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The original documents are located in Box 3, folder "Dunlop, John (2)" of the Richard B.
Cheney Files at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library.
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Digitized from Box 3 of the Richard B. Cheney Files at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library
6
4-23-75
JTD
The Labor Force and Labor Problems
in Europe, 1920-1970
(Excerpted from a Manuscript by Walter Galenson*)
A history of European labor market developments from 1920 to
1970 is divided logically into two periods. The first twenty years,
from the Treaty of Versailles to the outbreak of World War II, were
characterized by little, if any, economic growth; chronic unemployment;
and a pattern of industrial relations that may better be described as
industrial warfare. With the exception of Great Britain and the
Northern fringe of countries, trade unions fared poorly in this
environment and their allied labor parties succumbed one by one to
forces of fascism.
Following the end of the war and the exigencies of reconstruction,
the 1950's witnessed a rapid revival of the idea of social democracy,
and within a relatively short time the welfare state had spread from
its Scandinavian stronghold to a good part of Europe. Except for the
Iberian Peninsula, the Balkans, and Eastern Europe, the other Nations
of Europe experienced an upsurge of trade union organization and activity
and the evolution of orderly systems of collective bargaining. The
unprecedented rate of economic growth was a major contributor to these
developments. The labor problems during this period, however, took on
quite a different character. Inflation replaced unemployment as the
paramount concern of the labor market. Collective bargaining became
firmly established as the method by which wages and other labor condi-
tions were determined. Political parties of the left greatly increased
their parliamentary representation and, in most countries, attained
a degree of political power.
The scope of this paper is limited to selected labor problems in
the four major industrial powers - France, Germany, Italy, and the
United Kingdom - plus Sweden as representative of Scandinavia and an
exemplar of the social democratic welfare state.
*Professor of Economics, Cornell University
FGRD & LIBRARY GERAID
1. The Economic Background
The records of pre and post World War II European growth are
so different that it is scarcely possible to believe the same continent
is involved. For the prewar years there was, at best, low growth
followed by the Great Depression. Sweden was the best performer of
the five European countries with a national income increase of almost
75 percent. The other countries showed substantially lower growth.
The postwar picture was completely different. Only Britain
failed to at least double its national product, while in the case of
Germany, the national product was more than tripled over a 20-year
period.
One point that might be made here is that it is obviously much
easier to maintain social harmony, an essential ingredient for good
industrial relations, against a background of satisfactory economic
growth. This does not mean that there will not be controversy among
social groups over the distribution of income, but the controversy is
apt to be much less bitter when all incomes are rising. However, the
mitigation of social strife is not necessarily a direct function of
the level of national income. Although it is true that absolute living
standards were higher after than before the war, this was probably of
less importance to the establishment of a good economic base for
industrial relations than the fact that living standards were increasing
at a steady and substantial rate. When this rate slackened, trouble
developed.
For the prewar decades, only Sweden had a substantial increase
in real wages, coming before 1930. German and French workers had
little improvement in two decades, and the British record was not good.
The postwar years were another matter. For four of the five countries,
real wages more than doubled from 1950 to 1970. Even in Britain,
which lagged behind the others, there was at least a steady improvement.
These two comparisons suggest that the entire quality of economic
life changed after World War II. It is some times argued that the
addiction of American trade unions to the method of collective bargain-
ing owes a great deal to the steady rise of real wages in the United
States for a century, interrupted only very briefly during the worst
years of the Great Depression. This may help to explain why European
unions in some degree tended to turn from political action to
collective bargaining after the war.
-2-
SERALD FORD
2. The Labor Force
Wages are only part of the story and perhaps not the most
important part. The insecurity of employment contributed greatly
to interwar tensions. Here again, the remarkably high levels of
employment in postwar Europe stand in marked contrast to the heavy
unemployment that prevailed between the wars.
If one examines the population data for the years 1920-1940, two
notable facts emerge. The first is the extraordinarily low growth
of the population of working age in France. The second is the sub-
stantial increase in the labor supply for the rest of the countries.
Apart from France, the availability of labor would not have been a
constraint on economic growth.
It is clear that in addition to the natural growth of the labor
force, people were leaving the farms to work in non-agricultural
occupations, particularly in Italy and Sweden. The services, rather
than manufacturing, benefited from the increasing labor supply.
Manufacturing employment just maintained its relative position in the
structure of the labor force, while the entire net decline in
agriculture was reflected in increased employment in the services.
These labor force data had some interesting implications for
the institutions of the labor market. The trade unions had their
main base in industry, and the absolute predominance of industrial
sector employment was a plus factor in terms of their potential
struggle. Other facts that emerged were the beginning, in these years,
of the long march toward the growth of service employment preeminence
that characterized the postwar period; the higher rate of female labor
force participation in the services than in industry; and the levels
of unemployment that persisted up to the outbreak of World War II but
which would be completely unacceptable to any postwar government.
Turning to the postwar data, it is apparent that the rate of
labor force increase from 1950 to 1970 was substantially lower than
that of 1920 to 1940, except again for France. There was thus a
smaller pool of labor with which economic growth could be fueled. The
other side of the coin was that with fewer people of working age
coming into the labor market the pressure to supply gainful employment
was less severe. It should be pointed out, however, that an adequate
labor supply is not a sufficient condition for growth, as the interwar
experience of Europe amply demonstrates.
-3-
TORD is LIBRARY CERALD
The growth of the service sector accelerated after 1960. By
1970, Sweden had become a service-oriented nation, with more than
half of all employment in that sector, and only in Germany and Italy
did employment in industry still exceed that in services.
This period was also marked by the growing importance of women
in the labor force. The female labor force participation rate was
relatively high, except for Italy, which still had a substantial reserve
of womanpower in 1970. Compared with the interwar period, women were
more heavily represented in the services by 1970, except for Sweden,
where the interwar representation was already very high. The combina-
tion of high levels of employment and the growth in demand for services
in postwar Europe enabled women to play a significantly greater role
in the labor market than had been possible before.
Although migratory labor was already of some consequence in
interwar Europe, particularly in France, what occurred after the war
dwarfed the earlier experience. In the earlier years of the migrant
traffic, the problems of adjustment were not severe and the migrants
were glad to have the jobs at what seemed to them excellent rates of
pay. But as their concentration in particular cities increased
difficult social problems arose, and contributed to industrial unrest
at the end of the 1960's.
The increased use of women and migrants suggest that unemployment
was at a low level. For the latter part of the period, unemployment
must have been near the irreducible frictional minimum. Apart from
Italy, which still had a soft labor market in the South, unemployment
had ceased to be a matter of social consequence in the countries with
which we are dealing. This, more than anything else, was the key to
the development of trade unionism and orderly industrial relations
systems.
3. Trade Unionism
The interwar years were not good ones for the European labor
movement. Ground between totalitarianism of the left and the right,
democratic unions were able to survive only on the northern fringes of
the Continent. From 1940 to 1945, in only embattled Britain and
neutral Sweden, did trade unions continue to function. With the restor-
ation of peace came a renascence of unionism wherever democracy was
established. Since then, the union movement has grown in scope and
power and in many countries has become the single most important economic
institution.
-4-
FORD STGRAPY
Europe was shaken by a burst of revolutionary fervor when
hostilities ended in 1918. Spurred on by the establishment of the
Soviet Union, allied groups in other countries sought to create the
conditions for similar social changes. These movements failed of their
purpose, but there remained a residue of power in the form of communist-
dominated political parties and trade union organizations: that hindered
subsequent efforts to create viable democratic labor groupings. Of the
major industrial countries, only in Britain and Sweden did communism
play an insignificant role.
The most short-lived of the interwar labor movements was the
Italian where the General Confederation of Labor, the main union body,
ceased to exist within 2 years of Mussolini's coming into power. This
situation persisted until the overthrow of fascism. Freedom lasted
somewhat longer in Germany, but the end was even more grim. The German
Federation of Labor, which had prospered until 1923, lost 60 percent
of its membership by 1925. The collapse of the economy with the onset
of the depression in 1929 put labor on the defensive. When the Nazis
came to power in 1933 they dissolved the unions and incarcerated the
leadership. What many had believed to be the most solidly built labor
movement in the world ceased to exist.
French trade unionism persisted until the nation's military defeat
in 1940, but the history of the period is not much less depressing.
For several years after the termination of World War I, the fortunes
of the General Confederation of Labor (CGT), the traditional center of
French unionism, were on the ascendant, but a disastrous general strike
it conducted in 1920 led to a membership decline, from 2 million to
400,000 and a splintering into several organizations. Although the CGT
survived the split and managed to pick up new members, particularly
among civil servants, there was no real progress in the impact of the
union movement.
The effect of the Great Depression upon the French economy and
French workers was not as severe as in the rest of Europe. The CGT
and the Communist-led labor federation agreed to a merger in 1935.
Subsequently, in the midst of a national epidemic of occupation strikes,
Leon Blum assumed the premiership, and proceeded to negotiate with the
CGT and the employers' federation the famous Matignon Agreement. Under
the terms of the agreement, the major employers of France agreed in
principle, for the first time, to collective bargaining. Although the
practice of collective bargaining spread, its success was short-lived.
The governing coalition collapsed and, in 1938, when the Communists
persuaded the CGT leadership to engaged in a general strike against the
Daladier government that had replaced it, the employer reaction badly
hurt the unions. When the war broke out in 1939, CGT membership was
down to 2 million, and the CGT was later dissolved by the Vichy
government.
-5-
GREATE FORD LIBRAST
The British trade unions proved to be very durable, despite two
decades of high unemployment. They emerged from World War I with
8 million members, double the prewar level. They soon ran into trouble,
however, in the form of a sharp recession in 1920, and a general strike
in 1926. From that trauma, they emerged in a surprisingly strong
position, and proved to be an essential element in enabling Britain to
resist the German onslaught.
In Sweden, finally, the trade unions and their closely allied
Social Democratic Party continued on a growth path that had commenced
in 1910, and the end of the 1930's saw labor firmly in power. Except
for the years 1920-1924, when the unions were resisting wage cuts, the
industrial relations scene was relatively peaceful. This was due in
no small measure to the formation of a Socialist-led government in
1932, and to its adoption of a Keynesian policy of economic expansion
involving a large public works program financed by a budget deficit,
at a time when the conventional wisdom dictated paring government
expenditures to the bone. Thus began the long reign of Swedish
socialism, the longest tenure of democratic socialist government ever
experienced.
The end of the war in 1945 marked the inception of a new era in
European labor history. The century-old quest for democratic
socialist government, which appeared to have been finally frustrated
by fascism, became a reality. The welfare state came into its full
flowering, with the working class the chief beneficiaries.
It would have been difficult to predict that trade unionism should
have its outstanding success in Germany. The architects of the
revived movement were able to establish a new federation consisting
of just 16 national industrial unions, which embraced all but a small
portion of the nation's organized workers. To avoid the political
fissions that had such tragic consequences before the war, the German
Federation of Trade Unions (DGB), from the start, has insisted upon
political neutrality with no formal ties to any political party. In
fact, however, the DGB has close informal ties to the Social Democratic
Party. By 1970, a year after a Social Democratic government had
assumed office, the trade union movement of Germany was more firmly
established as a pillar of society than at any time in the past.
The British unions emerged from the war with their status confirmed
by the stunning electoral victory of the Labour Party in 1945. Union
membership has increased from 9.3 million in 1950, to 11 million by
1970, which is 43 percent of the entire British labor force, a degree
of organization scarcely paralleled elsewhere.
-6-
GERRLD FORD LIBRARY
Membership in the Swedish Federation of Labor (LO) had risen to
1.3 million in 1950, and reached 1.7 million in 1970. But a new and
interesting development occurred there. The white collar and pro-
fessional employees, most of them in the rapidly growing service
sector, taken all together, Swedish unionism embraces 65 percent.
of the labor force, which must have been a record for the free world.
Sweden is perhaps the first democratic nation in which there is
almost complete organization of the working population on the basis of
their economic interests. Not only industrial workers, but also
farmers, employers, salaried employees, and professionals, all have
associations that bargain for them collectively. Traditional concepts
of labor-management relations begin to lose their relevance in this
situation.
Trade union membership data are not of great value in assessing
the extent and influence of French trade unionism. The largest labor
federation in the country is the General Confederation of Labor (CGT).
Although total membership represents one of the lowest levels of
organization in Western Europe, many more workers can be marshalled
for strike action in times of crisis.
There are many parallels between Italy and France. Even before
the end of hostilities, representatives of the various pre-fascist
factions met and pledged that they would avoid the divisions that
had enabled Mussolini to win power. The man who would probably have
headed the united movement, Bruno Buozzi, a socialist, was caught
and executed and the leadership devolved upon Giuseppe di Vittorio, a
communist. The newly created General Federation of Italian Labor (CGIL)
grew rapidly after liberation; however, the Communist Party managed to
gain effective control. In 1949, Christian Democratic supporters
withdrew from the CGIL to establish the Italian Federation of Trade
Unions (CISL), while the socialists founded the Italian Union of
Labor (UIL). There have been numerous efforts to bring about unity,
without success. As in the case of France, firm membership data are
difficult to come by, but the ranking appears to be CGIL in first
place, followed by CISL, with UIL a poor third. The Italian unions
have the same structural weakness and the political schisms as the
French. The local bodies to which workers look for representation
are factory councils elected from union nominated lists of candidates.
The results of these elections in large plants, such as the Fiat
plant in Turin, are regarded as perhaps the most important indication
of relative union strength, and receive wide press coverage. As in
the case of France, firm membership data are difficult to obtain.
-7-
FORD & LIBRARY GROVID
4. Industrial Relations
The history of prewar industrial relations parallels the
development of the labor movement. Where trade unions were well
established orderly systems of bargaining prevailed. The level of
industrial strife was high at times, but collective bargaining was
recognized as the appropriate means of setting wages. Where unions
were weak, wages were fixed either by employers, by the state, or some
combination of the two.
Working days lost due to industrial disputes are one facet of the
outcome of industrial relations. The non-agricultural labor force of
Great Britain was about 80 percent that of Germany; France about half;
and Sweden about 7 percent of the German. But other bases could be used
if one wanted to make inter-country comparisions - total population,
total labor force, the "organizable" sector, or trade union membership.
Collective bargaining in Great Britain from 1920 to 1925, all
years in which the number of man-days lost in strikes was relatively
very high, took place against a background of economic stagnation.
The incidence of strikes remained relatively low in the decade
following the general strike of 1926. The Great Depression emphasized
the need for mutual accommodation, for work stoppages made little sense
in the presence of 15 percent unemployment. It is worth emphasizing
that at a time when much of the rest of Europe was undergoing what
almost amounted to class warfare, the employers and trade unions of
Great Britain did manage to settle their differences in a more orderly
fashion.
Much the same can be said of Sweden. Wages were forced down in
1921 and 1922. Union militancy rose as soon as the economy turned up,
and Sweden had some very bad years, when its strike losses exceeded
the British level. In 1931, however, employers came to a decision
to work closely with the unions toward a more rational solution of
their difficulties. The famous collective bargaining system, with its
interplay between central and local negotiation, came to maturity in
the early 1930's.
The German story was altogether different. German employers
reacted much differently to the onset of inflation than their Swedish
colleagues. A severe deflationary policy was adopted, leading to
wage cuts and rapidly mounting unemployment. Resistance by the Social
Democrats and the trade unions proved ineffective, and unemployment
rates running over 20 percent created an electorate that proved
receptive to the appeals of the Nazis.
-8-
GREATED FORD LISRARY
France enjoyed relative prosperity throughout the 1920's. There
was no postwar recession, unemployment remained low, real wages rose.
But the weakness of the trade unions, with Communists in a fairly
prominent position, provided employers with a convenient reason for
opposing collective bargaining.
The first real chance of a movement in this direction came in
the mid-1930's. A switch in the Soviet policy line from opposition
to cooperation with socialist parties abroad led to the unification
of the French trade unions in 1935 and paved the way for adoption
of the Matignon Agreement. The Agreement was reinforced by legislation
making collective bargaining mandatory, establishing a 40-hour week,
and providing for paid vacations. However, a general strike, mounted
primarily for political purposes in November 1938, proved to be a
failure and labor-mangement cooperation diminished rapidly.
There was little doubt about the path industrial relations would
take after 1945. The increase in union power and the leftward trend
in government afforded employers no alternative but to acquiesce in
collective bargaining arrangements.
The pattern of money wage increases by prewar standards, were
very substantial throughout the period 1950-1970. British wages failed
to advance as rapidly as did those of the other countries; but
correspondingly low increases in labor productivity led to constant
pressure on prices nonetheless.
There was no break in Great Britain with the pre-existing bar-
gaining system. The great majority of workers were covered by
collective agreements. The task of curbing inflation devolved
increasingly upon government. Labour governments were reluctant to
confront their trade union constituents with the need for moderation
and the Conservatives were opposed ideologically to government
intervention. Yet both were obliged to react with an incomes policy
at a number of critical junctures. These interventions probably had
a long-run impact on wages and prices if only because they interrupted
expectations of higher wages and prices. Despite its shortcomings,
the British system of labor relations had functioned fairly well
for almost half a century.
For many years, strikes almost vanished from the Swedish labor
relations scene. This achievement was facilitated by the negotiation
of nationwide agreements between the central federations of employers
and employees. Very much in contrast with Britain, the government
refrained from direct intervention in the labor market, even though it
was led by the Social Democratic Party which was committed to wage
equalization through special increases for the lowest paid - the
so-called solidaristic wage policy.
-9-
FORD LIBRAR
The fact that all social groups in Sweden had organized for
collective bargaining posed some difficult problems for industrial
relations. What began as bargaining on a limited scale had become
a system of group bargaining involving most of the population. Sweden
may be reaching the logical end of traditional collective bargaining.
When everyone is prepared to strike, the strike loses its meaning.
Germany had not yet evolved that far. A system that accorded trade
unions representation on the governing boards of corporations was a
major union demand. Moreover, rapid economic growth made it relatively
easy to satisfy demands for higher wages.
German collective bargaining is highly centralized. The industrial
unions conclude agreements with associations of employers on a regional
basis, and these agreements can be extended by law to all employees in
the region if they are signed by employers who employ a majority of
the workers in the industry in the particular region. Government-imposed
incomes policy proved unnecessary in the face of the success achieved
by collective bargaining in keeping wages in line with productivity.
The development of collective bargaining in France lagged behind
that of Northern Europe after the war. The idea of fixed term contracts,
with negotiation confined to regular intervals, was slow in getting
established. The coexistence of competing trade union federations,
often divided on strategy, has hindered the development of a more
orderly bargaining system. The government exercised its influence
mainly through price controls, which were imposed sporadically when
inflation threatened.
We come now to Italy, where the history of labor relations has
many similarities to that of France. During the 1950's, unemployment
was relatively high and the trade unions were weak. Bargaining took
the form of industry-wide agreements giving the individual employer a
great deal of latitude. There was already a great deal of overt
conflict, but the decade of the 1950's must be seen as a era of labor
peace compared with what came after.
With the tightening of the labor market a so-called "articulated"
bargaining system was introduced, which had as its component parts
national agreements on general issues and minimum wages, supplemented
by detailed plant agreements on price rates, job classification schemes,
and productivity bonuses. The new practice had its origin in a series
of strikes in 1962, and although its spread was slowed by the economic
recession of 1963, the precedent had been established.
The Italian collective bargaining system was not yet adequate in
1970. But strikes and demonstrations have become a way of life for
Italian workers, and there are few countries in the world where they
are practiced with as much enthusiasm.
-10-
FORD Classey
There still remains the puzzling matter of the strike climacteric
of 1968-1970 that swept through Europe. It led everywhere to a sharp
increase in wages and, eventually, in union power.
Widespread social phenomena are exceedingly complex in nature.
Among the factors that may have contributed to the outburst are the
following:
1. By 1970, a substantial proportion of the labor force con-
sisted of individuals with only dim, if any, recollections of the
hardships suffered during the Great Depression and World War II. In
most of the countries, but particularly in France and Italy, younger
people played an important role in the strike movement. The student
unrest of the period, which in France preceded the strikes, was
undoubtedly transmitted through younger workers.
2. Not only the postwar generation, but all workers, would not have
been greatly concerned with loss of jobs as a consequence of striking.
3. Large upward movements in consumer prices tend to stimulate
dissatisfaction, while rising money wages tend to allay it. Eventual
perception of what is happening to real income becomes a powerful
factor.
In general, the annual rate of price increases was either stable
or falling during the five years preceding 1968. However, there was
a tendency for the rate of increase in money wages to fall after 1964
or 1965. Thus, workers had become accustomed to more rapid improvement
in their living standards than what the economy was delivering to them
in the years immediately preceding 1968.
The strike fever, once it had gotten started, found great
receptivity among Western European workers; the trade union leader-
ship was awakened from its lethargy, and collective bargaining demands
soon escalated to new dimensions. The double figure wage and price
increase era had begun for Europe.
5. The Social and Economic Status of the Worker
The status of citizens of Western Europe, and of industrial
workers in particular, has undergone a remarkable transformation in
the postwar years. Employment insecurity, penury in old age, slum
housing, and inadequate access to health services have been replaced
by comprehensive systems of social welfare. A major part of the credit
for this achievement must go to the trade unions. Directly through
the collective bargaining process, and indirectly through their
political power, they pressed for and succeeded in winning a variety
of social benefits that are hardly likely to have come in their absence.
-11-
GERALD FORD
European housing standards have improved dramatically since the
war, particularly with respect to amenities; working hours have been
coming down and the quality of health care, at least in terms of the
availability of physicians, has risen substantially during the postwar
years.
By 1970 a retired worker in Western Europe could expect to receive
a pension equal to 50 to 75 percent of final earnings; unemployment
benefits ran from 30 to 90 percent of previous earnings, but even
where benefits were relatively low, family allowances continued and
helped balance the family budget; sickness allowances ranged from
50 to 80 percent of wages. These benefits mean a great advance over
conditions prevailing from 1920 to 1940.
