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OCR Page 1 of 2PSF
Peace - Subject File
Box 75
Box 175
P:F:
PiF:Peace
EXCERPTS FROM THE ADDRESS OF VISCOUNT HALIFAX AT THE
ROYAL INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS
JUNE 29, 1939
***Nations expand their wealth and raise the standard
of living of their people by gaining the confidence of their
neighbors and thus facilitating the flow of goods between
them.
*Economically, the world is far too closely knit
together for any one country to hope to profit itself at
the expense of its neighbors, and no more than any other
country can Germany hope to solve her economic problems in
isolation.
It is undoubtedly impossible at present for us to fore-
see the day when all trade everywhere will be completely
free. But it 18 possible to make arrangements, given the
opportunities, which would greatly enlarge the area of free-
dom.
Through cooperation--and we, for our part, are ready
to cooperate--there is ample scope for extending to all
nations the opportunity of a larger economic life, with all
that this means, which is implied in the term "lebensraum."
If the world were organized on such lines neither
Germany nor Italy would need fear for her own safety and no
nation could fail to profit from the immense material bene-
fits which the general application of science has brought
within universal reach. But no such society of nations can
be built upon force, in a world which lives in fear of
violence
- 2 -
violence and has to spend its substance in preparing to
resist it.
.......
In one of your own studies, "The Colonial Problem",
the type of research that enhances the name and the
reputation of Chatham House [headquarters of Royal Insti-
tute of International Affairs], you have considered the
question of whether colonies pay. You drew attention to
the benefits of cheap imports which consumers of a country
in possession of colonies obtain as a result of the rela-
tively low cost of production of certain commodities in
colonial territories.
But under an international system, under which the
present barriers were, to a. great extent abolished, those
benefits, already shared as they are to considerable extent
by many countries not in possession of colonies, would be
shared still more widely. On all sides there could be more
free and ready access to the markets and raw materials of
the world; wider channels of trade down which would flow
the goods that nations natures require to buy and sell. Such are
some of the possibilities within everybody's reach.
.......
Whatever may be the difficulties of the colonial prob-
lem, or of any other, I would not despair of finding ways
of settlement once everybody has got the will to settle.
But
- 3 -
But unless all countries do in fact desire a. settlement,
discussions would only do more harm than good.
It 18, moreover, impossible to negotiate with a. govern-
ment whose responsible spokesmen brand a friendly country a.8
thieves and blackmailers, and indulge in daily monstrous
slanders on British policy in all parts of the world. But
if that spirit, which is clearly incompatible with any desire
for a peaceful settlement, gave way to something different,
His Majesty's Government would be ready to pool its best
thought in order to end the present state of political and
economic insecurity.
If we could get so far, what an immense stride the world
would have made! We should have exorcised the anxiety that
is cramping and arresting business expansion, and we should
have brought back an atmosphere of confidence among nations
and an assurance for the future among the youth of this and
every other European country.
Our task would be the reconstruction of the international
order on a broader and firmer foundation****.
.......
***British policy rests on twin foundations of purpose.
One is the determination to resist force. The other is our
recognition of the world's desire to get on the constructive
work of building peace. If we could once be satisfied that
the
- 4 -
the. intentions of others were the same 8.8 our own and that
we all really wanted peaceful solutions--then I say here
definitely that we could discuss the problems that are today
causing the world anxiety. In such a. new atmosphere we could
examine the colonial problem, questions of raw materials,
trade barriers, the issue of "lebensraum", the limitation of
armaments, and any other issue that affects the lives of all
European citizens.
.......
PSF: Peace
Percefile
October 10, 1939
LEAGUE OF NATIONS UNION
WORLD SETTLEMENT AFTER THE WAR
The Executive Committee of the League of Nations Union believe that
it is essential that both our friends and enemies should know clearly what
we are fighting for. Such knowledge will give to our own people as well as
to our friends and allies the confidence that their efforts and sacrifices
are asked for a definite and worthy object, and may prevent our enemies
destroyed. from thinking that they must continue to fight lest they should be utterly
It is not less vital that neutral nations should be satisfied of the
righteousness and modoration of our purpose.
For these and other reasons, the Allied Governments may at any time
feel it desirable to declare our War Aims. In that event, it may help those
who have to consider them to know what people of good-will think, who are
profoundly convinced of the justice of our cause and believe that the war
will have been fought in vain unless it leads to the establishment of a new
order based on justice and good faith.
The following is an attempt to state the principles of such a settle-
ment.
1. Our immediate object in going to war was to stop aggression. There-
fore, we make as our first condition the restoration of the real
political independence of the Polish and Czechoslevakian peoples.
Any modification of boundaries could only be discussed after this
object has been accomplished.
2. Next, we desire a lasting peace, based on justice and inter-
national good faith.
3. We believe that such a peace would not be secured by an attempt
so to weaken Germany as to make her powerless again to disturb
the peace of the world. A great and vigorous nation can be
neither exterminated nor permanently disabled. Any attempt to
do so would merely create the utmost bitterness without produc-
ing safety. The principle of equality of rights for all States
must be accepted.
4. On the other hand, the national sovereignty of each State must
be 80 limited as to secure the safety and well-being of the
community of nations. We cannot acquiesce in a recrudescence
of World Anarchy with its periodic wars disastrous both to
belligerents and neutrals.
5. Some form of international organisation is therefore essential.
That involves a limitation of National Sovereignty. How far that
can be carried is a practionl question which can only be solved
at an International Conference.
At Paris in 1919, even with the immediate recollection
of four years' dosalating war, the nations wore not pre-
- 2 -
pared to go further than the Covenant. Indeod, that was too far
for the United States, and in truth only carried the partial
assent of several other countries which in form accepted it. It
may be that the nations or somo of them would this time be pre-
pared to go further. Such possibilities should be carefully
studied.
6. The minimum limitation of national sovereignty to be of any use as a
safeguard for peace must embody the following propositions:
(i) The supremacy of Law founded on Justice must he accepted
as the fundamental principle of international relations.
A peaceful world order cannot be established if force
is held to be the only thing that counts in international
affairs and if any nation, powerful enough to do so, may
set at defiance every principle of justice and even its
own international engagements.
(ii) All international differences which cannot be settled by
negotiation must be submitted to some kind of third party
judgment which may be either by way of judicial decision,
arbitration or authoritative mediation.
(iii) National armaments must be the subject of reduction and
limitation by international agreement.
(iv) The use of force must be restricted to action approved
by the international authority. (It will, of course,
be recollected that, under the Locarno Agreement,
provision was made for self-defence in an emergency
provided approval of the international authority was
obtained.)
(v) Each of the States Members of the international community
must be ready to accept its fair share of responsibility
for preventing and stopping aggression.
7. The reduction and limitution of national armaments also requires that
an international authority shall have power
(1) To supervise such reduction and limitation,
(ii) To protect a State which has limited its armaments from
a State which has not done so.
8. For this and other reasons an international authority is essential
for any scheme of world order. Its form and powers may be the sub-
jeot of further international discussion. In practice the inter-
national machinery of the League has not been inadequate where its
Members have used it. In our judgment it should be taken as the
basis of the new order, amended and strengthened where necessary.
9. Means must be provided for dealing pacifically with any interna-
tional grievance, whether it is of a justiciable character or not.
The powers of varying a treaty should be extended to any case
where it seems fair and reasonable to do so, A olaim for modifi-
cation of territorial sovereignty should not be excluded from oon-
sideration merely on that ground.
- 3 -
10. The principle that Colonies inhabited by peoples not yet able to stand
by themselves should be administered as a trust for the well-being and
development of such peoples and should be open on equal terms to the
commerce of all nations, should be applied to all such Colonies whether
their sovereignty was or was not affected by the World War of 1914.
11. Economic prosperity and social justice are not less important for world
peace than political security. The international authority should
establish agencies, acting in the interest of all peoples, to promote
the freeing of international commerce with due regard for standards
of labour and wages, to promote increased consumption and better dis-
tribution of the world's resources, and to deal with common economic
problems such as post-war demobilisation. The international service
in this direction rendered by the League and the I,L.O. should be
extended.
12. The protection accorded by the Minorities Treaties to religious,
racial and linguistic minorities in certain countries should be
extended to all countries and made more effective. The persecu-
tion of the Jews has greatly increased the urgency of dealing with
the problem.
THE NATIONAL PEACE CONFERENCE
Prace
and
THE EUROPEAN CRISIS
file
An American Peace Program
THE on September 3 made the following declarations: "I hope the
President of the United States in a nation-wide broadcast
United States will keep out of this war. I believe that it will. And
I give you assurances that every effort of your government will be
directed toward that end.
And it seems to me clear, even at the
outbreak of this great war, that the influence of America should be
consistent in seeking for humanity a final peace which will elim-
inate, as far as it is possible to do so, the continued use of force
between nations."
The National Peace Conference believes these statements reflect
the overwhelming desire of the American people. In identifying our-
selves with the peace aims expressed by our President we are unani-
mously of the conviction that the United States must not be drawn
into military conflict. No less important, however, is the task of
organizing the world for peace and justice.
The United States in its effort to keep out of war should continue
to use its good offices looking toward conciliation or mediation of
the war now in progress. The door to a peaceful settlement of inter-
national controversies and hostilities should never be closed. We ac-
cordingly recommend that the United States initiate continuous
conference of neutral nations to procure a just peace.
The events of these recent days have only strengthened our con-
viction that the way to permanent world justice and peace lies in
the creation of a world community to be participated in by all gov-
ernments on a basis of absolute equality. The United States can best
serve the cause of peace by indicating its willingness to cooperate
with other nations in the establishment of a genuine world govern-
ment. We should give all possible aid to reconstituting at the earliest
possible moment the world's peace machinery. The immediate
causes of the present conflict, whatever they may be, are not un-
related to the anarchy hitherto prevailing in the relations of nations,
a situation for which the United States must accept its full share
of responsibility. Let this country at the earliest possible moment
associate itself with other nations in the development of a world or-
ganization, the primary functions of which would be the adjust-
ment and settlement of international disputes and the achievement
of a stable world order secure from war and the threat of war, Let
us resolve that the peace which follows the present conflict shall not
sow the seeds of future conflicts.
Meanwhile emphasis should be given to the President's appeal
that American citizens refrain from exploiting the present crisis for
private gain. Appropriate measures designed to prevent such ex-
ploitation should be adopted. History demonstrates the fact that
swollen profits derived from the traffic in the essentials of war un-
dermine public morality and render ineffective the desire of a people
to remain at peace.
If the United States is to be kept out of war, the subtle appeal of
propaganda will have to be resisted. It has often been said and will
be said again and again that American participation in a general
European conflict is inevitable. This is not true. The resources of our
organizations should be employed to the full in disproving the false
contention that if Europe fights, the United States must also fight.
We must recognize and analyze propaganda to prevent warped
judgments and unjust animosities. We must set ourselves to the task
of developing among our people the will to peace.
There must be no relaxation of our efforts to strengthen the insti-
tutions of American democracy and to preserve intact the liberties
vouchsafed to our people in the Constitution. The contribution to
be made by the United States in the furtherance of peace is deter-
mined in part by the stability of our domestic economy. Efforts to
achieve social and economic justice within our own borders must be
continued. Attempts to stir up animosity among the racial and re-
ligious groups which comprise our population must be discouraged.
Care must also be exercised that the people of the United States be
not divided into opposing ideological camps where use is made of
the weapons of abuse and recrimination. Racial and religious perse-
cution, always to be deplored, is at this moment doubly offensive
and if persisted in will engender attitudes of ill will which in turn
can only weaken the purpose of our people to keep the peace. If we
are to keep out of war, civil liberties must be guarded and the right
of free speech vigorously defended.
The peace movement is not defeated. More people hate war today
than at any time in the past. This is true even among the peoples of
nations now at war. More people are thinking about the problems
of peace and the task of world organization than at any other period
of history. It remains for the peace forces of this and other countries
to organize and make politically effective this universal hatred of
war and to embody in a world community mankind's long quest
for justice, law and order.
NATIONAL PEACE CONFERENCE
8 West 40th Street
New York, N. Y.
181
PSF, Pace
AN AMERICAN PEACE PROGRAM
"Six Points"
The National Peace Conference, recognizing the imperative
necessity of a clearly defined program in the face of the world
crisis, has adopted the following six point program to be recommended
to its thirty-nine national member organizations and thirty-two com-
munity peace councils as the basis for immediate education and action:
1. Keep the United States out of war.
2. Initiate continuous conference of neutral nations
to procure a just peace.
3. Work for permanent world government as the basis
of peace and security.
4. Prevent exploitation of war for private gain.
5. Recognize and analyze propaganda to prevent warped
judgments and unjust animosities.
6. Strengthen American democracy through solving press-
ing domestic problems and vigorously safeguarding
civil liberties.
Such education and action will implement the words of Presi-
dent Roosevelt when, in his nation-wide broadcast of September 3, he
declared, "I hope the United States will keep out of this war. I be-
lieve that it will. And I give you assurances that every effort of
your government will be directed toward that end." And further, "And
it seems to me clear, even at the outbreak of this great war, that the
influence of America should be consistent in seeking for humanity a
final peace which will eliminate, as far as it is possible to do so,
the continued use of force between nations."
The National Peace Conference serves a three-fold pur-
pose: (1) as a council board at which its members express their
views on American foreign policy and formulate and clarify poli-
cies and issues: (2) 8.8 a clearing house to receive, record, and
publicize views of its affiliated organizations to the public and
the government; (3) as a publisher and program servicing agency
to provide its member organizations and the general public with
objective, non-partisan information on world events, programs,
policies, educational methods and procedures, and organizational
techniques.
Members of the National Peace Conference
American Association of University Women
American Friends Service Committee
American Unitarian Association
American Youth Congress
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
Catholic Association for International Peace (consultative)
Central Conference of American Rabbis
Church Peace Union
Committee on Militarism in Education
Council for Social Action of the Congregational and Christian
Churches
Department of International Justice and Goodwill of the Federal
Council of Churches
Department of Social Education and Action, Presbyterian Church
(consultative)
Fellowship of Reconciliation
Foreign Missions Conference
Foreign Policy Association (consultative)
Friends' General Conference
General Conference Commission on World Peace of the Methodist
Episcopal Church
General' Federation of Women's Clubs
Institute of International Education
International Society of Christian Endeavor
League of Nations Association
National Board of the Y. W. C. A.
National Committee on the Cause and Cure of War
National Committee of Church Women
National Council of Jewish Women
National Council for Prevention of War
National Council of the Y. M. C. A.
National Executive Board of the Woman's Auxiliary, Episcopal
Church
National Federation of Business and Professional Women's Clubs
National Federation of Temple Sisterhoods
National Student Federation
National Woman's Christian Temperance Union
United Student Peace Committee
United Synagogue of America
War Resisters League
Women's International League for Peace and Freedom
Women's League of the United Synagogue of America
World Alliance for International Friendship Through the Churches
World Peaceways
Ames, Iowa, Peace Council
Boston, Massachusetts, Peace Council
Brooklyn, New York, Peace Council
Camden County, New Jersey, Council on International Relations
Chicago, Illinois, Peace Council
Cincinnati, Ohio, Peace League
Cleveland, Ohio, Peace Committee
Connecticut Peace Conference
Denver, Colorado, Peace Council
Des Moines, Iowa, Peace Council
Franklin County, Ohio, Peace Action Council
Greenville, North Carolina, Peace Council
Houston, Texas, International Relations Council
Jackson County, Michigan, Peace Council
Kansas City, Missouri, World Peace Council
Lincoln, Nebraska, Peace Council
Los Angeles, California, Peace Council
Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, Peace Council
Maryland Peace Conference
Missoula, Montana, Peace Council
Olean, New York, Peace Council
Palo Alto, California, Peace Council
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Peace Council
Plainfield, New Jersey, Council for World Friendship
Rhode Island Council for Peace Action
Ridgewood, New Jersey, Council for Furtherance of International
Understanding
Rochester, New York, Peáce Council
Rockland County, New York, Peace Association
Saint Paul, Minnesota, Council for Peace Education
San Francisco, California, Peace Council
San Mateo, California, Peace Council
Seattle, Washington, Peace Council
South Bay, California, Peace Council
PSF:Pen
11/8/39
The peoples of the world are crying for peace.
These cries will become louder and will force peace.
Peace must be on the basis that all the people
of the world can get back to work - Germans, Russians, Japanese,
Englishmen, Americans, South Americans - all the peoples of
the world.
Getting back to work carries with it a
declaration and a new Bill of Rights that must be the basis
of and be embodied in any future international law. A new
peace must contain the charter of all peoples' liberties
and it must be written into all constitutions. The liberty
of the person carries with it the right to find his own peace
with God in his own way. There must not be an enforced
prostration of one human being before another.
Each nation 1s trying to carry out these
ideas within its own territory, each in its own way, but
without consideration of the rights of other peoples in
other countries. We must find a common formula.
It was these thoughts better expressed by
you, Wells, Dorothy Thompson and others that drove me in
my own way to the suggestions I made regarding the United
States of Africa. If you remember, I suggested there
should be written a new charter of human liberty and human
rights, and the relationship of the state to the individual
and that of the individual to the state. There under
this new charter of liberty would be established another
life where man can be as free as it is possible, and where
man can conquer through hygiene, engineering and intelligent
practical planning the natural difficulties in climate and
environment.
2.
Many bodies of men and women are seeking to
find a basis for peace. All the peoples of the world want
an opportunity to get an outlet for such work as they want
and are willing to do. There will have to be a revamping
if not of lands, then of access to lands, not by nations
but by individuals.
To accomplish any such end as we have in view,
nations must not say that they wish to hold land exclusively
for their own people. A peace must be one with opportunity
for the individual in every nation. What will each nation
contribute?
In order to accomplish something to implement
these ideas, I suggest that there be coordination between
the many bodies of scholars who are studying and the practical
men who had experience with the making of the treaties of
peace since the beginning of the world war. Such a study
should have as its basis the above ideas - an opportunity
for the individual to develop and retain as much of his
personal liberty as is consistent with living in a largely
populated state. But unquestionably he must have rights
of his person and his property, and the right to worship, and
his self-respect. Those are rights and privileges which rise
above charity and even above humane consideration.
We should find people who will undertake this
work and give it all their time.
PSF: Pace
ThirteenNWays par of Producing more Food
Tab shypen my
1
More are Vachinery
fack
FoodIs one of the najor weapons of the Axis.Through the bribe of food they
got sen in the conquored countries to serve in their andes and exxvayin work in their
factoties. Their great incentive to increase productio n in their sup industries is to
promise core rood.
to od is the greatest incentive to cooperation that we can offer.The Fresh
dent has pro siged relief to the countries we occupy,which my soon bring to our din-
ner table (ift) millionItalians and Greeke,who are now living on the eçivilent of one
small e-l a day.the largest crop DO can possibly raise will fall for below the need.
While the subm orine cenace revaine as it 10 we can not transport . large
any to urope or any of the tanks and can on we are building. These theke and gune wil
be of lit le use after the war;but the emergency demand for food will not decrease
for several years and with dehydration and the decreased cost of shipping,we my re-
tain such of this aret per anently.
:he American farmer with tractor, gang plow and ine can raise 1000 acres
of wheat on shorter hours than 100 European pensents would use in raising the same
crop. The success of the food program,which imlargely a ilitary problem also depends
to no small extent on our having adequate fare mohinery,whic forgerly did not have
and need not n/w have rubber tires.It should have a priority over tanke and artillery
and be at least 150 5 of the 1940 sales.
2.
N de Gerdens
where should be Fonuous effort to have every home with an adequate amount
of suitable ground to keep a garden,to be kept by the women and children, If the men
are working too long hours.The effort will not need to be 90 uch in getting start-
d,but to see that they are not later neglected.
,
School dardens
There are thousands of school gardens in America.In general these are not well
cared forgbut under a patriotic motive they eight be indused to raise arger gardene
and take better care of them. the consolidated rural schools often have large gar-
denebut there are several one room rural schools in this area that are maintained by
Henry Ford.These all have large well kept gardens.
The 0 frice of Education and the 5.5.6 could undoubtedly stimulate this activity
greatl y.
Municipal Gardens
Nearly all of our larger cities now have playground or recreation departments.
