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Events, July 1-2, 1974 - American Foreign Service Association/Community Relations Service/Center for the Study of the Presidency
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1687153
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Events, July 1-2, 1974 - American Foreign Service Association/Community Relations Service/Center for the Study of the Presidency
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Gerald R. Ford Vice Presidential Papers
Warren Rustand's Vice Presidential Events Files
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Department of Justice. (07/01/1870 - )
Presidents
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The original documents are located in Box 202, folder "Events, July 1-2, 1974 -
American Foreign Service Association/Community Relations Service/Center for the
Study of the Presidency" of the Gerald R. Ford Vice Presidential Papers, 1973-1974 at
the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library.
Copyright Notice
The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code) governs the making of
photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted material. Gerald R. Ford donated to the United
States of America his copyrights in all of his unpublished writings in National Archives
collections. Works prepared by U.S. Government employees as part of their official duties are in
the public domain. The copyrights to materials written by other individuals or organizations are
presumed to remain with them. If you think any of the information displayed in the PDF is subject
to a valid copyright claim, please contact the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library.
File Cy.
#
*
#
OFFICE OF THE VICE PRESIDENT
WASHINGTON
PROPOSED SCHEDULE
DEPARTMENT OF STATE
AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICES ASSOCIATION
July 1, 1974
ADVANCEPERSON. SALLY QUENNEVILLE
12:30 PM
DEPART EOB Office enroute Dept. of State
12:40 PM
ARRIVE Dept. of State.
PROCEED to the HOLDING ROOM (Madison Room)
You will be met by:
Mr. Thomas D. Boyatt, President
Mr. F. Allan (Tex) Harris, Vice President
12:44 PM
PROCEED to Ben Franklin Dining Room
Announcement
Be seated at Head Table
12:45 PM
Lunch is served
1:05 PM
Introduction of Vice President
1;07 PM
Vice Presidential Remarks Begin
1:17 PM
Vice Presidential Remarks Conclude
1:19 PM
DEPART Ben Franklin Room enroute motorcade
1:22 PM
DEPART Dept. of State enroute EOB Office
FORD & LIBRARY GERALD
Digitized from Box 202 of the Gerald R. Ford Vice Presidential Papers, 1973 - 1974 at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library
lalley welds OFFICE
OF THE VICE PRESIDENT
WASHINGTON, D.C.
Monday 12:30P.M.
Stade Dept. Am Foreign Service Asso.
Rick Williamson (ontact
338- 4045
Lunch in Beng Franklin Room.
17 People At Hea d table
Full Preos
OFFICE OF THE VICE PRESIDENT
WASHINGTON, D.C.
12:20 Depart E.O.B.
12:30 Arrive Schte Dept.
12:35 Arrive Holding Room
Madison Room
12% 15 people to
great U.P.
12:40 Depart Holding Room
12:41 Arrive Lunch
1:05 Introduction of U.P.
1:07 UP Remarks Begin
1:17 U.P. Remarks End
FORD
1:19 Deport For Motorcade
& LIBRARY GERALD
OFFICE OF THE VICE PRESIDENT
WASHINGTON, D.C.
1:22 Arrive ModorCade
1:23 Deport Euroude EOB
GERALD R* FORD
$ 100000
- "C"St. Diplo Entrance
Greet: Pres., Thomas Boyatte
15
hd table quests
Cong Anderson
Mr. Ingersoll Harris, r.P.
Sisco
USIA Dir
AID Dep Dir.
(Hm.) Rick- 265-2839
mn. Boyatt
7. allinottaries ,V.P.
(2ex)
FORD
/
/
me.Vogel
aick Williamson
AMERICAN
432-9672
338-4045
A
FOREIGN SERVICE
Bigatt-632-0529 Boyatt -632-0529
ASSOCIATION
2101 E Street, Northwest
Washington, D.C. 20037
338-4045
event
June 13, 1974
file
Bills/w.R.
The Vice President
United States Senate
Washington, D. C.
Dear Mr. Vice President:
Ambassador Davis, Director General of the Foreign
Service, has informed us that you have graciously agreed
to speak at a luncheon in the Diplomatic Reception Rooms
of the Department of State on Monday, July 1, 1974,
at 12:30. I would like to thank you on behalf of the
Association and the Foreign Service. It is a great honor
for us, and I know that Secretary Kissinger is most
gratified that you are able to help us commemorate the
golden anniversary of the Foreign Service of the United
States.
The Rogers Act, which established a united Foreign
Service of the United States from the then existing
Diplomatic and Consular Services, was signed into law
on July 1, 1924. The first of July of this year thus
marks the fiftieth anniversary of the Foreign Service
of the United States. It also marks the fiftieth anni-
versary year of the American Foreign Service Association
as the professional spokesman of the 11,000 men and women
of the Foreign Service and, in recent years, their duly-
elected exclusive representative.
The past fifty years have seen the gradual develop-
ment and growing professionalization of the Foreign
Service under the Rogers Act and the Foreign Service Act
FORD & LIBRARY GERALD
The Vice President
2
of 1946. The same period has witnessed the growth of
the United States into the preeminent position it now
holds in world affairs. We believe it is appropriate
and indeed essential that this anniversary date be
properly recognized. It is therefore a great honor for
the Association and for the men and women of the Foreign
Service that you are able to be our guest and speak to
the Association on July 1.
Sincerely yours,
Thomas D. Boyatt
President
FORD WORKET
OFFICE OF THE VICE president
WASHINGTON, D.C.
juñe 29
Mr. Seidman:
This is another reply from the DOJ
invitation the V.P. is Sponsoring. Since
you are replying to another response
of the same nature, I thought you would
want this for the file.