Perhaps the outstanding result of labor's rise to power has been
the drive for greater equality in the distribution of income. The
favored income groups have been reluctant to accept a reduction in
their relative income shares, and the result is a struggle over the
distribution of the national product that is one of the major causes
of contemporary inflation.
Generally speaking, the same is true for the rest of Europe.
Collective bargaining is moving toward a higher plane and is rapidly
becoming the focal point of economic policy. Trade unions have learned
that they can force even unfriendly governments into substantial
concessions, making incomes policy difficult to enforce. It is already
clear that the end of the 1960's ushered in a new phase in the history
of European labor relations.
-12-
FORD & LIBRARY
Table 1: Indexes of Real National Income in Europe, 1920-1939
(1925-29 = 100)
Year
France
Germany
Sweden
United Kingdom
1920
66
n.a.
90
95
1925
94
91
90
94
1930
110
102
113
104
1935
92
101
120
119
1939
100
145
157
132
Source: Ingvar Svennilson, Growth and Stagnation in the European
Economy, Economic Commission for Europe, 1954, p. 233.
Table 2: Indexes of Gross Domestic Product in Europe, 1950-1970
(1950 = 100)
Year
France
Germany
Italy
Sweden
United Kingdom
1950
100
100
100(1951)
100
100
1955
124
157
124
117
116
1960
159
226
162
140
132
1965
211
289
210
204
154
1970
279
361
281
247
172
Source: O.E.C.D., National Accounts of O.E.C.D. Countries, and
United Nations, Yearbook of National Accounts Statistics,
various issues.
FORD & LIBRARY
Table 4: Average Annual Increase in Manufacturing Wages, 1950-1970
a
b
a
b
France
Germany
Italy
Sweden
United Kingdom
1950-1955
14.8
7.8
5.8
8.7
a
14.0
b
1955-1960
9.7
9.8
4.7
6.8
5.2
b
1960-1965
8.7
11.5
12.8
9.9
4.9
1965-1970
11.0
8.6
9.6
10.7
7.7ᵇ
a/ Hourly rates
b/ Hourly earnings
Source: I.L.O., Yearbook of Labour Statistics, 1950-1955;
O.E.C.D., Main Economic Indicators, 1955-1970.
FORD is LIBRARY 03
Table 5:
Number of Working Days Lost Due to Labor Disputes, 1950-1970
(Thousands)
1
France
Germany
Italy
Sweden
United Kingdom
1950
11,729
7,761
41
1,389
1951
3,495
1,593
4,515
531
1,694
1952
1,733
443
3,531
79
1,792
1953
9,722
1,488
5,828
582
2,184
1954
1,440
1,587
5,377
25
2,457
1955
3,079
857
5,622
159
3,781
1956
1,423
1,580
4,137
4
2,083
1957
4,121
1,072
4,619
53
8,412
1958
1,138
782
4,172
15
3,462
1959
1,938
62
9.190
24
5,270
1960
1,070
37
5,786
19
3,024
1961
2,601
61
9,891
2
3,046
1962
1,901
451
22,717
5
5,798
1963
5,991
1,846
11,395
25
1,755
1964
2,497
17
13,089
34
2,277
1965
980
49
6,993
4
2,925
1966
2,523
27
14,473
352
2,398
1967
4,204
390
8,568
0.4
2,787
1968
n.a.
25
9,240
1
4,690
1969
2,224
249
37,825
112
6,846
1970
1,742
93
18,277
156
10,980
Excludes political strikes
Source: International Labour Office, Yearbook of Labour Statistics,
various years.
GERA43 FORD
Table 6:
Annual Percentage Increase in Money Wages, 1961-1971
France
Germany
Italy
Sweden
United Kingdom
1961
7.7
8.6
4.5
8.9
5.5
1962
8.5
10.7
10.7
7.0
3.3
1963
8.6
6.5
14.7
8.7
2.9
1964
6.9
6.9
14.0
6.0
4.9
1965
5.8
7.0
8.5
11.3
5.9
1966
5.9
7.4
3.8
7.6
6.0
1967
6.0
5.3
5.2
9.4
4.3
1968
12.4
4.4
3.6
6.5
8.0
1969
11.3
6.4
7.5
8.1
5.8
1970
10.5
12.6
21.7
13.8
9.6
1971
11.2
13.7
13.5
7.1
11.4
Source: OECD, Main Economic Indicators, various issues.
Table 7:
Annual Percentage Increase in Real Wages, 1961-1971
France
Germany
Italy
Sweden
United Kingdom
1961
4.4
6.0
2.3
6.2
2.0
1962
3.4
7.6
5.8
2.5
-1.0
1963
3.6
3.4
6.7
5.6
0.8
1964
3.4
4.5
7.6
2.5
1.5
1965
2.5
3.4
3.8
6.0
1.2
1966
3.1
3.8
1.4
1.2
2.0
1967
3.3
3.8
2.0
4.9
1.8
1968
7.5
2.6
2.2
4.4
3.1
1969
4.6
3.7
4.8
5.3
0
1970
5.0
8.6
15.8
6.2
3.0
1971
5.4
8.0
8.2
0
1.9
Source: OECD, Main Economic Indicators, various issues.
FORD LIGHTED
Table 8:
Social Security Benefit Expenditures as a Percentage of the
Gross National Productᶜ
a
1950
a
a
1955
1960
a
b
b
1963
1966
1970
France
10.9
10.2
12.7
14.6
15.5
15.8
Germany
14.1
13.4
14.9
15.3
16.0
17.2
Italy
7.9
10.2
12.0
12.8
15.9
16.8
Sweden
9.3
10.8
12.1
13.5
15.6
United Kingdom
8.9
9.1
10.3
11.2
12.6
Japan
3.2
4.8
4.7
5.2
6.0
United States
4.0
4.3
6.2
6.2
7.2
Sources:
International Labour Office, The Cost of Social Security,
Geneva, 1967, Table 2.
Statistical Office of the European Community,
Basic
Statistics of the Community, 1971, p. 104.
c
The data for 1966 and 1970 may not be fully comparable with
those for the earlier years. Social security as here defined
consists of payments for old age pensions, unemployment
compensation, family allowances, public health services,
and public assistance to the needy.
BERALD FORD
4-23-75
JTD
Supplemental Tables
The Labor Force and Labor Problems
in Europe, 1920-1970
Supplement to Table 1: Indexes of Real National Income
(1925-29 = 100)
United States
Index 1/
Year
1920
74
1925
93
1930
97
1935
94
1939
115
1/ Index of net national product in 1929 dollars.
Source: John W. Kendrick, "Productivity Trends in the United States,"
NBER, 1961, as published in Bureau of the Census, Long Term
Economic Growth, 1860-1965, 1966.
GERALO K. FORD
Supplement to Table 2: Indexes of Gross Domestic Product
1950 = 100
United States
1950
100
1955
124
1960
138
1965
174
1970
207
1973
239
Other Countries
United
1/
Year
France
Germany
Italy
Sweden
Kingdom
1955 rev.
122
118
1960 rev.
156
229
139
1965 rev.
207
293
178
1970 rev.
274
369
280
215
174
1973
324
413
311
229
193
1/ 1951 = 100.
Source: European Community, National Accounts, 1960-1971; and
national publications.
FORD & DERALE LIBRARY
Supplement to Table 3 Population Aged 15 to 64 Years
(Thousands of Persons)
United States
Population:
1950
98,624
1960
107,919
1970
126,847
1972
131,141
Percent increase:
1950-1960
9.4
1960-1970
17.5
1970-1972
3.4
Other. Countries
Population, 1972:
France
32,269
Germany (1971)
38,954
Italy
35,236
Sweden
5,280
United Kingdom
34,987
Percent increase, 1970-1972:
France
1.9
Germany (1970-71)
.9
Italy
.4
Sweden
.2
United Kingdom
-.8
Source: OECD, Labour Force Statistics, various issues.
FORD
Supplement to Table
4
Average Annual Increase in Manufacturing Wages
United States
(1/)
1950-1955
5.8
1955-1960
4.3
1960-1965
3.1
1965-1970
5.7
1970-1973
7.0
Other Countries
United
Period
France 2/
1/
Germany
Italy 2/
Sweden 1/
3/
Kingdom
1970-73
13.9
11.3
18.6
11.0
14.1
1/
Hourly earnings.
2/
Hourly rates.
3/
Hourly rates, adult males only.
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics; and OECD, Main Economic Indicators.
SERALD FORD
Supplement to Table 5
Number of Working Days Lost Due to Labor Disputes
(Thousands)
United States
1950
38,800
1962
18,600
1951
22,920
1963
16,100
1952
59,100
1964
22,900
1953
28,300
1965
23,300
1954
22,600
1966
25,400
1955
28,200
1967
42,100
1956
33,100
1968
49,018
1957
16,500
1969
42,869
1958
23,900
1970
66,414
1959
69,000
1971
47,589
1960
19,100
1972
27,066
1961
16,300
1973
27,948
1974
48,000
Other Countries
United
Year
France
Germany
Italy
Sweden
Kingdom
1970
20,887 (rev.)
1971
4,388
4,484
14,799
839
13,551
1972
3,755
66
19,497
11
23,909
1973
3,915
563
23,419
12
7,197
1974
3,377
1,051
N.A.
N.A.
14,740
Source:
International Labour Office, Year Book of Labour Statistics; and
national publications.
QEARLE FORD (18RAB)
Supplement to Table
6
Annual Percentage Increase in Money Wages
(Manufacturing)
United States
(1/)
1961
2.7
1962
3.0
1963
2.9
1964
2.8
1965
3.2
1966
4.2
1967
4.0
1968
6.4
1969
6.0
1970
5.3
1971
6.0
1972
7.0
1973
6.8
Other Countries
United
Year
France 2/
2/
2/
Germany
Sweden
1/
Italy
Kingdom
3/
14.8
13.5
1972
11.3
8.5
10,4
9.8
24.3
8.4
12.5
1973
14.5
1/
Hourly earnings.
2/
Hourly rates.
3/
Hourly rates, adult male workers.
Source: OECD, Main Economic Indicators, various issues.
SCRIAL FORD
Supplement to Table 7.
Annual Percentage Increase in Real Wages
(Manufacturing)
United States
(1/)
1961
1.6
1962
1.9
1963
1.7
1964
1.5
1965
1.4
1966
1.3
1967
1.1
1968
2.1
1969
.6
1970
-.6 -
1971
1.6
1972
3.6
1973
.6
Other Countries
United
Year
France
2/
Germany
2/
Italy 2/
Sweden 1/
Kingdom 3/
1972
5.2
2.8
4.4
8.4
5.9
1973
6.7
2.6
12.1
2.1
3.0
1/
Based on average hourly earnings.
2/ Based on average hourly rates.
3/ Based on average hourly rates, adult male workers.
Source: OECD, Main Economic Indicators, various issues.
TISRACT GERALD FORD
Supplement to Table 8 : Social Security Benefit Expenditures as
a Percentage of Gross Product
Country
1966
1970
1972
France
16.2
16.7
17.2
Germany
13.1
12.6
13.3
Italy
13.6
14.2
16.8
Sweden
10.2
12.1
14.1
United Kingdom
8.4
9.6
10.5
Japan
4.4
4.3
4.7
United States
5.2
7.2
8.0
Note: Above data are not consistent with data in original table,
mainly because the cost of public health services is
excluded from the above. Also, above data are based on
gross domestic product (GDP) whereas original table is
based on GNP.
Source: OECD, National Accounts of OECD Countries, 1961-1972.
CERALD FORD
Supplement to Table 9 : Indicators of Housing Standards
Average number of persons per room
United Kingdom
1971
0.8
Japan
1970
1.0
Source: United Nations, Statistical Yearbook, 1973.
FORD & LIBRARY GERALD
Supplement to Table 10: Weekly Hours in Manufacturing
United States (hours paid)
1953
40.5
1970
39.8
1973
40.7
Other Countries
1973
France (regularly scheduled hours)
43.6
Germany (hours paid)
42.8
Italy (hours worked)
7.3 (daily)
United Kingdom (hours worked,
44.7
adult male workers)
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics; and United Nations, Monthly Bulletin
of Statistics.
AM R FORD LIBITED
Supplement to Table 11: Population per Physician
More Recent Data
France, 1971
721
Italy, 1972
530
Japan, 1971
871
United States, 1971
634
Source: United Nations, Statistical Yearbook, 1973.
A
FORD
STEN
THE DEPUTY UNDER SECRETARY OF LABOR
STATES STATE
WASHINGTON
May 12, 1975
MEMORANDUM FOR THE SECRETARY
This week we expect to make the first determination
on a trade adjustment assistance case under the new
legislation, the Trade Act of 1974. Attached is a
brief description of the new program and some background
material describing the main differences between the
old and new program of adjustment assistance.
Jultzall
Secretary
Affairs
Attachments
GERMAN % FORD
May 9, 1975
Trade Adjustment Assistance for Workers
While increased trade is of benefit to the economy as a whole, it
may also cause special problems to firms and their employees particularly
vulnerable to import competition. Trade adjustment assistance is a
program of cash benefits and employment services for workers who lose
their jobs because of increased imports.
The first trade adjustment assistance program appeared in the Trade
Expansion Act of 1962. In operation, the program provided little
assistance and less adjustment.
1. No cases at all were approved during the first seven years
of the program's existence;
2. far more cases were denied than approved;
3. during the full life of the program, 12 years, fewer than
54,000 workers were certified as eligible to apply for
adjustment assistance;
4. many of those who did receive benefits received them long
after they secured other employment; as a consequence, very
few recipients were able to use the employment services for
which they were eligible.
A summary table of adjustment assistance cases under the 1962 Act appears
at the end of this paper.
The requirements of the 1962 program for access to adjustment
assistance were too harsh and the procedures far too complex and
lengthy to permit the timely delivery of benefits.
The trade adjustment assistance program in the Trade Act of 1974
is a streamlined, more generous version of the 1962 program. It is
estimated that about 100,000 workers a year will qualify for adjustment
assistance and that the cost of the program will be about $350 million
a year.
The main provisions of the worker adjustment assistance program
under the Trade Act of 1974 are as follows:
1. A group of as few as three workers may file a petition for
assistance directly with the Secretary of Labor. (Previously
the petition went to the Tariff Commission.)
FORD is 07V8 13
- 2 -
2. The group of workers may be certified if it can be shown that
increased imports have contributed importantly to the unemployment
or underemployment of the workers and to a decline in the sales
or production of the workers' firm or subdivision. Imports need
not be the most important single cause of unemployment. (Previously
it had to be shown that increased imports were caused in major part
by a tariff concession and that such imports were the major cause
of unemployment.)
3. A decision on certification of the petitioning group must be
made within 60 days of the filing of the petition.
4. After a certification is issued, individual workers apply for
benefits to the local Employment Security Agencies in their
area. They must show that they have been employed in the
affected firm for 26 of the last 52 weeks prior to their
import-related unemployment.
5. The principal benefits available to eligible workers include:
-- cash allowances equal to 70 percent of the worker's average
weekly wage up to a maximum of 100 percent of the average
weekly wage in manufacturing. The cash allowances, which
are not taxed, are to be made up of the regular unemployment
insurance payment plus a Federal supplement. This year the
maximum total allowance is $176 a week. (Previously the
allowances were set at 65 percent of the worker's average
wage up to a maximum of 65 percent of the average wage in
manufacturing, with the entire allowance coming from Federal
funds.) These allowances may be paid for 52 weeks except that
(1) a worker 60 years old may receive an additional 26 weeks
of benefits and (2) a worker may receive an additional 26 weeks
of benefits to complete a training program.
--- counseling and placement services.
-- training programs, preferably on-the-job training, if such
training will help qualify him for a new job.
- new provision for job search expenses up to $500.
-- relocation allowances for workers who must leave their
community to take a new job.
GERALD R. FORD
- 3 -
Within the Department of Labor the general responsibility for the
worker adjustment assistance program is lodged in the Bureau of
International Labor Affairs and its Office of Trade Adjustment
Assistance. That Bureau is responsible for receiving the petitions,
conducting the investigations of import injury, holding of public
hearings, and certifying the eligibility of the petitioning groups
of workers.
The Manpower Administration has the primary responsibility for
the delivery of services after certification. The Manpower Administration
will be working through the Regional Offices of the Department of Labor,
and through the State and local Employment Security Agencies. In same
instances the prime sponsors established under the Comprehensive Employ-
ment and Training Act will deliver the employment services to workers.
A diagram showing the process in sequence is attached.
The success of the system will depend on the ability to identify
quickly those workers who might be eligible for trade adjustment assistance.
Quick identification is critical if we are to reduce substantially the time
between unemployment and receipt of benefits. To help identify eligible
workers, the Department has developed and is refining an early warning
system involving reports of mass layoffs, indicators of unemployment
insurance activity, and regular reports on import penetration by industry.
Officials of the Department have been meeting in different parts
of the country with regional, State and local officials and with
representatives of trade unions to explain the program and the pro-
cedures to be followed. Such meetings have been held in Dallas, Boston,
Atlanta, and San Francisco and a meeting is scheduled late this month
in Denver.
The adjustment assistance provisions of the Trade Act became
effective on April 3, 1975. As of May 7, the Department has received
25 petitions covering some 7,500 workers. Investigations of these
petitions are now in process and the first determinations will be
issued during the second half of May. Leather footwear and electronics
are the principal products involved in the petitions now in hand. Other
petitions are from workers in textiles, wood veneer, and copper mining.
The Department has prepared a question and answer pamphlet on the
adjustment assistance program which will be widely distributed around
the country. The Department also has available a detailed comparison
of the adjustment assistance programs under the Trade Expansion Act of
1962 and the Trade Act of 1974.
GREATE in FORD
Trade Adjustment Assistance Under the Trade Expansion Act of 1962
October 1962 through April 2, 1975
: Number of : Number
:worker groups: of workers
Petitions to the Tariff Commission:
Total
263
115,216
Denials
165
64,301
Affirmative findings
52
28,351
Evenly divided
43
21,443
Withdrawn or dismissed without
decision
3
1,121
Certification investigations completed
by the Labor Department:
Investigations involving workers
subject to Tariff Commission
affirmative or evenly divided
findings
95
49,794
Certified
95
Presidential authorization arising from
industry escape clause actions
21
7,235
Certified
15
4,105
Denied
6
3,130
Total certified
110
53,899
FORD LIBRARY GTUDTO
Trade Act of 1974
Adjustment Assistance Petitioning and Benefit Delivery Process
Petition
Filed by Group of 3 or more workers, or
a worker representative; e.g., union or
company official
Submitted
to
Department of Labor
Bureau of International Labor Affairs
Office of Trade Adjustment Assistance
Manpower Administration notified
Investigation Instituted
Notice published in Federal Register
State Employment Security Agency
notified
Interviews with company,
Field Investigation
Public Hearing
If requested within ten days
worker and employment
after Notice published in
securityrepresentative
Federal Register
Survey of Company Customers
industry analysis
Investigative Report
Recommendation of Certification or Denial
Leaves Office of Trade Adjustment Assistance
Legal Review by Office of
the Solicitor
Leaves Office of the Solicitor
Review by Certifying
Officer
NOTICE OF DETERMINATION
Notice published in Federal Register
ISSUED
Certification
or
Denial
Identifies group
End of case
of workers certified
or
Program focus
Manpower Administration
Judicial Review
If petition requesting review filed
shifts to Manpower
with appropriate U.S. Circuit Court of
Notified
Petitioner(s)
Administration and
Appeals within 60 days of Notice
Notified
State Employment
State Employment
Security agencies
Security agency notified
Determination of Individuals
Certified workers file requests for determination
Entitlement to Program Benefits
of entitlement at their local employment security office
Trade Readjustment
Entitled to
or
Allowances
Not Entitled
Job Relocation
Allowance
Job Search
Allowance
Appeal through
State Employment
Training
Security channels
Counseling and Placement
from State Employment
Services
Security Agency or
FORD LIBRART
CETA Prime Sponsor
ILAB/TAA/LLB
May 8, 1975
Trade Adjustment
Assistance for Workers:
Questions and Answers
U.S. Department of Labor
Bureau of International
Labor Affairs
GERRA R. FORD LIBRABY
Nature
Benefits
and Scope
Q.
What is trade adjustment
Q.
What are trade readjustment
assistance for workers?
allowances?
Q.
What is the relationship
between TRA and UI?
A.
Trade adjustment assistance
for workers is a Federal pro-
A.
Trade readjustment allow-
ances (TRA) are weekly pay-
A.
Generally, TRA supplements
what an eligible worker re-
gram administered by the U.S. De-
ments which, when added to State
ceives as unemployment insurance.
partment of Labor and cooperating
unemployment insurance (UI) pay-
The amount of TRA payable to an
State employment security agencies
ments to which a worker is entitled,
adversely affected worker is reduced
under provisions of the Trade Act of
equal 70 percent of the average
by the amount of UI that the individ-
1974. Established to help American
weekly wage the worker earned be-
ual receives or would receive if he or
workers who become totally or par-
fore his or her employment was dis-
she applied for UI. Since TRA pay-
tially unemployed as a result of
rupted by import competition. The
ments may be received for a longer
increased imports, the program pro-
maximum TRA a worker may receive
period than regular UI, a worker may
vides eligible workers with trade
can be no greater than the national
be eligible for TRA even after
readjustment allowances during
average weekly wage in manufactur-
eligibility for UI has been exhausted.
periods of unemployment or under-
ing. (Payments for weeks of unem-
employment. The program also as-
ployment prior to April 3, 1975 would
sists workers to regain satisfactory
equal 65 percent of the worker's
employment through the use of a
average weekly wage not to exceed
full range of manpower services and,
65 percent of the national average
if needed, job search and relocation
weekly manufacturing wage.)
allowances.
1
Procedure for
Obtaining Adjustment
Assistance
How long may a worker re-
What other types of assist-
Who is eligible for training
ceive trade readjustment
Q.
What is a job search
What is a relocation
Who may file a petition for
ance may workers eligible for
and what kind of training can
allowance?
allowance?
adjustment assistance?
allowances?
adjustment assistance receive?
eligible workers receive?