Many of which have or might have a garden division, of the with a special garden
supervisor.
lost cities have some undeveloped land under the park department that 10 well out,
suited for gardens
In many onsen there are considerable areas of land in the outer edge of the city
that would be offered to the city for gardens If the matter were presented to the owners
as a war masure.
It is hoped in thioxaiisx state that each municipality My be noved to have a
municipal truck garden under the supervison of the tate College and that Henry Ford
may 000 erate.
Taken 08 a whole this sould undoubtedly offer to the country hundrede of thoue-
ande of cores of land that night roduce vast acounts of food.
This grow: could be reached through the Mayore, Kimanie, Rolery, anhere of on-
merce and garden clube.
5
Industrial Gardens,
Many industries have large tracts of land ,that le being held for future devel-
opment or increase in value, ich night be turned over to their employees for gardens.
Pentry Copy has provided gardens for his enfor the last thirty years. plows
and harrows the ground,marks it off in separate plots and offers it to his employees free
These plote have often been neglected,but with a food emergency looming,they would
doubtless be better cared for.
The big insutrialists culd doubtless be reached through the National Department
of Commerce and the city chambers.
6
Soh ol Gardens for Porto Rico and Hawaia
The people of Forto Rico are near starvation and we do not have the transporta-
tion to give them much relief.They have never raised their own food;but have devoted
(habituales)
themselves to raising sugar,tobas 00 and coffee,while their chief food, beans has been sh
shipped in.For forty years the artment of education has been working for school gar-
dens and home gardens but with very moderate success/But after their experience this
year,they should jump at a chance if they can be furnished the seed.
Much the same situation revails in Hawaia,though here has not been the same
suffering.
7.
Gardens at the Japanese Resettlement Camps
These camps are ali located on public lands, largely in the desert and off the rail-
road;but most of the tracte are capable of irrigation at no great expense.They represent
some 115,000 peoj le two thirds of whom are A merican citizens,9 % of whom are prob-
ably loyal,and none of whom have been proven disloyal. Inasmuch as no German or Itelian
alie ne have ever been interned without a trial,this does not dook 80 good to the other
people of Asiatic origin.I is going to be a stumbling blook in the peace treaty.
More than half these Jape come from the L 08 Angeles area ,where they had a dom-
inant control of the truck gardening.They are among the most successful gardeners in
Ameriea.If the government would put a dehydrating plant at each of these twelve camps
and promise the immates that the government would buy their product at the same price
that it pays to others,it would at the same time,provide an enormous amount of food,
eliminate the expense of the camps,and put us in a much more favorable light at the
peace table.Angland pays the aliens working in her war industries the same as she does
her own citizens.T wage set foy our gahanese
citizens was originally 4t cents an hour,which has since be n raised to 9 cente an hour
8
Potatoes from trie
We speak of Irish Poato es and the Potatoe Famine in Ireland.Though I do not
have the statistice,I judge that potatoes are their chief crop.Potatoss are very
productive and my yield someh as four or five hundred bushels to the acre, enough
for a dozen fandlies.I suggest that the president send a special X delegate to
DeValera o ask him to increase his acreage in potatoes, dehydrate them,and put them
aside to relieve the famine in Europe after the war.
9
Beef and utton from the Argentime
Agentine should be urged to lay aside a store of dehydrated beef and mutton for
the post war emergency.
10
More Fishing
The food shortage could probably be more easily relieved through more fishing
than in any other way.
The Fiseries Research Institute assures me that nearl y all fishare edible
nile we would not choose whales and or sharkes for the banquet table they are
still perfectly good food. Undoubtedly the hungry peoples of Europe would be glad to
eat as much of them 0.8 we could can.In the case of the sharks the thinning the
population would be good,and the fine and liver would yield a good profit in them-
selves. lakes The army has recently arranged to take the entire smelt catch of the great
11
More workers
In Euro pe most of the farm work is being done by the women, the children,
by soldiers on furlough and by foreign labor.ne can do the same and we might de-
clare city holidays at crucial ti " for city people to help.
12
Public dehydrating, quick freezing or juice extracting plants in certain areas.
Henry s.Curtis Ph.D.
1100 Hill St.
Ann Arbor.Wich.
13
d
Gerens behind the Lines
So for as possible the garden vegetables needed 1y our Puice and the native
populatio no should be raised close behind the lines to save transportation and 008
fro m submarines.A small -Pry of expert gardenera :0 organize this department and sup-
ervise the efforts of native pop ulations should be a part of the arey organization.
The seeds would have to be furnished. Many of the gardeners might well be Japanese .
Henry S. urtis
HOTE Statler W ASHINGT PSF: Peace D.C.
A WORLD EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM TO PREPARE FOR A NO RLD COMMONWEALTH
THE NAZI TEACHING
Deutschland ueber alles.Germany has always been right and always victorious
We are a herran volk. SAll o ther peop les are inferior.The law of life is the law s
of the jungle, the survival of the stro ng,theclemination of the weak.To show pity
or consideration of the inferior is weakness "The only life worthy of a German is the
life of a soldier.The only glorious death is todie on the field of battle, fighting #
for the Fatherland.
This te aching leads inevitably to cryel and remoresless war in the ideals
of the Gestapo.The only cure,so far as Germany and Japan are converned is a drastic
reo^rganization of their school curriculum from the kindergarten through the univer-
sity,under the supervision of the Dederated Nations.
A WORLD P ROGRAM TO CREATE OUT OF THE SEVENTY ODD NATIONS A WORLD STATE
AND P ERMANENT P EACEMUST HAVE EXACTLY OPP OSITE IDEALS AND CONTENT SUCH AS,
There is no herrenvolk.Civilization has outgrown the narrow bounds of
nationalism. are moving toward a commonwealth of mankind, where hat reds must must
be fo rgotten.History must emphasize friendly and helpful attitudes.The law of the
jungle has been superceded by the moral law.Modern war is not a glorious combat be-
tween heroes with sword and spear,but rather a sordid battle between peoples that
knowe no law,whose weapons are pestilence and famine, whose methods are murder and
robbery, ,and whose chief victims are women and children, schools and hospitals. In a few
hours it may destroy the creative work of centuries and reduce the standard of liv-
ing fo^r decades.It is a El ghastly relic from an age of barbarism.
The world state must work toward a comed n understanding, through the radio,
the movie, the telephone and the telegraph, the press and the public platform, through
easier communication an quaintence, thro ugh international highways, railroads and
Hotels air lines, through passage from country to country, through dropping the restri Penn
HOTE Statler SHINGTON D.C.
tions to trade and ultimately through a common language or the simplification of exis-
ting languages.
It must Beek to red tice the hatreds and conflicts, that grow out of differences
of religion.
AN INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON EDUCATION AND PEACE
Suggest that each of the independent allied natio ns, including Turkey and Spran-
ish Ameri ca be asked by the resident of the United States to send a VERY SMALL group
of its educational, political and allied statesmen, WITH A WORLD POINT OF VIEW to a con-
ference in Washington in the hope that out of such a conference would come :
1. An outline or prospectus of a world school program that would train the youth of
the world toward peace and friendship.
2. The compositon of an educational clause for the peace treaty.
3. The setting up in Washington at once of a temporary world office to prepare for the
conference, and gather together the data on which many national organizations have
been working as a nucleus for a World Department of Education.
4. The broadcasting the conclusions of the conference through the radio, the press and
the publ 10 platform.
5. Before adjourning, the conference might plan for a much larger conference in which
every country would be represented or for a series of national conferences.
FOUR STEP S IN CREATING A WO RLD SCHOOL SYSTEM
1. The circulation andédiacussion of the report of the international conference in every
country with national conference where possible.
2. The o rganization of a World Department of Education,to be mostly advisory, but with
some superviion over the schools of Germany ,Italy and Japan.
3. The itro duction o f courses into the universities and noraml schools with the re-
writing of the text books.
4. The intro duction of the revised material into the schools of all countries.
Hotels in Boston Buttalo Cleveland Detroit St LOUIS - New York, Hotel Penisyrx S.Curtia (sburgh Hotel William Penn
1100
Hills
im arbor
PSF:
THE LINGUISTIC CHARACTER OF EAST PRUSSIA
JULIUS WYLER
The Graduate Faculty of Political and Social Sciences,
The New School for Social Research, New York, N.Y.
Address: 69-11 Yellowstone Boulevard, Forest Hills, New York.
Telephone: Boulevard 3-2815
INDEX
TEXT
Pages
Introduction and Conclusions
3
Conclusions
5
Administrative Divisions and
Statistical Sources
6
Census Results
9
Census and Statistics of School Children
18
Political Interpretation of the
Prussian Statistics
22
APPENDIX
Table No.
Population of East Prussia according to
language spoken and
regencies
1925
1
Total Population of selected districts
1890, 1900, 1910, 1925
2, 3
Population of the Masurian Region according
to languages spoken and
districts, 1890,1900,1910,1925 4,5,6,7
Population of other selected districts
according to language spoken
1890, 1900, 1910, 1925
8, 9
Population balance of the Masurian Region,
1910 to 1925
10
School Children in the Masurian Region,
according to language spoken,
1891, 1901, 1911
11,12,13
Polish Votes on Elections, 1921 - 1932
14
Official definition of languages
15
***
-3-
INTRODUCTION AND CONCLUSIONS
For centuries the present Prussian province of East
Prussia has been inhabited by an ethnically mixed population.
German, Baltic and Slavic peoples have been living side by
side. The importance and the fate of the non-Germen minorities
in East Prussia will be described in this study.
The word "statistical" signifies 8 twofold limitation of
the subject. First, the study has to be confined to the facts
which are statistically computed, namely, to the languages spoken.
Secondly, the analysis has to be confined to the period for
which accurate and comparable statistics exist. Therefore only
the census years from 1890 onwards can be brought into focus.
Earlier figures are given as less reliable supplements.
This study of the East Prussian population according to the
language spoken excludes historical and ethnological consider-
ations. But the analysis cannot ignore the political background.
Any statistics concerning a minority for which an "irridenta"
movement in a neighboring country is fostered, have a political
character. Thus, the existence of a Slavic group (Poles and
Masurians) in East Prussia provoked a bitter discussion between
German and Polish writers, even after the territorial settlement
provided by the Treaty of Versailles. Polish authors attacked
the official Prussian statistics as falsifications, which only
disclosed one thing: namely, a ruthless Germanization of the
-4-
Slavs. The German opponents answered that these minorities
were historically attached to the German civilization and
loyal to the Prussian state. Moreover, they rejected Polish
statistics as fantastic exaggerations.
To play the arbitor in this delicate case is very difficult,
however not impossible, insofar as the underlying statistics are
concerned. For, we can sift the chaff of unsupported political
assertions from the wheat of objective facts. Whether the face
value of the Prussian statistics corresponds to their real value
can be shown very conclusively.
The political atmosphere, however, in which these statistically
computed facts are rooted cannot easily be detected. The writer
has no inside knowledge of the relations between the Germens and
the linguistic minorities in East Prussia. Nor did he have the
time to study political documents and speeches, pamphlets and
newspapers which would reveal the political atmosphere. On the
other hand, the author believes that his experience with the
linguistic situation in Switzerland was of some help in the
understanding of the special feature of these problems.
The writer is ready to carry on supplementary investigations
in any directions connected with this study. However, he is
convinced that this extension would not change the following
conclusions, based as they are on the critical examination
and the politixal interpretation of the official Prussian
statistics.
-5-
CONCLUSIONS
This critical study reveals that the official statistics
of languages spoken in East Prussia justify skepticism with
regard to their reliability. The statistical divisions of
Masurian and of Polish speaking people and of the bi-linguels
are inconsistent. The total number of the Slavic language
population seems to be understated.
There is evidence of political motives having influenced
at least the proportion of Masurians in the total. From the
particular attitude of the German nation and of the ruling class
in East Prussia towards the Slavs it may be concluded that the
census generally was prejudiced in favor of the German language.
However, there is reason to believe that the Masurian
speaking group are Prussian by national feeling and civilization.
The eclipse of the Masurian dialect since 1910 may have been
exaggerated by the Prussien statistics. Nevertheless, it may
reflect a genuine and natural assimilation.
-6-
ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS and STATISTICAL SOURCES
By the last census of the German Republic, June,16, 1925,
the Prussian Province of East Prussia covered a territory of
14,200 square miles and had 2,256,000 inhabitants. The province
was divided into the four regencies (Regierungsbezirke), namely,
Koenigsberg, Gumbinnen, Allenstein and Westpreussen.
The administrative division changed many times during the
previous decades. Until 1905 East Prussia was divided into the
two regencies of Koenigsberg and Gumbinnen. The regency of
Allenstein, cut off in the latter year from the other regencies,
concentrates nearly all the Slavic inhabitants of East Prussia.
The Treaty of Versailles brought the last change. On the one
hand territories belonging to the regency of Koenigsberg and
Gumbinnen were ceded in order to form the new Memel-Land, and
a small part of Allenstein was incorporated in the Polish
Republic. On the other hand, remaining districts of the former
province of West Prussia were combined with East Prussia under
the designation of regency of West Prussia.
These remarks are necessary, because they show that the
comparison of the various census figures is affected by such
territorial changes.
Statistical estimates of the population of East Prussia
according to language divisions exist for the years 1816 and 1831.
More reliable figures were provided by the Prussian census of
(1)
1858, 1861, 1864 and 1867.
Criticisms of these earlier census results are compiled by
A. von Firks: Die preussische gevolkerung nach ihrer Mutter-
sprache und Abstammung, (Zeitschrift des Preussischen
Statistischen Amtes 1893, page 190)
-7-
The systematic enumeration according to languages,
however, based on modern statistical techniques, was inaugurated
in 1890. In this year the following classification of language
groups replaced the former division into German, Slavic
(Polish, Masurian and Kashubian) and Lithuanian language:
German
Polish
Masurian
Kashubian
Lithuanian
Polish and German
Masurian and German
Kashubian and German
Lithuanian and German
Masurian has always been recognized by German authorities
and linguistic scholars as a Polish dialect. It is exclusively
a spoken. language mixed with German and Lithuanian idioms. The
separate compilation of this dialect and its exclusion from the
Polish language has been criticized by Poles as a political
manoeuvre. But the fact itself that this question appeared on
the statistical forms need not necessarily have had any political
purpose. The questionnaire of 1890 presents a whole bouquet of
(1)
languages or dialects. Since 1910, however, the only language
especially mentioned in the cansus instructions is the Masurian
language. These instructions declare strictly: "Masurian is to
be designated as Masurian and not 88 Polish."
In Appendix 15 the text of the census instructions
concerning the mother tongue is fully copied. The definition
given by the German Statistical Office is in principle the same
(2)
as the formulation of the American census:
Language in which
one habitually thinks and speaks at home.
(1) 9. Muttersprache ob deutsch, holländisch, friesisch, dänisch,
wallonisch, polnisch, masurisch, kassubisch, wendisch,
mahrisch, techedisch, littauisch oder ---
(Zutreffendes 1st zu unterstreichen)
(2) 15.- Census 1930, Vol. 2, page 341.
-8-
The census of 1900, 1905, 1910 and 1925 repeated the same
pattern. But the census of 1933 reduced the statistical
presentation of non-German languages to a few figures for
selected regions. For all census years from 1890 to 1925
(1)
data are available according to regencies and districts.
Besides the census results the statistics of children
attending public schools form an essential instrument of
research. These compilations, existing for 1881, 1891, 1895,
1901 and 1911, give since 1901 the same classification of
languages in East Prussia as the census.
(1) The "Gemeindelexikon" of some census years gives even
figures for communes (gemeinden).
-9-
CENSUS RESULTS
Disregarding the mentioned territorial changes we can give
the following survey of the composition of the East Prussian
(1)
population according to languages spoken in 1910 and 1925.
See table 1 below. (next page)
The gist of this table can be summarized in the following
way:
1. The non-German population of East Prussia decreased from
18% to 5% of the total during 15 years.
2. The Lithuanian minority nearly disappeared, mainly on
account of the territorial cessations.
3. The Masurians and Poles were concentrated in the district
of Allenstein.
These statements are based on the inclusion of the bi-linguals
in the respective minorities. This procedure does not involve
any political bias and conforms better to the reality than any
other method of attribution. As a matter of fact, under the
special circumstances in this province, the bi-linguals correspond
to a transitional group. formed at the expense of the minorities and
dissolving in favor of the German language group.
Geographers of the eighteenth century tell us that Poles were
living in the southern part of the province and Lithuanians in
northeastern frontier districts. This was still true for the period
covered by the statistics.
(1) The population of the territories ceded was as follows in 1910:
To Memel-Land
Total
Germans
Non-German bi-linguals
From Koenigsberg 61,972
32,885
28,941
From Gumbinnen
19,266
38,896
40,351
To Poland
From Allenstein
24,787
9,232
15,218
-10-
TABLE 1
Population of East Prussia, according to language spoken
(1)
(in thousands) 1910, 1925
Regencies
German
Polish
German-
Lithuanian
Ger-
Total
Masurien
Polish
men
Popula-
Years
or
Lithu-
tion
Masurian
anian
Koenigsberg
1910
875
3
1
32
2
914
1925
907
1
1.5
.6
.6
912
Gumbinnen
1910
531
12
2
58
3
607
1925
530
2
2.6
2
1
540
Allenstein
1910
274
248
19
o
o
543
1925
444
54
40
o
0.4
540
Westpreussen
1910
-
-
-
-
-
--
1925
252
6
6
o
0
264
East Prussia
1910
1680
263
22
90
5
2064
1925
2133
63
50
3
2
2256
(1) Sources: For 1910, Preussische Statistik, Heft 234 1. pages 56 ff.
(Present Population). For 1925, Statistik des Deutschen Reichs
Band 401, 1, pages 412 ff. (Population of usual residence).
(2) Other languages included.
-11-
The regency of Allenstein together with the district of
Oletzko (Gumbinnen) form the home of the Masurians and Poles.
The Masurians live in an area which always belonged to Prussia,
although with Prussia herself for a time under Polish supremacy.
But into their settlement are wedged the districts of Rossel
and Allenstein (01sztyn), the southern part of Warmja (Ermland)
which was ruled by Poland from 1466 to 1772. In this territory
High Polish (Hochpolnisch) has been dominant instead of Masurian.
The whole region covers 4600 square miles, about one-third of
East Prussia. Its population, 580,000 in 1925, included 88%
of the East Prussian Slavio minorities. A second, much smaller
region, accounting for 157,000 inhabitants, contains another 11%,
exclusively Polish speaking people. The Lithuanians lived in a
region with a total population of 253,000 in 1925.
The 10 districts of the regency of Allenstein together with
the district of Oletzko form the central part of our study. We
call this territory the "Masurian region."
(See table 2 on next page)
The figures above, taken from the tables in Appendix 4-7
show a steady decline of the Slavio languages in the Masurian
region. In 1861 about 300,000 people or three-quarters of the
population spoke this language; but, within fifty years the
(1)
number dropped to 264,000 and the share to less than 8. half of
the total. This decrease, however, was insignificant compared to
the sharp reduction since 1910. In 1925 the former linguistic
majority accounted only for 17% and in 1933 for 9% of the total
population. In the course of seventy years a compact linguistic
population nearly disappeared.
(1) Bi-linguals included.
-12-
TABLE 2
Population of the Masurian Region according to language spoken
(1)
1860...1890 to 1925.
(2)
Masurian
Polish
YEARS
Total
German
Slavic
Popula-
lan-
lan-
and
and
tion
guage
guage
only
German
only
German
(3)
1860
410,000
110,006
300,000
--
--
--
--
1890
535,146
219,871
314,478
95,036
4,611
199,673 15,158
1900
535,484
245,644
288,950
124,973
7,509
142,054 14,414
1905
548,182
259,732
287,562
215,189
10,262
58,436
3695
1910
557,532
292,418
263,888
172,080
7,666
71,648
12,494
1925
580,484
481,168
97,429
41,375
23,913
13,932 18,209
(4)
1933
587,100
531,145
55,212
15,689 24,103
5,389 10,031
(1) Districts included, see table 2 in the Appendix
(2) Other languages included (Kashubian is not spoken
in this region )
(3) Estimate
(4) "Abstimmungsgebeit Allenstein," only German citizens.
Statistik des Deutschen Reich Band 451, 4, pages 44,47.
