\nDivide and Conquer, (See Why We Fight)\neffect on factual knowledge\n89-91\nDrinking, as off-duty activity\n66-67\neffectiveness of and liking for film\n98\nEducation,\nInformation, desire for\nand choice of soldier role\n30-31\namong troops in E.T.O\n36\nand desertion rates\n34\namong troops in United States\n37\nINDEX\nPage\nPage\nInformation, effects of Why We Fight films\nMovies (See also Films and Informational\non men's factual knowledge\n89-91\nmotion pictures)\nJapan (See Enemy)\nas off-duty activity\n66-67\nas off-duty preference\n68-69\nJob assignment,\nand opportunity to choose Army job,\nMusic, listening to, as off-duty preference 68-69\nby branch of service\n50-51\nNazi-Soviet Pact, influence of Why We Fight\nsatisfaction with and opportunity to\non attitude toward\n95\nchoose Army job\n48-49\nNatir Strike, The (See Why We Fight)\nJob satisfaction,\nNegotiated peace, attitude toward\nand branch of service\n50.51\nand choice of soldier role\n12\nand opportunity to choose job.\n48-49\nNegro soldiers,\nand utilization of technical training\n52\nattitudes toward Army fairness and choice\nin the Middle East Command\n50\nof soldier role\n14-15\nJob transfer, desire for\nattitudes toward race separation in Army,\namong ASF men\n27\nby education level\n58-39\namong AGF men\n27\nattitudes toward race separation in Army,\nand choice of soldier role among\nby length of service\n58\nASF men\n26-27\nchoice of soldier role by education\n32-33\nLength of service,\nchoice of soldier role among Northern\nand choice of soldier role\n18-19\nand Southern Negro soldiers\n32-33\nand Negro attitudes toward race separ-\nofficer preferences of\n56-57\nation in Army\n58\npercentage of all enlisted men\n109\nand noncom abilities considered important 44\nregion of origin and education\n112\nand pride in outfit\n20-21\nNoncommissioned officers, abilities considered\nby marital condition of white enlisted\nimportant\nmen\n110-111\nand length of service\nIf\nLimited service men,\nby officers\n44-45\nand choice of soldier role among ASF men\n25\nby noncoms\n44-45\nproportion in each arm or service\n24\nby privates\n44-45\nspecial problems of\n24\nNoncommissioned officers,\nLetter-writing, as off-duty activity\n66-67\nenlisted men's rating of.\n42-43\nMachine Records Branch, A.G.O.,\nOff-duty activities, participation in\ndata on characteristics of soldiers\n105-112\nin England\n65-67, 71\nMagazines,\nin United States\n65-67, 70-71\ndesire for, among troops in England\n73\nOff-duty activities, preferences for,\nreading of, as off-duty activity\n66-67\nin England\n68\nMarital condition,\nin United States\n68, 69-71\nand choice of soldier role.\n16-17\nOfficers,\nand choice of soldier role among ASF men\n25\nattitudes toward Allies\n79-81\nby length of service of white enlisted\npreferences of Negro enlisted men\n55-57\nmen in United States\n110-111\nOrientation films (See Informational motion\nchanges in trend among inductees\n106\npictures, Why We Fight)\nMarshall, Gen. G. C,,\nOrigins of soldiers,\nstatement of purpose of orientation films\n88\nand choice of soldier role among Negro\nMedical care in the Army, attitudes of\nsoldiers\n32-53\nsoldiers toward\n61-62\npercentage distribution of enlisted men.\n112\nMethods of research\n6,88,99\nregion of United States\n109\nMiddle East, troops in\nsize of home town\n109\nand attitudes toward Allies\n82,83\nOsborn, Gen. F. H.,\nand attitudes toward Pocket Guides to\nmemorandum for the Commanding\nforeign countries\n75\nGeneral, Army Service Porces\n3\nand attitudes toward V-mail\n76-77\nOverseas duty,\nand choice of soldier role\n10-11\nand choice of soldier role\n13\nand distribution of Pocket Guides to\npreference for\n13\nforeign countries\n75\nParties,\nand job satisfaction\n50\nas off-duty preference\n68\nINDEX\nPage\nPage\nPage\nPhysical conditioning program,\nSoldier role, choice of,\nand age\n16\namong Northern and Southern\n66-67\nattitudes toward\n16\nNegro soldiers\n32-33\n68-69\nPhysical proficiency and age\n16\nand attitude toward the war\n12\n68-69\nPlays and stage shows,\nand faith in Allies\n12\nV\nas off-duty preferences\n68\nand willingness to talk peace\n12\n95\nPocket Guides to foreign countries\nand desire for job transfer\n26-27\nattitudes toward, in Middle East Command\n75\nand education among Negro soldiers\n32-33\ndistribution of, in Middle East Commmand\n75\nand length of service of noncoms\n18-19\n12\nPrelude to War (See Why We Fight)\nand length of service of privates\n18-19\nand Negro attitudes toward Army fairness 14-15\nPride in outfit,\nand preference for actual fighting job\n13\nand choice of soldier role\n13\nand length of service of noncoms\n20-21\nand preference for overseas duty.