A.
A worker may receive basic
A.
Workers are eligible for a full
A.
A.
A job search allowance con-
A.
A relocation allowance con-
sists of reimbursement to a
A.
Any group of three or more
Appropriate training may be
sists of reimbursement for
workers of a firm or subdivi-
TRA for up to 52 weeks. A
range of manpower services
authorized for workers who
expenses incurred by a worker in
worker for expenses incurred in
sion of a firm, their union, or their
worker 60 years of age or older at
offered by State employment secu-
must acquire a new skill or upgrade
seeking suitable reemployment. An
moving to another locality to obtain
duly authorized representative, who
the time of separation may receive
rity agencies designed to assist them
their current skills in order to be-
unemployed worker may be certified
employment. An unemployed worker
feel that increased import competi-
up to 26 additional weeks of allow-
in returning as quickly as possible to
come suitably reemployed. Training
eligible for a job seach allowance if
who is unable to find suitable em-
tion has contributed importantly to
ances. A worker enrolled in or ap-
productive employment. Such serv-
may be either technical or profes-
he or she is seeking employment
ployment within the commuting area
the workers' unemployment or un-
proved for training may receive up
ices include testing, counseling, job
sional in nature. While institutional
within the United States and cannot
may be certified to receive an allow-
deremployment may petition the U.S.
to 26 additional weeks of allowances
placement, training, and supportive
training involving formal classroom
be reasonably expected to find satis-
ance to cover 80 percent of reason-
Department of Labor for a determi-
in order to complete training, pro-
services.
instruction is available, an emphasis
factory employment within the com-
able and necessary moving expenses
nation of eligibility to apply for ad-
vided the worker applied for such
is placed upon on-the-job training,
muting area. Reimbursements are for
plus a lump sum (up to $500) equal
justment assistance.
training within 180 days after becom-
which combines instruction with
80 percent of the worker's necessary
to three times the worker's average
ing eligible to apply for adjustment
practical experience. The vocational
job search expenses, not to exceed
weekly wage. To be eligible for a
assistance or becoming unemployed
skills and interests of the individual
$500. An application for a job search
relocation allowance a worker must
or underemployed, whichever is
as well as the employment needs of
allowance must be filed within one
have obtained suitable permanent
later. In no event may an individual
the community will influence what
year of a worker's last total or partial
employment within the United States
receive more than 78 weeks of
form the training will take.
separation or within a reasonable
or a bona fide offer of such employ-
allowances.
period after completion of training
ment.
approved under the adjustment
assistance program.
2
3
Certification
Process
Must workers wait until they
Q.
How do workers petition for
What types of information
become unemployed or under-
adjustment assistance?
should be included on a peti-
What happens once a petition
If the Department of Labor deter-
employed before petitioning for ad-
tion for adjustment assistance?
for adjustment assistance has
mines that import injury has occurred
What is a certification?
justment assistance?
A.
Workers may go to the nearest
been filed?
or threatens to occur, it will issue a
office of their State employ-
A.
A petition for adjustment as-
certification of eligibility to apply for
No. Workers who feel that in-
The Department of Labor will
A.
A certification is an official au-
A.
ment security agency and request a
sistance must include identi-
A.
adjustment assistance.
thorization by the Department
creased imports are causing
Petition for Adjustment Assistance
fication of (1) the petitioners; (2) the
conduct an investigation to de-
of Labor for a specified group of
an immediate threat to their employ-
(ILAB Form 20) or they may notify
group of workers on whose behalf
termine if increased imports of arti-
workers to apply for adjustment as-
ment may petition on the basis of
the Department of Labor's Office of
the petition is filed; (3) the workers'
cles like or directly competitive with
sistance. The certification indicates
such a threat. Announcements by
Trade Adjustment Assistance di-
employer; (4) the approximate date
those produced by the petitioning
the date that imports began causing
company officials of an imminent
rectly of their interest in filing a
the workers' total or partial unem-
group of workers have contributed
or threatening to cause unemploy-
plant shutdown or of a reduction in
petition for adjustment assistance.
ployment began and continued, or
or threaten to contribute importantly
ment or underemployment of the
workforce are examples of threat-
Workers may telephone (202-523-
threatened to begin, and the approxi-
to (1) the unemployment or under-
workers (impact date); the date, if
ened unemployment.
6225) or write to:
mate number of workers affected;
employment of a significant number
applicable, that such import injury
U.S. Department of Labor
and (5) the articles produced by the
or proportion of the workers and
stopped (termination date); and the
workers' firm and the imported arti-
(2) a decline in sales or production
Bureau of International Labor Affairs
group of workers eligible to apply for
cles concerned. A petition should
of the petitioners' firm or subdivision.
Office of Trade Adjustment
adjustment assistance (appropriate
also include a statement of reasons
The Department will complete its
Assistance
subdivision).
Washington, D.C. 20210
for believing that increased imports
investigation and issue an official
of such articles contributed impor-
notice of determination no later than
tantly to the workers' unemployment
60 days after a petition is filed.
and to the decline in sales or pro-
duction of the firm or subdivision.
4
5
Q.
What are impact dates and
What is the appropriate
Q.
Is a certification effective
termination dates?
Q.
How will workers know if their
Do workers automatically
Q.
What are the individual quali-
subdivision?
indefinitely?
case has been certified?
receive benefits after a certifi-
fying requirements which a
cation is issued?
worker covered by a certification
A.
The impact date is the earliest
date on which separations
A.
The appropriate subdivision is
A.
No. Generally, a certification is
A.
The Department of Labor will
must meet in order to receive
that part of the firm or plant in
effective for two years from
directly notify the workers or
which workers lost their jobs as a
the date it is issued. Thus, workers
worker representative who filed the
A.
No. When a worker learns that
from the firm or subdivision are at-
trade adjustment assistance?
his or her group has been
tributable to increased imports. The
result of competitive imports. Desig-
whose last total or partial separation
petition of the Department's deter-
certified, the worker must go to the
A.
The basic qualifying require-
termination date is the date after
nation of the appropriate subdivision
occurred after the expiration of the
mination. The local office of the State
local employment security office and
ments are as follows:
which separations are no longer
serves to clearly identify the workers
two-year period from the date of
employment security agency will at-
apply for trade adjustment assist-
1. The worker must have been
attributable to increased imports.
covered by a certification in cases
certification would not be eligible to
tempt to notify all workers covered
ance. The office will determine if the
employed with the firm or appro-
where a firm or plant manufactures
apply for adjustment assistance.
by a certification of their eligibility
worker is covered by the certification
priate subdivision at wages of at
more than one product.
to apply for adjustment assistance.
and whether certain basic qualifying
least $30 per week for at least 26
Also, local radio stations and news-
requirements have been met. If the
of the 52 weeks preceding his or
papers will be notified of the issu-
worker is determined qualified, the
her last total or partial separation.
ance of a certification.
office will establish his or her weekly
2. The worker's last separation from
TRA entitlement and explain the
the firm or subdivision must have
services available under the program.
occurred after October 3, 1974,
and not more than one year
before the date of the petition
upon which the certification was
granted.
6
7
Appeals
3. The worker must have become
What should a worker do
If the Department of Labor
separated on or after the impact
who, after becoming unem-
determines that a petitioning
not supported by substantial evi-
date specified in the certification
ployed and moving to another state,
group of workers is not eligible to
dence, the Department will take
and before the termination date or
learns that former employees of the
apply for adjustment assistance, are
further evidence and may issue a
the expiration of the certification.
worker's old company have been
the workers entitled to appeal that
new or modified finding.
certified eligible to apply for adjust-
determination?
ment assistance?
A.
Yes. Court review is provided
A.
The worker should go imme-
for in the Trade Act. A worker,
group of workers, or authorized rep-
BERALD FORD VIBRARY
diately to the nearest employ-
ment security office and apply for
resentative may, within 60 days after
adjustment assistance. That office
a notice of a final negative determi-
will assist the worker in filing a claim.
nation is issued, file a petition for
If found eligible, the worker will be
review with the United States Court
able to receive benefits where he or
of Appeals for the circuit in which
she is presently living.
the worker or worker group is
located or with the U.S. Court of
Appeals for the District of Columbia.
If the Court rules that a final deter-
mination by the Secretary of Labor is
8
9
See Reverse Side for Processing Instructions
U.S. Department of Labor
PETITION FOR ADJUSTMENT ASSISTANCE
Exp. Sept.
This is a petition under Section 221(a) of the Trade Act of 1974 and Subpart B of Part 90 of the Rules of practice of
the Secretary of Labor.
1. State the name, address and telephone number of each petitioner and the group of workers on whose behalf the petition
is filed. (For each petitioner who is worker and who is not currently employed at the firm, give the date of his most re-
cent total or partial separation from the firm.)
Name:
1)
2)
3)
Address:
Telephone:
Date
Separation
Group of Workers Involved:
If the petition is being filed by worker representative, give the capacity in which the petitioner is filing, e.g., union local
president, corporate treasurer
II. List the name and address of the firm and each subdivision of the firm at which the workers for whom this petition is filed
are (were) employed.
III. State the name, address, telephone number and its of official of the firm. (The official should be someone knowledgeable
about the firm's production, sales and employments
IV. State the date on which separations due to increased imports began and continued, or are scheduled to begin, and the
approximate number of workers affected (List this informal separately for each subdivision of the firm listed in II.)
V. Give a description of the articles produced by the firm, the sales of pro duction of which are being adversely affected by
increased Imports, and description of the imported articles concerned (Include such information as the common and tech-
nical names of the articles, the method of manufacture, the end uses.gnd the wholesale or retail value of the articles.)
VI. State the reasons for believing increased importa have contributed importantly to decline in the sales or production of
the firm or subdivision of the firm and to the workers' actual or through of employment. (Attach any supporting
documents such as statements by officials of the firm or newspaper articles.)
This petition must be signed below by three workers of the firm or by their duly authorized representative.
(we) hereby affirm that the information included in this petition is correct to the best of my (our) knowledge and
belief.
Signed
Date:
(LAB Form 1975)
Regulations governing trade adjust-
ment assistance for workers as out-
lined in this pamphlet are specified
in Parts 90-91, Subtitle A, Title 29,
of the Code of Federal Regulations,
as revised April 3, 1975.
10
Processing Instructions
Petition for Adjustment Assistance
ILAB Form 20
(March 1975)
Who may file a petition-A petition may be filed by a group of three or more workers in a firm, or a subdivision thereof,
or by their union or other duly authorized representative. The workers on whose behalf a petition is filed must be, or have
been, employed regularly at the firm or subdivision Identified in the petition. The workers' employment must be, or have
been, related to the production of articles described in the petition.
Assistance in preparing a petition-Workers may request assistance in preparing a petition at any local employment security
agency office. Also, workers may write or telephone (202-523-6225) the Office of Trade Adjustment Assistance.
Filing a petition-Petitions should be addressed to:
U.S. Department of Labor
Bureau of International Labor Affairs
Office of Trade Adjustment Assistance
3rd Street and Constitution Avenue, N. W., Rm. S-5313
Washington, D. C. 20210
General Instructions-Print or type. Complete all items. If more space is needed, attach additional sheets to this form. In
firm will not release the information. Submit a signed original and two clear copies of this form when filing a petition.
some cases, some of the information requested may not be available. If so, give the reason it is not available, e.g., the
Regulations, Part 90.
Further information and clarification concerning the filing of this petition may be found in Title 29 of the Code of Federal
GPO 890-027
May 12, 1975
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
¿ 14804
BUREAU OF INTERNATIONAL LABOR AFFAIRS
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20210
AMERICA
STATES
=
Adjustment Assistance for Workers
Under the Trade Act of 1974
On January 3, 1975, President Ford signed into law the Trade Act of 1974
(P.L. 93-618), which makes important changes in this country's international
trade, tariff, and economic policies, and also gives the President substantial
negotiating authority necessary for participation in forthcoming international
trade negotiations.
Of particular interest are changes made by the Trade Act of 1974 in the worker
adjustment assistance program. This program is intended to provide special
protection and help to American workers whose unemployment or underemployment is
linked to increased imports of foreign-made articles.
A comparison follows between major provisions of the Trade Act of 1974 and the
older provisions of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962 as to worker adjustment
assistance The provisions of the Trade Act of 1974 will supersede the provisions
of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962 as of April 3, 1975
Trade Expansion Act of 1962
Trade Act of 1974
Petitions Submitted To
U.S. Tariff Commission*
Secretary of Labor
Injury Test
(1) Articles like or directly
(1) Same
competitive with those produced
by the workers concerned must be
imported in increased quantities;
(2) The increased imports must be a
(2) Sales or production of the
result in major part of concessions
workers' firm or subdivision must
granted under trade agreements;
have declined absolutely;
(3) A significant number or proportion
(3) Same
of the workers concerned must be
unemployed or underemployed, or
threatened with unemployment or
GERALD R. FORD LIBRARY
underemployment; and
(4) The increased imports resulting
(4) The increased imports must have
from trade agreement concessions
contributed importantly to the
must be the major factor causing
workers' actual or threatened
or threatening to cause the
separation and to the decline in
workers' unemployment or under-
sales or production.
employment.
*On January 3, 1975 the U.S. Tariff Commission was renamed the
U.S. International Trade Commission.
- 2 -
Trade Expansion Act of 1962
Trade Act of 1974
Determination of Injury By
U.S. Tariff Commission, not later
Secretary of Labor, not later
than 60 days after petition is
than 60 days after petition is
filed. (President of United States
filed.
resolves tie votes).
Certification By
President of United States
Secretary of Labor, not later
(delegated to Department of
than 60 days after petition is
Labor), 20-30 days after a finding
filed.
of injury by the Tariff Commission.
Qualifying Requirements for Workers
(1) Employed 26 of 52 weeks immediately
(1) Employed 26 of the 52 weeks
preceding separation at wages of
immediately preceding separation
$15 or more a week in a firm or
at wages of $30 or more a week
firms with respect to which a
in a single firm or subdivision
finding of injury has been made;
of a firm with respect to which
a finding of injury has been made
(2) Employed 78 of 156 weeks
(2) Total or partial separation from
immediately preceding separation
the firm or appropriate subdivision
at wages of $15 or more a week;
occurred no more than one year
before the petition on which the
certification is granted;
(3) ! Total or partial separation from
(3) The total or partial separation
the firm or appropriate subdivision
occurred after October 2, 1974 and
occurred after October 11, 1962 and
after the impact date specified in
on or after the impact date specified
the certification; and
in the certification; and
(4) The separation occurred before the
(4)
expiration of the two-year period
Same
beginning on the date of the most
recent applicable certification
FORD
and before the termination date,
if any.
Program Benefits
Trade Readjustment Allowances * Amounts
65% of worker's average weekly
70% of worker's average weekly
wage not to exceed 100% of
wage not to exceed 65% of national
average weekly manufacturing wage.
national average weekly
manufacturing ware
*Trade Readjustment Allowances are hereafter referred to as TRA.
- 3 -
Trade Expansion Act of 1962*
Trade Act of 1974
Duration of TRA Benefits
Maximum of 52 weeks except:
Maximum of 52 weeks except:
-Workers 60 years of age. and
-Workers 60 years of age and
older at separation may receive
older at separation may receive
up to 13 additional weeks of TRA.
up to 26 additional weeks of TRA.
-Workers in approved training may
receive up to 26 additional weeks
Same except that workers must
of TRA in order to complete training
make application for such
if enrolled in such training at the
training within 180 days of the
time their 52-week entitlement
date they became eligible to
expires.
apply for adjustment assistance
or the date their benefits became
effective, whichever is later.
Training and Related Services
(1) Appropriate testing, counseling
(1) Testing, counseling, placement
training and-placement services
and supportive services under any
provided for under any Federal
other Federal law afforded to
law shall be afforded to adversely
worker through State agency
affected workers.
Training approved, when appropriate.
(2) Subsistence and transportation
(2) Same except allowances are
allowances for approved training
not to exceed $15 per day and
outside workers' commuting area not
12 $ per mile.
to exceed $5 per day and 10c per
mile.
GERALD
Job Search Allowances
ANNUBAT
No provisions
May be granted to a totally
separated worker seeking employment
in the U.S. who applies for such
allowances not later than one year
after his last separation. Such
allowances shall reimburse the
worker for 80 percent of his
necessary job search expenses not
to exceed $500.
Relocation Allowances
May be granted to a totally
May be granted to a totally separated
separated worker who has obtained
head of household who has obtained
suitable employment or a bonafide
suitable employment or a bonafide
offer for such employment within
offer for such employment within the
the United States. Such allowances
United States. Such allowances shall
shall pay 80% of reasonable and
pay for reasonable and necessary
necessary expenses incurred in
expenses incurred in transporting
transporting the worker and his
the worker and his family and a
family and a lump sum equivalent
lump sum equivalent to two and one-
to three times the worker's
half times the average weekly
average weekly wage up to $500.
manufacturing wage.
4
Trade Expansion Act of 1962
Trade Act of 1974
Relationship of TRA to UI
(1) State reimbursed for UI payments
(1)
State pays normal UI for which worker
made to worker prior to his con-
is eligible. TRA supplements UI to
version to TRA status. Full
raise allowances to worker to his
benefits paid to worker during
TRA benefit level. State is not
his TRA benefit period from
reimbursed for UI paid to eligible
Federal funds.
worker.
(2) Determination and payment of TRA
(2)
Same
applications by individual workers,
after certification is made by State
employment security agencies as
agents of Secretary of Labor.
(3) No provisions.
(3)
Failure of State to enter into agree-
ment with Secretary of Labor for
payment of TRA to individual workers
causes 15 percent loss of tax credit
to employers under Federal Unemploy
ment Tax Act.
(4) No provisions.
(4)
Secretary of Labor will administer
program directly in absence of State
agreement.
(5) UI may not be denied or reduced
(5) Same
because of TRA eligibility.
(6) State UI law availability and
(6)
Same
disqualification provisions apply
to worker subject to regulations
of Secretary of Labor.
(7) State agency determinations on TRA
(7)
State agency TRA determinations are
applications are reviewable as
reviewable on appeal on same basis
provided by Secretary's regula-
as UI determinations.
tions.
Payments to States
U.S. pays States sums necessary to
U.S. pays States sums necessary to
pay TRA and to reimburse State for
pay TRA.
FORD
UI paid to worker before shift of
worker to TRA status.
GURALD
Program Financing
Program authorized to be funded
Program is funded from Ad ustment
by appropriation from general
Assistance Trust Fund derived
funds of the United States.
from customs receipts not otherwise
appropriated by Congress, and
from general funds as to
training (including administrative
costs).
- 5 -
Trade Expansion Act of 1962
Trade Act of 1974
Judicial Review
No provisions.
Within 60 days of notification of a
final determination on a petition for
adjustment assistance an appeal by
a worker or workers aggrieved by the
final determination may be filed with
the Court of Appeals.
General Accounting Office Report
No provisions.
A Report to the Congress no later than
June 30, 1980 evaluating the
effectiveness of the adjustment
assistance program and the extent to
which it was coordinated with other
similar programs
Trade Monitoring Systemize
No provisions.
The Secretary of Commerce and Labor
are to establish and maintain a
program to monitor U.S. imports and
the relationship of changes in
imports to changes in domestic
production and employment. Reports
are to be published periodically.
Firms Relocating in Foreign Countries
No provisions
Firms, before moving productive
facilities to a foreign country should
provide notice of the move to its
employees and to the Secretary of
Labor and apply for and use all assis-
tance for which it is eligible. The
firm should offer its workers
employment opportunities in the U.S.
and assist workers to relocate.
TORO
ABPUSIT
- 6 -
Trade Expansion Act of 1962
Trade Act of 1974
Transitional Provisions
No provisions.
(1) A worker belonging to group certified
eligible to apply for TRA under Trade
Expansion Act of 1962 may apply for
TRA under Trade Act of 1974 unless
prior to April 3, 1975 his TRA
application was denied for failure to
meet Trade Expansion Act qualifying
requirements.
(2) A worker may receive TRA under Trade
Expansion Act of 1962 for weeks prior
to April 3, 1975, and under Trade Act
of 1974 for weeks thereafter. Weeks
for which TRA is paid under Trade
Expansion Act of 1962 will be deducted
from weeks of potential eligibility
under Trade Act of 1974.
As the above comparison indicates, the adjustment assistance provisions of the Trade
Act of 1974 will ease the qualifying requirements worker groups must meet in order
to be determined eligible to apply for adjustment assistance and will also reduce
the time between the date the petition is filed and the issuance of a determination.
Petitioning
The petitioning and investigative processes have been-simplified considerably
because the determination of injury as well as the determination of the covered
group of workers and the applicable impact date have been consolidated within
the Department of Labor. Injury determination and the issuance of a certification
must be made within 60 days of the date a petition was filed with the Department
of Labor.
Prompt filing of petitions is very important because workers whose unemployment
occurred before October 3, 1974 or more than one year before the filing date of
the petition cannot qualify for adjustment assistance benefits. Also, if
workers filing the petition have become unemployed or underemployed before the
one year (or before October 3, 1974) cutoff, the petition may be ruled an invalid
petition.
Certification Criteria The Injury Test
The Trade Act of 1974 specifies that workers may be certified eligible to apply
for adjustment assistance benefits if increased imports have contributed
importantly to the total or partial separation, or threat of total or partial
separation, of a significant number or proportion of workers of a firm or
subdivision of a firm and to the absolute decline of sales or production of the
firm or subdivision.
GENALD FORD
7 -
Employment Services
Workers eligible for adjustment assistance may receive the full range of
counseling, testing, placement, and supportive services available
through the cooperating state agency for the duration of their
adjustment assistance benefit period.
Training
Appropriate training may be approved for workers when it is determined that
suitable employment is not otherwise available. In cases in which approved
training is beyond the worker's normal commuting area, subsistence and
transportation allowances not to exceed $15 per day and 12ç per mile may
be authorized. The Trade Act states that emphasis is to be placed on
on-the-job training.