-13-
The former German minority in the region increased its
number by about five times. In the fifteen years 1910 to 1925
alone this growth amounted to 190,000, whereas the total
population increased by 23,000.
The change was unequal for the various languages and
combinations of languages.
From 1890 to 1905 the exclusively Masurian speaking population
more than doubled, whereas the Polish group lost 70%. There is
no doubt about the explanation of these changes. Masurians
previously attributed to the Polish linguistic group were computed
as Mesuriens by the later census.
The increase of the Masurians amounted to 120,000 and the
decrease of the Poles to 141,000. It appears clearly that the
Masurians did comply, but very slowly, to the question pertaining
to their special language. The attempted separation of Polish
and Masurian language groups was a statistical failure, whether
the reason was its disagreement with the popular opinion, or
political obstruction.
In this respect it has to be pointed out that in the
period 1900 to 1905 alone the Masurian population increased by
92,000 while the Polish group decreased by 84,000. For the census
of 1905 the district of Allenstein instructed the census agents
(1)
to discriminate strictly between Masurian and Polish.
Strange
enough, from 1905 to 1910 the Polish language gained ground; in
contrast to the decrease of 43,000 shown by the other linguistic
group. The general drop since 1910 hit the Polish population
more than the Masurians.
The following percentages recapitulate the findings:
Percentage distribution of the population in the Masurian region:
Years
Poles, Masurians
Bi-linguals
Total
1890
55.0
3.6
58.6
1910
43.7
3.6
47.3
1925
9.5
7.2
16.7
1933
3.5
5.8
9.3
(1) See page 22 below.
-14-
As a matter of fact, the introduction of two mother tongues
in the statistics of languages brings about an uncertain, arbitrary,
and confusing element. Even in a linguistically mixed family
one language mostly prevails as the natural and usual instrument
of expression.
The Canadien statistics distinguish between French people
knowing English and English Canadians knowing French. This
corresponds to the item "der deutschen Sprache kundig" in the
German statistics, an item which has never been used for the
study of the linguistic problem in East Prussia. The American
and the Swiss statistics can be managed without any compilation
of bi-linguals. It is not surprising that Masuriens and Poles
speak German, which for generations has been the only language
publicly taught and used in daily intercourse with the Germans.
The number of bi-linguals, however, as shown by the statistics,
was not important until 1925. The sharp decrease of Polish-German
speaking people from 1900 to 1905 is not fully explained by the
aforementioned statistical shift of languages. It amounted to
11,000, while the Masurian-German speaking population increased
only by 2700. Moreover, the increase of the Polish-German group
by 9000 from 1905 to 1910 contrasts to a decrease of the Masurien-
Germans by 2600. But since then the latter linguistic combination
gained ground and in 1933 it was more important than any other.*
The Polish Professor Eugeniusz Romer claims that "the
bi-linguals constitute an exceptional phenomenon concentrated
(1)
in a small number of communes". We cannot check this statement.
But the inconsistency of the changes from census to census is
striking. So it is the fact that the same number of bi-linguals -
20,000 - was computed in 1890 and in 1910, although the total
population of Slavic speech declined by 50,000. A shift to the
bi-linguals as well as to the German linguistic group had to be
expected to occur exactly as it did do from 1910 to 1925.
(1) See book mentioned on page 20,page 177. *) Apart from Germans.
-15-
But it seems that gains of the bi-lingual group were offset by
losses in favor of the German. In any case, neither the figures
for the bi-linguals nor the discrimination between Masurian and
Polish language gives a picture of a tangible reality.
The German Statistical Reichsamt explained the sharp
decrease of Poles and Masurians between 1910 and 1925 by the
emigration to the Ruhr and to Poland on the one hand and the
(1)
natural assimilation on the other. According to the general
German opinion the "voluntary conversion to the German nationality"
(2)
is only the continuation of a steady process.
The mention of the migratory movement touches an important
point. East Prussia, apart from the few larger cities, is known
as a country constantly showing a considerable loss of population
through emigration. The negative balance of migration of the
Masurian region amounted to 337,473 during the years 1870 to 1933,
a yearly average of more than 5000. The emigration is responsible
for the small population increase.
During the years 1910 to 1925 the loss through emigration
counterbalanced about two-thirds of the natural increase of the
population. This is shown in the following figures taken from
table 10 in the appendix.
Masurian region
In thousands
Per cent of population
Population 1910
558
100.0
Net Emigration
-53
-9.5
Natural Increase
76
13.7
Total Increase
23
4.2
Population 1925
581
104.2
No figures are available concerning the balance of migration,
birth and death, for the German and Slavic population. A special
enumeration in 1925 makes a net German immigration into the
(3)
Masurian region very probable.
(1) Wirtscheft und Statistik 1926, page 336. Statistik des
deutschen Reiches Band 401, Teil 11, page 639.
(2) Freiwilliger Anschluss an das Deutschtum
(3) See footnote on following page.
-16-
Consequently the net emigration on the Masurian and Polish
speaking people must have been larger than 53,000. This negative
balance of emigration exceeded the natural increase of the Slavic
group which we estimate at about 35,000. Thus, the Slavic speaking
population had been decreasing since 1910, without any assimilation.
Perhaps it was decreasing even before this, but to a smaller degree.
*
We can draw from these condiderations these conclusion that
the assimilation of the Slavic population - "statistical" or real -
was smaller than table 2 leads us to believe. To give an illustration
for the years 1910 to 1925: The Masurians and Poles did not lose
165,000 in favor of the German linguistic group, but perhaps about
140,000 to 150,000.
The composition of the population according to language changed
in each district in the same direction as in the whole region.
Differences in the trend are set forth in the tables 4 - 7 of the
Appendix and in the following survey:
Table 3
Slavic population in percentage of total (1)
1831
1861
1890
1900
1910
1925
Ortelsburg
93
87
78
77
71
31
Johennisburg
92
82
79
78
68
21
Neidenburg
92
83
77
73
67
23
Lyck
88
79
67
58
51
12
Sensburg
90
75
63
58
51
15
Osterode
64
63
54
47
41
12
Lötzen
86
64
51
46
38
5
Oletzko
84
58
48
38
30
9
Rossel
16
21
16
15
14
6
Allenstein-towm
84
74
23
15
11
4
Allenstein-country incl.above
66
66
61
39
The non-German speaking population in the districts of Lotzen and
Oletzko dropped sharply; but the Poles in Allenstein-country and
(3) From p. 15.
Population
Masurian region
Total in 1925
580,000
Born since August 1, 1914
160,000
Living on August 1, 1914
420,000
In the same district
360,000
In other East Prussian districts
39,000
Elsewhere
21,000
See table on "Die Wohnbevolkerung der ostpreussischen Kreise bei der
Volkszahlung von 1925 nach dem Wohnsitz bei Ausbruch des Weltkrieges.
(Zeitschrift des Preusmischen Statistischen Amtes, 69. Jahrgang 1930
(1) Figures for 1831 and 1861 from L. Witschell:
page 225.
Die Ergebnisse der Sprachenzahlung von 1925 im sudlichen
Ostpreussen. Koenigsberg 1926.
*
) Wittschell, however, claims an increase. See spurce on p.25, p.37.
-17-
the Masurians in Ortelsburg maintained a remarkable proportion.
The rapid change in the linguistic structure of the people in that
area is shown also in the following break-down.
Number of districts with a Slavic population of
Years
Over
80%
60 to 80%
40
to
60%
20 to 40%
Below 20%
1831
8
1
1
1
1861
4
5
1
-
1890
-
6
3
1
1
1925
-
-
-
4
7
The statistics for the two other areas including a linguistically
mixed population tell the same story as the figures for the Masurian
region. In the secondary home of a noteworthy Slavic minority as
well as in the only territory where Lithuanian is spoken, the
minorities lost ground and the German minorities gained. This
development is pictured in tables 8 and 9 of the Appendix, from
which the following figures are selected.
Region with
(1)
(2)
Polish Minority
Lithusnian Minority
Population
1890
1910
1925
1890
1910
1925
Total
147,291
159,172
169,762
245,848
255,194
258,098
Minority
24,624
23,775
12,385
43,821
22,943
4,614
In to
16.7
14.9
7.3
17.9
9.0
1.8
In the Slavic region there lived a few Masurians and in the
Lithuanian territory some Poles (maximum 400 in 1910) . In both
regions the share of the minorities fell short of the proportion
they accounted for in the Masurien area. However, the district of
Stuhm, the remotest from the Masurian region, concentrated two-thirds
of the Polish-speaking people in the four districts combined. There,
the linguistic minority reached a proportion of 42% in 1890 and 8.8
much as 25% in 1925.
(1) Districts of Stuhm, Marienburg, Marienwerder, Rosenberg.
(2) Districts of Niederung, Pillkallen, Tilsit, Tilsit-Regnitz,
Labiau.
-18-
CENSUS AND STATISTICS OF SCHOOL CHILDREN
The important Prussian Public School Statistics constitute a
fundamental source of information concerning language spoken and
especially serve as an instrument for checking the census results.
Tables 11 to 13 in the Appendix show the official figures published
(1)
for the Masurian region.
School Children in the Masurien Region According to
Language Spoken
1891, 1901, 1911
Children
Percentage of respective pop.
Years
Total
German
Polish
Masurian
Polish
and
Ger-
And
And
Masur-
men
Only
Ger-
Only
Ger-
ian
man
man
1891
95,607
25,273
70,307
11.2
(1)
(1)
16.9
80.2
1901
110,017
29,102
80,870
11.1
30.4
145.0
14.7
45.6
1911
108,680
31,980
76,541
10.6
20.0
232.9
19.7
48.1
(1) Under Polish language
The essential figures of this table give the percentage of
school children in the population of each linguistic group,
according to the census of 1891, 1901, and 1911.
These ratios reveal that the attendance in public schools
accounted for 11% for the German speaking population, for 15 to 20%
for the Poles for 20 to 30% for the Masuriens. Moreover 50 to 80%
of the GermanPolish speaking group consisted of school children
(1) Unfortunately the post-war statistics for 1921 end also
for 1926 no longer give the language spoken.
-19-
The bi-linguals among the Masurian school children are by far more
numerous than the Masurian-German speaking people in the total
population. An examination of tables for the districts discloses
(1)
the following ranges of the percentage figures:
Language
1891
1901
1911
German
7.6 - 16.4
6.3 - 21.3
7.3 - 18.1
Masurian
---
22.3 - 35.1
15.8 - 24.0
Polish
12.3 - 19.4
2.2 - .20.3
7.5 - 10.6
Masurian-German
90.8 -381.9
179.5 -483.5
Polish-German
---
41.7 -185.2 29.4 - 74.7
13.3 - 84.4
As a matter of faot there is no necessity for an agreement
between the composition of the children's group and the structure
of the population. Neither the underlying definitions, nor the
statistical subjects, nor the special circumstances are the same.
We do not attach great importance to differences in the formal
definitions, because their interpretation and use by the statistical
agents are decisive. The census asked for the mother tongue, the
school statistics asked for the "Familiensprache," the language
usually spoken by the child in its family. It may be assumed that
offspring of mixed marriages have automatically been considered as
bi-linguals, perhaps at the expense of the German language group,
as recorded by the census. Moreover, solite teachers may have had
an interest in exaggerating somewhat the number of non-Germans,
(1)
in order to procure a good certificate of Germanization.
Furthermore there is no gainsay about the fact that the children
of Slavio speaking Parents were less femilier with the German
language than the grownups.
Moreover, the Slavic speaking population must bave a larger
proportion of children than the German group on account of its
higher matrimonial fertility and its reduction by emigration.
(1) See Karl Keller: Die Fremdsprachige Bevoelkerung im
Freistaat Preussen, Zeitschrift des Preussischen
Statistischen Landesamtes, Heft 66, page 151
-20-
Thus, we have to allow for a larger proportion of Masurian
and Polish speaking school children than of German, in relation to
their respective total population. Yet, the figures produced by
the statistics are beyond all possible explanation. If we oppose
the total Slavic group (Poles, Masurians, bi-linguals) to the
Germans we obtain the following ratios:
Years
School children in % of respective population
Germans
Slavs
1891
11.2
22.3
1901
11.1
28.0
1911
10.6
29.0
These differences are highly improbable, and the increase
of the proportion for the Slavic speaking group is particularly
striking. The special ratios for the bi-linguals are paradoxical.
As the official statistics of the school children could not have
been greatly biased in favor of the Slavic and Masurian speaking
population, the census must have been prejudiced in favor of the
Germans.
The Polish investigators of the German statistics did not
fail to observe this weakness of the Prussian statistics.
Eugeniusz Romer devoted an entire book to the compilation, criticism,
(1)
and the correction of the official date.
For the Masurien
region he obtained a Slavic population of 344,000 or 64% in 1910
instead of 264,000 or 50% according to the Prussian statistics. In
Romer's total population figures the military persons are excluded
and in his Slavio population figures the bi-linguals are included.
If we add the Slavic population in the regency of West Prussia,
adjusted in the same way, we get a total Polish and Masurian
population of about 375,000. This number is not far from the
400,000 which appeared in official Polish memorandums, supporting
(1) E. Romer: Polacy na Kresack Pomorskich 1 Pojeziernych
(La Population polonaise dans les Pays limitrophes Baltiques
Maritimes et Lacustres) Lwow 1919.
-21-
political claims, and generally in the Polish literature on this
(1)
question.
However, even Romer admits that his method of adjustment
is based on somewhat arbitrary assumptions. As a matter of fact he
used a simplified method of correlation (number of school children
to each 1000 inhabitants, number of Slavio speaking to each 100
inhabitents) together with some not very clear adjusting coefficients.
Although his subtle anelysis bears testimony of a scientific and
objective mind we cannot approve of his results. Nor can we refute
them. The real number of Slavie speaking people in East Prussia
(2)
is not a matter to be determined by mere mechanical calculus.
We do not know what is the margin of error in the Prussian
statistics of languages nor have we the slightest idea of its
variation from census to census. Whether this error is constant,
increasing or decreasing, cannot be ascertained. Changes in the
interpretation of the definition of language groups may have contributed
to the inconsistency of the results. All these factors cannot be
discerned, especially because of the steady natural assimilation
generally taking place under such conditions (see page 25).
(1) See: Polish Commission of Work Preparatory to the Conference of
Peace, East Prussia, Paris, April 1919, page 1.
George Kurnatowski, the Poles in Germany and the Germans in
Poland, Warsaw 1927, page 17. La Prusse Orientale et le
Probleme Germano-Slave Correspondant, Paris 1927, Tome 307, page 566.
(2) The German answer to Romer's criticism sets forth the following
argument: German children are relatively less numerous in
Public elementary schools because their higher social level
enables them to attend higher schools then the non-German children
of the same age. But it is doubtful whether this difference
could play an important role in the rural Masurian region. In
any case it would not explain the striking contrast shown above.
(Laubert, book mentioned on page 26, pages 66/67. Statistische
Korrespondenz, Preussisches Statistisches Landesamt, 1919.)
-22-
POLITICAL INTERPRETATION OF THE PRUSSIAN STATISTICS
According to Polish critics political influences were
responsible for the aforementioned statistical paradoxes and
for understatement of the size of the Slavic speaking population
in East Prussia. The German statistical authorities, however,
have always been proud of their political independence and
integrity.
Various examples of such political influence on the census
of languages are reported in the writings of Polish authors and
of their French partisans, e.g., appeal to allegiance to the German
nation, degradation of the impure Masuriam dialect, filling in of the
statistical questionnaires by the squires and the official census
(1)
agents,
without actually questioning the population.
There is not the slightest possibility of proving these
accusations or the Germen refutation. But we cannot help conceding
that the disclosed discrepancies in the Prussian statistics give rise
to mistrust. Moreover, we found some evidence that political
factors were reflected in the census in the following official text.
"Zur Frage 8 teilt der Regierungsprasident von Allenstein mit,
dass hinsichtlich der Unterscheidung zwischen 'masurisch' und
'polnisch' hie und da Bedenken aufgetaucht waren, ob die masurische
Sprache als Muttersprache oder nur als ein Dialekt des Polnischen
aufzufassen sei. Der letzteren politisch bedenklichen Auffassung
sei er durch eine entsprechende Verfugung an die 1hm unterstellten
(2)
Landrate entgegengetreten."
(1) See: George Kurnatowski, The Poles in Germany and the Germans in
Poland, Warsaw, 1927, pages 9 and 10. Eugeniusz Romer (mentioned
on page 20) page 90.
(2) Preussische Statistik, 206 I (Census 1905) page XXV11.
Underscored by the writer.
-23-
The German attitude towards their Slavic minorities and the
special political "climate" in East Prussia give a further olue to
the likelihood of a political angle in the statistics of languages.
This political feature can be described best with the help of some
remarks about the linguistic situation in Switzerland.
In Switzerland each of the four languages spoken represents
an integral and equal part of the nation. Each canton or linguistic
area has its official language which is taught in the schools. The
Swiss speaking a different language from that of his surroundings
keeps it as his mother tongue, hut his children will probably be
assimilated. As a matter of fact, the major languages yield more
easily than the minor. Thousands emigrated from the canton of
Berne into the sparsely populated upper valleys of Neuchatel during
the 19th century, but their descendents all speak French today.
Only their family names recall their origin. On the other hand
the Italian and Romantsch Swiss living in Swiss-German sections
cling to their language for generations.
The Swiss not only tolerates the other languages, he is
interested in their idiom, songs, and customs. This general
understanding is developed especially with regard to the minorities,
the Italians and Romantsch.
In Germany the linguistic minorities enjoyed all political
rights, but the Slavs were considered as a foreign element in the
national body. With regard to them animosity and contempt cannot
be denied, nor was there much interest in their"folklore." The
Germans of all political creeds shared the political bias and
backed the active policy of Germanization.
As the oreation of the Teutonic Knights and the easternmost
bastion of Germany, East Prussia always had a symbolic meaning to
the average German. Since the victory of Tannenberg in 1914, the
geographical separation from the Reich, and the existence of the
new Polish state, that province became a kind of national sanctuary.
-24-
Above all, East Prussia is a German country - this watchword echoes
through German books, articles and speeches dealing with East
Prussia.
The Germans there are perhaps more nationalist than elsewhere,
although hard and taciturn as they are, in an undemonstrative but
obstinate way. A leading representative of the German nationalism
was the landed nobleman (Rittergutsbesitzer). As the master of his
tenants and workers and the advisor of the other inhabitants, he
(1)
decided on political questions. This feudal relation certainly was
not lacking a mutuel loyalty. The squire was assisted in his political
efforts by the Prussian officials and the schoolmaster. Since the
1830's teaching in German had been expanding and in 1888 the Germani-
zation of the schools was completed.
The discrepancies in the Prussian statistics, their surmised
political bias, even the political pressure on the Slavie speaking
peoples in East Prussia,- these factors ought not make us overlook en
essential point.
A linguistic minority need not be equivalent to e particular
national minority, different or even diverging from the major national
group in the state. This is shown by the case of Switzerland. Italian
imperialists in the guise of linguistic scholars (Group Tolomei) pretend
that the language of Romantsch is an Italian dialect, in order to
support political claims. The Germans did just the contrary in
separating the Masurian language from the Polish. Linguistically this
may be equally disputable. But it may be that there is some historical
justification in the disorimination between Masurian and Polish.
(1) The political character of East Prussia is expressed by the
following composition of the Provincial diet, according to the last
election under the German Republic (November 17, 1929):
Into this parliament were
)
elected 9 squires, 2 other
Representatives
----
Party
noblemen and 8 other land-
Deutsche Nationale Volkspartei 27
Sozialdemokratische Partei
23
owners. (Verhandlungen des
57 Provinziallandtags 1930,
Deutsche Volkspartei
8
Zentrum
7
page XXI).