\n13\n14-15\nand length of service of privates\n20-21\nand preference for own branch of service 22-23\nand pride in outfit\n13\n58-59\nProgram analyzer\n99-103\nand related attitudes\n10\nPromotion,\nby age\n16-17\n58\nand education\n28-29\n32-33\nby ASF men\n26-27\nenlisted men's views on\n42-44\nby AWOL men\n35\nnoncoms' views on\n44\nby education\n30-31\n32-33\nopportunities for\n28-29\nby general service men in ASF-trained\n56-57\nrelation to choice of soldier role\n18-19\nbranches\n24-25\n109\nRace,\nby limited service men in ASF-trained\n112\ndistribution of enlisted men\n109\nbranches\n24-25\nI\npercentage distribution of enlisted men\n112\nby marital condition\n16-17\nseparation in Army\n58-59\nby Negro enlisted men in the United\n44\nattitude of Negro and white soldiers\nStates\n14-15\n14-45\ntoward\n58-59\nby rank\n30-31\n14-45\nRadio listening, as off-duty activity\n66-67\nby white enlisted men in the United\n14-45\nRadio-phonographs,\nStates\n14-15\ndesire for, among troops in England\n72-73\nin Middle East Command\n10-11\n12-43\nRank,\nin the United States\n10-11\nand abilities considered important for\nsummary of findings\n37\n7,71\nnoncommissioned officers\n44-45\nSoldiers, characteristics of (See Age, Education,\n'0-71\nand choice of soldier role\n18-19,\n30-31\nMarital Status, Rank, etc.),\nand choice of soldier role among ASF men\n25\nage differences in two groups of divisions\n107\n68\nand pride in outfit\n20-21\nage distribution\n108\ni9-71\nand views on promotion\n42-44\nchanges in age of inductees\n106\nmen who entered as privates, by educa-\nchanges in education of inductees\n106\n9-81\ntional level of\n29\nchanges in marital condition of inductees\n106\n5-57\nReading, as off-duty activity\n66-67\neducational level\n108\nRecords and phonographs,\nmarital condition of white enlisted men\nneed for in dayrooms\n72\nin United States\n110-111\nRecreational facilities,\npercentage distribution by region of\nneed for, by men in England\n72-73\norigin, race and education\n112\n2-33\nrace distribution\n109\nRed Cross clubs,\n112\nuse of in England\n72\nregion of origin\n109\n.109\nsize of home town\n109\nResearch Branch, Special Service Division\n109\nareas surveyed by\n7\nSpecial Service Division,\nmethods of research\n6,88,99\ninformation program of\n87\nRussia (See Allies)\nSports,\n3\nService clubs,\nas off-duty activity\n67,70\npreference for\n72\nas off-duty preference\n68-71\n13\nuse of\n72\ntypes preferred\n70\n13\nuse of and distance from barracks\n72-73\nSports equipment,\nSinging, as off-duty preference\n68\ndesire for, among troops in England\n73\n68\nINDEX\nPage\nStage shows and plays,\nWar, The (Cont.)\nPage\nas off-duty preference in England\n68\nmethods for measuring effects of\n$\nStart and Stripes\nportions liked and disliked\n100-101, 103\nattitudes toward, in England\n75\npurpose of\n102\nreading of, in England\n75\nWhy We Fight,\nStudies,\neffects on men's factual knowledge\n89-91\nareas surveyed\n7\ninfluence on attitude toward British\nmethods of conducting\n6, 88, 99\nresistance\n95-97\nTechnical training,\ninfluence on attitudes toward defensive\ndesire for\n52\nstrategy\n94\nutilization of, and Army job satisfaction\n52\ninfluence on attitudes toward enemy\n92-94\nutilization of, by arm or service\n52-53\ninfluence on attitude toward Nazi-\nTheatres where studies have been conducted,\nSoviet Pact\n95\nlocation of\n7\nmethods for measuring effects of\nas\nUSO clubs, use of\n72\npurpose of\nss\nV-mail, attitudes toward in Middle East\nCommand\n76-77\nWriting tables, desire for, among troops\nVisits to British homes, as off-duty preference 68\nin England\n73\nWar, attitudes toward, and choice of\nYank,\nsoldier role\n12\nattitudes toward, in England\n75\nFar, The\nfeatures liked in, by men in England\n=\nevaluation of techniques of presentation\n102\nreading of, in England\n74-75\nage\n99\n03\n102\n-91\n97\n94\n94\n95\n88\n88\n73\n75\n75\n-75\nRequests for additional copies of this report\nor for more detailed tabulations of data from\nwhich this material has been compiled should\nbe addressed to\nCOMMANDING GENERAL, ARMY SERVICE FORCES\nATTENTION: DIRECTOR, SPECIAL SERVICE DIVISION\nWAR DEPARTMENT, WASHINGTON, D. C."
}