Job Search and Relocation Allowances
Totally separated workers who are unable to find suitable employment.
within their commuting area may be authorized job search allowances to
assist them in obtaining employment elsewhere within the United States.
Workers may receive up to $500 as reimbursement for 80 percent of their
necessary job search expenses.
Totally separated workers who are unable to find suitable employment
within their commuting area but who have obtained employment or a
bonafide offer of employment in another area of the United States may
qualify for relocation allowances. The requirement under the Trade
Expansion Act that only heads of households could qualify for relocation
allowances has been eliminated and the allowances have been modified so
as to provide reimbursement of 80 percent of the reasonable and necessary
expenses of moving a worker's family and household effects plus a lump
sum (up to $500) equal to three times the worker's average weekly wage
Only one relocation allowance per family may be granted for the same
of
FORD
relocation.
GENALD
LIBRARY
Relationship of TRA to UI
Although TRA and UI are closely related, the rights of workers as individual
applicants under the TRA program are (with certain exceptions noted below)
generally prescribed by the Trade Act of 1974--a Federal law--rather than by
State UI laws. Thus the qualifying requirements a worker must meet, the amount
of assistance to which a worker is entitled, permissible reductions in the
amount of assistance as a result of earnings or other payments, recoupment of
overpayments, criminal penalties for the filing of fraudulent applications,
and similar questions are matters as to which the Trade Act of 1974 rather
than State UI laws are controlling. To a limited extent, however, the Trade
Act of 1974 provides for application of State UI laws to workers applying for
TRA. Subject to regulations of the Secretary, State agencies will apply the
availability and disqualification provisions of State UI laws in determining
- 8 -
applications for TRA filed by individual workers, unless such State-law
provisions are in conflict with the Trade Act of 1974. The Trade Act of 1974
also provides that State-agency determinations on TRA applications will be
subject to review on appeal only in the same manner and to the same extent
as UI determinations. If a question arises as to which of the various State
UI laws applies to a particular claimant in connection with an issue of
availability or disqualification, the State agency will apply the law of the
State wherein the worker is entitled to UI or, if the worker is not entitled
to UI, the law of the State in which total or partial separation frca
employment occurred.
The Trade Act of 1974 continues the statutory requirement that UI may not be
denied or reduced by reason of an individual's right to TRA. The Act alters in
certain other respects, however, the relationship between UI and TRA. Under
the old Trade Expansion Act. of 1962 TRA was paid to a worker in effect as a
complete substitute for UI. Thus if a State paid a worker UI for weeks of
unemployment, and the worker was subsequently found entitled to TRA for the
same weeks of unemployment, the Trade Expansion Act of 1962 provided that
the State would be repaid for all UI paid to the worker for such weeks and also
permitted. a State to delete charges to an employer's experience record resulting
from the UI payments. Under the Trade Act of 1974 a TRA payment will supplement
rather than replace entirely, a payment of UI. Thus a worker who is eligible for UI
for weeks of unemployment, and later is found entitled to TRA for the same weeks,
will receive the difference between his UI weekly benefit amount and the amount
of the TRA payment prescribed by the Trade Act of 1974, but the State will not be
reimbursed for UI paid to the worker and charges to the employer's experience
record as a result of UI payments will be unaffected by a payment of TRA.
The Trade Act of 1974 provides that a 15 percent loss or tax credit to taxpayers
under the Federal Unemployment Tax Act will occur if a State agency does not
execute an agreement with the Secretary of Labor as to administration of the
adjustment assistance program, and authorizes the Secretary to administer the
program directly in such a case. These provisions are new.
Payments to States
The Trade Act of 1974 provides for Federal payments to the States of sums necessary
for payment of TRA, but omits the provision of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962
which authorized reimbursement of States for UI payments to workers who receive
TRA. The 1974 legislation continues existing provisions of the Trade Expansion
Act of 1962 requiring such payments to be used solely for the purposes for
which made, and providing for return of unused sums to the Federal treasury, But
specifies that returned funds shall be credited to a new Adjustment Assistance
Trust Fund.
FORD
- 9
Program Financing
The new Act creates an "Adjustment Assistance Trust Fund" in the U.S. Treasury
and provides that moneys in such fund may be used only to carry out the worker
adjustment assistance program including the administrative costs of the
program. Moneys in the fund are to be derived from customs receipts not
otherwise appropriated by the Congress. In the case of training (including
administrative costs) under the Trade Act of 1974, authorization for a general
appropriation is included.
Transitional Provisions
Since the Trade Act of 1974 makes changes in a pre-existing program, provision
has been included for groups of workers and individual workers whose petitions
or applications are pending on April 3, 1975, the date on which the Trade Act
of 1974 will supersede the Trade Expansion Act of 1962 for adjustment
assistance purposes
A worker who has been receiving TRA prior to April 3, 1975, will remain
eligible for TRA thereafter: His entitlement for weeks of unemp loyment
beginning before April 3, 1975, will be governed by the Trade Expansion Act of
1962 in all respects. His entitlement for weeks of unemployment beginning
thereafter will be governed by the Trade Act of 1974 (for most workers this
will mean an increased weekly amount of TRA) except that weeks for which he
has received TRA under the Trade Expansion Act of 1962 will he subtracted from
the total number of weeks for which he may receive TRA under the Trade Act
of 1974 Thus a worker who has received 26 weeks of TRA under the Trade
Expansion Act of 1962 will have such weeks deducted from the 52 weeks for which,
in most cases, he could receive TRA under the Trade Act of 1974
A worker who belongs to a group certified as eligible to apply for TRA under
the Trade Expansion Act of 1962, but who has not received TRA for weeks of
unemployment prior to April 3, 1975, may apply for TRA thereafter as if the
group to which he belongs had been certified under the Trade Act of 1974. One
exception to the foregoing statement exists; the worker may not apply after
April 3, 1975, if prior to that date he has filed an application for TRA which
has been denied by a State agency for failure to meet the qualifying
requirements in the Trade Expansion Act of 1962.
A group of workers may file a petition for a certification of group eligibility
with the Secretary of Labor after April 3, 1975, with respect to weeks of
unemp loyment before April 3, 1975, or with respect to weeks of unemployment
beginning both before and after April 3, 1975. The Trade Act of 1974 does
not permit a certification as to a worker whose total or partial separation
occurred more than one year prior to the date on which a petition for a group
certification is filed, or occurred prior to six months before April 3, 1975,
thus making promptness in filing petitions for group certification advisable.
is
FORD
GERALD
LIBRARY
May 13, 1975
Department of Labor Participation
in Indochina Refugee Program
- SUMMARY -
CONTINUOUS PARTICIPATION BY DOL-MA-U.S. EMPLOYMENT
SERVICE IN BOTH NATIONAL AND BASE INDOCHINA
INTERAGENCY TASK FORCE UNDER STATE DEPARTMENT
LEADERSHIP
IMMEDIATE PRESENCE OF MA/USES STAFF AT ALL BASE
LOCATIONS TO INSURE OPTIMUM DOL/STATE EMPLOYMENT
SECURITY AGENCY SUPPORT OF REFUGEE RELOCATION
PROGRAM.
DETERMINE AND FULFILL ROLE IN EMPLOYMENT RELATED
PROBLEMS IN SUPPORT OF VOLUNTARY AGENCY CONTRACTS
AS QUICKLY AS POSSIBLE
- PROVIDE LABOR MARKET INFORMATION (EMPHASIS ON
HIGH UNEMPLOYMENT AND LABOR SHORTAGE AREAS)
- SURVEY AND DETERMINE OCCUPATION/EMPLOYMENT
SKILLS OF REFUGEES IN WORK FORCE TO ASSIST IN
RELOCATION EFFORTS.
INSURE FULL USE OF STATE DEPARTMENT COMPUTERIZATION
EFFORTS--BOTH NATIONAL AND ON EACH BASE--TO PROVIDE
STATISTICAL DATA AND ASSIST IN MATCHING FUNCTIONS.
- BACKGROUND -
The State Department Indochina Interagency Refugee
Committee under Ambassador L. Dean Brown and coordinated
with DOL, DOD, HEW, HUD, Justice and Interior is striving
to provide relocation assistance for up to 130,000 refugees
as quickly as possible. About one-third are work force
eligibles. The current status of funding and numbers
remains fluid but processing continues to move ahead within
restraints imposed by clearance problems. Two of the three
initial Base locations--Eglin Air Force Base, Florida,
with 2,541 and Camp Pendleton, California with 18,646--
are now at capacity. Fort Chaffee, Arkansas will reach
maximum of 24,000 today. The number that has now reached
the Continental United States is 54,356, with 39,322 at the
three reception centers--14,734 have now left Base locations
for resettlement.
FORD
2
Most refugee families have someone with English speaking
capability so they can interpret for other family members.
However, interpreters are available at each Base from
one of the cooperating agencies to assist with language
problems. Early survey results indicate that skill level
of work force entrants is highly specialized and some are
shortage occupations in certain areas of the United States
or other countries.
The DOL role of support to voluntary agencies who have the
resettlement/relocation responsibility under contract with
the State Department can now proceed as quickly as the
voluntary agencies have operational capabilities.
Specialized staff as needed will be made available at each
Base location through the State Employment Security system
to assist in classification and other manpower functions
as identified.
Computerization of refugee data has not yet been established
although this support should be operational this week.
This effort is being handled by the Department of State.
However, USES representative at Camp Pendleton reviewed the
223 Head of Family forms processed -up to 2:00 P.M. Sunday,
May 4, and secured the following occupational/employment skill
information:
29% Professional or Business
14% Skilled workers
15% Clerical workers
2% Journalists
10% Housewives
14% Students
3% Military
1% Agricultural workers
12% Not specified
FORD i LIBRARY 078839
FORD / LIBRAR
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20212
MAY 1 6 1975
MEMORANDUM FOR THE SECRETARY
Subject: Job Leavers, Reentrants, and New Entrants
Previously, we have reported to you on job losers during this recession.
(See my memo of April 15.) This study showed that about 70 percent of
the added unemployed had lost their last job, and that the principal
factor determining job loss in this recession has been a person's
industry attachment rather than sex, color, or age. We now turn to an
analysis of the added unemployment of the counterparts to job losers:
(1) job leavers, (2) reentrants, and (3) new entrants.
Job losers, of course, are unemployed because they lost their last
job, either through discharge or layoff. Job leavers, by contrast,
have left their last job voluntarily and immediately initiated a
search for another. New and reentrants are distinguished from job
losers and job leavers by the fact that they do not have a job attach-
ment at the time they begin seeking work but rather entered the jobless
ranks from outside the labor force. The only difference between the
two is that reentrants have had previous labor force experience while
new entrants are seeking their first job.
About 800,000 job leavers, reentrants, and new entrants were added to
the unemployment rolls since the fourth quarter of 1973, as can be seen
in table 1. This compares with about 2.4 million job losers.
The primary reason for an increase in the number of unemployed reentrants
during a cyclical downturn is that those entering the work force at this
time are more likely to encounter unemployment and/or remain unemployed
longer than if they entered in more normal times. The total flow of
reentrants into the job market also may increase somewhat during such
times simply because of the need on the part of so-called "second
workers" to replace the earnings lost due to layoff of the principal
family breadwinner.
SALE FORD LIBRARY
The Secretary--2
Table 1. Jobless persons by reasons for unemployment
(In thousands, seasonally adjusted)
1973
1975
Reasons
Change
IV
I
Absolute
Percent
Total unemployed
4,265
7,664
3,399
80
Lost last job
1,648
4,072
2,424
147
Left last job
738
763
25
3
Reentering labor force
1,250
1,821
571
46
Seeking first job
603
826
223
37
Note: Individual items may not add to totals because of
independent seasonal adjustment and rounding
In terms of demographic composition, the unemployed reentrants' group
differs significantly from the job losers' group. As shown in table 2,
this group consists largely of women, many of whom have to interrupt
their work careers for family reasons, and youths, who may be reentering
the labor force after a stint in school or in the Armed Forces.
Table 2. Percent distribution of the unemployed by sex and age,
1974 annual averages
Job
Job
New
Sex and age
Losers
leavers
Reentrants
entrants
Total
100
100
100
100
Males, 16-19 years
8
12
16
36
Males, 20-24 years
15
14
11
5
Males, 25 years and
over
42
22
13
2
Females, 16-19 years.
4
11
14
42
Females, 20-24 years.
7
16
14
9
Females, 25 years and
over
23
25
32
6
New entrant unemployment is closely related to population growth and
the rising trend in labor force participation of young people. As
shown above, four out of every five new-entrant unemployed are youths
16 to 19, a group whose population has expanded rapidly over the past
decade and whose labor force rate, at 54.8 percent in the first quarter
of 1975, was over 10 percentage points higher than it was a decade ago.
The Secretary-- 3
Job-leaver unemployment has not shown a cyclical response during this
period. The number of such unemployed has remained virtually unchanged
at about 750,000--since late 1973. A normal reluctance on the part of
workers to leave their jobs in search for another in times of job scarcity
suggests that this group might be expected to decline in number during
recessions. The quit rate for manufacturing workers declines during
recessions (it dropped from 2.7 percent in the last quarter of 1973 to
1.2 percent in early 1975). Of course, when viewed as a proportion of
total unemployment, job-leaver joblessness has indeed moved contra-
cyclically. (It would appear that the job-leaver category is mainly
measuring quits that arise from such factors as family relocations,
migration generally, and institutional factors such as college students
leaving part-time jobs at the end of the school year.)
As shown in table 3, the job-loser category of unemployed that which
has shown by far the greatest increase during the current recession--
contains a large proportion of household heads. The other reasons
groups contain much smaller proportions of household heads, with the
new entrants' group being made up almost entirely of "other household
members, likely to be the young sons and daughters of household heads.
Table 3. Percent distribution of the unemployed by household
status, 1974 annual averages
Job
Job
New
Household status
losers
leavers
Reentrants
entrants
Total
100
100
100
100
Male household head
42
22
14
2
Wife of head
17
25
31
7
Female household head
9
10
10
3
Other household members
32
43
45
88
As shown in table 4, blacks are overrepresented among all categories
of the unemployed. Though accounting for only one-tenth of the Nation's
labor force, they represented close to one-fifth of all the categories
of unemployed.
FORD
The Secretary 4
Table 4. Percent distribution of the unemployed by race,
1974 annual averages
Total
Job
Job
New
Race
unemployment
losers
leavers
Reentrants
entrants
Total
100
100
100
100
100
Whites
80
81
84
79
74
Blacks
20
19
16
21
26
An analysis of job losers, job leavers, reentrants, and new entrants
will be issued soon in a report in the BLS "Employment in Perspective"
series.
Julius RLIUS Commissioner SHISKIN Shiskin
23412 FORD CIBARA
NEWS
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
OFFICE OF INFORMATION, WASHINGTON, D. C. 20210
Washington, D. C.- 20212
USDL - 75-297
C. Rosenfeld
(202) 961 - 2680
For Release: Sunday Editions
K. D. Hoyle
(202) 961 - 2913
May 25, 1975
home: 333 - 1384
YOUTH LABOR FORCE PROJECTED TO INCREASE
BY 4.2 MILLION BETWEEN SPRING AND SUMMER
About 4.2 million youths--roughly the same number as last year--will enter
the labor force in the summer of 1975, according to projections published today by
the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor.
Each summer the school-age labor force 16 to 24 years old increases sharply
as students enter the job market for summer work and as high school and college
graduates take or look for regular jobs. By July 1975, the labor force age 16 to 24
is expected to reach 25.3 million, about 550, 000 greater than in July 1974. This
projected increase assumes a continuation of recent trends in labor force participa-
tion rates.
Students entering the labor force for summer work are projected to total about
2. 7 million or 64 percent of the expected total increase from April to July. The
rest, 1.5 million, will be high school and college graduates entering the work force
on a permanent basis. Excluded from the latter estimate are 760, 000 students who
were already in the work force in April (most of them employed part time) and who
will be shifting to full-time labor market participation in July after they complete
school.
The data in this release are based on statistics obtained for the Bureau of Labor
Statistics by the Bureau of the Census in its Current Population Survey. Detailed
information on the labor force status of the population may be found in Employment
and Earnings.
(more)
FORD
Estimated Summertime Increase in Civilian Labor Force 16 to 24 Years Old,
by Age, 1975
(Numbers in thousands)
16 to 24
16 to 21 years
22 to 24
Date
Total
16 to 19
20 to 21
years
years
years
years
1975
April (actual)
21,101
13,164
8,024
5,140
7,937
July (estimate)
25,274
16,973
11,056
5,917
8,301
Estimated increase in labor
force, April to July
4,173
3,809
3,032
777
364
1974 (Actual)
April
20,592
12,990
7,959
5,031
7,602
July
24,725
16,770
11,039
5,731
7,955
Increase in labor force,
April to July
4,133
3,780
3,080
700
353
Over-the-year change in
labor force
April 1974-April 1975
(actual)
509
174
65
109
335
July 1974-July 1975
(estimate)
549
203
17
186
346
#
#
#
FORD it LIBRAR STVN
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LADOR
OFFICE 05 INFORMATION, WASHINGTON, D. C. 20210
Contact: Office (202) 376-6905
USDL 75-303
Jack Hashian
Home
(703) 938-2343
FOR RELEASE:
IMMEDIATE
Philip Mason
Wednesday, May 28, 1975
Home (703) 560-3772
RALPH E. HALL TO HEAD VETERANS EMPLOYMENT SERVICE
Secretary of Labor John T. Dunlop today announced
the appointment of Ralph E. Hall as Director of the
Veterans' Employment Service (VES)
For the past four years Hall, 51, directed the De-
partment's Veterans' Reemployment Rights program. He was
formerly the executive director and national commander of
AMVETS (American Veterans of World War II).
As Director of the VES, he will provide program and
policy direction for a wide range of job placement services
for veterans through the Manpower Administration's U. S.
Employment Service. Additionally, he will supervise some
150 veterans employment representatives working with the
Federal-State public employment service system, which pro-
vides veterans with services such as counseling, testing,
and referral to jobs and training.
(MORE)
FORD LIBKARY
2
Hall was national commander of AMVETS in 1966 and
was its executive director in 1971 when he joined the Labor
Department. His positions in the AMVETS ranged from post
commander and state commander in Massachusetts to national
finance officer and chairman of the national headquarters
building committee.
In 1967, Hall was appointed by the President to the
U. S. Veterans Advisory Commission to conduct a comprehensive
study of the benefits system for veterans, their families
and survivors as administered by the Veterans Administration.
During World War II, he served as an Army combat engineer
in the South Pacific. His two brothers, Harold and Raymond,
as well as his brother-in-law, Herbert Houghton, were killed
in action during the war.
After the war, Hall graduated from the University of
New Hampshire, was employed as a salesman and, in 1951, as
a real estate dealer in North Attleboro, Mass., where he
became active in Lorden-Hall AMVETS Post 65, named in memory
of his two brothers.
Hall is married to the former Anne Houghton of North
Attleboro, the 1962 National AMVETS auxiliary president
She
FORD LIBRARY
(MORE)
- 3 -
is presently a teacher specialist in the Montgomery
County school system. The Halls have two sons:
Ralph, Jr., 24, a student at Hamline University School
of Law, St. Paul, Minn., and Harold, 21, a student at
Montgomery College, Rockville, Md.
# # # #
3 FORD LIBRAST
OFFICE OF INFORMATION, WASHINGTON, D. C. 20210
CONTACT: E. Wadlow (202) 523-8743 USDL 75-298
AFTER HOURS
9703) 256-8859
FOR RELEASE: IMMEDIATE, WEDNESDAY
May 28, 1975
ROBERT C. CHASE APPOINTED DEPUTY ASSISTANT SECRETARY
OF LABOR FOR EMPLOYMENT STANDARDS
Secretary of Labor John T. Dunlop today announced the
appointment of Robert C. Chase as Deputy Assistant Secretary
of Labor for Employment Standards.
In this position, Chase will assist in carrying out the
responsibilities of the Department's Employment Standards
Administration (ESA).
These responsibilities include: enforcement of federal
minimum wage, overtime, equal pay, child labor, age discrimi-
nation and wage garnishment laws and administration of federal
workers' compensation statutes and equal employment opportunity
programs for members of minority groups, women, handicapped
workers and Vietnam-era and disabled veterans.
Chase joined the Labor Department in May 1969 and since
June 1974, has been program adviser to the Under Secretary
of Labor. He also has been serving as the Under Secretary's
acting Executive Assistant since November 1974.
FORD
-more-
- 2 -
Other Labor Department positions which Chase has held
include: Director of the Special Projects Staff in the
Office of the Under Secretary; Deputy Director of the Welfare
Reform Planning Staff in the same office, and Special Assistant
to the Assistant Secretary of Labor for Policy, Evaluation and
Research.
Before joining the Labor Department, Chase worked for the
Agency for International Development (AID) as an economist and
technical assistance coordinator for assistance programs to
Turkey and later as chief of AID's Capital Development and
Private Enterprise Division for five South Asian countries.
Chase served in the Peace Corps from August 1961 until
August 1963, after working as a management intern in the
Executive Office, Secretary of Navy.
Born on October 27, 1937, in Boston, Massachusetts,
Chase received a bachelor of arts degree from Wesleyan
University, Middletown, Connecticut (1959), and a master's
degree in public administration from Syracuse University,
Syracuse, New York (1960).
He and his wife, the former Joan Stanford, reside in
Alexandria, Virginia. They have two children, Linda and
Robert.
5
####
LIBRARY
5-28-75
JTD
Youth Education and Labor Market Facts
Population
*
Between 1960 and 1973 the population of youth aged
16-19 increased 53.7 percent, from 10.306 million
to 15.843 million.
*
The population growth of 16-19 year olds will level
off and decline in the next 10 years or SO.
- Between 1970 to 1980 the number of people in the
16-19 age bracket is projected to decline by about a
million from 15.0 to 14.1 million.
- Between 1980 and 1985 the number of people in this
age bracket is expected to decline even further
to about 13.8 million.