Kommunistische Partei
7
Wirtschaftspartei
4
Nazionalsozialisten
7
Others
7
Total
87
-25-
The Germans always affirmed that the Masurians were tied up
with the Prussian state by common history, daily demonstrated
loyalty and Lutheran religion. The following text summarizes
eloquently the German conception:
"Gewiss das Masurische ist bei einem Teil der Masuren noch
als Familien - undUmgangssprache gebrauchlich, das Entscheidende
aber, was aus der Statistik nicht hervorgeht, 1st, dass
es heute nicht mehr tausend Menschen in Masuren gibt, die nicht
Deutsch verstehen und auch gelaufig sprechen konnen.--- Die
meisten Kinder lernen oereits im Elternhaus so viel Deutsch,
dass sie vom ersten Augenblick an dem Unterricht in der Schule
folgen konnen. Das gemeinsame Erlebnis des letzten grossen
Krieges, die gleichen Leiden, Gefahren un Interessen haben
die Beziehungen der Masuren zum Deutschtum noch enger werden
lassen. Schliesslich muss an das Werk des Wiederaufbaus
der zerstörten Wirtschaften gedacht werden, das vom preussischen
Staat durch-gefuhrt worden ist. Am 11. Juli 1920 wurden denn in
Mesuren 299,729 deutsche Stimmen und nur 1978 polnische
Stimmen abgegeben." (1)
Even a Polish writer admitted that, "In the Masurian region
there never existed a (Polish) patriotism. Although the Masurian
knows that he speaks Polish -- one seldom hears from his own lips
(2)
that he is a Pole. Rather he says that he is 8 Prussian."
It is not impossible to imagine that the new generation grown
up during the last war and the liberal Republic had foresaken the
useless dialect. On page 16 we have estimated the number of
Masurians assimilated during the period 1910 to 1925 to be about
150,000. This figure is not far from the number of the people under
(1). See W.' Geisler, Die Sprechen und Nationalitaetenverhaeltnisse
an den Deutschen Ostgrenzen und ihre Derstellung (Petermans
Mitteilungen, Ergaenzungsheft 217, 1933), page 31. Quotation
according to L. Wittschell, Die Voelkischen Verhaeltnisse
in Masurien und dem Suedlichen Ermland, Koenigsberg 1926.
(2). Unfortunately we could not take this text from the original
source: Ketrynski, 0 Masurach, Posen 1872. We have quoted
according to R. Neumann, Ostpreussen im Polnischen Schrifttum
Ostland Schriften, Danzig 1931, page 50. This important
compilation seems to be reliable.
-26-
twenty-five years old born in a family in which in 1910 Masurian
(1)
was spoken.
Therefore, the shift from the Masurian to the German
language group, as shown in the Prussian statistics, should not be
taken to mean that a corresponding number of grownups who had
declared themselves in 1910 as speaking Masurian, had been converted
into Germans since then.
The only yardstick of political opinion is found in the statistics
of votes, plebisites and elections, of which we give a survey in
Appendix 14. These political manifestations, however, are
ex definitione under political influences. Polish circles questioned
these votes as representing the free will of the minorities; to the
(2)
Germans they were a proof of loyalty.
Indeed, the most important
vote which ever took place in the Masurian region (Abstimmungsgebiet
Allenstein) was a German victory. On July 11, 1920, the people had
to declare under a plebisite, according to Art. 94-96 of the Treaty
of Versailles, whether they wished to remain subject to Germany or
to enter the Polish state. The Polish case won only 7408 votes
against 353,665 in favor of Germany. In the four districts of the
regency of West Prussia the Polish votes amounted to 7947 against
(3)
97,057 German ones.
This decision remains a fait accompli, whatever may be said
against the circumstances underlying it. To rekindle the whole
discussion about the Plebisite would necessitate a new statistical
and political investigation without any conclusive value.
Julius V. Lyler
(1) The 0-25 year old population in the Masurian region amounted to
282,000 in 1925.
(2) The votes of the "Masurische Vereinigung" were negligible.
(3) M. Laubert, Nationalitaet und Volkswille im preussischen
Csten, 1925, pages 42/43.
APPENDIX
TABLE 1
(1)
Population of East Prussia according to language spoken, June 16,1925.
Language spoken
Koenigsberg
Gumbin-
Allen-
West-
East Prussia
nen
stein
preussen
GERMAN CITIZENS
German
899,708
525,561
441,880
250,008
2,117,157
Polish
206
199
12,271
5,951
18,627
Polish and Ger.
151
781
17,385
5,895
24,812
Masurian
281
1326
40,023
105
41,735
Masurian and Ger.
282
1619
22,573
57
24,531
Lithuanian
555
1802
9
2
2368
Libuanian and Ger.
540
1474
362
3
2379
(2)
Total
902,919
533,093
535,439
262,157
2,233,608
FOREIGNERS
German
7245
4700
2209
1541
15,695
Polish
412
335
1559
401
2707
Polish and Ger.
478
308
410
222
1418
Masurian
-
24
139
-
163
Masurian and Ger.
2
4
78
-
84
Lithuanian
63
599
18
1
681
Lithuanian and Ger.
30
152
5
-
187
(2)
Total
8960
6685
4828
2248
22,721
TOTAL
German
906,953
530,261
444,089
251,549
2,132,852
Polish
618
534
13,830
6352
21,334
Polish and German
1229
1089
17,795
6117
26,230
Masurian
281
1350
40,162
105
41,898
Masurian end Ger.
284
1623
22,651
57
24,615
Lithusnian
618
2401
27
3
3049
Lithuanian and Ger.
570
1626
367
3
2566
(2)
Total
911,879
539,778
540,267
264,405
2,256,329.
(1) Source: Statistik des Deutschen Reichs, Band 401, 1, pp. 412 ff.
(2) Other languages included.
TABLES 2 and 3
Source for tables 2-9: Karl Keller, Die fremdsprachige Bevoelkerung
im Freistaat Preussen (Zeitssorift des preussischen Landesamtes, Heft 66)
Table 2
(1)
Population of the Masurian Region
according to districts
1890, 1900, 1910,1925
Districts
1890
1900
1910
1925
Ortelsburg
70,315
68,345
69,627
71,064
Johannisburg
48,747
48,262
51,399
55,240
Neidenburg
34,470
33,391
35,367
38,588
Lyck
54,071
53,529
55,579
58,429
Sensburg
48,758
48,403
50,097
51,779
Osterode
68,917
71,193
73,936
76,606
Lötzen
41,793
40,452
41,209
45,817
Oletzko
41,134
39,123
38,850
40,107
Rössel
49,329
50,300
50,472
48,954
Allenstein-town
19,450
24,352
33,178
38,106
Allenstein-country 58,162
58,134
57,818
55,794
Masurian Region 535,146
535,484
557,532
580,484
Table 3
Population of other selected districts of East Prussia
1890,1900,1910,1925
Districts
1890
1900
1910
1925
Stuhm
34,962
35,049
35,227
36,682
Marienburg
24,420
23,600
28,798
32,820
Marienwerder
38,820
39,407
40,490
41,615
Rosenberg
49,089
52,087
54,657
58,645
Total
147,291
150,143
159,172
169,762
Districts with
Lithuanian minority 245,848
252,943
255,794
258,098
TABLE 4
(1)
Population of the Masurian region according to language spoken - 1890
Masurian
Polish
DISTRICTS
German
Only
and
Only
and
German
German
POPULATION
Ortelsburg
15,411
19,303
431
32,259
2894
Johannisburg
10,323
17,640
757
18,616
1359
Neidenburg
8,010
7,745
37
17,972
703
Lyck
18,042
15,413
1114
17,880
1584
Sensburg
18,043
12,181
766
16,365
954
Osterode
31,668
2,698
137
31,993
2366
Lotzen
20,559
10,267
832
8,664
1372
Oletzko
21,341
9,714
522
8,437
1096
Rössel
41,536
15
4
7,377
384
Allenstein-town
14,936
29
5
3,298
1156
Allenstein-coun-
20,002
31
6
36,812
1290
try.
Masurian Region 219,871
95,036
4611
199,673
15,158
PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION
Ortelsburg
21.9
27.5
0.6
45.9
4.1
Johannisburg
21.2
36.2
1.6
38.2
2.8
Neidenburg
23.2
22.5
0.1
52.1
2.0
Lyck
33.4
28.5
2.1
33.1
2.9
Sensburg
37.0
24.9
1.6
33.6
1.9
Osterode
45.9
3.9
0.2
46.4
3.4
Lötzen
49.2
24.6
1.9
20.7
3.3
Oletzko
51.9
23.6
1.3
20.5
2.7
Rossel
84.2
0.0
0.0
15.0
0.8
Allenstein-town
76.8
0.2
0.0
16.9
5.9
Allenstein-country
34.4
o.l
0.0
63.3
2.2
Masurian Region
41.1
17.7
0.9
37.3
2.8
(1) Source, see Table 2.
TABLE 5
(1)
Population of the Masurian region according to language spoken - 1900
Masurian
Polish
DISTRICTS
German
Only
and
Only
and
German
German
POPULATION
Ortelsburg
15,572
29,652
554
21,265
1119
Johannisburg
12,161
23,868
900
10,058
1233
Neidenburg
8,855
12,778
98
10,948
707
Lyck
22,198
18,737
1454
9,719
1390
Sensburg
20,447
14,659
1403
9,784
1607
Osterode
37,401
7,801
454
23,183
2336
Lotzen
21,734
9,844
1750
5,589
1486
Oletzko
24,182
7,561
820
5,639
920
Rossel
42,484
19
---
7,051
744
Allenstein-towm
20,681
45
73
2,435
1078
Allenstein-coun-
19,929
9
3
36,383
1794
try
Masurian Region 245,644
124,973
7509
142,054
14,414
PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION
Ortelsburg
22.8
43.4
0.8
31.1
1.6
Johannsiburg
25.2
49.5
1.9
20.8
2.5
Neidenburg
26.5
38.3
0.3
32.8
2.1
Lyck
41.5
35.0
2.7
18.1
2.6
Sensburg
42.2
30.3
2.9
20.2
3.3
Osterode
52.5
10.9
0.6
32.6
3.3
Lotzen
53.7
24.3
4.3
13.8
3.7
Oletzko
61.8
19.3
2.1
14.4
2.3
Rössel
84.5
0.0
14.0
1.5
Allenstein-town
84.9
0.2
0.3
10.0
4.4
Allenstein-country
34:3
0.0
0.0
62.6
3.1
Masurian Region
45.8
23.3
1.4
26.5
2.7
(1) Source, see Table 2.
TABLE 6
(1)
Population of the Masurian region according to language spoken-1910
Masurian
Polish
DISTRICTS
German
only
and
only
and
German
German
POPULATION
Ortelsburg
20,210
43,513
1333
3390
1130
Johannisburg
16,379
29,141
623
4203
997
Neidenburg
11,765
16,257
669
5562
1059
Lyck
27,138
12,407
969
6348
1621
Sensburg
24,496
19,031
1337
3499
974
Osterode
43,386
26,454
1138
1741
1163
Lötzen
26,352
11,412
1155
1595
647
Oletzko
27,334
6198
406
3783
1117
Rössel
43,189
48
12
6512
704
Allenstein-town
29,440
99
16
2250
1309
Allenstein-coun-
22,729
520
8
32,765
1774
Masurian Region 292,418
172,080
7666
71,648
12,494
PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION
Ortelsburg
29.0
62.5
1.9
4.9
1.6
Johannisburg
31.9
56.7
1.2
8.2
1.9
Neidenburg
33.3
45.9
1.9
15.7
3.0
Lyok
48.8
34.9
1.7
11.4
2.9
Sensburg
48.9
38.0
2.8
6.9
1.9
Osterode
58.7
55.8
1.5
2.3
1.6
Lotzen
63.9
27.7
2.8
3.9
1.6
Oletzko
70.3
15.9
1.1
9.7
2.9
Rössel
85.6
o.l
0.0
18.9
1.4
Allenstein-town
88.7
0.3
0.0
6.8
3.9
Allenstein-country39.3
0.9
0.1
56.7
3.1
Masurian Region
52.5
30.9
1.4
12.8
2.2
(1)
Source, see table 2.
TABLE 7
(1)
Population of the Masurian Region according to language spoken 1925
Masuriam
Polish
DISTRICTS
German
only
and Germen
only
and German
POPULATION
Ortelsburg
48,997
13,538
6,927
387
1130
Johannisburg
43,421
7,990
3,052
292
322
Neidenberg
29,670
5,633
2,931
211
664
Lyok
51,239
4,000
2,155
476
450
Sensburg
44,022
3,685
2,454
149
482
Osterode
67,261
4,331
3,747
443
848
Lotzen
43,597
1,213
678
96
145
Oletzko
36,515
1,179
1,508
243
561
Rossel
45,770
71
157
1101
1748
Allenstein-town36,515
43
92
260
1145
Allenstein-
34,160
392
212
10,274
10,714
country
Masurian Region 481,168 41,375 23,913
13,932
18,209
PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION
Ortelsburg
68.9
19.1
9.7
0.5
1.6
Johannisburg
78.6
14.5
5.5
0.5
0.6
Neidenberg
76.9
13.0
7.6
0.6
1.7
Lyck
87.7
6.8
3.7
0.8
0.8
Sensburg
85.0
7.1
4.7
0.3
0.9
Osterode
87.8
5.5
4.9
0.6
1.1
Lötzen
95.1
2.6
1.5
0.2
0.3
Oletzko
91.0
2.9
3.8
0.6
1.4
Rössel
93.5
0.1
0.3
2.3
3.6
Allenstein-town
95.8
0.1
0.2
0.7
3.0
Allenstein-
61.2
0.7
0.4
18.4
19.2
country
Masurian Region
82.9
7.1
4.1
2.4
3.1
(1) Source, see table 2.
TABLES 8 and 9
Table 8
Population of selected districts in the East Prussian regency of
Marienwerder, according to language spoken, 1890,1900,1910,1925.
POPULATION
% DISTRIBUTION
Masurian
Polish
Polish
Districts
German
only
and
only
and
German
only
and
German
German
German
Year 1890
Stuhm
19,737
47
-
13,743
1426
56.4
39.3
4.1
Marienburg
23,873
-
7
342
145
97.8
1.4
0.6
Marienwerder
34,875
15
-
3488
409
89.8
8.9
1.0
Rosenberg
44,084
10
1
3720
1241
89.8
7.6
2.5
Total
122,569
72
8
21,293
3221
83.2
14.5
2.2
Year 1900
Stuhm
20,941
20
2
13,139
927
59.7
37.5
2.6
Mar ienburg
23,038
2
4
345
188
97.6
1.5
0.8
Mar ienwerder
36,183
16
6
2764
427
91.8
7.0
1.1
Rosenberg
47,635
12
3
3621
783
91.4
6.9
1.5
Total
127,797
50
15
19,869
2325
85.1
13.2
1.5
Year 1910
Stuhm
19,714
12
-
15,445
22
55.9
43.8
0.1
Marienburg
28,273
-
-
347
151
98.2
1.2
0.5
Marienwerder
37,018
-
2
2904
545
91.4
7.2
1.3
Rosenberg
50,229
22
7
3498
863
91.9
6.4
1.6
Total
135,234
34
9
22,194
1581
84.9
13.9
1.0
Year 1925
Stuhm
27,096
5
1
5478
4041
73.9
14.9
11.0
Marienburg
32,506
49
5
129
100
99.0
0.4
0.3
Merienwerder
40,246
9
9
394
930
96.7
1.0
2.9
Rosenberg
57,204
37
29
336
977
97.6
0.6
1.7
Total
157,052
100
44
6337
6048
92.5
3.7
3.6
Table
9
Population in East Prussian districts according to Lithuanien language
spoken
(1)
POPULATION
% DISTRIBUTION
Lithuanian
Polish
Ger-
Lithuanian
Years
German
man
only
andGer.
only and Ger.
only
and Ger.
1890
200,450
42,413
1408
87
13
81.5
17.3
0.6
1900
216,807
31,305
4346
129
108
81.5
12.4
1.7
1910
231,998
21,192
1751
359
66
90.7
8.3
0.7
1925
252,844
2,708
1906
88
149
97.9
1.1
0.7
1) Districts included: Niedering, Pillkallen, Tilsit, Tilsit-Regnit,
Labiau.
TABLE 10
(1)
Population Balance of the Masurian Region (1871 - 1933)
1910-1925
1910-1925
1871-
Balance
% of Population
Districts
1933
Bal, Bal.
Balance of
of
of migra-
In-
of
of
Migration
births
tion
crease
BirthaMig.
Increase.
Ortelsburg
-55,684
10,742
-9321
+1400
15.4
-13.4
+ 2.0
Johannisburg
-30,623
7,840
-4010
+3800
15.3
-7.8
+ 7.5
Neidenburg
-36,656
6,194
-2962
+3200
17.5
-8.4
+ 9.1
Lyck
-24,968
6,737
-3891
+2800
12.1
-7.0
4 5.1
Sensburg
-33,638
7,410
-5737
+1700
14.8
-11.5
+ 3.3
Osterode
-51,639
11,893
-9225
42700
16.1
-12.5
4 3.6
Lötzen
-21,511
4,752
-237
+4500
11.5
-0.6
+10.9
Oletzko
-25,767
4,208
-8951
+1300
10.8
-7.6
+ 3.2
Rössel
-33,641
4,835
-6342
+1500
9.6
-12.6
+ 3.0
Allenstein-
3,172
+1755
+4900
9.6
5.3
+14.9
town
Allenstein-
-23,526
7,920
-9930
-2000
13.7
-17.2
- 3.5
Country)
Masurian
Region
-337,473 76,713 -52,941 +23,200 13.7 - 9.5
4.2
(1) Source: Batocki mid Schack: Bevoelkerung in Ostpreussen
1929, page 39.
H. Rogmann: Die Bevoelkerungs entwicklung im
preussichen Osten in den letzen hundert Jahren 1936, pages 250-1.
TABLE 11
Children attending Public School in the Masurian Region, according
(1)
to language spoken, 1891
Percentage of
School
Children
Respective
Population
Polish
Polish
and
and
DISTRICTS
Total
German
Polish
German
German
Polish
German
Ortelsburg
12,486
1169
9985
1386
7.6
19.4
41.7
Johannisburg 8,636
1056
6459
1107
10.2
17.8
52.3
Neidenburg
10,031
1299
7616
1108
8.9
15.7
76.9
Lyck
8,986
1799
5918
1269
9.9
17.7
47.0
Sensburg
8,124
1451
5064
1530
8.0
17.7
89.0
Osterode
12,478
3559
4281
4638
11.2
12.3
185.2
Lötzen
6,873
1628
3425
1820
7.9
17.1
82.5
Oletzko
7,421
2701
3135
1605
12.6
17.2
99.1
Rossel
8,223
6836
1124
263
16.4
15.2
67.7
Allenstein-
12,349
3775
6868
1706
10.8
17.0
69.4
town
Allenstein-
country
Masurian
Region
95,607
*25,273
53,875
16,432
11.2
16.9
80.2
(1) Source: Preussische Statistik, Heft 120, 2, pp. 70-73.
TABLE 12
School children in the Masurian region according to language
(1)
spoken, 1901
Districts
Masurian
Polish
And
And
Total German
Only
German
Only
Germen
SCHOOL CHILDREN
Ortelsburg
15,157
1419
8988
995
3426
329
Johannisburg
10,305
1256
7635
1092
228
85
Neidenburg
11,862
1072
5817
1520
2994
516
Lyck
10,018
1949
6581
1321
83
84
Sensburg
9,324
1601
3278
1766
1800
786
Osterode
13,957
4433
2438
800
4477
1809
Lötzen
7,715
2206
3353
2156
-
-
Oletzko
7,597
2937
2000
1687
403
570
Rossel
9,049
7267
-
-
1352
430
Allenstein-
15,033
4962
16
12
7895
2148
town
Allenstein-
country
Masurian Reg- 110,017 29,102 40,106 11,349 22,658 6,757
ion.