*
The population growth of 16-19 year old blacks has been
increasing at a higher rate than for whites (62.6% for
blacks compared to 35.1% for whites between 1963 and
1973) and is projected to continue to increase 17.9%
between 1970 and 1985 while the white population in
this age bracket will be declining.
Educational Preparation
*
New full-time labor force entrants (16-24 years of age)
have the following educational attainment:
- 20% enter with 4 years of college
- 30% enter with 1-3 years of college
- 35% enter with a high school degree
- 15% enter as high school dropouts
GERALD FORD
-2-
Labor Force Participation
*
Between 1960 and 1973 the size of the labor force aged
16-19 years increased by 78.4%, from 4.656 million to
8.309 million.
*
Between 1960 and 1973 the size of the student 16-19 year
old labor force who were enrolled in school increased by
130.4 percent, from 1.892 million to 4.360 million.
*
The large growth in this student labor force resulted not
only from population growth but also from an increase
in student labor force participation rates.
- In 1960 29.5 percent of 16-19 year old students
were in the labor force (i.e. either working or
looking for work).
- In 1973 the labor force participation rate of 16-19
year old students was 41.5 percent.
*
Labor force participation rates for 16-19 year old blacks
have been declining somewhat--down for students from
23.4 in 1962 to 20.8 in 1972, down for non-students from
67.8 -in 1962 to 64.7 in 1972.
Unemployment
*
The unemployment rate of 16-19 year olds has changed
very little over the long term (it was 13.3 percent
in 1960 and 13.5 in 1973), but it has changed markedly
during short-term swings in business cycles (it was 20.9
percent in March 1975).
*
The ratio of the unemployment rate of 16-19 year olds to
that of adults (20 years and over) has been increasing
over the long term. The ratio was 3 to 1 in 1960; and
3.8 to 1 in 1973.
FORD LIERARY 9788
-3-
* A large proportion of the unemployment of 16-19 year
olds is attributable to their intermittant attachment
to the labor force.
- In 1971 nearly three-fourths of the unemployed 16-19
group were either reentrants or new entrants rather
than job leavers or losers. In contrast, only
one-third of the unemployed 20 and over group were
reentrants or new entrants.
*
Unemployment among 16-19 year olds in school has increased
over the long term. In 1960 their unemployment rate was
10.0 percent; in 1973 it was 14.9 percent.
*
The 16-19 year old black unemployment rate has been
increasing steadily in absolute terms and in comparison
with that of 16-19 year old whites.
- In the past 20 years the unemployment rate of
blacks 16-19 has doubled (16.5% in 1954; 30.2% in 1973)
while the rate for whites 16-19 has virtually not
increased (12.1% in 1954; 12.6% in 1973).
- The ratio of black to white 16-19 unemployment
rates was 1.4 in 1954; by 1973 it had increased to
2.4.
*
The unemployment situation of black 16-19 year old boys has
been deteriorating faster than that of black girls.
- In 1954 the rate for black boys (14.4) was nearly the
same as for white boys (13.3). However, the rate for
black girls (20.1) was then far higher than that of
boys either race and of white girls (10.4).
- By 1973 the rate of black boys had become more than
double that of white boys (26.7% to 12.3%). The rate
of black girls, starting from a higher base, did not
increase as much proportionately.
FORD LIBRARY 0778
-4-
Employment
*
Employment of 16-19 year olds increased 78.1 percent
between 1960 and 1973, matching the increase in the
labor force.
* More and more young people are starting out as part-time
or part year workers.
- In 1973 5 out of 10 working 16-19 year olds were in
school and worked part-time and/or part year. In
1960, 4 out of 10 were in school. Three quarters of
the 1972 high school seniors worked during their last
year in high school, with more than one-third
working at least 20 hours a week.
*
Recent high school graduates are concentrated in unskilled
and semi-skilled occupations. With experience and "aging",
some shift to skilled occupations.
OCCUPATIONS OF 1966 MALE HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATES
IN YEARS IMMEDIATELY AFTER GRADUATION
(by percent)
6 mos.
2½ years
3½1/2 years
Occupation
(Oct. '66)
(Oct. '68)
(Oct. '69)
Professionals,
4.8
15.1
25.8
Technical,
Managerial
Clerical and
16.6
14.3
15.2
Sales
Craftmen
10.8
18.3
19.7
Operatives
35.9
36.6
27.0
Services
5.3
2.5
4.5
Laborer
27.0
13.3
7.8
(includes farm)
FORD
-5-
*
Employment of 16-19 year olds increases substantially
each summer during school vacations. However, in
recent years due to the greater labor force participation
of this age group during the school year the summer
bulge has moderated somewhat.
CHANGE IN TEENAGE (16-19) EMPLOYMENT
FROM APRIL TO JULY (in thousands)
April
July
Absolute
Percent
Year
level
level
Change
Change
1970
5,669
7,919
2,250
40
1971
5,731
8,040
2,309
40
1972
6,186
8,552
2,366
38
1973
6,666
9,054
2,388
36
1974
6,929
9,188
2,259
33
FORD
Table E-2. Total Population, Total Labor Force, and Labor Force Participation Rates, by Sex and Age,
1960 to 1990
[Numbers in thousands)
Labor force participation rates,
Total population, July 1
Total labor force, annual averages
annual averages (percent of
population in labor force)
Sex and age
Actual
Projected
Actual
Projected
Actual
Projected
1960
1970
1980
1985
1990
1960
1970
1980
1985
1990
1960
1970
1980
1985
1990
BOTH SEXES
16 years and over
121,817
142,366
167,339
175,722
183,079
72,104
85,903
101,809
107,716
112,576
59.2
60.3
60.
61.3
61.
MALE
16 years and over
59,420
68,641
80,261
84,285
87,911
48,933
54,343
62,590
66,017
68,907
82.4
79.2
78.0
78.3
78. 4
16 to 19 years
5,398
7,649
8,339
7,141
7,045
3,162
4,395
4,668
3.962
3,901
58.6
57.5
56.0
55.5
55.4
20 to 24 years
5,553
8,668
10,666
10,305
9,021
4.939
7,378
8,852
8,496
7,404
88.9
85.1
83.0
82. 4
82.1
25 to 34 years
11,347
12,601
18,521
20,540
21.010
10,940
11,974
17.523
19,400
19,853
96.4
95.0
94.6
94. 4
94.4
35 to 44 years
11,878
11,303
12,468
15,400
15,378
11,454
10,818
11,851
14,617
17,398
96.4
95.7
95.1
94.9
94.7
45 to 54 years
10,148
11,283
10,781
10,630
11,922
9,568
10,487
9,908
9,744
10,909
94.3
92.9
91.9
91.7
91.5
55 to 64 years
7,564
8,742
9,776
9,674
9,424
6,445
7,127
7,730
7,716
7,307
85.2
81.5
79.1
78.1
7.5
55 to 59 years
4.144
4,794
5,263
5,129
4,787
3,727
4,221
4,558
4,421
4,112
59.9
88.0
$6.6
86.2
85.9
60 to 64 years
3,420
3,948
4,513
4,745
4,637
2,718
2,906
3,172
3,295
3,195
79.5
73.6
70.3
69.
68.9
65 years and over
7,530
8,395
9,710
10,356
11,081
2,425
2,164
2,058
2,082
2,135
32.2
25.8
21.2
20.0
19.3
65 to 60 years
2,941
3,139
3,633
3,852
4,005
1,348
1,278
1,289
1,322
1,365
45.8
40.7
35.5
34.3
33.6
70 years and over
4,590
5,256
6,077
6,534
7,016
1,077
886
769
760
770
23.5
16.9
12.7
11.6
11.0
FEMALE
16 years and over
62,397
73,725
87,078
91.437
95,168
23.171
31,560
39,219
41,699
43,669
37.1
42.8
45.0
45.6
45.9
16 to 19 years
5,275
7,432
8,057
6,910
6,777
2,061
3,250
3,669
3,203
3,188
39.1
43.7
45.5
46.4
47.0
20 to 24 years
5,547
8,508
10,401
10,049
8,801
2,558
4,893
6,592
6,523
5,826
46.1
57.5
63.4
64.9
66.2
25 to 34 years
11,605
12,743
18,442
20,301
20,750
4,159
5,704
9,256
10,339
10,678
35.8
44.8
50.2
50.9
51.5
35 to 44 years
12,348
11,741
12,903
15,741
18,524
5,325
5,971
6,869
8,560
10,219
43.1
50.9
53.2
54.4
55.2
45 to 54 years
10,438
12,106
11,625
11,407
12,695
5,150
6,533
6,537
6,542
7,364
49.3
54.0
56.2
57.4
58.0
55 to 64 years
8,070
9,763
11,307
11,492
10,934
2,964
4,153
5,057
5,213
5,003
36.7
42.5
447
45.4
45.8
55 to 59 years
4.321
5,237
5,966
5,804
5,396
1,803
2,547
3,055
3,033
2,853
41.7
48.4
51.2
52.3
52.9
60 to GA years
3,749
4,506
5,341
5,688
5.538
1,161
1,606
2,002
2,180
2,150
31.0
35.6
37.5
38.3
34.8
65 years and over
9,115
11,433
14,343
15,537
16,687
954
1,056
1,239
1,319
1,391
10.5
0.2
8.6
8.5
8.3
65 to 69 years
3,347
3,780
4,595
4,912
5,267
579
644
758
814
864
17.0
16.4
16.5
16.5
16. 4
70 years and over
5,768
7,653
9,748
10,595
11,420
375
412
481
505
527
5.4
5.0
4.9
4.8
4.6
SOURCE: Population data from the Department of Commerce. Bureau of the
Series E. All other data from the Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor
Census, Current Population Reports. Series P-25: for 1960, No. 211; for 1970.
Statistics. Special Labor Force Report No. 156.
estimates from the Current Population Survey; for 1980 to 1990, No. 493,
FORD
SCHALD
LIBRARY
Source: See source. table E-2
309
1975 Manpower Report of the President
Table E-4. Total Population, Total Labor Force, and Labor Force Participation Rates, by Color, Sex, and Age,
1960 to 1985
[Numbers in thousands)
Total population, July 1
Total labor force, annual averages
Labor force participation rates,
annual averages (percent)
Color, ses, and age
Actual
Projected
Actual
Projected
Actual
Projected
1960
1970
1975
1980
1985
1960
1970
1975
1980
1985
1960
1970
1975
1980
1985
TOTAL
16 years and over
121,817
142,366
154,318
166,554
176,282
72,104
85,908
92,792
100,727
107,156
59.2
60.3
60.1
60.5
60.8
WHITE
Both sexes
16 years and over
109,279
126,781
136,915
146,919
154,651
64,210
76,376
82,101
88,634
93,738
58.8
60.2
60.0
60.3
60.6
Male
16 years and over
53,408
61,271
66,167
70,997
74,729
44,119
48,835
52,518
56,374
59,616
82.6
79.7
79.4
79.4
79.8
16 to 19 years
4,763
6,614
7,245
7,300
6,520
2,801
3,901
4,166
4,193
3,722
58.8
59.0
57.5
57.4
57.1
20 to 24 years
4,905
7,593
8,434
9,117
9,040
4,370
6,493
7,058
7,399
7,497
89.1
85.5
83.7
83.3
82.9
25 to 34 years
10,092
11,145
13,867
16,209
17,674
9,777
10,671
13,387
15,646
17,062
96.9
95.7
96.5
96.5
96.5
35 to 44 years
10,675
10,085
9,865
11,179
13,828
10,346
9,722
9,528
10,791
13,343
96.9
96.4
96.6
96.5
96.5
45 to 54 years
9,166
10,193
10,221
9,624
9,437
8,690
9,553
9,648
9,078
8,897
04.8
93.7
94.4
94.3
94.3
55 to 64 years
6,874
7,952
8,432
8,855
8,904
5,892
6,518
6,858
7,152
7,129
85.7
82.0
81.3
80.8
80.1
65 years and over
6,933
7,688
8,100
8,713
9,324
2,243
1,977
1,873
1,915
1,966
32.4
25.7
23.1
22.0
21.1
Female
16 years and over
55,871
65,510
70,748
75,922
79,923
20,091
27,541
29,583
32,260
34,122
36.0
42.0
41.8
42.5
42.7
16 to 19 years
4,630
6,392
7,003
7,001
6,244
1,853
2,897
2,928
2,935
2,585
40.0
45.3
41.8
41.9
41.4
20 to 24 years
4,842
7,408
8,231
8,897
8,758
2,215
4,263
4,659
5,110
5,040
45.7
57.5
56.6
57.4
57.5
25 to 34 years
10,172
11,152
13,749
16,005
17,436
3,451
4,796
5,973
7,204
8,025
33.9
43.0
43.4
45.0
46.0
35 to 44 years
11,017
10,300
9,970
11,252
13,830
4,537
5,115
5,017
5,846
7,330
41.2
49.7
50.3
520
53.0
45 to 54 years
9,404
10,846
10,847
10,087
9,820
4,532
5,783
5,800
5,496
5,400
48.2
53.3
53.5
54.5
55.0
55 to 64 years
7,357
8,860
9,579
10,201
10,236
2,633
3,735
4,216
4,595
4,596
35.8
42.2
44.0
45.0
44.9
65 years and over
8,449
10,553
11,370
12,482
13,599
870
952
990
1,074
1,146
10.3
9.0
8.7
8.6
8.4
NEGRO AND OTHER RACES
Both BEICS
16 years and over
12,538
15,585
17,403
19,635
21,631
7,894
9,526
10,691
12,093
13,418
63.0
61.1
61.4
61.6
62.0
Male
16 years and over
6,011
7,370
8,262
9,336
10,299
4,814
5,507
6,358
7,238
8,102
80.1
74.7
77.0
77.5
78.7
16 to 19 years
635
1,035
1,180
1,325
1,229
361
493
616
702
651
56.8
47.6
52.2
53.0
53.0
20 to 24 years
648
1,076
1,307
1,479
1,634
569
885
1,066
1,196
1,309
87.8
82.2
81.6
80.9
80.1
25 to 34 years
1,255
1,456
1,852
2,348
2,744
1,163
1,303
1,713
2,169
2,539
92.7
89.5
920
92.4
92.5
35 to 44 years
1,203
1,217
1,217
1,397
1,802
1,108
1,095
1,122
1,295
1,677
92.1
90.0
92.2
92.7
93.1
45 to 54 years
982
1,090
1,126
1,102
1,117
878
934
1,018
1,004
1,024
89.4
85.7
90.4
91.1
91.7
55 to 64 years
690
790
835
890
924
553
609
654
697
723
80.1
77.1
78.3
78.3
78.2
65 years and over
598
706
735
794
850
182
188
169
175
179
30.4
26.6
23.0
22.0
21.1
Female
16 years and over
6,527
8,215
0,141
10,290
11,332
3,080
4,019
4,333
4,855
5,316
47.2
48.9
47.4
47.1
46.9
16 to 19 years
645
1,041
1,185
1,313
1,218
208
353
447
514
481
32.2
33.9
37.7
39.1
39.5
20 to 24 years
705
1,100
1,327
1,504
1,636
343
630
779
881
957
48.7
57.3
58.7
58.6
58.5
25 to 34 years
1,433
1,591
1,946
2,435
2,846
708
908
996
1,223
1,406
49.4
57.1
51.2
50.2
49.4
35 to 44 years
1,331
1,440
1,406
1,549
1,924
788
855
785
862
1,067
59.2
59.4
53.8
55.6
55.5
45 to 54 years
1,034
1,260
1,338
1,335
1,331
618
750
768
763
755
59.8
59.5
57.4
57.2
56.7
55 to 64 years
713
902
985
1,086
1,172
331
419
461
508
538
46.4
46.5
46.8
46.8
45.9
65 years and over
666
880
953
1,075
1,204
84
104
97
104
112
12.6
11.8
10.2
9.7
9.3
SOURCE: Population data from the Department of Commerce, Bureau of
All other data from the Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,
the Census, Current Population Reports, Series P-25: for 1960, No. 241; for
Special Labor Force Report No. 119. These data antedate the projections
1970, estimates from the Current Population Survey: for 1975-85, No. 381,
shown in tables E-1 through E-3 and E-7 because revised projections of
Series C.
population and labor force by color are not yet available.
FORD
1975 Manpower Report of the President
LIBRARY
310
Table B-11. Median Years of School Completed by the Civilian Labor Force, by Sex and Age, Selected
Dates, 1952-74
16 and 17
18 to 24
25 to 34
35 to 44
43 to 54
55 to 64
65 years
Sex and date
years
years
years
years
years
years
and over
Born SEXES
October 1952
(1)
12. 2
12.1
11. 4
8.8
8. 3
March 1957
(1)
12 3
12. 2
12. 0
9.5
8.5
March 1959
(1)
12. 3
12. 3
12. 1
10. 8
8. 9
8.6
March 1962
(1)
12. 4
12. 4
12.2
11. 6
9.4
8.8
March 1964
(1)
12. 4
12. 4
12. 2
12. 0
10. 0
8.9
March 1965
(1)
12. 4
12.5
12. 3
12. 0
10. 3
8.9
March 1968
€
12. 5
12. 5
12. 3
12. 1
10. 4
9.1
March 1967
(1)
12. 5
12. 5
12. 3
12. 1
10. 8
9.0
March 1968
E
12. 5
12. 5
12. 4
12. 2
11. 1
9.3
March 1969
E
12. 5
12. 6
12. 4
12. 3
11. 4
9.3
March 1970
(1)
12. 6
12. 6
12. 4
12. 3
11. 8
96
March 1971
(1)
12. 6
12. 6
12. 4
12. 3
12. 0
9.9
March 1972
10. 4
12. 6
12. 7
12. 4
12. 3
12. 1
10. 2
March 1973
10. 4
12. 6
12. 7
12. 5
12. 4
12. 1
10. 5
March 1974
10.4
12. 6
12. 8
12. 5
12. 4
12. 1
10.9
MALE
October 1952
(1)
11. 5
12. 1
11. 2
8. 7
a. 2
March 1957
(1)
12. 1
12. 2
11. 8
9.0
8.4
March 1959
E
12.1
12.3
12.1
10. 4
8.8
8.5
March 1962
(1)
12. 3
12. 4
12. 2
11. 1
9.0
8.7
March 1964
(1)
12.3
12. 4
12. 2
11. 6
9.3
8.8
March 1965
(1)
12. 3
12. 5
12. 3
11. 7
9.6
8.8
March 1966
(1)
12. 4
12. 5
12. 3
11. 9
9.7
8.9
March 1967
(1)
12. 4
12. 5
12. 3
12. 1
10. 4
8.9
March 1968
(1)
12. 4
12. 5
12. 4
12. 2
10. 6
9.0
March 1969
(1)
12. 4
12.6
12. 4
12. 2
10. 9
9.0
March 1970
E
12 5
12. 6
12. 4
12 3
11. 2
9.0
March 1971
(1)
12 6
12. 6
12. 5
12. 3
11. 5
9.1
March 1972
10. 4
12. 6
12.7
12. 5
12. 3
11. 9
9.6
March 1973
10.4
12. 6
12.7
12. 6
12. 4
12. 1
10. 1
March 1974
10. 4
12. 6
12. 8
12. 6
12. 4
12. 1
10. 7
FEMALE
October 1952
(1)
12. 4
12. 2
11. 9
9.2
8.8
March 1957
E
12. 4
12. 3
12. 1
10. 8
8. 8
March 1959
(1)
12. 4
12. 3
12. 2
11. 7
10. 0
8. 8
March 1962
(1)
12. 5
12. 4
12. 3
12. 1
10. 7
9.0
March 1964
(1)
12. 5
12. 4
12. 3
12. 1
11. 2
10. 2
March 1965
(1)
12. 5
12. 4
12. 3
12. 2
11. 5
9.8
March 1966
(1)
12. 6
12. 5
12. 3
12. 2
11. 6
10. 4
March 1967
(1)
12. 6
12. 5
12. 3
12. 2
11. 6
10. 1
March 1968
e
12. 6
12.5
12. 3
12. 3
12. 0
10. 3
March 1969
3
12. 6
12. 5
12. 4
12. 3
12. 1
10. 2
March 1970
(1)
12. 6
12.1 5
12. 4
12. 3
12. 1
10. 9
March 1971
(1)
12. 7
12. 6
12. 4
12. 3
12. 1
11. 0
March 1972
10.5
12.6
12. 6
12. 4
12. 4
12. 2
11. 2
March 1973
10. 5
12. 7
12. 7
12. 5
12. 4
12. 2
11. 3
March 1974
10.5
12.7
12.7
12. 5
12. 4
12. 3
11. 1
1 Not available.
FORD
LIBRARY
1975 Manpower Report of the President
268
Table E-11. Projected Educational Attainment of the Civilian Labor Force 16 Years and Over, by Sex
and Age, 1980 and 1990
[Numbers In thousands)
25 years and over
Total,
Years of school completed. sex, and year
16 years
16 to
20 to
and over
19 years
24 years
Total,
25 to 34
35 to 44
45 to 54
55 to 64
65 years
25 years
years
years
years
years
and over
and over
1980
BOTH SEXES
Total: Number
99,809
8,098
14,484
77,227
26,299
18,450
16,397
12,784
3,297
Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Less than 4 years of high school
1
27.3
58.3
12.6
26.9
16.0
24.4
33.4
37.4
51.9
4 years of high school or more
72.7
41.8
87.4
73.2
83.9
75.6
66.5
62.6
48.1
Elementary: Less than 5 years 1
1.3
.7
.6
1.5
.3
.9
24
2.5
5.4
5 to 7 years
3.3
1.4
1.5
3.9
1.2
3.0
5.3
6.4
12.8
8 years
5.4
2.6
1.9
6.4
26
4.5
8.2
11.1
19.2
High school: 1 to 3 years
17.3
53.6
8.6
15.1
11.9
16.0
17.5
17.4
14.5
4 years
40.4
33.7
42.3
40.7
42.2
42.9
40.1
39.4
25.6
College:
1 to 3 years
15.9
8.0
30.5
14.0
17.6
13.9
11.3
11.1
9.0
4 years
9.7
.1
11.5
10.4
13.4
10.7
8.5
7.0
6.7
5 years or more
6.7
3.1
8.1
10.7
8.1
6.6
5.1
6.8
Median years of school completed
12.6
11.5
12.9
12.6
12.8
12.6
12.4
12.3
11.6
MALE
Total: Number
60,630
4,437
7,910
48,283
17,052
11,584
9,862
7,727
2,058
Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Less than 4 years of high school 1
28.5
63.2
15.3
27.4
15.9
24.4
35.5
39.9
54.9
4 years of high school or more
71.6
36.9
84.7
72.6
84.2
75.7
64.6
60.2
45.1
Elementary: Less than 5 years 1
1.6
.7
.7
1.8
.4
1.1
3.2
3.0
5.8
5 to 7 years
3.8
1.7
1.9
4.3
1.4
3.5
6.2
7.1
14.1
8 years
6.1
3.3
2.3
6.9
3.1
4.8
9.3
12.1
20.4
High school: 1 to 3 years
17.0
57.5
10.4
14.4
11.0
15.0
16.8
17.7
14.6
4 years
37.2
29.1
40.2
37.6
40.7
39.3
34.9
34.8
23.3
College:
1 to 3 years
16.3
7.7
31.0
14.7
18.5
14.8
11.8
11.7
8.0
4 years
9.8
.1
10.0
10.5
12.5
11.4
9.7
7.5
6.5
5 years or more
8.3
3.5
9.8
12.5
10.2
8.2
6.2
7.3
Median years of school completed
12.6
11.3
12.9
12.6
12.8
12.6
12.4
12.3
11.0
FEMALE
Total: Number
39,179
3,661
6.574
28,944
9,247
6,866
6,535
5.057
1.239
Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Less than 4 years of high school 1
25.7
52.2
9.4
26.1
16.7
24.5
30.4
33.8
47.0
4 years of high school or more
74.5
47.9
90.6
74.1
83.4
75.5
60.6
66.2
53.0
Elementary: Less than 5 years I
.9
.6
.6
1.0
.2
.5
1.1
1.8
4.8
5 to 7 years
2.6
1.0
1.0
3.2
1.0
2.3
4.0
5.5
10.6
8 years
4.4
1.7
1.3
5.5
1.8
3.9
6.6
9.6
17.2
High school: 1 to 3 years
17.8
48.9
6.5
16.4
13.7
17.8
18.7
16.9
14.4
4 years
45.3
39.4
44.7
46.1
44.9
48.9
48.1
46.3
29.4
College:
1 to 3 years
15.2
8.4
30.0
12.7
15.9
12.4
10.6
10.3
10.7
4 years
9.6
.1
13.3
10.0
15.1
9.6
6.8
6.0
7.0
5 years or more
4.4
2.6
5.3
7.5
4.6
4.1
3.6
5.9
Median years of school completed
12.5
11.9
12.9
12.5
12.7
12.5
12.4
12.3
12.1
Footuote at end of table.