PERCENT OF RESPECTIVE POPULATION
Ortelsburg
9.1
30.3
179.6
16.1
29.4
Johannisburg
10.3
31.9
121.3
2.2
6.9
Neidenburg
6.3
30.1
381.9
13.3
46.6
Lyck
8.7
35.1
90.8
-
6.0
Sensburg
7.8
22.3
125.8
18.4
48.9
Osterode
11.8
31.2
176.2
14.9
77.4
Lotzen
10.1
34.0
123.2
-
-
Oletzko
12.1
26.4
205.7
7.1
61.9
Rossel
21.3
-
-
19.1
57.7
Allenstein-
12.2
-
-
20.3
74.7
town
Allenstein-
country
Masurian Region
11.1
30.4
145.3
14.7
45.6
(1) Source: Preussische Statistic Heft 176, 3, pp. 298-301
TABLE 13
School children in the Masurian Region according to language
(1)
spoken 1911
Masurian
Polish
Districts
Total
German
and
and
only
German
only
German
SCHOOL
CHILDREN
Ortelsburg
14,481
1348
8846
2860
932
495
Johannisburg
10,715
1774
6327
1803
599
212
Neidenburg
11,763
1644
5296
2009
2230
584
Lyck
9,557
1999
4610
2228
500
217
Sensburg
9,445
1900
3529
3104
274
484
Osterode
13,807
4913
4367
2043
1847
637
Lötzen
7,357
2188
1813
2715
222
419
Oletzko
7,161
2523
1490
1963
468
717
Rossel
8,837
6880
-
-
1463
494
Allenstein-
)
3,566
2688
-
-
257
621
town
Allenstein-
)
11,991
4123
-
-
6371
1495
country
)
Masurian Region
108,680
31,980
36,278
18,725
15,163
6,375
PERCENTAGE OF RESPECTIVE POPULATION
Ortelsburg
6.6
20.3
214.5
27.5
43.8
Johannisburg
10.8
21.7
289.3
14.2
21.2
Neidenburg
8.0
20.8
200.0
21.4
36.0
Lyck
9.3
23.7
229.7
7.8
13.3
Sensburg
7.7
18.5
232.1
7.5
49.6
Osterode
11.3
16.5
179.5
106.0
54.7
Lotzen
8.3
15.8
235.0
13.9
64.7
Oletzko
9.2
24.0
483.5
12.3
60.5
Rossel
15.9
-
-
22.5
70.1
Allenstein-
9.1
-
-
11.4
47.4
town
Allenstein-
18.1
-
-
19.4
84.2
country
Masurian Region
10.6
20.0
232.9
19.7
49.1
(1) Source: Preussische Statistik Heft 231, 2, p.378.
TABLE 14
(1)
Polish Votes on Elections
1921 - 1932
Polish Votes
Election
Date of
Election
To
Allenstein
West
East Prussia
preussen
Reichstag
20. 2.21
7225
4989
12,226
Prussian Diet
20. 2.21
7427
5158
12,594
Provincial Diet
20. 2.21
7137
5025
12,162
Reichstag
5. 4.24
8703
3689
13,093
Reichstag
7.12.24
3416
2458
6,079
Prussian Diet
7.12.24
3419
2443
6,034
Provincial Diet
29.11.25
2765
2130
5,750
Reichstag
20.5.28
2850
1529
4,476
Prussian Diet
20.5.28
2904
1580
4,668
Provincial Diet
17.11.29
3136
1741
5,308
Reichstag
14. 9.30
2197
1762
4,108
Reichstag
24. 4.30
2207
1374
3,693
Prussian Diet
24. 4.30
1678
1106
2,743
Reichstag
6.11.32,
,1585
1096
2,890
(1) A. Horn, Ostpreussens Deutschtum im Spiegel Der Politischen
Wahlen 1921-1933 (Ostland Forschungen, Danzig 1933. )
No.
-15-
(Statistik des deutschen Reichs Band 401 I Seite 14)
Die Muttersprache
Die Gliederung der Bevoelkerung nach der Muttersprache
wurde auf Grund der Eintragungen in die Spalten 9 und 10
der Haushaltungsliste ist die Muttersprache in folgender
Form erfragt worden.
"ob deutsch oder welche andere Muttersprache?
Um die Verbreitung der Kenntnis der deutschen Sprache
festzustellen schliesst sich hieran in Spalte 10 eine
zweite Frage an.
Wenn nicht deutsch, versteht die betreffende
Person deutsch?
In den Erläuterungen zu den einzelnen Spalten der
Haushaltungsliste wurde uber die Muttersprache gesagt:
In Spalte 9/10 ist für sämtliche Mitglieder der
Haushaltung die Muttersprache anzugeben. In der Regel
besitzt jeder Mensch nur eine Muttersprache in welcher er
denkt und deren er sich in seiner Familie und im häuslichen
Verkehr am liebsten bedient, weil sie 1hm am gelaufigsten ist.
Personen, deren Vater und Mutter eine verschiedene Muttersprache
haben, können in manchen Fällen zwei Muttersprachen haben
(Doppelsprachige), Kinder welche noch nicht sprechen und auch
Stumme sind der Muttersprache der Eltern mitzuzahlen. Dialekte
(Mundarten) z.B. Platt-deutsch zählen nicht als Muttersprache. Die
Masurische Muttersprache ist als "Masurisch" nicht als polnisch
zu beseichnen."
to look your his is Since
MEMORANDUM ON EAST PRUSSIA
Propie
1. The Problem of East Prussia
The province of East Prussia is historically and culturally
as much a part of the Prussian state as is Brandenburg or Pomerania. Never-
theless, there is, and has always been an East Prussian problem. The
Polish corridor, separating East Prussia from Germany was not an invention
of the Versailles peacemakers, it is an ethnological fact. The entire
valley of the Vistula, with the exception of the delta region, around
Danzig, has for many centuries been inhabited by an overwhelmingly
Polish population. East Prussia, on the other hand, is overwhelmingly German;
but it is a German island, surrounded by Poles and Lithuanians, with the
Baltic Sea to the north, Evidently the political corridor, set up in 1918,
did not provide a satisfactory solution to the problem so a new solution
will have to be found. The ruthless policy of Germanization and extermina-
tion pursued by the Nazis will multiply the difficulties in the way of a
lasting and democratic solution.
We shall not know the full extent of the damage Hitler and his
bands have wrought in these areas until after the war, but the conditions
that we find then will certainly influence the solution that is applied.
The following brief outline of the historical, ethnological, social and
political conditions in this area is confined to the period before
Hitler's conquest, but these are the facts that must be considered in
making future plans.
-2-
2. Historical Background
The Germans began colonizing the territory east of the Elbe
River in about the tenth century. It is believed that prior to that
time, this area was inhabited primarily by Slavic tribes, who had found
their way northward to these regions during the time of the great migra-
tions. Between the twelfth and fifteenth centuries, the Order of
Teutonic Knights conquered the area later to be known as East Prussia, using
essentially the same brutal and effective methods that were used by other
German warriors in the conquest and colonization of other parts of East
Elbia. The Teutonic Knights built fortified castles in East Prussia, among
them castles near the present-day cities of Braunsberg, Marienberg, and
Koenigsberg, which enabled them in later years to fight off Polish attacks.
In 1411, the Teutonic Knights were beaten in a decisive battle at
Tannenberg, which halted their further expansion, but which did not, however,
break their hold on East Prussia itself. After Thromberg they did lose
some territory to the Poles, including Elbing in the west, but they kept
the rest of the province. Then and during the following centuries the
Poles were more successful to the west of East Prussia in resisting attempts
at Germanization, because of the geopolitical factor of better communica-
tions in the valley of the Vistula. On the other hand German rule in the
northern and eastern parts of East Prussia was reinforced from the sea,
through the Hanseatic League. Labíau, Koenigsberg, Braunsberg, Elbing all
belonged to the Hanse, and this association served to make them even more
German. After Tunnenberg, the Teutonic Knights of East Prussia had tempor-
arily to give feudal allegiance to the Polish King in Warsaw. However, in
1525, East Prussia became a Duchy, ruled by a side-line of the German
-3-
Hohenzollern family. A twenty-one-year-old Hohenzollern prince, Albrecht,
was elected as the new head of the Teutonic Knights. He went over to
protestantism and secularized the province, but he also renewed recognition
of the status of Protectorate under the Polish King. (This relation to
Poland altered the German character of East Prussia just as little, as
the inclusion of the Duchy of Warsaw in the Kingdom of Saxony during the
Napoleonic Wars, altered the Polish character of that province.) East
Prussia was conquered by the Swedes during the Thirty Years' War. After
they withdrew towards the end of the seventeenth century, East Prussia,
along with Brandenburg and the other Hohenzollern states became a part of
Prussia. It was in Koenigsberg in 1701, that the Prussian Kurfurst.
"Elector," was crowned King of Prussia. Certain parts of East Prussia, which
had been lost temporarily were brought back under the Prussian crown, for
example, Elbing which was regained in 1722. During the Napoleonic Wars,
East Prussia was occupied for a time by Prussia's ally, Russia. (That is
how it happened that the philosopher Kant Was in the pay of the Russian govern-
ment, as were all public officials in Koenigsberg.) After the defeat at Jena, the
King of Prussia fled first to East Prussia and then to Memel. When Napoleon
had been driven back in Russia, East Prussia was the center from which
preparations started for liberation from Napoleon's rule. The Stein-
Hardenberg Reforms began in East Prussia and the new Prussian Army was first
set up there.
Since that time, German rule in East Prussia has never been
questioned, except that during the World War, some districts were occupied
by Russian armies under General Rennenkampf until 1916. Immediately after
the World War, East Prussia was one of the headquarters of the German Baltio
troops until the final peace agreement led at last to the dissolution of the
-4-
Free Corps. During the Weimar Republic, East Prussia became one of the
liberal bulwarks of German democracy. Until the very end, there was a
Social Democratic majority in East Prussian elections.
The cultural and historical development of East Prussia has thus,
beyond question, been German; it has been the classical Prussian development.
The always mingled with the inhabitants whom they subju-
gated. That was true in Brandenburg, in Pomerania, in Kurmark and other
East Elbian provinces, exactly as it Was in East Prussia. What we know as
Prussianism developed in these provinces, and thus the Prussian is racially
a German-Slav mixture.
There has been a little colonization in East Prussia by other
groups. For example, in the middle of the eighteenth century, when the popula-
tion had been greatly decreased by plague, the Prussian government settled
several thousand Austrians from the Salzburg area there. (Somewhat earlier,
about 1685, several hundred French Hugenots settled in Koenigsberg.) However,
after the original German conquest, there was never any new large-scale
infiltration of Slavs.
The cultural dominance of the German in East Prussia has been
evident from the Middle Ages. For example, the city of Koenigsberg, founded
in 1255. has been the seat of a German university since the Reformation.
Braunsberg, founded in 1284, Marienburg, center of the military colony in
the East and seat of the Teutonic Knights, founded in 1309, were always
German cities. Even today that can be seen from the remains of the original
medieval cities.
- 5-
It was therefore only misleading when the ex-President of Poland,
Paderewski, in an address delivered before the American-Polish Chamber of
Commerce on May 18, 1932, said: "East Prussia never belonged to the
ancient German Empire 1806. It never belonged even to Deutschen Bund which
existed between 1815 and 1866."
East Prussia did indeed belong to one of the constitutents of the old
Empire, the Prussian Kurfuerstentum or "lectorate, and Bast Prussia was one
of the oldest provinces in the later Kingdom of Prussia. A second time in
the same speech, Paderewski was misleading when he referred to the reply
of the Supremes Gouncil of the Peace Conference the Allied and Associated
Powers, and said that it "justly observed" that "German historians have always
recognized that East russia is not a country of German origin, but merely a
German colony." Historians have of course recognized the colonial origin of
EastPrussia, but Austria in the south and all the German provinces east of
the Elbe were the same kind of colonies as was East Prussia. They were all
conquered in medieval times and and have all been Germanized since. Many other
parts of Europe were conquered in the middle ages, and people whose ancestors
have lived in those territories for a thousand years would be surprised to
find themselves called"colonists."
3. Population
The census of 1925 gives the area of East Prussia as 3,104,650 hectares,
and the total population as 2,300,000. The province is divided into four
districts and the 1925 census gives the following figures for those districts:
- 6 -
sub-
sub-
population
area in
districts
districts
Estates
Popula-
per 89.
Administrative Districts
80, km.
Urban
Rural
tion
km.
Koenigsberg
13,146.7
32
1354
23
911,879
69
Gumbinnen
9,397.0
12
1875
26
539.778
57
Allenstein
11,547.0
22
1199
19
542,287
47
West Prussia
2,955.8
12
309
6
264,405
90
According to the same census, there were 1,066,689 persons gainfully employed
in East Prussia: of these, 593.558 (55.7%) were engaged in agriculture; 204,914
(19.2%) were engaged in industry and crafts; 129,829 (12.2%) were engaged in commerce
and transportation. A clearer picture can be gained from the figures for wage-earners,
which includes industrial workers, agricultural workers, white-collar workers, and
government and municipal employees. At the peak of prosperity in July 1929, there
were 557,000 wage-earners, and at the lowest point of the depression, in January 1933,
only 365,000 wage-earners were registered; the rest were unemployed. Among the
important industries in the pre-Hitler era were shipbuilding, which has since been
expanded, and the machine industry. (Elbing, with shipyards and machine industry both,
is one/of the major industrial cities.) The cities of East Prussia, in the order
of their population are: Koenigsberg - 311,522 inhabitants, Elbing - - 72,400, filsit -
57,000, Insterburg - 40,434. Allenstein - - 40, 086 , Marienburg - 24,356, Gumbinnen -
19,000, Lyok 15,361, Marienwerden - 13,721, Deutsch-Eylau 11,286, Ortelsburg. -
10,434. (These population figures were for 1937.)
According to 1930 figures, about 2,300,000 hectares of the total area of East
Prussia was under cultivation. Of this, about one-sixth, or 422,000 hectures, still
belonged to large Junker estates.* State forests comprised 109,000 hectares. There
had been some re-distribution of state forest land to small farmers during the Weimr
who
Republic, but those/realized how essential agrarian reforms in East Prussia were, felt
e
Phis should be compared with an average of one-twentieth of the cultivated land
in large estates, in the Reich as a whole.
-7-
that the process was much too slow. As one man wrote in 1930: "It will take
until 1970 to reform the province if we keep on at the present rate."
The owners of the large estates leased about 63,000 hectares to be farmed
by tenant farmers in 1930. Altogether there 233,429 agricultural units in
East Prussia. These included about 20,000 independently owned, medium-sized
farms, about 150,000 small, independent farms, and about 63,000 farmed by tenants.
the
In addition there were/large estates, except for the relatively small acreage
leased to tenants. The Junker estates were worked by agricultural day labor,
and during the busy season they employed migratory workers from Poland. Farming
methods on these estates were extremely primitive. Only a generation ago the
introduction of modern mechanical equipment was often fought with violence as
the superstitious people believed it an invention of the devil.
It was only during the Republic that there was some modernization of
agricultural practises in East Prussia. As mentioned above, some of the state
forests were divided up for settlements of small farmers. Also, under the
Republic the large estates benefitted from the famous Osthilfe or "Credits for
the East," which were granted by the Reichstag and enabled the Junkers to get
rid of much of their indebtedness. The Osthilfe payments incidentally led to
improvements
some farming improvements, although the were primarily motivated by
military considerations.
Even today, productivity of East Prussian farms is not high, Crops
include, primarily, grain (rye, oats, barley, wheat) potatoes and tubers. Stan-
dards for cattle raising are somewhat higher, both as far as private breeders
and dairies are concerned, and the old state enterprises.
thus, in spite of some modern improvements and a little extension of
tenant farming, East Prussia is still the seat of some of the most important
- 8 -
and largest landed estates in Germany. In 1900, there were, in all Germany,
369 estates of more than 1000 hectares, of which 340 were in Prussia. These
340 estates were divided up among the various provinces of Prussia as follows:
East Prussia - 68, Posen and Pomerellen - 32, Brandenburg - 35. Pomerania - 51,
Silesia 2D, Saxony - 21, Schleswig - - 2, Hannover - 2, Westphalia - 1. (The
balance were in the section known as "West Frussia" which became a part of
Poland after the first World War.) There, have been x very few changes in the
estates of East Prussia since 1900. From the time of the "russian kings, East
Frussia has always furnished many officers to the Prussian army. (Records
from 1791 show that 518 Junker families had already supplied 895 generals to
the Prussian army. Among the families represented were: Kleist with 14
generals, Schwerin with 11, Goltz with 10, Book with 9, Bredowje with 9, Donah
with 7. Hundreds came from the Markwitz family. We find a number of these
names, 0.6. von Kleist, von Book, among the leaders of Hitler a present army.)
National Minorities in East Prussia: In this predominantly Junker-peasant
country, non-German speaking, and mixed language groups have survived; but
they represent a very small minority, about 64,000 out of 2.3 million, mostly
localized in border districts.
The largest non-German speaking minority is the Masures, whose home is
in the Allenstein district, around the Masure Lakes. They speak a mixed
German-Slavic dialect and are supposed to be the descendants of the original
inhabitants. In the census of 1925, 41,400 East Prussians gave as their mother
tongue masurian, that is 1.8% of the population. We can assume that there were
more Masures than voluntarily described threet themselves as such, but probably
not very many more, as the 1925 census was taken under democratic conditions,
with almost no pressures that would cause people to hide non-German nationality.
(A table on the following page, prepared in 1916, shows a Masurian population
in East Prussia nearly five times as great as in 1925. The decline in Masures
is accounted for by migration into Poland and industrial districts of western
Germany, following the last war.)
- 9 -
In the same census, 20,500 East Prussians gave Polish as their mother
tongue, 0.9% of the population. (In addition, about 100,000 of the half
million seasonal workers from Poland, who always came to Germany during
the summer months, ***** came to East Prussia.) As in the case of the
Masures, the number of Poles resident in East Prussia may have been somewhat
larger than the census figure showed, but,in in view of the strength and
importance of Poland at that time, there seems no reason why there should
have been pressure against admitting Polish nationality. Most of the
Poles in East Prussia lived in the southeastern border district of Allenstein.
In addition there were a few Lithuanians; there are still Lithuanian
villages on the Kurische Haff on the Baltic. The 1925 census showed
2100 East Prussians whose mother tongue was Lithuanian, 0.1% of the popula-
tion. The 1910 figures show 4.3% of the population Lithuanian. Memel
was then a part of East Prussia, and a majority of its population was Lithu-
anian; that is why the Memel district was split off from Germany after 1918.
Also, Lithuanians resident in other parts of East Prussia migrated to the
newly established Lithuanian state. (The following table, based on 1910
census figures, shows the language composition of the State of Prussia,
the province of East Prussia, and its administrative districtsat that time)
- 10 -
Language
State of
Province of
Koenigs-
Gum-
Allen-
Division
Prussia
East Prussia
berg
binnon
stein
a) Mother tongue German
35,426,335
1,680,003
874,410
531,273
274,320
b) More than one
mother tongue
241,254
27,331
2,983
4,687
19,661
German & Polish
200,913
14,180
968
1,459
11,763
German & Masurian
11,463
8,448
134
545
7,769
German & Lithuanian
5,486
4,380
1,721
2,624
35
c) German not a
mother tongue
4,497,630
356,841
36,726
70,627
249,488
Polish
3,500,511*
81,147
2,820
5,173
73,154
Masurian
204,760
183,314
318
6,980
175.016
Lithuanian
93,933
89,974
31,883
57,993
98
Russian
13,180
2,993
780
202
1,011
-
Most of the three and a half million Polish-speaking inhabitants of Prussia
lived in the section known as "West Prussia" that became a part of Poland
after the first World War.
- 11 -
Only recently, for the first time, have Polish sources begun to
cast doubt on these facts about the national composition of East Prussia.
But, if there had been real doubts about the overwhelmingly Prussian
character of East Frussia at the time of the Versailles Treaty, there would
have been another solution. The mixed-language district of Upper Silesia
had to hold plebiscites. The overwhelmingly Polish province of "West Prussia,"
comprising Posen and Pommerelle, was given to Poland. the Danzig district,
though admittedly having a German majority, was made a free city and included
in the Polish customs area in order to make the Polish Corridor. If it had
not been absolutely obvious that East Prussia belonged with Germany, the
treaty makers would have dealt with it in a different manner.
(Under Polish rule, from 1919 to 1939, the Folish majority in Posen
and Fommerelle, which even "axi sources admit, increased greatly. Knauer's
authoritative German Atlas for 1937, gives the following population figures
for cities in this area according to nationality: Bromberg - 117,945 Poles
and 12,500 Germans; Grügdentz - 50,405 Poles and 4,120 Germans; Posen 246,574
Poles and no figure for Germans; thorn - 54,280 Poles and 2,937 Germans;
Hohensalza - 30,862 Poles and 817 Germans (Knauer notes that there were
10,970 Germans in chis town in 1910). The situation is similar in all the
former
towns of/"West Frussia," and there are even fewer Germans in the more northern
towns of the Corridor.
4. Possible Solutions of the East Prussian Problem
the Corridor: This solution was unsatisfactory both to the Poles
and the East Prussians. It was partly as a result of the texat conflicts
that grew out of the creation of the Corridor that German-Polish tension
increased until Hitler provoked the final explosion. Ethnologically, the
Corridor is overwhelmingly Polish. Moreover, Poland's need for an outlet
to the sea has always been recognized as a legitimate claim in line with the
- 12 -
national interests of Poland, by German democrate. East Prussia's peculiar
situation as a German language and cultural island surrounded by Foles and
Lithuanians cannot be appropriately dealt with, by even the best corridor
arrangement.
At one time, before the Hitler government was strong enough to
attempt the conquest of Poland, it proposed an extension of the corridor
solution, namely the building of extra-territorial Germank highways through
the Corridor, a "corridor within the Corridor." The Nazis even came to
an agreement in principle on this proposal. That was at the same time that
the Nazis demanded the return of Danzig to the Reich. The fact that the
as
Poles considered these proposals serious, Is a reflection of the weakness of
the country at that time and itsedependence on Hitler Germany.
A federal solution: A more progressive and a more satisfactory solution
could be arrived at within a federated Europe. If both Poland and Germany
were members of a European federal league, East Prussia could belong to a
Polish state, without the German population being at a national disadvantage.
The federal league would have to guarantee the maintenance of the German cul-
tural character of East Prussia, and like all other national minorities in
Europe, the East Prussians would enjoy extensive cultural autonomy. In
every case the happiness and the welfare of the people of East Prussia will
depend primarily on social reforms, especially, the long-overdue agrarian
reforms and the distribution of the land of the great Junker estates among
small independent farmers.
Transfer of Populations: During the German Republic there was occasional
discussion of a parity transfer of populations as a means of solving the
East russian problem. The idea was to take two areas, similar in size and
a part of
population and wealth, roughly, East Prussia and/ "West Prussia," and to permit
the citizens of one to migrate voluntarily to the other. East Frussia, adjacent
an equivalent part of
to Poland, but belonging to Germany, would be given to Poland, and West "russia"
- 13 -
would become a part of Germany. the expropriation of the great German landholders
in Eas: russia would make possible the settlement of tens of thousands of
Polish peasants on their own land, those German, East Prussian peasants who
wanted to leave their old homes and move to Germany, could be settled there
with the help of the government and could retain their German nationality.
The brutal and ruths ruthless way in which the "azis have driven out and
exterminated Poles of all classes from "WestPrussia" has, in a perverse manner,
prepared the ground for an eventual population transfer. At the same time,
however, the cruelty with which Hitler's population policies have been carried
out have created hatred and distrust which will make it very difficult to
inaugurate democratic and just policies of population transfer.
the author of this memorandum does not have sufficient knowledge of
East Prussian conditions to do more than present a brief sketch of the problem
and of the proposed solutions. The most important prerequisite for every
postwar solution is that, insofar as possible, it be made with the agreement
of the populations concerned. Only then can it be democratic and lasting.
- Paul Hagen
\ morp I
Paul Killogg
PSF: Peace
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
December 1, 1939
FOR THE PRESIDENT:
This is being returned to
you as requested. It has been thanked
for.
M.C.T.
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
December 1, 1939.
MEMORANDUM FOR
MRS. ROOSEVELT
Will you thank Paul Kellogg
and let me have it back for my
"Peace" file?
F. D. R.
Thank sor are must gruit ER
PSF:Peace
()
MESSAGE from 1914-for 1939 AND AFTER
THAT SHALL PEACE
SOCIETY
LAST
I of / / I I / / I WILLING / STATE 2 / / / -
countries, in HOUGH in civilization shall the United outcome are concerned and of in the each that confict, of certain the social the things instincts order.
people
social T ings fabricough nations should, of
themselves as HIS much the is day of
I f States dos / / 3 e / a / I I 2 7 for q State I - I Y / / se 1 I / I / de
state she / /
their minds and sought make which ready 4 some to act of those 4 in the concert. and outgrowth who quiet deal to with clarity of meet. express
1 i /
/ & /
THE LETTER was in
Miss Addams' words. The
declaration itself was a
// 1, 2 / / ,
mosaic; based on the dis-
cussions and common sense
SOON after the outbreak
of the meetings; but pieced
together also from other
of the World War in 1914, a
sources ranging from ancient
number of men and women met at the
writ to the spirited expressions
Henry Street Settlement in New York, to consider its
struck off in this and other coun-
effects not only in the belligerent countries but in the neutral
tries, under the impact of war in
countries as well.
1914. Antedating American par-
At a second conference in midwinter, there was abundant con-
ticipation in that conflict, and
firmation of the forecasts made six months before, of retardation
to those movements for the progress of mankind which had
America's withdrawal after the peace, the statement of course
been gaining impetus in all lands. All over the world were ap-
carries no evaluation of our share of responsibility for the
pearing the proper and expected signs of a throwback.
recurrence of war in 1939. Nonetheless its arraignments and
It was felt that the time had come to break silence and voice
aspirations alike ring true today.
convictions. Twenty-two participants found common footing in
the declarations on the following pages: here reprinted from
FOLLOWING the meetings, an informal committee was organ-
The Survey after almost a quarter of a century.
ized, which evolved under the chairmanship of Miss Wald into the
American Union Against Militarism (1915-18); from which, On on
THE INITIATIVE of the meetings, and the purpose in the
the hand, sprang the American Civil Liberties Union.
minds of those who called them, was expressed in a letter of invi-
the one other hand, several of the signatories participated in the
tation (from which the paragraphs on the cover of this pamphlet
League of Free Nations Association (1918), out of which grew
were taken), issued in the names of Jane Addams, Lillian D.
the Foreign Policy Association. Miss Addams gave leadership to
Weld and Paul Kallogg.
the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom.
TOWARDS THE PEACE
H
THAT SHALL LAST
A
EVERY STAGE OF WARFARE IN THE PAST, there have been
out of sheer affection for their kind, revolted. In face of
men and women in all nations who have endeav-
persecution and ridicule, they warned their countrymen
ored to abate and lessen it. Their repeated endeav-
that in pouring human blood upon altars to the gods they
prs have been answered only by repeated wars, until the
wrought upon their kind more irreparable wrong than
present war in Europe completes the works of death,
any evil which they sought to forfend. Finally, there came
desolation, and tyranny.
to be enough people with courage and pity sufficient to
In spite of this, these protests against war are destined
carry a generation with them.
to succeed; as, centuries earlier in the history of the race,
It took these people many centuries to rid themselves
the sentiment of pity, of respect for human life, called a
of human sacrifice; during many centuries more they
halt to senseless slaughter,
relapsed again and again, in periods of national despair.
There came the time, for example, to Greek and Jew-
So have we fallen back into warfare, and perhaps will
ish peoples when a few set their faces against human sac-
fall back again and again, until in self-pity, in self-defense,
rifice as a religious rite of their highest faith-bound up,
in self-assertion of the right to life, not as hitherto, a few,
like our wars, with old fealties and solemn customs, and
but the whole people of the world, will brook this thing
with their most desperate fears. Humble men and women,
no longer,
OUR RIGHT TO PROTEST
B
Y THAT OPPORTUNITY, now ours as never before, to weigh
has had some counterpart in our national history and our
the case against war and to draw the counts from
current life-we can speak a common language.
burning words spoken by those who protest and who
are of all peoples-we make single judgment and complete
By THAT COMRADESHIP AMONG NATIONS which has made for
indictment.
mutual understanding; by those inventions which, binding us
in communication, have put the horrors of war at our doors;
By THAT COOD FORTUNE which has placed us outside the con-
fliet; by that ill fortune by which the belligerent and his rights
by the mechanical contrivances which have multiplied and
have heretofore bestrode the world; by mine-strewn channels,
intensified those horrors; by the quickening human sym-
pathies which have made us sensitive to the hurts of others-
and by international codes which offer seant redress-tre
speak as people of a neutral nation.
we can speak us fellow-victims of this great oppression.
By THE UNEMPLOYED OF OUR WATERFRONTS, and the aug-
By OUR HERITAGE FROM THE EMBATTLED NATIONS; by our debt
mented misery of our cities; by the financial depression which
to them for languages and faiths and social institutions; for
has curtailed our school building and crippled our works of
science, scholarship, and invention; by the broken and deso-
good will; by the sluicing of human impulse among us from
lated hearts that will come to us when the war ends; by our
channels of social development to the back-eddies of salvage
kinships and our unfeigned friendships-we can speak as
brothers.
and relief-we have a right to speak.
By THE HOT ANGER AND CIVIL STRIPE that we have known;
by our pride, vainglory, and covetousness; by the struggles we
B
Y ALL THESE THINGS-We hold the present opportunity for
conscience-searching and constructive action to be an
have made for national integrity and defense of our hearth-
especial charge upon us; upon the newcomers among us from
stones; by our consciousness that every instinct and motive
the fatherlands; and upon the joint youth of all the peoples of
and ideal at work in this war, however lofty or however base,
the two Americas.
WHAT WAR HAS DONE AND IS DOING
ITS BLIGHTS
W
AR HAS BROUGHT LOW our conception of the precious-
sculptors and the violinists, the limbs of the hurdlers and the
ness of human life as slavery brought low our con-
swimmers, the sensitive muscles of the mechanics and the
ception of human liberty.
weavers, the throats of the singers and the interpreters, the
IT HAS RENUMBED our growing sense of the nurture of life;
eyes of the astronomers and the melters-every skilled and
and at a time when We were challenging Reichstag, Parlia-
prescient part of the human body, every gift and competence
ment and Congress with the needlessness of infant mortality
of the human mind.
and child labor, it has entrenched a million youths with cold
and fever and impending death.
IT HAS SET BACK our promptings towards the conservation
of life; and in a decade when England and France and
IT HAS THWARTED the chance of our times for the fulfilment
Russia, Germany and Austria and Belgium, have been work-
of life, and scattered like burst shrapnel the hands of the
ing out social insurance against the hazards of peace, it has
744
SURVEY GRAPHIC
thrown back upon the world an unnumbered company of
the widowed and the fatherless, of crippled breadwinners and
IT HAS SET UP THE MILITARY independent of and superior to
of aged parents, left bereft and destitute.
the civil power.
IT HAS BLOCKED our way towards the ascent of life; and in a
IT HAS SUBSTITUTED ARBITRARY AUTHORITY for the play of
century which has seen the beginnings of effort to upbuild
individual conscience; and the morals of footloose men who
the common stock, it has cut off from parenthood the strong,
escape identity in the common uniform, for that social pres-
the courageous, and the high-spirited.
sure which in the household and village, in neighborhood
and state, makes for personal responsibility, for decency, and
fair play.
ITS INJURIES
IT HAS BATTENED ON APATHY, unintelligence and helpless-
I
HAS PITTED HUMAN FLESH against machinery in its de-
ness, such as surrender the judgment and volition of nations
velopment of armaments.
into a few hands; and has nullified rights and securities, such
IT HAS BROUGHT STRANGE MEN to the door-sills of peaceful
as are of inestimable value to the people and formidable to
tyrants only.
people; men like their own men, bearing no grudges against
them; men snatched away from their fields and villages where
IT HAS THREATENED the results of a hundred martyrdoms
their fathers lie buried, to kill and burn and destroy till this
and revolutions, and put in jeopardy those free governments
other people are driven from their homes of a thousand years
which make possible still newer social conquests.
or sit abject and broken.
IT HAS CRUSHED under iron heels the uprisings of civiliza-
tion itself.
IT HAS STRIPPED FARMS and ruined self-sustaining communi-
ties, and poured into a bewildered march for succor the lame
and aged and bedridden, the little children and the women
ITS EVILS
great with child unborn.
IT HAS SET VAST COMMUNITIES at the task of rehabilitating
economic gains won through centuries of struggle and sacri-
I
HAS MASSED AND EXPLODED the causes of strife,
IT HAS NOT ONLY SHATTERED MEN'S BREASTS, but has let
fice; and not until these are regained will they be free to think
loose the black fury of their hearts; so that in rape, and
not merely of living, but of better life.
cruelty, and rage, ancient brutishness trails at the heels of all
IT HAS RAZED THE FLOWING LINES in which the art and
armies.
aspiration of earlier generations expressed themselves, and has
IT HAS SET FAITHFUL AGAINST FAITHFUL, priest against priest,
thus waged war upon the dead.
prayers against prayers for that success of one army which
means slaughter for both.
living. IT HAS TORTURED AND TWISTED the whole social fabric of the
IT HAS MADE WEREWOLVES OF NEIGHBORING PEOPLES, in the
imaginations of each other.
IT HAS BURDENED OUR CHILDREN and our children's children
with a staggering load of debt.
IT HAS PUT ITS STAMP UPON GROWING BOYS AND GIRLS, and
taught them to hate other children who have chanced to be
IT HAS INUNDATED THE LOWLANDS of the world's economy
born on the other side of some man-made boundary.
with penury and suffering unreckonable, hopelessly under-
mining standards of living already much too low.
IT HAS INBRED with the ugliest strains of commercialism,
perverting to its purposes the increase of over-dense popula-
tion of working women and children.
IT HAS BLASTED OUR NEW INTERNATIONALISM in the protec-
tions and their natural yearning for new opportunities for
enterprise and livelihood.
IT HAS RENT AND TRAMPLED upon the network of world
IT HAS WHETTED among neutral nations a lust to profit by
all men fellow-workers.
cooperation in trade and craftsmanship which was making
furnishing the means to prolong its struggles.
IT HAS TURNED the towers of art and science into new
IT HAS DISTRACTED OUR MINDS with its business of destruction
Babels, so that our philosophers and men of letters, our
and has stayed the forward reach of the builders among men.
physicists and geographers, our economists and biologists and
dramatists, speak in strange tongues; and to hate each other
IT HAS CONSCRIPTED PHYSICIAN AND SURGEON, summoning
has become a holy thing among them.
work of its wreckage.
them from research and the prolongation of life to the patch-
IT HAS FOUND A WORLD of friends and neighbors, and sub-
stituted a world of outlanders and aliens and enemies.
IT HAS SUCKED INTO ITS BLOOD AND MIRE our most
IT HAS BURNED ITSELF INTO MEN'S SOULS as an evil fact of
conquests over the elements-over electricity and air and recent the
life, to be accepted along with every other good and evil;
injury. ing, chemistry, and technology, to the service of terror and
depths of ocean; and has prostituted our prowess in engineer-
instead of what it is-a survival of barbarism which can and
should be ended.
IT HAS VIOLATED THE FINER SENSIBILITIES OF THE RACE, and
IT HAS BENT OUR TRADE ROUTES and systems of transportation
weakened our claim upon them for the betterment of the
into runways to its slaughter-pens, so that neither volcanoes,
conditions under which people live.
war in unbounded disaster.
nor earthquakes, nor famine, but only the plagues, can match
IT HAS GIVEN THE LIE TO THE TEACHINGS of missionaries and
educators, and will stay civilization in the uttermost parts of
the earth.
ITS WRONGS
IT HAS LESSENED THE NUMBER of those who feel the joys
and sorrows of all peoples as of their own.
I
T HAS BY ITS COMPULSORY SERVICE MADE PATRIOTISM A SHELL,
empty of liberty.
IT HAS STRANGLED TRUTH and paralyzed the power and wish
to face it, and has set up monstrous and irreconcilable myths
IT HAS WRESTED THE POWER OF SELF-DEFENSE from the hands
of self-justification.
of freemen them who wielded lance and sword and scythe, and
set as machine-tenders to do the bidding of their masters. has
IT HAS MUTILATED the human spirit,
IT HAS BECOME A THING which passeth all understanding.
DECEMBER 1939
745
STRIKING HANDS
E HAVE HEARD THE CALL FROM OVERSEAS of those who
W
with a culture blended from these different affluents, we hold
have appealed to men and women of good will in all
that progress lies in the predominance of none; and that the
nations to join with them in throwing off this tyranny
civilization of each nation needs to be refreshed by that com-
upon life.
mingling with the genius and the type of other human
WE WOULD GO FURTHER: we would throw open a peace
groups, that blending which began on the coast lands and
which should be other than a shadow of old wars and a fore-
islands of the Acgean Sea, where European civilization first
shadowing of new. We do more than plead with men to stay
drew its sources from the Euphrates and the Nile.
their hands from killing. We hail living men. As peace-lovers,
we charge them with the sanctity of human life; as democrats
WITH MEMORIES OF THE TYRANNY which provoked our
and freemen, we charge them with its sovereignty.
Revolution, with the travail still upon us by which our people
in turn paid for the subjection of another race, with the bit-
Y THE EIGHT MILLION NATIVES of the warring states living
terness only now assuaged which marked our period of mis-
B
among us without malice or assault one upon another,
trust and reconstruction, we bear witness that boundaries
we would leave the occasions of fighting no longer for idle
should be set where not force, but justice and consanguinity,
war boards to decide.
direct: and that, however boundaries fall, liberty and the
flowering-out of native culture should be secure.
By THE BLOW OUR FOREBEARS STRUCK AT BARBARISM when
they took vengeance out of private hands, we would wrest
WITH AMERICA'S FAIR CHALLENGE to the spirit of the East
the manufacture of armaments and deadly weapons from the
and to the chivalry of the West in standing for the open door
gun-mongers and powder-makers who gain by it.
in China when that Empire, now turned Republic, was
By THOSE ELECTRIC CURRENTS that have cut the ground from
threatened by dismemberment, we call for the freeing of the
under the old service of diplomacy, and spread the new in-
ports of every ocean from special privilege based on territorial
telligence, we would put the ban upon intrigue and secret
claim-throwing them open with equal chance to all who by
treaties.
their ability and energy can serve new regions with mutual
benefit.
Fox WE HOLD that not soldiers, nor profit-takers, nor diplo-
mats, but the people who suffer and bear the brunt of war,
WITH THE FAITH OUR PEOPLE HAVE KEPT with Cuba, the re-
should determine whether war must be; that with ample time
gard we have shown for the integrity of Mexico and our
for investigation and publicity of its every cause and meaning,
preparations for the independence of the Philippine Islands,
with recourse to every avenue for mediation and settlement
we urge the framing of a common colonial policy which shall
abroad, war should come only by the slow process of self-
put down that predatory exploitation which has embroiled
willing among men and women who solemnly publish and
the West and oppressed the East, and shall stand for an oppor-
declare it to be a last and sole resort.
tunity for each latent and backward race to build up according
to its own genius.
W
ITH OUR TREATIED BORDERLAND, three thousand miles in
length, without fort or trench from Atlantic to Pacific,
B
Y OUR FULL CENTURY OF RUTHLESS WASTE of forest, ore,
which ha: helped weld us for a century of unbroken peace
and fuel; by the vision which has come to us in these
with our neighbors to the North, we would spread faith not
later days, of conserving to the permanent uses of the people
in entranched camps but in open boundaries.
the water-power and natural wealth of our public domain,
WITH THE PACT OF OUR WRITTEN CONSTITUTION before us,
we propose the laying down of a world policy of conservation.
which binds our own sovereign states in amity, we are con-
vinced that treaty-making may be lifted to a new and in-
By THAT TEDIUM AND MONOTONY OF LIFE AND LABOR endured
violable estate, and become the foundation for that world or-
by vast multitudes until, when war drums sound, the wage
ganization which for all time shall make for peace on earth
earner leaps from his bench, and the harvester forsakes his
and good will among men.
field, we hold that the ways of peace should be cast so as to
make stirring appeal to the heroic qualities in men, and give
WITH OUR EXPERIENCE IN LESSER CONFLICTS in industrial
common utterance to the rhythm and beauty of national
life, which have none the less embraced groups as large as
feeling.
armies, have torn passions, and rasped endurance to the utter-
most, we can bear testimony that at the end of such strife as
By THE JOY OF OUR PEOPLE IN THE CONQUEST OF A CON-
cleaves to the heart of things, men are disposed to lay the
TINENT; by the rousing of all Europe, when the great navi-
framework of their relations in larger molds than those which
gators threw open the New Indies and the New World, we
broke beneath them.
conceive a joint existence such that the achieving instincts
WITH OUR NINETY MILLION PEOPLE, drawn from Alpine
among men, not as one nation against another, nor as one
and Mediterranean, Danubian, Baltic and Slavic stocks,
class against another, but as one generation after another,
shall have freedom to come into their own.