FORD
SALD
1975 Manpower Report of the President
315
Table A-3. Civilian Labor Force for Persons 16 Years and Over, by Sex, Color, and Age: Annual Averages,
1947-74
[Thousands]
Total, 16
16 and 17
18 and 19
20 to 24
25 to 34
35 to 44
45 to 54
55 to 64
65 years
14 and
Item
years and
years
years
years
years
years
years
years
and over
15 years
over
MALE
1947
42,686
1,106
1,382
4,629
10,207
9,492
7,847
5,647
2,376
586
1948
43,286
1,109
1,491
4,674
10,327
9,596
7,942
5,764
2,384
572
1949
43,498
1,056
1,421
4,681
10,410
9,722
8,008
5,748
2,454
577
1950
43,819
1,047
1,457
4,632
10,527
9,793
8,117
5,794
2,434
623
1951
43,001
1,080
1,266
3,935
10,375
9,798
8,204
5,874
2,469
611
1952
42,869
1,101
1,210
3,338
10,585
9,945
8,326
5,950
2,415
585
1953
43,633
1,070
1,249
3,054
10,737
10,436
8,570
5,974
2,544
561
1954
43,965
1,024
1,273
3,052
10,772
10,513
8,703
6,105
2,525
572
1955
44,475
1,070
1,299
3,221
10,805
10,595
8,839
6,122
2,526
566
1956
45,091
1,142
1,292
3,485
10,685
10,663
9,002
6,220
2,603
665
1957
45,197
1,127
1,290
3,626
10,571
10,731
9,153
6,222
2,478
685
1958
45,521
1,133
1,295
3,771
10,475
10,843
9,330
6,304
2,379
676
1939
45,886
1,307
1,391
3,940
10,345
10,899
9,437
6,345
2,322
676
1960
46,388
1,290
1,496
4,123
10,252
10,967
9,574
6,400
2,287
637
1961
46,653
1,210
1,583
4,255
10,176
11,012
9,667
6,833
2,220
725
1962
46,600
1,177
1,592
4,279
9,921
11,115
9,715
6,560
2,241
780
1963
47,129
1,321
1,586
4,514
9,875
11,187
9,836
6,674
2,135
738
1964
47,679
1,498
1,576
4,754
9,875
11,155
9,956
6,740
2,123
731
1965
48,255
1,531
1,866
4,894
9,902
11,121
10,045
6,763
2,131
759
1966
48,471
1,610
2,074
4,820
9,948
10,983
10,100
6,847
2,069
790
1967
48,987
1,658
1,976
5,043
10,207
10,860
10,189
6,938
2,118
838
1968
49,533
1,687
1,994
5,070
10,610
10,725
10,267
7,025
2,154
857
1969
50,221
1,770
2,101
5,282
10,940
10,556
10,343
7,053
2,170
874
1970
51,195
1,808
2,197
5,709
11,311
10,464
10,417
7,124
2,164
892
1971
52,021
1,850
2,311
6,194
11,653
10,322
10,457
7,146
2,089
927
1972
53,265
1,944
2,513
6,695
12,207
10,324
10,422
7,138
2,022
936
1973
54,203
2,058
2,60
7,080
12,848
10,270
10,431
7,003
1,908
964
1974
55,186
2,117
2.06
7,252
13,393
10,312
10,451
7.030
1,925
963
FEMALE
1947
16,664
643
1,192
2,716
3,740
3,676
2,731
1,522
445
232
1948
17,335
671
1,164
2,719
3,932
3,800
2,972
1,565
514
248
1949
17,788
648
1,163
2,659
3,997
3,989
3,099
1,678
556
242
1950
18,389
611
1,101
2,675
4,092
4,161
3,327
1,839
584
258
1951
19,016
662
1,095
2,659
4,292
4,301
3,534
1,923
551
255
1952
19,269
706
1,046
2,502
4,320
4,438
3,636
2,032
590
244
1953
19,382
656
1,050
2,428
4,162
4,662
3,680
2,048
693
239
1954
19,678
620
1,062
2,424
4,212
4,709
3,822
2,164
666
253
1955
20,548
641
1,083
2,445
4,251
4,805
4,154
2,391
780
258
1956
21,461
736
1,127
2,455
4,276
5,031
4,405
2,610
821
313
1957
21,732
716
1,144
2,442
4,255
5,116
4,615
2,631
813
332
1958
22,118
685
1,147
2,500
4,193
5,185
4,859
2,727
822
333
1959
22,483
765
1,131
2,473
4,689
5,227
5,081
2,883
836
349
1960
23,240
805
1,250
2,580
4,131
5,303
5,278
2,086
907
347
1961
23,806
774
1,368
2,697
4,143
5,389
5,403
3,105
926
419
1962
24,014
742
1,405
2,802
4,103
5,474
5,381
3,198
911
460
1963
24,704
850
1,381
2,959
4,174
5,600
5,503
3,332
905
405
1964
25,412
950
1,364
3,210
4,180
5,614
5,680
3,447
966
411
1965
26,200
954
1,559
3,364
4,329
5,720
5,712
3,587
976
421
1966
27,209
1,054
1,819
3,589
4,508
5,756
5,883
3,727
963
481
1967
28,360
1,076
1,811
3,967
4,843
5,844
5,984
3,855
978
539
1968
29,204
1,130
1,808
4,235
5,098
5,865
6,131
3,938
999
559
1969
30,512
1,240
1,860
4,597
5,395
5,901
6,356
4,077
1,056
573
1970
31.520
1,324
1,917
4,874
5,008
5,967
6,531
4.153
1,056
637
1971
32,091
1,331
1,961
5,071
5,933
5,954
6,569
4,215
1,057
637
1972
33,277
1,454
2,112
5,315
6,518
6,022
6,548
4,224
1,085
670
1973
34,510
1,578
2,219
5,592
7,186
6,146
6,556
4,179
1,054
702
1974
35,825
1,654
2,335
5,832
7,814
6,351
6,686
4,157
996
718
WHITE
Male
1954
39,760
895
1,094
2,656
9,695
9,516
7,914
5,654
2,338
495
1955
40,196
934
1,121
2,802
9,720
9,598
8,027
5,653
2,342
457
1956
40,734
1,003
1,111
3,034
9,594
9,662
8,175
5,736
2,417
5w.
1957
40,821
992
1,115
3,153
9,453
9,719
8,317
5,735
2,308
607
1958
41,080
1,001
1,116
3,278
9,386
9,822
8,465
5,800
2,213
606
1959
41,397
1,077
1,202
3,408
9,261
9,876
8,581
5,833
2,158
506
1960
41,742
1,140
1,293
3,559
9,153
9,919
8,689
5,861
2,129
555
1961
41,986
1,067
1,372
3,681
9,072
9,961
8,776
5,988
2,008
649
1962
41,931
1,041
1.391
3,726
8,846
10,029
8,820
5,995
2,052
710
1963
42,404
1,183
1,380
3,955
8,805
10,079
8,944
6,090
1,967
661
1964
42,893
1,345
1,371
4,166
8,800
10,053
9,053
6,160
1,943
616
1965
43,400
1,359
1,639
4,279
8,823
10,023
9,129
6,188
1,95%
609
1966
43,572
1,423
1,831
4,200
8,859
9,892
9,159
6,250
1,95
706
1967
44,042
1,464
1,727
4,416
9,101
9,754
9,200
6,349
1,943
738
1968
44,554
1,504
1,732
4,432
9.477
9.651
9,340
6,427
1,950
761
1969
45,185
1,583
1,830
4,615
9,773
9,509
9,413
6,467
1,995
755
1970
46,013
1,628
1,922
4,983
10,088
9,413
9,458
6,515
1,977
800
1971
46,801
1,675
2,038
5,422
10,300
9,256
9,530
6,342
1,918
810
1972
47,930
1,749
2,220
5,890
10,940
9,261
9,479
6,548
1,841
517
1973
48,648
1,862
2,257
6,206
11,478
9,157
9,454
6,432
1,733
A-2
1974
45,486
2,3A7
G302
11,916
9.213
9,467
6,437
1,749
688
Footnote at end of table.
206
1975 Manpower Report of the President
Table A-3. Civilian Labor Force for Persons 16 Years and Over, by Sex, Color, and Age: Annual Averages,
1947-1974 ¹-Continued
Total, 16
16 and 17
18 and 19
20 to 24
25 to 34
35 to 44
45 to 54
35 to 64
65 years
14 and
Item
years and
years
years
years
years
years
years
years
and over
15 years
over
WHITE-Continued
Female
1954
17,057
552
960
2,098
532
4,025
3,346
1,937
607
205
1955
17,886
576
966
2,137
3,346
4,131
3,654
2,156
720
224
1956
18,693
654
1,003
2,158
3,559
4,340
3,886
2,344
748
269
1957
18,920
645
1,022
2,131
3,561
4,397
4,065
2,357
743
292
1958
19,213
614
1,028
2,172
3,498
4,435
4,262
2,454
751
295
1959
19,556
698
1,023
2,135
3,409
4,479
4,467
2,577
767
307
1960
20,171
731
1,112
2,228
3,441
4,531
4,633
2,661
835
300
1961
20,668
700
1,222
2,345
3,431
4,596
4,741
2,785
849
376
1962
20,819
668
1,254
2,438
3,372
4,666
4,731
2,861
830
418
1963
21,426
767
1,228
2,582
3,424
4,780
4,845
2,977
823
365
1964
22,028
867
1,201
2,786
3,435
4,797
4,989
3,077
874
374
1965
22,736
862
1,405
2,910
3,568
4,876
5,032
3,203
879
382
1966
23,702
944
1,630
3,123
3,732
4,894
5,181
3,333
865
444
1967
24,657
967
1,591
3,470
4,021
4,980
5,285
3,468
877
485
1968
25,424
1,015
1,588
3,677
4,263
5,021
5,416
3,541
903
520
1969
26,594
1,115
1,640
3,999
4,516
5,053
5,645
3,665
958
534
1970
27,505
1,194
1,695
4,246
4,790
5,112
5,781
3,734
952
582
1971
27,989
1,210
1,749
4,422
4,968
5,083
5,814
3,787
956
590
1972
29,028
1,330
1,876
4,633
5,454
5,126
5,807
3,813
959
614
1973
30,041
1,432
1,962
4,858
6,055
5,236
5,806
3,750
941
657
1974
31,192
1,504
2,071
5,064
6,612
5,409
5,914
3,728
890
660
NEGRO AND OTHER RACES
Male
1954
4,203
127
178
396
1,074
997
790
451
187
79
1955
4,279
135
178
419
1,085
908
813
468
183
79
1956
4,359
140
181
450
1,090
1,002
827
484
185
77
1957
4,376
135
175
473
1,088
1,012
836
487
170
78
1958
4,442
133
180
493
1,069
1,021
855
505
166
69
1959
4,490
130
188
532
1,065
1,023
849
512
163
79
1960
4,645
150
203
564
1,099
1,049
884
838
158
83
1961
4,666
142
210
575
1,103
1,050
891
542
151
77
1962
4,668
136
201
553
1,074
1,087
895
564
159
71
1963
4,725
138
206
558
1,070
1,109
891
584
168
77
1964
4,785
154
205
588
1,074
1,101
903
580
181
86
1965
4,855
172
226
614
1,079
1,098
916
575
173
90
1966
4,899
187
244
620
1,089
1,090
912
597
162
84
1967
4,945
194
249
628
1,106
1,076
929
590
175
91
1968
4,979
183
262
639
1,133
1,064
927
598
174
96
1969
5,036
187
271
667
1,167
1,048
931
592
175
86
1970
5,182
180
275
725
1,223
1,052
929
609
188
93
1971
5,220
175
272
U2
1,263
1,037
927
604
170
87
1972
5,335
195
293
804
1,267
1,063
943
590
181
88
1973
5,555
196
310
874
1,370
1,083
977
571
175
82
1974
5,700
213
319
871
1,447
1,099
984
592
176
95
Female
1954
2,621
68
101
326
680
684
476
226
59
47
1955
2,663
65
117
307
706
673
499
235
60
34
1956
2,768
82
124
297
717
692
519
266
72
44
1957
2,812
71
122
311
694
719
550
274
70
40
1958
2,905
71
120
328
695
750
597
274
72
38
1959
2,928
66
107
338
680
748
614
304
69
42
1960
3,069
74
139
352
690
771
645
324
73
47
1961
3,136
74
146
353
712
793
662
320
77
44
1962
3,195
73
151
364
730
809
650
336
82
42
1963
3,279
82
153
377
749
821
656
354
84
39
1964
3,384
83
164
424
744
818
690
370
92
37
1965
3,464
92
134
434
761
844
680
383
96
39
1966
3,597
110
188
466
777
863
702
394
99
37
1967
3,704
110
219
497
827
864
699
387
102
48
1968
3,780
115
220
558
835
845
715
397
96
38
1969
3,918
125
219
598
878
846
741
412
99
39
1970
4,015
129
222
628
907
855
750
419
104
55
1971
4,102
122
212
649
965
871
755
429
101
48
1972
4,249
125
236
682
1,034
895
740
411
126
56
1973
4,470
146
257
734
1,131
910
750
428
113
45
1974
4,633
150
264
768
1,202
942
772
430
106
58
1 Absolute numbers by color are not available prior to 1934 because popu-
lation controls by color were not introduced into the Current Population
Survey until that year.
FORD
0788
LIBRARY
207
1975 Manpower Report of the President
Table A-27. Unemployed Jobseekers by Job Search Method Used, by Sex and Age: Annual Averages,
1970-74
Percent using method
Total
Average
Year, sex, and age
jobseekers
number of
(thousands)
Public
Private
Employer
Friends
Placed or
methods
employment
employment
directly
or
answered
Other
used
agency
agency
relatives
ads
1970
Total
3,277
30.2
10. 1
71.0
14.3
23 4
7.4
1.56
16 to 19 years
018
21.9
6.6
76. 9
13. 8
20. 1
4.9
1.44
20 to 24 years
722
36. 6
11. 5
72 3
14.0
24.9
4.3
1.64
25 to 34 years
529
34. 6
12. 7
68. 8
14. 6
25. 5
7.8
1.64
35 to 44 years
365
33. 2
11. 2
68. 8
14. 5
24.9
9.6
1.62
45 to 54 years
343
33. 2
12.2
67. 6
14.6
25. 7
10.8
1.64
55 years and over
300
28 3
10 0
58. 3
15.0
23.0
16.7
1.52
Male
746
32 9
10. 4
T22
16. 3
21.9
9.8
1.63
16 to 19 years
547
21.9
5.5
79.5
13:
18. 5
4.6
1.45
20 to 24 years
382
39. 5
11. 5
73. 6
16. 5
23. 3
5.5
1.70
25 to 34 years
272
42. 3
15. 1
69. 5
18. 4
25. 4
11.0
1.81
as to 44 years
172
38. 4
13. 4
70. 3
18. 0
24. 4
15.1
1.80
45 to 54 years
174
36. 2
13. 2
68 4
17. 8
25. 3
16.
1.77
55 years and over
199
30.2
9.5
58. 8
13.1
19.1
20.6
1.52
Female
1,531
27. 2
9.8
69. 7
12 0
25. 1
4.8
1.49
16 to 19 years
471
22. 1
7.9
74. 1
12. 1
22.1
5.3
1.44
20 to 24 years
339
33. 3
11.5
71. 1
11.2
26. 8
29
1.57
25 to 34 years
257
26. 8
10. 1
68. 1
10. 9
25.7
43
1.46
35 to 44 years
193
28. 5
9.8
67.4
11. 4
25.4
4.7
1.47
45 to 54 years
109
30.2
10. 7
66. 9
11. 2
26. 0
5.3
1.51
55 years and over
101
24. 8
10. 8
56. 4
18. 8
30. ,
9.9
1.50
1971
Total
4. 117
30.8
9.7
71.6
15. 2
25. 7
6.7
1.60
20. 8
16 to 19 years
1,171
20. 6
5.6
78. 1
13.8
4.4
1.43
20 to 24 years
958
36 0
11. 7
72 0
14. 8
30. 0
4.5
1.69
25 to 34 years
730
36. 7
11.5
71. 1
15. 8
27. 8
6.7
1.70
35 to 44 years
466
33. 7
11.2
67. 6
15. 5
27. 0
8.6
1.64
45 to 54 years
425
34. 6
11.5
66. 8
16. 5
26. 1
10. 8
1.66
55 years and over
368
30. 4
10.
61.
17.9
24.7
14.9
1.59
Male
2,235
34. 4
10. 2
72 1
17.4
24.3
9.1
1.68
16 to 19 years
639
21. 4
4.4
80.0
16. 1
18. 5
4.2
1.44
20 to 24 years
534
40 4
9.2
73.0
16.9
28. 7
5.4
1.75
25 to 34 years
374
43.0
13.6
71.1
18. 4
27.5
9.1
1.83
35 to 44 years
225
40.9
15. 1
67.1
18. 7
26.7
14.2
1.83
45 to 54 years
227
39.2
14. 1
66. 1
17.6
25. 1
16.1 7
1.78
55 years and over
236
30.9
10. 2
61.0
19.1
22.0
18. 6
1.63
Female
1,882
22.6
9.1
70.9
12.5
27.5
4.3
1.51
16 to 19 years
532
19.5
7.0
75. 8
11.1
23.3
4.5
1.41
20 to 24 years
424
30. 4
12.7
70.8
12.3
31. 6
3.5
1.61
25 to 34 years
355
30.1
9.3
71.3
12. 7
28.2
4.2
1.56
3.8
35 to 44 years
240
27.1
7.9
68. 3
12 5
27.1
1.47
45 to 54 years
198
29. 3
8.6
67.1 2
15.6
27.3
4.0
1.52
55 years and over
132
28 8
9.1
621
15.9
29.5
6.8
1.52
1972
Total
4,130
28 4
8.8
71.8
13.8
26.0
6.3
1.55
3.7
16 to 19 years
1,214
18 5
5.3
7a. 3
13. 3
20.8
1.40
20 to 24 years
986
32 6
10.0
71.9
12. 4
28.8
4.6
1.60
25 to 34 years
699
33. 9
10.9
70. 7
15.5
27.6
6.2
1.65
35 to 44 years
455
35. 2
12.1
67. 7
13.6
29.5
7.0
1.65
45 to 54 years
393
21. 8
10.7
66. 9
13. 5
28. 8
10.7
1.62
55 years and over
382
27. 7
7.1
62.6
16. 8
25.4
13.6
1.53
Male
2,201
31.2
9.0
726
15. 7
24.1
8.1
1.61
16 to 19 years
654
18.5
5.0
80. 1
15.7
18.7
3.1
1.41
20 to 24 years
538
35. 9
10.2
73. 4
13. 9
27.7
5.4
1.67
25 to 34 years
350
40.3
11.7
71. 7
18.6
27.1
8.3
1.78
35 to 44 years
215
41. 4
14.9
67. 4
15.8
27.0
11.2
1.78
45 to 54 yours
203
34.5
11.3
64. 5
13.8
26.