JANE ADDAMS*
WILLIAM KENT*
LEO ARNSTEIN
GEORGE W. KIRCHWEY
H
EMILY G. BALCH
SAMUEL McCUNE LINDSAY
EDWARD T. DEVINE
OWEN R. LOVEJOY
JOHN PALMER GAVIT
JULIAN W. MACK
JOHN HAYNES HOLMES
GEORGE H. MEAD*
HAMILTON HOLT
GEORGE W. NASMYTH
FREDERIC C. HOWE
GRAHAM TAYLOR®
WILLIAM 1. HULL
LILLIAN D. WALD
FLORENCE KELLEY*
MORNAY WILLIAMS
*Deceased
PAUL KELLOGG
STEPHEN S. WISE
746
SURVEY GRAPHIC
PSF
sturet
Document 123-b
P-I.O. Document 29-h
Not to LA removed from the
T Document 169-a
State Department building
December 8, 1942
INTERNATIONAL TRUSTEESHIP
I. Dependent peoplee not yet ready for self-government
shell be placed under no international trusteeship.
The authority for the trusteeship shall be vested
provisionally in the executive Authority of the United
Not one and finally in the Executive Authority of the
International Organization which shall delegate execu-
tion end supervision of the trusteeship to n separate
Supervisory Council for each region. These councile
shall be set up provisionally by the United Nations and
finally by the Executive Authority of the International
Organization,
11. The objective of international trusteeship 1. self-
overnment for all dependent areas under conditions which
provide guarantees of basic human rights, enfeguard the
economic intereste of all elecents of the copulation,
and promote the general well-being of the international
comunity. The objective of self-government any be deemed
to be attained if P dependent spen, conformable to the
-14hee of 1ts people, 1s granted partnership with 8 metro-
politan power on - federal basis which provides for auto-
nomy and self-government. The executive Authority shall
Judge the frot of the establishment of ruch self-government
to the general entirfection of the inhabitants and the
desirability of the termination of the trusteeship. The
termination of the trusteeship shall involve neceptance
of n bill of rights. The executive Authority shall de-
termine 1f the autonomy and self-covernment grented the
dependent people 1s of such nature ne to entitle 1t to
membership in the International Organization.
III. The following purposer shall guide the international
supervision end local administration:
n. For the derendent Deoples:
1. properation and education for self-poverment
". protection from excloiiation, and promotion
of connotic and social justice.
D. For
REGRADED
UNCLASSIFIED
JUN 2 1972
-
3. For the general well-being of the world:
1. establishment and anintenance of non-
divoriminatory commercial treatment.
2. promotion of equality of conno 1c opportunity,
consistent with the safeguarding of the In-
terests of the 10 A1 inhabitante.
3. contribution to general security.
IV. The following machinery shell carry out the fore-
going purposes:
-recutive Authority
The appropriate Executive Authority of the Interna-
tional Or anization enall be the final authority for the
establishment end maintenance of the trusteeshir. The
Executive Authority shall have the right to recuire any
matter to be referred to It which in its judgment effects
he basic principles of the trusteeship or which effects
the cesceful relations between nations. It shall be within
the nower of the =xecutive Authority to Adjust the areas
included within the verious regions and the comporition
and jurisdiction of the Supervisory Councils thereover,
having regard to changes which experience my al:ov to be
desirmble.
The Executive Authority shall maintain a persenent
office with in staffor experte and ehall keep itself in-
formed of the work of the Supervisory Councils. The
-xecutive Authority shall have the right of inspection
in the ependent areas.
Supervisory Council
A separate Sun evisory Council shall exercise the
international trusteeship over the reoples blaced under
1:8 trusteeshir in each area. Each Supervisory Council
say be composed of reprementatives from states charged
with responsibility for exercising the ndministrative
authority over the derendent peoples, states beving
precial security interests in the miclon, and self-
governing states in the region, NE and in such number
88 any be determined by the Executiv Authority.
non Supervisory Council, poting on behalf of the
executive Authority and In consultation with each ter-
rithrial aduinistration, shell pronote the development
of
-2-
of the territories within its srea both in the interests
of the inhebitante and of the rest of the world. It shall
in particular (a) assure that the terms of the charter
under which the territory 1s administered are effectively
carried out, (b) examine for approval or disapprovel All
public or private projects involving developments of more
than local character, (o) assure that the principle of
non-disorimination in commercial treatment 1s applied,
and the promotion of equality of economic opportunity is
undertaken, in B annner which Refeguards the long-run
intereste of the inhabitante, and (d) assure that emigre-
tion and immigration shall be regulated in the interest
of the inhabitante of the area. Each Supervisory Council
shall ninke an annuel report together with recommendations
to the Executive Authority on the various territories
under ite supervision. I: shell also report to the Exe-
cutive Authority promptly any situation which affects
the penceful relations of the territorios or any failure
of the Administrative Fower to carry out its obligations.
The Executive Authority shall decide the time and manner
of the publication of these reports,
the inhabitante shall have the right of petition
directly to the Supervisory Council, subject to Fuch regu-
lations or conditions on the Supervisory Council shell
prescribe subject to the approval of the Executive Authority.
Decretarist
-en Supervisory Council shall be assisted by A Decre-
tarist which shall include individuels treatned in admin-
1stration of dependent areas, and specialists in the fields
of education, nublic works, administration of justice,
health, nutrition, etc. cooh Decreterist shell include
e field staff.
awinlatrative faxer
unless and until other arrengemente are made by the
accutive Authority, dependent propler shell be adminis-
tered by the metropolitan powers now members of the United
Antions exercising authority over thes, subject to the
direction and control of the Supervisory Council. Reutral
states now governing dependent territories shall, in no-
cepting participation in the Executive Authority, agree.
to olno such territories under the trusteeship regime.
The
-4-
The administration in each territory shall exercise
its authority according to A Charter which shall set
forth the duties, responsibilitien and powers deemed by
the Executive Authority to be soft suitable to the stage
of development of the peoples in that territory, having
regard to social end economic condition's and to factors
affecting general security.
All officere of the administrative Power shall sub-
vrganization. scribe to El declaration of loyalty to the International
The local inhebitants shall be assimilated in the nd-
ministrative and technical services to the fullest prac-
ticable extent. In the event that the Executive Authority
or 8 Supervisory Council exercises trusteeship over terri-
tories for which no administrative power existe, Fuch nd-
ministrative and twennical positions shall be open to
Nations. qualified nationals of all states comprising the United
The administration in each territory shall submit
an annual report to the Regional Supervisory Council on
the wenner in which 1t has fulfilled 1te functions, -t-
taching thereto copies of 11F accounts and of the mens-
uree Adopted in the territory during the year. The re-
port will be examined by the Supervisory Council in the
presence of nn accredited representative from the terri-
torial government who shell be prepared to sungly any
supplementary information requested by the Council. The
executive Authority shall determine the time end manner
of the nublication of the report.
V. operation of the trusteeship machinery.
For the dependent peoples
It shall be the task of the inistrative Fouer
under the direction of the Supervisory Council to
provide justice in the courts, to RESURE civil 11ber-
Lice, to provide acuality of economic opportunities,
and to Purther education for self-goverment.
Ir, the dependent areas wich the Axis powers
have temporarily occupied, the Supervisory Council
and administrative Fower shall harmonice restoration
of previous property righte of foreign nationale
with
-5-
with greater economic opportunity for the local in-
habitants.
In providing for improved labor standards, health
and the general social welfare of the inhabitants,
the Supervisory Council and the Meinistrative Fover
enall have the assistance of the International Labor
Vrganization and other technical bodies of the Inter-
national Organization.
=. For the general well-being of the world
-1th que regard to the importance of furthering
freedom of economic opportunity enong nations, and
with due regard to any general economic arrange-
ment that my be evolved by the International Organi-
zation, the Administrative Fover in sech territory
shall:
1. Grant to the memb T'S of the International
Organization non-discriminatory commercial
treatment and scuality of economic opsor-
tunity: subject to the enfeguerding by the
Executive Authority of the intereste or the
local inhabitants.
2. avoid end prevent practices which land to
excessive priors or monopoly of rnv natarials:
:. Cooperate helpfully vith plans for local
and international development recommended
by the Supervisory Council.
Jennscent areas scell be administeral in runh
a monner OF to con ribute to the eneral security
of the world. in Bilitary, naval or *ir banes or
defence forces may be established excent no agreed
upon by the Executive Authority of being in the in-
termit of ruch general security.
VI, Budget,
The expenses of the verious supervisory councile
and rear torints shall be provided for in the budget of
the international organization. The executive authority,
upon the basin of estimater submitted by the supervisory
councile, shall fix the bungate for their work.
The
-8-
The administrative expenses of the territorial
government other than the salaries of the egente of the
administrative power, shall be defrayed from the revenues
of the territory under administration. The salaries of
nationals, other than those of the administrative power
and of the inhabitente of the territory which are employed
in the administrative or technical services, shall be
incorcorated in the budget fixed by the executive authority,
with due regard to the contribution of both the adminis-
trative power and of the territory, in so for ne the reve-
nues of these territories sie insufficient to bear the
costs thereof.
In the event that the executive authority or n super-
visory council exercise the trusteeship over the terri-
tories for which no administrative power existe, the corts
of administration, above the revenues of the territory,
rhall be borne in A senner to be determined by the execu-
tive authority.
Recommendation
If possible the United Nations should agree now upon
a plan for international trusteaship.
-1-
Annex I
Various "ownerships" should be brought under the
International Trusteeship. Whereas the mandate system
of the League of Nations concerned itself only with
territories surrendered to the Allied and Associated
Powers, the International Trusteeship will concern it-
self with "dependent peoples not yet ready for self-
government." The following classes of territories and
dependent peoples come under consideration:
A. The present mandated territories.
B. Territories to be surrendered by the Axis at
the close of the war.
C. Territories over which United Nations assert
governmental authority.
D. Territories administered by neutrals.
African territories, other than Ethiopia, surrendered
by Italy, shall be placed directly under the administration
of one of the supervisory councils provided for Africa,
which shell provide the agency to undertake a program
in international administration and development. This
administrative agenoy shall be open to experts from all
countries members of the International Organization.
Annex II
Various areas, such as islands in the Pacific and
certain strategic pointe in other parts of the world
should be treated primarily from the standpoint of their
importance in an international security system and as
commercial airports for the inter-continental air trans-
portation service of the future. Some of these areas
can best be administered by the power now exercising
sovereignty over them; others by direct administration
of the International Organization; others by inclusion
under the trusteeship for a regional area. The Authority
of the United Nations provisionally and the Executive
Authority of the International Organization finally shall
determine the disposition of such areas.
Annex III
-2-
Annex III
Regional Supervisory Councils and
Territorial Dispositions
NORTH PACIFIC REGION
Regional Supervisory Council. Members: China, Russia,
and the United States.
Territorial Dispositions
Korea:
To be temporarily administered by the Council,
anticipating independence probably with close eco-
nomie ties with China.
Pescadores:
Conditional upon security arrangements to be
administered by the council.
Formosa:
Conditional upon security arrangements to be
administered by China.
SOUTH PACIFIC REGION
'Regional Supervisory Council. Kembers: Australia, New
Zealand, China, Great Britain, the Netherlands, the
Philippines, and the United States, probably seated at
Manila. France may later be represented on the council
if French administration over Indo-China 1s restored.
Portugal will have no place on the council because of
the proposed assimilation of its South Pacific territories
with those of other powers or those under the direct con-
trol of the regional supervisory council.
Territorial Dispositions
Burma: French Indo-China (pending further consideration):
Malays:
Ceylon:
To be administered by present controlling
powers under the council.
Portuguese
-3-
Portuguese Timor (Portugal possibly to be compensated):
To be administered by the council, or alterna-
tively to be assimilated into the Netherlands East
Indies.
OTHER FAR EASTERN AREAS
Territorial Dispositions
Areas now mandated to Australia, British Empire,
and New Zealand:
British island possessions:
Australian and New Zealand possessions:
New Caledonia and French Pacific Islands:
To be administered outside trusteeship by
present controlling powers.
Macao (Portugal possibly to be compensated):
To be administered under Chinese sovereignty.
New Hebrides:
Status left undecided pending further investi-
gation of the Anglo-French condominium.
Japanese Mandated Islands:
Hong Kong:
Straits Settlements:
Status to depend upon security arrangements.
Philippine Islands:
Thailand:
To be independent but with special position.
Possible Association
in South Pacific
An association might be formed emong the peoples
sufficiently advanced to deserve expedited development
towards self-government and those of small independent
countries in the neighborhood. Peoples falling within
this
-4-
this classification would include those of the Phil-
ippines, French Indo-China, and Burma, with DOS-
sibly the Netherlands Indies and Thailand included.
Borneo would be excluded.
The association might operate through a general
assembly in which each component area within the 8880-
ciation would have equal representation, due sccount
being taken of the wishes of the populations them-
selves and of minorities in the selection of repre-
sentatives. This assembly would meet at least once
each year at Manile to debate grievances, discuss
common problems, and prepare petitions and construe-
tive recommendations for presentation to the South
Pacific regional supervisory council. Because of
differences in advancement among the component areas
it would be impracticable to vest the general assem-
bly with legislative authority over the whole asso-
ciation (or union or federation or regional forum).
Its powers might be increased, however, when the
regional supervisory council thought it advisable.
In the immediate future its power to recommend would
be confined to those areas administered by European
powers. The Philippines and (possibly) Thailand,
thus excluded from the competency of the assembly,
would also be represented on the council.
The general assembly would be empowered to carry
out responsibilities entrusted to it by the council
which would provide such expert and technical ad-
visers as the assembly might request.
The economic and social purposes of international
trusteeship would be fostered within the association.
NORTH AFRICA REGION
Regional Supervisory Council.--Membere: Great Britain,
Greece, Spain, Turkey, Egypt, and France. The eventual
inclusion of Italy is tentatively not precluded. The
seat of the council would be Tangier.
Territorial Dispositions:
Spanish Morocco:
French Morocco:
To remain under Spain and France respectively
88
- 5 -
as administrativo powers subject to the supervision
of the council. The ultimate objective of the
trusteeship for both Spanish and French Porocco is
independence (presumably as one state).
R10 de Oro:
To remain under Spain as administrative power
subject to the supervision of the council.
Tangier:
To cease to be under a separate international
regime; to be included in Spanish Morocco.
Tunisia:
To be administered by France subject to super-
vision by t.e council. Any tendency toward incor-
poration into France should be restrained, since
Tunisia should approach the goal of independence.
Libya:
To be placed under direct administration by
the council.
Algeria:
to be left unchanged in status, namely, as an
integral part of France.
EAST APRICA REGION
Regional supervisory Council Members: France, Great
Britain, Egypt, and subject to reservation, Ethiopia.
Italy's future participation is tentatively not precluded.
Territorial Dispositions
Trusteeship areas might include Britres, the Anglo-
Egyptian Sudan, French Comaliland, Italian Somaliland,
and British Someliland. Recommendations RS to their
administrative status remain under consideration.
Ethiopia:
+
To be regarded as independent and accepted as
a member of the international organization. Any
required
- 6 -
required assistance shall be provided by the inter-
national organization.
WEST APRICA REGION
Regional Supervisory Council.--Members: Belgium, Great
)
Britain, France, Liberia, Portugal, and Spain, with seat
at Leopoldville.
Territorial Dispositions:
>
French Rest Africa;
French Equatorial Africa;
Gambia (British);
Sierra Leone (British);
Gold Coast (British);
Nigeria (British);
Portuguese Juinsa;
Fernando P6;
Spanish Guinea;
Belgian Congo;
To continue under their present administration
subject to the supervision of the council.
The Pogolands (French and British mandates);
The Cameroons (British and French mandates);
To De administered directly by the council.
Liberia:
To have status of an independent state.
SOUTH AFRICA REGION
Regional Supervisory Council.--Members: Belgium, France,
\
Great Britain, Union of South Africa, and Portugal, with
seat at Protoria or Johannesburg.
Territorial Dispositions:
Mozamblque:
Angola:
To remain under the administration of Portugal
subject to the supervision of the council. An effort
to work out E. resettlement plan for Angola, which
offers the most satisfactory opportunity for large-
scale resettlement of suropeans, will be made by
the
- 7 -
the executive authority in cooperation with the
Portuguese Government.
Northern Rhodesia:
Nyasaland:
Renya:
Uganda:
Zanzibar:
To remain under British administration subject
to supervision by the council.
Badagascar:
To continue under French administration subject
to supervision by the Council.
Tanganyika (British mandate):
Rusnds-Urundi (Belgian mandate):
To be placed under direct administration by
the council.
Southwest Africa ( South African mandate):
To be assimilated, if upon further study this
still appears fessible, into the Union of South
Africa because of close political and economic ties,
with encouragement of a federal relationship.
Contingent upon the result of further study, form
of federal relationship between the Union of South
Africa and Swaziland, Basutoland, Southern Rhodesia,
and Bechuansland, in addition to Southwest Africa, should
be encouraged; its extension to Northern Rhocesia or
Myasaland is considered undesirable.
MIDDLE AM NEAR EAST REGION
No regional supervisory council is contemplated.
Territorial Dispositions:
Palestine should 00 placed temporarily under
a special international trusteeship, possibly com-
posed of Great Britain, United States, Turkey, and
perhaps others. The United Nations are to be re-
garded 6.8 inheritors of the mandates, but they are
to be considered bound by internationally accepted
principles and commitments emerging out of the
present situation rather than by past principles
or, as in 1917-1919, by national promises.
Syria
- 8 -
Syria and Lebanon should be independent (as one state
or two) and may temporarily require & special trusteeship.
MISCELLANEOUS AREAS
The status of Cibraltar depends upon security ar-
rangements.
The Azores should continue under Portuguese adminis-
tration without change of status,
POSTWAR TREATMENT OF
EUROPEAN POSSESSIONS
IN THE CARIBBEAN
With a view to distinguishing possible courses of
action after the war, these possessions appear to fall
into three groupings: (I) The British, French, and
Dutch insular possessions; (II) the three Guianas; and
(III) British onduras.
The United States and the other American Republics
have an interest in these regions, separate and apart
from the Monroe Doctrine, by reason of the naval and
air bases in these possessions which are available to all
the American Republics.
The Insular Porsessions
Suggested Solution
The maintenance of the present logal status of the
insular possessions in the Caribbean area of Great Britain,
Holland and France. In order, however, to improve the
economic and social conditions of the inhabitants of
these islands, these countries should agree jointly:
(a) to liberalize trade arrangements and develop
inter-island communications;
(b) to liberalize imsigration laws consistent
with plans for resettlement;
(c) to expedite the training of the local
populations for greater participation in
local government.
The economic advantages to be anticipated from & closer
association in this area would seen to be 50 substantial
that steps designed to encourage such integration should
be taken 1f and as opportunity offers.
It
- 9 -
It is also recommended that the Anglo-American
Caribbean Commission should be expanded by the inclusion
of France and Holland to form a Joint Caribbean Commis-
sion. This Commission should have for its purpose the
making of recommendations looking to the improvement of
the economic and social conditions of the inhabitants
of the islands, and upon joint agreement, to direct and
supervise the carrying out of such projects of resettle-
ment, diversification of agriculture, etc., as may seem
desirable.
The Three Guianas
Suggested Solutions
Alternative No. 1.--Por these possessions, the com-
mittee considers the most desirable solution to be the
complete elimination of European sovereighty, for the
following reasons:
(a) the Guianas form a part of the mainland
of the American continent, no part of
which the American Republics wish to
have regarded as colonial territory;
(b) the use of French Guiana as 8 dumping
ground for convicts is & disgrace;
(c) action to remove European control would
be & gesture of Intor-Americen solidarity;
(d) the Guianas, under proper administration
and with adequate developmental assistance,
might Decome a resettlement area.
Cession of the Guienas to Brazil and Venezuela would
facilitate the realization of the objectives of the trustee-
ship principle, ES well AB other American desires. In
case it proved Impossible to secure cession without compen-
sation, the nature and extent of any necessary concessions,
S.S. well ES the line of partition between Brazil and
Venezuela, could be determined by negotiation. Since the
Guianas have long been losing properties for the control-
ling powers, a treaty guarantee of protection to suropean
private investments against subsequent confiscation might
serve 83 sufficient inducement.