17.7
1.68
239
30.1
6.3
61. 1
16.7
22.2
17.6
1.54
55 years and over
Female
1,929
25.1
8.7
70.9
11.6
28.1
4.1
1.49
16 to 19 years
560
18. 2
6.3
75. 7
10. 5
23. 4
4.5
1.39
20 to 24 years
448
2% 6
9.8
69.9
10.3
30.1
3.6
1.52
25 to 34 years
348
27.3
10. 1
69.8
12.1
28.2
3.6
1.52
1.53
35 to 44 years
240
29. 6
9.6
67.9
11.7
31.3
3.3
45 to 54 years
190
28.4
10. 0
69.5
13.2
31.6
32
1.56
55 years and over
143
23.8
8.4
65. 0
16. 8
30. 1
7.7
1.52
Note at end of table.
FORD
240
1975 Manpower Report of the President
Table A-27. Unemployed Jobseekers by Job Search Method Used, by Sex and Age: Annual Averages,
1970-74--Continued
Percent using method
Total
Average
Year, sex, and age
Jobseekers
number of
(thousands)
Public
Private
Employer
Friends
Placed or
methods
employment
employment
directly
or
answered
Other
used
agency
agency
relatives
ads
1973
Total
710
25. 9
7.5
71. 6
14. 1
26. 1
6.6
1.52
16 to 19 years
1,150
17. 1
4.5
7v. 0
14.0
22.2
18
1.41
20 to 24 years
876
30. 0
8.0
72 3
14. 2
28 9
4.3
1.58
25 to 34 years
689
32. 1
11.2
69. 7
13. 5
28 0
6.7
1.61
35 to 44 years
364
31. 6
8.5
66. 5
12. 6
28. 3
8.2
1.56
45 to 54 years
335
29. 0
90
65. 4
14.9
27.1 2
11. 3
1.56
55 years and over
296
23. 6
7.1
59. 1
15. 9
25. 3
16. 2
1.48
Male
1,886
28. 5
7.4
72 7
15. 7
24. 6
8.7
1.58
16 to 19 years
602
16. 6
4.0
81. 6
15. 3
21. 1
3.8
1.43
20 to 24 years
446
34. 5
7.6
73. 5
16. 8
26. 7
4.9
1.64
25 to 34 years
327
37. 3
11.9
70. 9
16. 2
28. 4
8.9
1.74
35 to 44 years
165
38. 8
9.7
65. 5
14. 5
26. 7
12.7
1.67
45 to 54 years
167
32 9
8.4
63. 5
16. 2
24. 0
18. 6
1.63
55 years and over
179
23. 5
7.3
59. 8
15. 1
22. 3
21.8
1.49
Female
1,824
23. 3
7.7
70. 5
123
27. 7
4.3
1.46
16 to 19 years
548
17. 7
4.9
75.9
12.6
23.2
3.8
1.38
20 to 24 years
430
25. 3
8.4
70.7
11.4
31.2 2
3.7
1.51
25 to 34 years
362
27.3
10. 2
68. 5
11. 0
27. 6
4.4
1.49
35 to 44 years
200
25. 5
R.O
67. 5
11. 0
29. 5
4.5
1.46
45 to 54 years
168
25. 0
8.9
67. 3
14.3
30. 4
3.6
1.49
55 years and over
117
23. 9
6.8
59.8
17.9
29.9
8.5
1.45
1974
Total
4,201
26. 3
7.8
71.8
14.4
27.0
6.7
1.54
16 to 19 years
1,306
19.0
4.7
79.0
13. 2
23.0
4.3
1.43
20 to 24 years
993
30. 4
9.0
72 0
14.5
28. 8
5.3
1.60
25 to 34 years
784
31. 0
10.6
69. 4
14.5
29. 3
7.0
1.62
35 to 44 years
426
28. 9
9.2
67.6
14.3
27.9
8.7
1.56
45 to 54 years
369
28. 2
9.2
66. 4
15.2
28. 2
11. 1
1.58
55 years and over
323
26. 0
7.1
60. 1
17.6
29.1
127
1.53
Male
2,148
29. 4
7.9
72.2
16. 9
24.8
9.3
1.60
16 to 19 years
687
19. 7
3.9
80. 3
14. 3
20. 7
4.7
1.44
20 to 24 years
514
34. 4
8.6
71. 6
18. 1
27. 8
7.2
1.68
25 to 34 years
385
38. 2
11. 9
69.9
19. 0
29.1
10. 4
1.78
35 to 44 years
189
3d. 5
11. 1
66. 7
18. 5
23.8
13. 8
1.71
45 to 54 years
179
30. 2
10.1
66. 5
17. 3
23. 5
17.3
1.65
55 years and over
195
25. 6
6.7
60. 0
16. 9
24.6
17.4
1.51
Female
2,052
23. 1
7.8
71. 5
11. 7
29. 3
3.9
1.47
16 to 19 years
619
18. 3
5.7
77.5
12. 0
25. 5
3.9
1.43
20 to 24 years
478
26. 2
9.4
72 6
10. 7
29.9
3.3
1.52
25 to 34 years
399
24. 1
9.3
68. 9
10. 3
29. 6
18
1.46
35 to 44 years
237
22 8
7.2
68. 8
10. 5
31. 2
4.2
1.45
45 to 54 years
190
26. 3
8.4
66. 3
13. 2
32. 6
4.7
1.52
55 years and over
129
26. 4
7.8
60. 5
18. 6
36.4
6.2
1.53
NOTE: See note, table A-26.
FORD
1975 Manpower Report of the President
241
Table A-20. Unemployment Rates of Persons 16 Years and Over, by Color, Sex, and Age: Annual Averages,
1948-74
Total, 16
16 and 17
18 and 19
20 to 24
25 to 34
35 to 44
45 to 54
55 to 64
65 years
14 and
Item
years and
years
years
years
years
years
years
years
and over
15 years
over
WHITE
Male
1948
8.4
10.2
9.4
6.4
26
21
24
3.0
3.3
5.9
1949
5.6
13. 4
14.2
9.8
4.9
3.9
4.0
5.3
5.0
5.1
1950
4.7
13.4
11.7
7.7
3.9
1.2
3.7
4.7
4.6
5.8
1951
26
9.5
6.7
1.6
20
1.8
22
27
3.4
4.7
1952
25
10.9
7.0
4.3
1.9
1.7
20
23
29
5.5
1953
25
8.9
7.1
4.5
20
1.8
20
2.7
23
4.6
1954
4.8
14.0
13.0
9.8
4.2
1.6
3.8
4.3
4.2
4.9
1955
3.7
12.2
10.4
7.0
27
26
29
3.9
3.8
5.1
1956
3.4
11.2
9.7
6.1
28
22
28
3.1
3.4
6.1
1957
3.6
11.9
11.2
7.1
27
25
3.0
3.4
3.2
6.8
1958
6.1
14.9
16.5
11.7
5.6
4.4
4.8
5.2
5.0
7.9
1959
4.6
15.0
13.0
7.5
3.8
3.2
3.7
4.2
4.5
7.2
1960
4.8
14.6
13.5
8.3
4.1
3.3
3.6
4.1
4.0
8.1
1961
5.7
16.5
15.1
10.0
4.9
4.0
4.4
5.3
5.2
8.0
1962
4.6
15.1
127
8.0
3.8
3.1
3.5
4.1
4.1
7.6
1963
4.7
17.8
14.2
7.8
3.9
29
3.3
4.0
4.1
7.9
1964
4.1
16.1
13.4
7.4
3.0
25
29
3.5
3.6
7.7
1965
3.6
14.7
11.4
5.9
26
23
2.3
3.1
3.4
7.1
1966
28
12.5
8.9
4.1
21
1.7
1.7
2.5
3.0
7.6
1967
27
12.7
9.0
4.2
1.9
1.6
1.8
22
27
8.9
1968
26
12.3
8.2
4.6
1.7
1.4
1.5
1.7
28
8.3
1969
25
125
7.9
4.6
1.7
1.4
1.4
1.7
21
8.5
1970
4.0
15.7
120
7.8
3.1
23
23
2.7
3.2
10.1
1971
4.9
17.1
13.5
9.4
4.0
2.9
2.8
3.2
3.4
10.8
1972
4.5
16.4
124
8.5
3.4
25
25
3.0
3.3
10.7
1973
3.7
15. 1
10.0
6.5
3.0
1.8
2.0
24
29
10.7
1974
4.3
16.2
11.5
7.8
3.5
24
22
25
3.0
11.9
Female
1948
3.8
9.7
6.8
4.2
3.8
29
3.1
3.2
24
7.6
1949
5.7
13.6
10.7
6.7
5.5
4.5
4.0
4.3
4.1
7.5
1950
5.3
13.8
9.4
6.1
5.2
4.0
4.3
4.3
3.1
8.0
1951
4.2
9.6
6.5
3.9
4.1
3.5
3.6
4.0
3.3
7.1
1952
3.3
9.3
6.2
3.8
3.2
2.8
2.4
25
23
7.6
1953
3.1
8.3
6.0
4.1
3.1
23
23
2.5
1.4
4.0
1954
5.6
12.0
9.4
6.4
5.7
4.9
4.4
4.5
28
6.8
1955
4.3
11.6
7.7
5.1
4.3
3.8
3.4
3.6
22
7.1
1956
4.2
121
8.3
5.1
4.0
3.5
3.3
3.5
23
7.8
1957
4.3
11.9
7.9
5.1
4.7
3.7
3.0
3.0
3.5
6.8
1958
6.2
15.6
11.0
7.4
6.6
5.6
4.9
4.3
3.5
5.8
1959
5.3
13.3
11.1
6.7
5.0
4.7
4.0
4.0
3.4
5.2
1960
5.3
14.5
11.5
7.2
5.7
4.2
4.0
3.3
28
6.3
1961
6.5
17.0
13.6
8.4
6.6
5.6
4.8
4.3
3.7
6.6
1962
5.5
15.6
11.3
7.7
5.4
4.5
3.7
3.4
4.0
5.6
1963
5.8
18.1
13.2
7.4
5.8
4.6
3.9
3.5
3.0
5.9
1964
5.5
17.1
13.2
7.1
5.2
4.5
3.6
3.5
3.4
4.1
1965
5.0
15.0
13.4
6.3
4.8
4.1
3.0
27
27
4.4
1966
4.3
14.5
10.7
5.3
3.7
3.3
27
22
27
4.4
1967
4.6
129
10.6
6.0
4.7
3.7
2.9
23
26
5.2
1968
4.3
13.9
11.0
5.9
3.9
3.1
2.3
21
27
5.4
1969
4.2
13.8
10.0
5.5
4.2
3.2
24
2.1
24
6.4
1970
5.4
15.3
11.9
6.9
5.3
4.3
3.4
2.6
3.3
7.4
1971
6.3
16.7
14.1
8.5
6.3
4.9
3.9
3.3
3.6
8.3
1972
5.9
17.0
123
8.2
5.5
4.5
3.5
3.3
3.7
&1
1973
5.3
15.7
10.9
7.0
5.1
3.7
3.1
28
28
7.8
974
6.1
16.4
13.0
8.2
5.7
4.3
3.6
3.3
3.9
9.9
1
Footnote at end of table.
GENNLE FORD
233
1975 Manpower Report of the President
Table A-20. Unemployment Rates of Persons 16 Years and Over, by Color, Sex, and Age: Annual Averages,
1948-74-Continued
Total, 16
16 and 17
18 and 19
20 to 24
25 to 34
35 to 44
45 to 54
55 to 64
65 years
14 and
Item
years and
years
years
years
years
years
years
years
and over
15 years
over
NEGRO AND OTHER RACES
Male
1948
5.8
9.4
10.5
11.7
4.7
5.2
3.7
3.5
4.6
3.2
1949
9.6
15.8
17.1
15.8
8.5
8.1
7.9
7.0
6.2
6.1
1950
9.4
121
17.7
126
10.0
7.9
7.4
8.0
7.0
10.8
1951
4.9
8.7
9.6
6.7
5.5
3.4
3.6
4.1
4.7
4.9
1952
5.2
8.0
10.0
7.9
5.5
4.4
4.2
3.7
4.7
5.5
1953
4.8
8.3
8.1
8.1
4.3
3.6
5.1
3.6
3.1
5.1
1954
10.3
13.4
14.7
16.9
10.1
9.0
9.3
7.5
7.5
5.1
1955
8.8
14.8
12.9
12.4
8.6
8.2
6.4
9.0
7.1
12.7
1956
7.9
15.7
14.9
12.0
7.6
6.6
5.4
8.1
4.9
13.0
1957
8.3
16.3
20.0
12.7
8.5
6.4
6.2
5.5
5.9
14.1
1958
13.8
27.1
26.7
19.5
14.7
11.4
10.3
10.1
9.0
13.0
1959
11.5
22.3
27.2
16.3
12.3
8.9
7.9
8.7
8.4
12.7
1960
10.7
22.7
25.1
13.1
10.7
8.2
8.5
9.5
6.3
13.3
1961
12.8
31.0
23.9
15.3
12.9
10.7
10.2
10.5
9.4
14.3
1962
10.9
21.9
21.8
14.6
10.5
8.6
8.3
9.6
11.9
15.2
1963
10.5
27.0
27.4
15.5
9.5
8.0
7.1
7.4
10.1
16.9
1964
8.9
25.9
23.1
12.6
7.7
6.2
5.9
8.1
8.3
19.1
1965
7.4
27.1
20.2
9.3
6.2
5.1
5.1
5.4
5.2
20.3
1966
6.3
22.5
20.5
7.9
4.9
4.2
4.1
4.4
4.9
20.0
1967
6.0
28.9
20.1
8.0
4.4
3.1
3.4
4.1
5.1
24.1
1968
5.6
26.6
19.0
8.3
3.8
29
2.5
3.6
4.0
26.0
1969
5.3
24.7
19.0
8.4
3.4
2.4
24
3.2
3.2
22.1
1970
7.3
27.8
23.1
12.6
6.1
3.9
3.3
3.4
3.8
29.0
1971
9.1
33.4
26.0
16.2
7.4
4.9
4.5
4.7
3.4
32.2
1972
8.9
35.1
26.2
14.7
6.8
4.8
3.8
4.6
6.9
31.8
1973
7.6
31.4
221
12.6
5.8
4.0
3.2
3.1
3.6
34.1
1974
9.1
39.0
26.6
15.4
7.2
4.1
4.0
3.6
5.6
37.9
Female
1948
6.1
11.8
14.6
10.2
7.3
4.0
29
3.0
1.6
(1)
1949
7.9
20.3
15.9
12.5
8.5
6.2
4.0
5.6
1.6
(1)
1950
8.4
17.6
14.1
13.0
9.1
6.6
5.9
4.8
5.7
(1)
1951
6.1
13.0
15.1
8.8
7.1
5.6
2.8
3.4
1.6
(1)
1952
5.7
6.3
16.8
10.7
6.2
4.0
3.5
2.4
1.5
(1)
1953
4.1
10.3
9.9
5.5
4.9
3.5
2.1
2.1
1.6
(')
1954
9.3
10.1
21.6
13.2
10.9
7.3
5.9
4.9
5.1
(1)
1955
8.4
15.4
21.4
13.0
10.2
5.5
5.2
5.5
3.3
(1)
1956
8.9
22.0
23.4
14.8
9.1
6.8
5.6
5.3
28
(1)
1957
7.3
18.3
21.3
12.2
8.1
4.7
4.2
4.0
4.3
(1)
1958
10.8
25.4
30.0
18.0
11.1
9.2
4.9
6.2
5.6
(1)
1959
9.4
25.8
29.9
14.9
9.7
7.6
6.1
5.0
2.3
(1)
1960
9.4
25.7
24.5
15.3
9.1
8.6
5.7
4.3
4.1
(1)
1961
11.8
31.1
28.2
19.5
11.1
10.7
7.4
6.3
6.5
(1)
1962
11.0
27.8
31.2
18.2
11.5
8.9
7.1
3.6
3.7
(1)
1963
11.2
40.1
31.9
18.7
11.7
8.2
6.1
4.8
3.6
(1)
1964
10.6
36.5
29.2
18.3
11.2
7.8
6.1
3.8
2.2
(1)
1965
9.2
37.8
27.8
13.7
8.4
7.6
4.4
3.9
3.1
(1)
1966
8.6
34.8
29.2
12.6
8.1
5.0
5.0
3.3
4.0
(1)