Alternative NO. 2.--in the event that cession proved
impracticable, the present legal status of the Guianas
might be left untouched, provided that France pledged
itself
-10-
itself to discontinue use of the territories for penal
purposes; and provided further that all three powers
undertook to improve economic and social conditions in
the territories. If & substantial group of immigrants
with demonstrated capacity for self-government, could be
settled in the area, and economic and social conditions
were progressively improved, it might be possible in
the course of time to develop & practicable basis for
a unified independent Guiana.
British Honduras
Suggested Solution
A. Negotiations to be undertaken between the United
States and Great Britain for the relinquishment of British
sovereignty over British Honduras, with appropriate com-
pensation and due regard to the protection of existing
private interests.
B. Determination of the future status of the area
to be decided by the American Republics with due regard
Mexico. for the alleged rights of the Republics of Guatemals and
COPY
PSF
SOME CONFIDENTIAL NOTES ON QUESTION RELATING TO
ARTICLE VII OF THE MUTUAL AID AGREEMENT.
METHODS OF PREPARATION FOR ARTICLE VII DISCUSSIONS.
The British inter-departmental committees consisting of
leading civil servants of the departments, and presided over by
Sir William Jowitt, continue their regular meetings. One of
them 18 devoted to domestic reconstruction and the other to
international reconstruction. They have covered a wide field
already and far more blueprints are completed or under consider-
ation than outsiders realise. Under the doctrine of Cabinet
responsibility these documents will be kept rigorously secret
until they have been sanotioned by the Cabinet.
Ag regards the documents on international economic measures,
the procedure 18 that they originate in particular departments
and are passed to other relevant departments and made the subject
of discussion in the committee referred to above, which deals
with international economic measures only. When agreed on in
this committee they are submitted to a Cabinet committee which
has been appointed to deal with these subjects. The Cabinet
committee examines them with a view to approving them as & basis
for international discussion. This approval means that they are
in general line with government policy and may be used 8.8 a basis
for discussion but the Government 1s not necessarily committed
to every detail in them. It is rather expected that after the
views of any other country with whom they may be discussed are
heard they will be reconsidered and perhape modified. Ag a
result of the informal talks with Dominions economists some
modifications are being made.
Thue the British envisage a combination of responsible
proposals having general Government backing, with informality
and flexibility as to details. So far as we are concerned we
/ would
REGRADED
UNCLASSIFIED
JUN 2 1972
2.
would like any proposed plans drawn up by our Government
economists to be put forward with some degree of general
Government backing and not as merely representing the views of
an individual, whether a civil servant or a single member of
the Administration. This does not mean that papers outlining
plans should be out forward as out and dried Government proposals
but only that the general approach in such plans or suggestions
should represent more than the ideas and wishes of an individual.
What they themselves are srriving at is a combination of in-
formality with responsibility.
GENERAL PROSPECTS OF U.S. - BRITISH AGREEMENT.
The prospects from the British end remains good. The
primary condition 18 that of a satisfactory solution of Britain's
immediate post-war balance of payments problem, and here the
plan for some form of international clearing union scheme still
holds first place. Progress with some such plan would effective-
ly clear the way for a wide advance in international economic
reconstruction generally.
This of course does not mean that 80 long as A clearing
union plan is adopted the British will accept uncritically plans
presented to them on other aspects of international economic
relations. Such plans would certainly receive the most sympa-
thetic consideration and there would be no attempt to drive
hard bargains, but on economic grounds they would be closely
scrutinised. The leading economists in the country are in
Government positions and the technical level of government
service in Whitehall 1s far higher than it was before the war.
The Draft Wheat Agreement in the form in which it was first
drawn up in 1941 was severely criticised from a technical stand-
point as well AS from the standpoint of policy and the strongest
3.
oriticisms came from the liberal and progressive economists
who vigorously supported within government circles our policy
on Article VII of the Mutual A1d Agreement.
It remains true however that once the international
monetary issues are satisfactorily dealt with there 1e an
excellent prospect that British Government circles will fully
cooperate on lines acceptable to us in the solution of the
other aspects of international economic relations, including
the subject of preferences and discriminations. Indeed it is
not inconceivable that they may be ready to go further in
certain directions than it 18 believed in some quarters that
our Congress will be ready to go.
BRITISH FEARS REGARDING AMERICAN POST-WAR
ECONOMIC COOPERATION.
In recent months British Government circles and the British
public have adopted moremutious estimate than before of the
probable policy of the United States in the early post-war
period. The outward resemblance between certain events in the
later stages of the 1914-18 war and in this war 18 making an
impression in Britain. A Democratic President and Administra-
tion of high purpose and progressive international outlook, a
Congress starting with a substantial Democratic majority but
later losing ground to the Republicans, a Congress at first
granting increased powers to the President but later showing
en increasing desire to assert its power 88 against that of
the President - these things lead to growing doubts amont many
British people about the chances that the United States vill
be ready when the time comes to adopt the concrete measures
essential to give practical effect to the high principles set
out in the Atlentic Charter and in Article VII of the Mutual
A1d Agreement. No one here questions the sincerity of
/President
4.
President Roosevelt and the Administration on post-war economic
reconstruction. But an increasing number of people fear that
Congress will show both the will and the way to block the
measures which alone can make international economic cooperation
a reality and not merely a matter of hopeful declarations.
In talking to older civil servants who were in government
service in the last war, you find that their fears are based
mainly on analogies with the last war, rather than on an attempt
to appraise present American conditions in detail. Among
government economists who were not regularly in government
service before the war, and among younger junior ministers,
for example Richard Law, there is more inclination to consider
contemporary conditions and take account of differences between
the present situation and that in the last war. They recognise
the superior domestic political strategy of President Roosevelt
88 compared with President Wilson; the difference between the
circumstances in which we entered this war and those in which
we entered the last war; and the effect on the recent elections
of the inability of many progressive Americans to vote owing to
change of residence or absence with the armed forces. Their
attitude 18 more hopeful than that of those whose views are
dominated by analogies with the last war and post-war periods.
But their hopes are restrained and tempered with increasing
caution.
In these more optimistic circles there is some hope that
Mr. Willkie will be able to split the Republicans on inter-
national issues sufficiently to prevent a resctionary Republican
candidate either from gaining the nomination or, if nominated,
from gaining the Presidency. Mr. Willkie's stock in this
country has fallen since his return from his recent inter-
national Journey. But a number of progressives who dislike his
/ utterances
5.
utterances of colonial questions deliberately refrain from
replying to him because they think that on the whole he stands
for internal economic cooperation and they hope that he may
be able to contribute towards blocking the reactionaries within
his party.
Misgivings about future American policy have grown at a
time when the country R 8 a whole 18 showing an increasing interest
in post-war reconstruction. Coming at this time the Beveridge
Report has directed much or this interest into domestic recon-
struction. The reception of the Beveridge and Uthwatt Reports
and the weakness of opposition to drastic changes shows that the
British people are prepared to go far in post-war reconstruction
and that no Government which 1s not prepared to go far will have
any chance of holding power after the war. As Mr. Casey has
pointed out, interest in post-war reconstruction and especially
in the Beveridge Report 1s very keen among the victorious fight-
ing forces in the Middle East.
Thus there 18 wide agreement on the desirability of drastic
domestic reforms after the war. With the growing hesitency about
American post-war policy, and the absence so far as the general
public has knowledge of definite moves to implement the Atlantic
Charter and Article VII in the sphere of international policy,
the question arises what would be the attitude of Britain towards
post-war international economic policy If it felt that it could
not rely on our Congress being willing to go far in the reduction
of trade barriers and in international monetary cooperation.
In such a CREB there is little doubt that a progressive
policy would still be pursued 88 far as possible in domestic
matters. But opinion would be divided on international economic
policy. In some quarters there would be support for planned
/international
6.
international buying without close regard to questions of dis-
crimination, since it would be felt that liberal multilateral
trading would create undue exchange difficulties unless the
United States cooperated.
On the other hand it is possible that if our Congress
seemed likely to hinder the implementation of Article VII the
British might assume moral leadership in matters of international
economic reconstruction as they are already tending to do in
matters of domestic reconstruction and might invite other
countries to join them in progressive measures relating to
trade and exchanges. From personal conversations it is already
clear that some government economists and certain Ministers
would favor such a course.
The attacks by Mr. Henry Luce, Mr. Willkie and others on
British colonial policy have perhaps tended to create & feeling
of greater independence on the part of Britain. Mr. Luce's
attacks provoked a quite generally unfavorable reaction on right,
center and left. The left was not impressed with such criticisms,
coming from a group whose chief objective, in their view, in
advocating Anglo-American cooperation was to support private as
against public enterprise. Mr. Willkie's attack found some
supporters on the left but not among those representatives of
labor nor among progressives with knowledge and experience of
colonial problems. Among the latter groups it is felt that Mr.
Willkie's stress on the application of the principles of the
Declaration of Independence to colonial questions seriously over-
simplifies the problem and that the welfare of the masses of
people in dependencies would in many areas be seriously injured
by suddenly handing them over to dominant local groups. There is
no lack of progressive sentiment in Britain on the subject of
dependencies but it finds its expression in A program not along
Mr. Willkie's lines but in accordance with the princioles indicated
7.
indicated in President Roosevelt's Philippine Day message and
Vice President Wallace's speeches stressing the objective of
increasing welfare and standards of living among the masses of
people in all countries.
THE BRITISH PROGRAM FOR ARTICLE VII DI CUSSIONS.
Clearing Union Plan.
As indicated above this occupies a key position in relation
to plans for implementing Article VII, and progress with some
plan along the lines suggested in the British paper, or some
modification of it, 1s regarded as an essential part of the
whole program.
Commodity Agreements.
A paper has been completed on this subject after prolonged
interdepartmental discussion in which the Foreign Office, the
Treasury, the Colonial Office, the Board of Trade and the War
Cabinet Secretariat have participated. The chief differences of
view have been on the issue of whether and how far allocation of
production quotas and export quotas of some raw materials should
be permitted. The Government economists with the exception of
Henderson and to a certain extent Leith-Ross have on the whole
frowned on such quantitative regulation and have stressed the
dangers that raw material controls will be operated in the
interests of producers and to boleter up high cost producers.
They have wished to confine controls in the main to the prevention
of undue price fluctuations by such measures as financing carry-
overs or the disposal of "surpluses".
On the other hand Leith Ross and those who have been
concerned with the actual working of controls in the past seem
to have held the view that in the case of some raw materials
/the
8.
the prevention of undue fluctuations could not be achieved
without some form of "quantitative" regulation.
or these two viewpoints it 18 believed that the former has
on the whole prevailed in the final document. In particular it
seems that 8. general International Commodity Council 1s now pro-
vided for, and that councils dealing with particular commodities
would be committees of the general Council. The object of this
is to exercise proper supervision over control organisations
dealing with particular commodities and prevent them from adopt-
ing monopolistic and restrictive policies.
Às reg-rds the question of "quantitative" regulation it is
believed that the adoption by any single Control of production
allocations and quantitative regulation of exports would only be
allowed if the general Council agreed that certain special
conditions prevailing in a perticular period justified such
measures - for example in R period of dialocation and reorgan-
isation; or possibly special conditions of supply or demand or
both in the case of one or two commodities. It is held by some
that costs of production of rubber producers differ so little
that price changes alone, without any other form of regulation,
tend to cause excessive increases and decreases in supply. It
is probable that the British scheme will provide close safe-
guarde against the possibility that the controllere of any single
raw material will adopt A policy out of harmony with the general
trade and commercial policy under Article VII and that quantita-
tive regulation will only be permitted 88 an exception and for
the most part on a temporary basis.
The supporters of quantitative regulation have pointed to
the Draft Wheat Agreement R.B. indicating American acceptance of
the principle of export quotes. The liberal British Government
economists however refuse to accept this interpretation and
resist the principle except possibly in the special cases
/ mentioned
9.
mentioned above - as opening the way to dangerous inconsistencies
with desirable trade policies. Some individuals in the British
and in some of the Allied Governments established in London have
privately expressed the view that the Wheat Agreement itself,
at least if it is likely to be carried further in another con-
ference, 18 inconsistent with the trade policies which we have
been advocating.
It is believed that the British plan provides for full
authoritative consumer representation on each commodity council
that may be set up and therefore involves substantial changes in
the composition of pre-war controls.
Thus there is good reason to believe that the liberal
economists have definitely won the upper hand in British treat-
ment of the problems of commodity controls and that their plan
18 primarily a buffer stock plan with full government consumer
representation and a general Council to supervise councile for
separate commodities and establish safeguards against monopolistic
restrictive practices.
International Capital Development.
The British do not contemplate putting forward proposals
relating to the organisation of international capital development
since they fear that in the immediate post-war years Britain may
not be in 8 position to export large quantities of capital.
There is no doubt, however, that they recognise the importance
of the subject and are prepared to cooperate if we put forward a
plan.
Freer Trade and Non-Discrimination.
For a time the British proposed to wait for us to take the
initiative in working out the details of a plan for the reduction
of tariffe and the absence of discriminations. But owing to the
initiative of certain Government economists the Board
/ of
10.
of Trade, with the part-time help of certain economists drawn
from other government agencies, 18 no working on a project for
a sort of low-tariff union of countries, which would agree to
certain standards of conduct and take certain measures for the
reduction of tariffs and the abandonment of discriminations. This
is in the hands of liberal economists and civil servants and is
backed by Harcourt Johnstone, and Under Secretary in the Foreign
Office and the Board of Trade, and by the President of the Board
of Trade. The plan has to pass through the other departments and
the interdepartmental committee and receive the green light from
the Cabinet Committee which passes on documents submitted by the
interdepartmental committee. It is believed that good progress
has been made and that there is a definite prospect that the
British may be prepared to take the initiative in 1943 in submit-
ting plans for freer trade and the dropping of discriminations.
For the present this matter should be treated 8.8 confidential
since the plans are in process and have not yet reached the stage
of adoption.
DISCUSSIONS WITH THE DOMINIONS OF THE
IMPLEMENTA ION OF ARTICLE VII.
The recent discussions with Dominions economiste were informal
end non committal and had been decided on many months ago when
it had been expected that they would be preceded by similar dis-
cussions with us. It had been hoped that they would be timed to
follow fairly closely the discussions with us.
South Africa was represented by one of their London Staff.
It does not appear that the South African Government Departments
are yet giving a leading place to post-war reconstruction problems
but there is no evidence here that they were opposed to the talks.
/The
11.
The documents discussed at the meetings were International
Clearing Union Plan and a tentative draft of the international
commodity control plan referred to above. Personal talks with
British, Canadian and New Zealand economists who were present at
the discussions indicate that the discussions were regarded as
valuable and conducted at a high technical level. At the meet-
ings the Canadian economists expressed a preference for completely
separating the monetary plan from the commodity plan: that 1s,
they were not in fevor of allowing the Clearing Union to give
limited overdraft facilities to the Commodity Control to finance
buffer stocks or "ever normal granaries", as suggested in section
VIII, paragraph 38, point (3) of the British "Proposals for an
International Clearing Union."
The British-Dominions discussions were essentially non-
committal talks between techniciane and it is the unanimous
opinion of the Dominions and British economists with whom the
matter was discussed that nothing YES further from the minds of
those who participated in the talks than the idea of forming a
policy in opposition to our policy. On the contrary the emphasis
wes in the opposite direction. In personal talks with British
and Dominion economists who had been present at the discus-
sione the only criticieme of any aspect of our economic policy
came from Consdian economists who said they were anxious not to
let the agricultural "parity" principle cross the border
into Canada.
British economists said that these informal non-committal
talke between technicians were the kind of talks they were
anxious to have with us.
Conclusion.
The position in Great Britain 18 fevorable for the working
out of measures to implement in detail the principles laid down
/in
12.
in Article VII of the Mutual A1d Agreement. Apprehensions
concerning the attitude of the United States Congress have
recently increased but at the same time public sentiment in
favor of proceeding rapidly with post-war reconstruction has
grown stronger and the technical work of formulating concrete
reconstruction measures for both domestic and international
reconstruction has made marked progress within government
departments and come plans have received Cabinet Committee
sanotion 88 B. basis for international talks at an informal
technical level. More will follow.
Plane concerning en International Clearing Union and
International Commodity Councile have been completed tentatively.
A plan for an international low tariff union of countries is
in process of formulation. Provided that we are in a position
to "deliver the goods" in the matter of tariff reduction there
18 every reason to believe that our position on preferences
and discriminations will be met. Proposale for an international
organisation concerned with capital development are favored by
the British but they would prefer to leave us to take the
initiative because they are doubtful how far in the early post-
war years they will be able to export capital.
The British plan for international commodity controls 18
in the main based on the conception of buffer stocks or "ever
normal granaries". It 18 believed that it would only permit
"quantitative" regulation (production quotas, export quotes and
the like) in exceptional cases and by general agreement, and
that it provides for one general International Council to which
councile for individual commodities would be attached as sub-
committees. It 18 believed that the general council would
exercise supervision to check producer interests from exercising
monopoly powers in their own interests.
AN_ADDENDUM ON_EXCHANGE CONTROL.
British economists believe that it is essential in the
post-war period to control international movements of capital
in such a way 8.6 to prevent flight movements and speculative
movements of short-term capital which may threaten the
stability of the exchanges and the whole domestic economic
structure of countries from which the capital flows. They
consider that this could be best accomplished by each country
agreeing not to receive such flight and speculative capital
when in the view of the country from which it came or perhaps
in the view of the management of an international clearing
union such movements constitute B threat to international
stability. Such an arrangement, they feel, would remove the
need for rigorous exercise of control of exchange transactions
such 8.8 they exercise in wartime.
These views are expressed off the record by economists
and it is doubtful whether the British would feel able to take
the lead in making such a proposal because they feel that we
would be the country most likely to have occasion to exercise
the control of influxes of flight and speculative capital.
It seems certain that if we felt able to take the lead in the
matter we should in return be able to obtain drastic relaxation
in exchange controls of Britain and European countries after
the war.
E. F. Penrose
American Embassy, London.
December 19, 1942.
FEB RECE 6 11 will 50 to AM MOUSE 43
OFFICE OF, THE VICE PRESIDENT
R
WASHINGTON
The President,
The White House.
Dear Mr. President:
Most schemes for post-war organizations of the United
Nations take in so much territory that it is difficult to see
how they will work.
I want to make this suggestion for your thinking:
A United Nations Organization could be set up now to
consider two specific things:
1. Internationalization of work-wide
airports for use by the United Nations.
2. Formulation of world-wide policies
regarding international cartels, so
as to prevent these "private governments"
from thwarting the true peace aims of the
common peoples of the world.
There would be a wide popular support for a United
Nations approach to these two problems. If they were handled
satisfactorily, new functions could be assigned to the inter-
national group which had dealt successfully with them. In this
way, international administration of international problems
could grow and develop naturally.
Respectfully yours,
It a Wallace
H. A. Wallace
T he in closed on International airports is
he had a rather pro- British slant and was quite willing to
interesting. Talking with Juan I Trippiof Pan-ain, d found
loan them some of his plants Jt rather likes the th ought of an
International an authority He is even willing w business taken
over.
BOARD OF ECONOMIC WARFARE
OFFICE OF IMPORTS
WASHINGTON, D.C.
In Reply Refer To:
February 5, 1943
MEMORANDUM TO MILO PERKINS
Dear Milo: When I was in Algiers I had the opportunity of
meeting several of the officers of the Headquarters Air Staff.
On one occasion two of them urged upon me that consideration
be given to the establishment of international air bases avail-
able to the commercial air planes of all nations in the post
war period. They informed me that they already noticed an ef-
fort on the part of the British to obtain exclusive rights to
certain air bases of importance.
When I was in Dakar, I had occasion to speak with officers of
the Air Transport Command who felt that an effort should be
made immediately to obtain an air agreement for the use by all
nations of important air bases such as Dakar. Prior to the War
the French Government had refused permission to the commercial
airlines of other nations to use air bases such as Dakar.
Hence, I think that either through the Department of State or
through our military command such agreements should be made with
the British Government and also with the governments of other
nations through whose territories we are now operating planes.
Such agreements should be expanded as our areas of operation
are expanded.
Sincerely yours,
Morris Moms S. Rosenthal
Relations
belongs_to