1967
9.1
32.0
28.3
13.8
8.7
6.2
4.4
3.4
3.4
27.1
1968
8.3
33.7
26.2
12.3
8.4
5.0
3.2
2.8
2.4
28.9
1969
7.8
31.2
25.7
12.0
6.6
4.5
3.7
29
1.1
23.1
1970
9.3
36.9
329
15.0
7.9
4.8
4.0
3.2
1.9
30.9
1971
10.8
38.5
33.7
17.3
10.7
6.9
4.2
3.5
3.9
33.3
1972
11.3
38.3
38.7
17.4
10.2
7.2
4.7
4.0
20
39.3
1973
10.5
36.5
33.3
17.6
9.7
5.3
3.7
3.2
3.9
35.6
1974
10.7
36.2
33.7
18.0
8.6
6.7
4.3
3.3
1.5
37.9
1 Rate not shown where base is less than 50,000.
GREATE FORD GRAND
234
1975 Manpower Report of the President
Table A-19. Unemployed Persons 16 Years and Over and Unemployment Rates, by Sex and Age: Annual
Averages, 1947-74
Total, 16
16 and 17
Sex and year
18 and 19
20 to 24
25 to 34
35 to 44
45 to 54
55 to 64
65 years
14 and
years and
years
years
years
years
years
years
years
and over
15 years
over
Number unemployed (thousands)
MALE
1947
1,692
114
156
392
349
250
203
162
67
28
1948
1,559
112
143
324
289
233
201
178
81
31
1949
2,572
145
207
485
539
414
347
310
125
30
1950
2,239
139
179
377
467
348
327
286
117
41
1951
1,221
102
89
155
241
192
193
162
87
29
1952
1,185
116
89
155
233
192
182
145
73
32
1953
1,202
94
90
152
236
208
196
167
60
26
1954
2,344
142
168
327
517
431
372
275
112
28
1955
1,854
134
140
248
353
328
285
265
102
35
1956
1,711
134
135
240
348
278
270
216
90
46
1957
1,841
140
159
283
349
304
302
220
83
52
1958
3,098
185
231
478
683
552
492
349
124
57
1959
2,420
191
207
343
453
407
390
287
112
53
1960
2,486
200
225
369
492
415
392
294
96
55
1961
2,997
221
258
457
585
507
473
374
122
63
1962
2,423
187
220
381
446
405
381
300
103
65
1963
2,472
248
232
396
444
386
358
289
97
65
1964
2,205
257
230
384
345
323
319
262
85
66
1965
1,914
247
232
311
293
284
253
221
75
66
1966
1,551
220
212
221
238
219
197
180
65
71
1967
1,508
241
207
235
219
185
199
164
60
87
1968
1,419
234
193
258
205
171
165
132
61
88
1969
1,403
244
197
270
205
155
157
127
48
86
1970
2,235
305
24
478
300
253
247
197
71
109
1971
2,776
315
316
635
505
319
313
230
71
119
1972
2,635
355
352
619
458
282
273
236
73
119
1973
2,240
349
205
514
424
209
219
170
57
122
1974
2,668
391
359
631
528
263
252
182
63
142
FEMALE
1947
619
63
81
124
134
99
72
39
10
18
1948
717
66
86
132
169
113
90
49
12
18
1949
1,065
93
130
195
237
159
124
74
21
18
1950
1,049
87
108
184
235
182
151
82
20
24
1951
834
66
79
118
194
162
125
76
16
17
1952
698
64
76
113
156
133
92
50
13
17
1953
632
56
67
104
143
117
84
51
10
10
1954
1,188
79
112
177
276
249
176
99
20
19
1955
998
77
99
148
224
193
151
90
18
18
1956
1,039
97
112
155
206
198
159
95
19
28
1957
1,018
90
107
147
224
195
146
80
28
25
1958
1,504
114
148
223
308
319
239
122
31
22
1959
1,320
110
146
200
242
266
214
119
23
20
1960
1,366
124
162
214
260
256
222
101
25
24
1961
1,717
142
207
265
304
342
278
141
36
30
1962
1,488
124
189
255
267
283
223
111
37
31
1963
1,598
172
211
262
286
287
231
120
29
31
1964
1,581
179
207
276
262
281
223
122
33
24
1965
1,452
164
231
246
236
263
183
101
27
24
1966
1,324
175
229
224
201
207
173
86
27
30
1967
1,468
160
231
277
261
237
185
93
26
38
1968
1,397
179
233
285
238
199
149
87
27
39
1969
1,428
192
220
290
247
203
163
89
24
43
1970
1,853
231
275
386
325
262
229
111
33
59
1971
2,217
249
318
486
416
310
260
141
34
65
1972
2,205
274
321
497
405
293
237
140
38
72
1973
2,064
279
300
471
416
240
211
117
31
67
1974
2,408
301
359
552
483
294
247
135
36
86
BERALD R. FORD
231
1975 Manpower Report of the President
Table A-19. Unemployed Persons 16 Years and Over and Unemployment Rates, by Sex and Age: Annual
Averages, 1947-74-Continued
Total. 16
16 and 17
18 and 19
20 to 24
25 to 34
35 to 44
45 to 54
55 to 64
65 years
14 and
Sex and year
years and
years
years
years
years
years
years
years
and over
15 years
over
Unemployment rate
MALE
1947
4.0
10.3
11.3
8.5
3.4
26
26
29
28
4.8
1948
3.6
10.1
9.6
6.9
2.8
24
2.5
1.1
3.4
5.4
1949
5.9
13.7
14.6
10.4
5.2
4.3
4.3
5.4
5.1
5.2
1950
5.1
13.3
12.3
8.1
4.4
3.6
4.0
4.9
4.8
6.6
1951
28
9.4
7.0
3.9
23
2.0
2.4
28
3.5
4.7
1952
2.8
10.5
7.4
4.6
22
1.9
2.2
24
3.0
5.5
1953
2.8
8.8
7.2
5.0
22
20
23
2.8
2.4
4.6
1954
5.3
13.9
13.2
10.7
4.8
4.1
4.3
4.5
4.4
4.9
1955
4.2
12.5
10.8
7.7
3.3
3.1
3.2
4.3
4.0
6.2
1956
3.8
11.7
10.4
6.9
3.3
2.6
3.0
3.5
3.5
6.9
1957
4.1
12.4
12.3
7.8
3.3
28
3.3
3.5
3.4
7.6
1958
6.8
16.3
17.8
12.7
6.5
5.1
5.3
5.5
5.2
8.4
1959
5.3
15.8
14.9
8.7
4.7
3.7
4.1
4.5
4.8
7.8
1960
5.4
15.5
15.0
8.9
4.8
3.8
4.1
4.6
4.2
8.6
1961
6.4
18.3
16.3
10.7
5.7
4.6
4.9
5.7
5.5
8.7
1962
5.2
15.9
13.8
8.9
4.5
3.6
3.9
4.6
4.6
8.3
1963
5.2
18.8
15.9
8.8
4.5
3.5
3.6
4.3
4.5
8.8
1964
4.6
17.1
14.6
8.1
3.5
2.9
3.2
3.9
4.0
9.0
1965
4.0
16.1
12.4
6.3
3.0
2.6
25
3.3
3.5
8.6
1966
3.2
13.7
10.2
4.6
2.4
2.0
2.0
26
3.1
8.9
1967
3.1
14.5
10.5
4.7
2.1
1.7
1.9
24
28
10.5
1968
29
13.9
9.7
5.1
1.9
1.6
1.6
1.9
2.9
10.3
1969
28
13.8
9.4
5.1
1.9
1.5
1.5
1.8
22
9.8
1970
4.4
16.9
13.4
8.4
3.4
24
2.4
28
3.3
122
1971
5.3
18.6
15.0
19.3
14
3.1
3.0
3.3
3.4
12.8
1972
4.9
18 2
14.0
9.2
3.7
27
26
3.2
3.6
12.7
1973
4.1
17.0
11.4
7.3
3.3
20
2.1
2.4
3.0
12.7
1974
4.8
18.5
13.3
8.7
3.9
26
24
26
3.3
14.5
FEMALE
1947
3.7
9.8
6.8
4.6
3.6
2.7
26
2.6
2.2
7.8
1948
4.1
9.8
7.4
4.9
4.3
3.0
3.0
3.1
23
7.3
1949
6.0
14.4
11.2
7.3
5.9
4.7
4.0
4.4
3.8
7.4
1950
5.7
14.2
9.8
6.9
5.7
4.4
4.5
4.5
3.4
9.0
1951
4.4
10.0
7.2
4.4
4.5
3.8
3.5
4.0
2.9
6.6
1952
3.6
9.1
7.3
4.5
3.6
3.0
2.5
25
22
7.0
1953
3.3
8.5
6.4
4.3
3.4
25
23
25
1.4
42
1954
6.0
12.7
10.5
7.3
6.6
5.3
4.6
4.6
3.0
7.5
1955
4.9
12.0
9.1
6.1
5.3
4.0
3.6
3.8
23
7.0
1956
4.8
13.2
9.9
6.3
4.8
3.9
3.6
3.6
23
8.9
1957
4.7
12.6
9.4
6.0
5.3
3.8
3.2
3.0
3.4
7.5
1958
6.8
16.6
12.9
8.9
7.3
6.2
4.9
4.5
3.8
6.6
1959
5.9
14.4
12.9
8.1
5.9
5.1
4.2
4.1
2.8
5.7
1960
5.9
15.4
13.0
8.3
6.3
4.8
4.2
3.4
2.8
7.9
1961
7.2
18.3
15.1
9.8
7.3
6.3
5.1
4.5
3.9
6.2
1962
6.2
16.8
13.5
9.1
6.5
5.2
4.1
3.5
4.1
6.7
1963
6.5
20.3
15.2
R.9
6.9
5.1
4.2
3.6
3.2
7.6
1964
6.2
18.8
15.1
8.6
6.3
5.0
3.9
3.5
3.4
5.9
1965
5.5
17.2
14.8
7.3
5.5
4.6
3.2
28
2.8
5.7
1966
4.8
16.6
12.6
6.3
4.5
3.6
29
23
2.8
6.3
1967
5.2
14.8
12.7
7.0
5.4
4.0
3.1
24
27
7.2
1968
4.8
15.9
12.9
6.7
4.7
3.4
2.4
22
27
7.0
1969
4.7
15.5
11.8
6.3
4.6
3.4
26
22
23
7.5
1970
5.9
17.4
14.4
7.9
5.7
4.4
3.5
2.7
3.1
9.3
1971
6.9
18.7
16.2
9.6
7.0
5.2
4.0
3.3
36
10.2
1972
6.6
18.8
16.2
9.3
6.2
4.9
3.6
3.3
3.5
10.8
1973
6.0
17.7
13.5
8.4
5.8
3.9
3.2
2.8
29
9.5
1974
6.7
18.2
15.4
9.5
6.2
4.6
3.7
3.3
3.7
12.0
FORD
232
1975 Manpower Report of the President
Table A-6. Employment Status of Young Workers 16 to 24 Years Old: Annual Averages, 1947-74
16 to 19 years
Employment status and year
Total, 16 years
Total, 16 to
20 to 24
and over
24 years
Total
16 and 17
18 and 19
years
CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE (thousands)
1947
59,350
11,668
4,323
1,750
2, 573
7,345
1948
60,621
11,828
4,435
1,780
2,655
7,393
1949
61,286
11,629
4,289
1,704
2,585
7,340
1950
62,208
11,523
4,216
1,659
2,557
7,307
1951
62,017
10,699
105
1,743
2,362
6,594
4,063
1,807
2,256
5,840
1952
62,138
9,903
1953
63,015
9,509
4,026
1,726
2,300
5,483
1954
63,643
9,452
3,976
1,643
2,333
5,476
1955
65,023
9,759
4,093
1,711
2,382
5,666
66,552
10,236
4,296
1,877
2,419
5,940
1956
1957
66,929
10,344
4,276
1,843
2,433
6,068
1958
67,639
10,531
4,260
1,818
2,442
6,271
1959
68,369
10,905
4,492
1,971
2,521
6,413
1960
69,628
11,543
4,840
2,093
2,747
6,703
70,459
11,888
4,935
1,984
2,951
6,953
1961
1962
70,614
11,997
4,915
1,918
2,997
7,082
71,833
12,611
5,138
2,171
2,967
7.473
1963
73,091
13,353
5,390
2,449
2,941
7,963
1964
1965
74,455
14,168
5,910
2,485
3,425
8,258
1966
75,770
14,966
6,557
2,664
3,893
8,409
2 734
3,786
9,010
1967
77,347
15,529
6,519
1968
78,737
15,923
6,618
2,817
3,802
9,305
80,733
16,849
6,970
3,009
3,960
9,879
1969
1970
82,715
17,829
7,246
3,132
4,114
10,583
84,113
18,718
7,453
3,181
4,272
11,265
1971
86,542
20,034
8,024
3,398
4,626
12,010
1972
1973
88,714
21,132
8,461
3,636
4,825
12,671
91,011
21,898
8,813
3,772
5,041
13,085
1974
EMPLOYED (thousands)
57,039
10,738
3,909
1,573
2,336
6,829
1947
58,344
10,963
4,028
1,602
2,426
6,937
1948
1949
57,649
10,371
3,712
1,466
2,246
6,659
58,920
10,449
3,703
1,433
2,270
6,746
1950
59,962
10,088
3,767
1,575
2,192
6,321
1951
1952
60,254
9,289
3,718
1,626
2,092
5,571
1953
61,181
8,945
3,719
1,577
2,142
5,226
4,971
1954
60,110
8,446
3,475
1,422
2,053
1955
62,171
8,914
3,643
1,500
2,143
5,271
1956
63,802
9,364
3,818
1,647
2,171
5,546
1937
64,071
9,418
3,750
1,613
2,167
5,638
63,036
9,152
3,582
1,519
2,063
5,576
1958
1959
64,630
9,708
3,838
1,670
2,168
5,875
1960
65,778
10,249
4,129
1,769
2,360
6,124
4,107
1,621
2,486
6,232
1961
65,746
10,338
1962
66,702
10,641
4,195
1,607
2,588
6,443
67,762
11,070
4,255
1,751
2,504
6,819
1963
1964
69,305
11,820
4,516
2,013
2,503
7,309
71,088
12,738
5,036
2,074
2,962
7,702
1965
72,895
13,684
5,721
2,269
3,452
7,969
1966
1967
74,372
14,181
5,682
2,333
3,349
8,490
1968
75,920
14,542
5,780
2,403
3,377
8,760
1969
77,902
15,436
6,117
2,573
3,543
9,319
78,627
15,860
6,141
2,596
3,545
9,719
1970
1971
79,120
16,339
6,195
2,587
3,608
10,144
81,702
17,616
6,722
2,770
3,952
10,894
1972
84,409
18,923
7,236
3,008
4,228
11,687
1973
1974
85,936
19,305
7,403
3,079
4,324
11,902
FORD & 07/890 LIBRARY
212
1975 Manpower Report of the President
Table A-6. Employment Status of Young Workers 16 to 24 Years Old: Annual Averages, 1947-74--
Continued
16 to 19 years
Employment status and year
Total. 16 years
Total, 16 to
20 to 24
and over
24 years
Total
16 and 17
18 and 19
years
UNEMPLOYED (thousands)
1947
2,311
930
414
177
237
516
1948
2,276
863
407
178
229
456
1949
3,637
1,255
575
238
337
680
1950
3,288
1,074
513
226
287
561
1951
2,055
609
336
168
168
273
1952
1,883
613
345
180
165
268
1953
1,834
563
307
150
157
256
1954
3,532
005
501
221
280
504
1955
2,852
846
450
211
239
396
1956
2,750
873
478
231
247
395
1957
2,859
925
496
230
266
429
1958
4,602
1,379
678
299
379
701
1959
3,740
1,197
654
301
353
543
1960
3,852
1,294
711
324
387
583
1961
4,714
1,550
828
363
465
722
1962
3,911
356
720
311
409
636
1963
4,070
1,541
883
420
463
638
1964
3,786
1,532
872
435
437
660
1965
3,366
1,431
874
411
463
557
1966
2,875
1, 281
836
395
441
445
1967
2,975
1,350
838
401
438
512
1968
2,817
1,382
839
413
425
543
1969
2,831
1,413
853
436
417
560
1970
4,088
1,959
1,105
536
569
864
1971
4,993
2,378
1,257
594
663
1,121
1972
4,840
2,418
1,302
628
674
1,116
1973
4, 4,304
2. 210
1,225
628
597
985
1974
5,076
2. 592
410
692
717
1,182
UNEMPLOYMENT RATE
1947
19
8.0
9.6
10.1
9.2
7.2
1948
18
7.3
9.2
10.0
8.6
6.2
1949
5.9
10.8
13.4
14.0
13. 0
9.3
1950
5.3
9.3
12.2
13.6
11.2
7.7
1951
3.3
5.7
12
9.6
7.1
4.1
1952
3.0
6.2
8.5
10.0
7.3
4.6
1953
29
5.9
7.6
8.7
6.8
4.7
1954
5.5
10.6
126
13.5
120
9.2
1955
4.4
8.7
11.0
123
10.0
7.0
1956
4.1
8.5
11.1
12 3
10.2
6.6
1957
4.3
9.0
11.6
12 5
10.9
7.1
1958
6.8
13.1
15.9
16. 4
15. 5
11.2
1959
5.5
11.0
14.6
15. 3
14. 0
8.5
1960
5.5
11.2
14.7
15. 5
14. 1
8.7
1961
6.7
13.0
16.8
18. 3
15. 8
10.4
1962
5.5
11.3
14.6
16.2
13. 6
9.0
1963
5.7
12.2
17.2
19.3
15. 6
8.8
1964
5.2
11.5
16.2
17.8
14.9
8.3
1965
4.5
10.1
14.8
16. 5
12. 5
6.7
1966
18
8.6
127
14.8
11. 3
5.3
1967
1.8
8.7
12. 9
14.7
11. 6
5.7
1968
1.6
8.7
127
14.7
11. 2
5.8
1969
15
8.4
12. 2
14. 5
10. 5
5.7
1970
4.9
11.0
15. 3
17.1
13. 8
2.2
1971
5.9
12.7
16.9
18.7
15. 5
9.9
1972
5.6
121
16. 2
18.5
14. 6
9.3
1973
4.9
10.5
14.5
17. 3
12. 4
7.8
1974
5.6
11. 8
16.0
18.4
14. 2
9.0
FORD
LIBRARY
213
1975 Manpower Report of the President
564-366 o 75 . 15
Table A-1. Employment Status of the Noninstitutional Population 16 Years and Over, by Sex: Annual
Averages, 1947-74
[Numbers in thousands]
Total labor force, In-
cluding Armed Forces
Civilian labor force
Total
noninsti-
Percent
Employed
Unemployed
Not in
Sex and year
tutional
of
labor
popula-
Number
noninsti-
Total
force
tion
tutional
Agricul-
Nonagri-
Percent of
populs-
Total
ture
cultural
Number
labor
tion
Industries
force
BOTH SEXES
1947
103,418
60,941
58.9
59,350
57,039
7,891
49,148
2,311
3.9
42, 42,477
1948
104,527
62,080
59.4
60,621
58,344
7,629
50,711
2,276
38
42,447
1949
105,611
62,903
59.6
61,286
57,649
7,656
49,990
3,637
5.9
42,708
1950
106,645
63,858
59.9
62,208
58,920
7,160
51,752
3,288
5.3
42,787
1951
107,721
65,117
60.4
62,017
59,962
6,726
53,230
2,055
13
42,604
1952
108,823
65,730
60.4
62,138
60,254
6,501
53,748
1,883
3.0
43,093
1953
110,601
66,560
60.2
63,015
61,181
6,261
54,915
1,834
29
44,041
1954
111,671
66,993
60.0
63,643
60,110
6,206
53,898
3,532
5.5
44,678
1955
112,732
68,072
60.
65,023
62,171
6,449
55,718
2,852
4.4
44,660
1956
113,811
69,409
61.0
66,552
63,802
6,283
57,506
2,750
41
44,402
1957
115,065
69,729
60.6
66,929
64,071
5,947
58,123
2,859
43
45,336
1958
116,363
70,275
60.4
67,639
63,036
5,586
57,450
4,602
6.8
46,088
1959
117,881
70,921
60.2
68,369
64,630
5,565
59,065
3,740
5.5
46,960
1960
119,759
72,142
60.2
69,628
65,778
5,458
60,318
3,852
5.5
47,617
1961
121,343
73,031
60.
70,459
65,746
5,200
60,546
4,714
6.7
48,312
1962
122,981
73,442
59.7
70,614
66,702
4,944
61,759
3,911
5.5
49,539
1963
125,154
74,571
59.6
71,833
67,762
4,687
63,076
4,070
5.7
50,583
1964
127,224
75,830
59.6
73,091
69,305
4,523
64,782
3,786
12
51,394
1965
129,236
77,178
59.7
74,455
71,088
4,361
66,726
3,366
45
52,058
1966
131,180
78,893
60.1
75,770
72,895
3,979
68,915
2,875
38
52,288
1967
133,319
80,793
60.6
77,347
74,372
3,844
70,527
2,975
38
52,527
1968
135,562
82,272
60.7
78,737
75,920
3,817
72,103
2,817
3.6
53,291
1969
137,841
84,239
61.1
80,733
77,902
3,606
74,296
2,831
3.5
53,602
1970
140,182
85,903
61.3
82,715
78,627
3,462
75,165
4,088
4.9
54,280
1971
142,596
86,929
61.0
84,113
79,120
3,387
75,732
4,993
5.9
55,666
1972
145,775
88,991
61.0
86,542
81,702
3,472
78,230
4,840
5.6
56,785
1973
148,263
91,040
61.4
88,714
84,409
3,452
80,967
4,304
4.9
57,222
1974
150,827
93,240
61.8
91,011
85,936
3,492
82,443
5,076
5.6
57,587
MALE
1947
50,968
44,258
86.8
42,686
40,994
6,643
34,351
1,692
4.0
6,710
1948
51,439
44,729
87.0
43,286
41,726
6,358
35,366
1,539
3.6
6,710
1949
51,922
45,097
86.9
43,498
40,926
6,342
34,581
2,572
5.9
6,825
1950
52,352
45,446
86.8
43,819
41,580
6,001
35,573
2,239
5.1
6,906
1951
52,788
46,063
87.3
43,001
41,780
5,533
36,243
1,221
28
6,725
1952
53,248
46,416
87.2
42,869
41,684
5,389
36,292
1,185
28
6,832
1953
54,248
47,131
$6.9
43,633
42,431
5,253
37,175
1,302
28
7,117
1954
54,706
47,275
66.4
43,965
41,620
5,200
36,414
2,344
5.3
7,431
1955
55,122
47,458
86.2
44,475
42,621
5,263
37,354
1,854
4.2
7,634
1956
55,547
47,914
86.3
45,091
43,380
5,039
38,334
1,711
3.8
7,633
1957
56,082
47,964
85.5
45,197
43,357
4,824
38,532
1,841
41
8,118
1958
56,640
48,126
85.0
45,521
42,423
4,596
37,827
3,098
6.8
8,514
1959
57,312
48,405
81.5
45,886
43,466
4,532
38,934
2,420
5.3
8,907
1960
58,144
48,870
84.0
46,388
43,904
4,472
39,431
2,486
5.4
9,274
1961
58,826
49,193
83.6
46,653
43,656
4,298
39,359
2,997
6.4
9,633
1962
59,626
49,395
82.8
46,600
44,177
4,069
40,108
2,423
5.2
10,231
1963
60,627
49,835
82.2
47,129
44,657
3,809
40,849
2,472
5.2
10,792
1964
61,556
50,387
81.9
47,679
45,474
3,691
41,782
2,205
4.6
11,169
1965
62,473
50,946
81.5
48,255
46,340
3,547
42,792
1,914
4.0
11,527
1966
63,351
51,500
81.4
48,471
46,919
3,243
43,675
1,551
32
11,792
1967
64,316
52,398
81.5
48,987
47,479
3,164
44,315
1,508
3.1
11,919
1968
65,345
53,030
81.2
49,533
48,114
3,157
44,957
1,419
29
12,315
1969
66,365
53,088
80.9
50,221
48,818
2,963
45,854
1,403
28
12,677
1970
67,409
54,343
80.6
51,195
48,960
2,861
46,099
2,235
4.4
13,066
1971
68,512
54,797
80.0
52,021
49,245
2,790
46,455
2,776
5.3
13,715
1972
69,864
55,671
79.7
53,365
50,630
2,839
47,791
2,635
4.9
14.193
1973
71,020
56,479
79.5
54,203
51,963
2,833
49,130
2,240
4.1
14,541
1974
72,253
57,349
79.4
55,186
52,519
2,901
49,618
2,668
4.8
14,904
FEMALE
1947
52,450
16,683
31.8
16,664
16,045
1,248
14,797
619
3.7
35,767
1948
53,088
17,351
32.7
17,335
16,618
1,271
15,345
717
4.1
35,737
1949
53,689
17,806
33.2
17,788
16,723
1,314
15,409
1,065
6.0
35,883
1930
54,203
18,412
33.9
18,389
17,340
1,159
16,179
1,049
5.7
35,881
1951
54,933
19,054
34.7
19,016
18,182
1,193
16,987
834
4.4
35,879
1952
55,575
19,314
34.8
19,269
18,570
1,112
17,456
698
3.6
36,261
1953
56,353
19,429
34.5
19,382
18,750
1,008
17,740
632
3.3
36,924
1954
56,905
19,718
31.6
19,678
18,490
1,006
17,484
1,188
6.0
37,247
1955
57,610
20,584
35.7
20,548
19,550
1,184
18,364
VUM
4.9
37,026
1956
58,264
21,495
36.9
21,461
20,422
1,244
19,172
1,039
4.8
36,769
1957
58,983
21,765
36.9
21,732
20,714
1,123
19,591
1,018
4.7
37,218
1958
59,723
22,149
37.1
22,118
20,613
990
19,623
1,504
6.8
37,574
1959
60,569
22,516
37.2
22,453
21,164
1,033
20,131
1,320
5.9
34,053
1900
61,615
23,272
37.8
23,210
21,874
956
20,887
1,366
5.9
35,343
1961
62,517
23,838
38.1
23,806
22,000
902
21,187
1,717
7.2
38,679
1962
63,355
24,047
3a.0
24,014
22,525
875
21,651
1,488
6.2
39,308
1963
64,527
21,736
36.3
24,704
23,105
878
22,27
1,598
6.5
39,791
1964
65,668
25,443
38.7
25,412
23,831
832
23,000
1,581
6.2
40,223
1965
66,763
26,232
3.3
26,200
24,748
814
23,934
1,452
5.5
40,531
1966
67,829
27,333
40.3
27,299
25,976
736
25,240
1,324
4.8
40,456
1967
60,003
24,395
41.2
24,360
26,893
GAO
26,212
1,468
5.2
40,608
1968
70,217
29,242
41.6
25,204
27,807
600
27,147
1,357
4.8
40,978
1969
71,476
30,551
42.7
30,512
29,081
613
28,441
1,428
4.7
40,924
1970
72,774
31,500
43.4
31,520
29,667
Gol
29,006
1,853
5.9
41,214
1971
74,084
32,132
43.4
32,091
29,875
5'm
29,277
2,217
6.9
41,952
1972
75,911
33,320
43.9
33,277
31,072
633
30,439
2,206
6.6
42,591
1973
77,242
34,561
41.7
34,510
32,416
619
31,827
2,064
60
42,681
1974
78,575
35,892
45.7
35,825
33,417
552
31,825
2,408
6.7
42,683
FORD
203
1975 Manpower Report of the President