R
Sally
sch JUN 28 REC'D
POST OFFICE BOX 1567; 67501
HUTCHINSON
TELEPHONE 316 663-6151
OFFICE OF: Human Relations
June 25, 1974
Honorable Gerald Ford
Vice-President of the U. S.
1600 Pennsylvania Avenue
Washington, D. C. 20500
Dear Vice-President Ford:
We are in receipt of your most gracious invitation to the CRS Tenth
Anniversary Benefit Dinner. Naturally, we are pleased at receiving
such a great honor. Unfortunately, our agency is small, and we can-
not really afford to travel to Washington for the occasion.
Regardless of the financial reality of the situation, we are deeply
honored, because we have never before even been invited to take
our place amongst such illustrious personages as yourself and the
other honorary sponsors.
I will be in Washington on the 14-18th of July for the Annual Meeting
of the International Association of Official Human Rights Agencies.
Perhaps you will be there and our paths will cross.
Thank you for the invitation; we shall put it on prominent display
in our office. I'm sure the dinner will be a great success, and good
luck to you in your service to America.
Peace and blessings,
John I. Doreis
John W. Davis, Director
Hutchinson Human Relations Commission
JWD:bw
4/29
2 ND
ANNUAL
EQUAL
OPPORTUNITY
=
COMMUNITY
PROGRESS
R
T
E P O R
1973
HUTCHINSON HUMAN RELATIONS COMMISSION ORD
GERALD R
CITY OF HUTCHINSON
City Commissioners
Lawrence P. Knipe, Mayor
Kenneth M. Keast
Jim P. Martinez
David R. Mackey
John R. Nickelson
City Manager
George W. Pyle
Hutchinson Human Relations Commission
Theda Y. Brown, Chairman
Darrell Pope, Vice Chairman
Wayne Lee
Doby Hall
David Razo
Joe Juarez
Martha Woodard
Department of Human Relations
John W. Davis, Director
Betty Wickliffe, Secretary
FORD LIBRARY & OFRALD
THE COMMISSION
The Hutchinson Human Relations Commission was created by city ordinance
in October of 1971. The formal HRC was the outgrowth of many months of work
by an interracial group of citizens called the Community Forum for Equal
Opportunities, which was appointed by then - Mayor Jim Martinez in 1970. The
function of the Mayor's Forum was to serve as an agent for the promotion of
equal opportunity in employment, education and housing. The Forum met regu-
larly to hear and consider complaints, suggestions and observations which
individuals or groups brought before it. The forum sought to identify areas
of concern and attempted to bring together those persons or agencies in the
community having resources and expertise in those areas of concern in order
to chart courses of community action to alleviate the problems.
There was also an informal Human Relations Commission appointed by Mayor
Merl Sellers in 1966, but that group was later absorbed by the Mayor's Forum.
It was a direct result of the Forum's activity that led to the City of Hutch-
inson's formal adoption of an ordinance establishing a seven-member Human
Relations Commission and a paid director to implement the programs of the
Human Relations Commission.
The seven (7) Human Relations Commissioners are appointed by the Mayor,
and serve as volunteers. The Commissioners function primarily as policy-
makers and priority-setters in carrying out the purposes of the city human
relations ordinance. The Commissioners also elect their own officers; se-
lect their staff (with the advise and consent of the City Manager); maintain
an office; and make a final determination on the disposition of each com-
plaint of discrimination investigated by the staff.
The Human Relations Commission receives, initiates, investigates and
conciliates complaints of discrimination based on race, color, sex, religion,
national origin or ancestry in employment, housing and public accommodations.
The Human Relations Commission is also charged with the responsibilities
of reviewing the employment practices of City contractors; serving as the
liaison between out-groups in the community and the City Commission; fostering
good will and cooperation among the various groups in the community; studying
the problems of discrimination in the community; and making recommendations
on human relations policies and procedures to the City government. The HRG
is also empowered to publish such results of its investigation and research
as it feels will tend to promote good will and eliminate discrimination in
the community.
The Hutchinson Human Relations Commission may accept contributions and
financial assistance in the furtherance of its aims from any individual, group
or governmental unit, and all such contributions are tax deductible because
of the tax exempt status of the City, a municipal corporation.
In pursuit of its goals, the Human Relations Commission launched 1973
with a new director, some new priorities, and renewed hope. Shortly after
the year began, the Commission hired its first full-time secretary, Betty
Wickliffe, and her addition proved invaluable to the Commission's activities.
1973 was by far the Commission's most active year, and saw the completion of
a fairly comprehensive Transportation Study, complete with program recommenda-
tions for action by the City Commission. The Commission was also responsible
-2-
for securing Federal funds whereby 100 disadvantaged youth were put to work
in non-profit agencies for nine weeks during the summer, at the minimum
wage ($1.60 per hour).
Among the other programs in whose success the commission played a
significant role are Meals on Wheels, the Hutchinson NAACP Sickle Cell Pro-
gram, the Reno County Halfway House, the Reno County Council on Aging,
the Legal Aid Program, and the Kansas Human Relations Association. In
all, the Human Relations Commissioners and their staff were active members
of over 45 community civic and church organizations, all involved in efforts
to fully develop the potential of Hutchinson and its citizens. Through its
committee system, the Commission was also able to recruit and enlist the
assistance of over 200 of their fellow Hutchonians in carrying out indivi-
dual or collective programs of the commission.
The following table gives the statistical picture of the daily activities
of the HRC in 1973:
Speaking Engagements
48
Total Audience (approximately)
3200
Radio and Television Appearances
12
Request for Information and Assistance
(Telephone and walk-in) Approximately
500
Individual Consultations
353
Meetings Attended
198
Human Relations Training Courses
Conducted for Police Department
1
Human Relations Seminars and Workshops Conducted
9
The figures presented are for staff activities only, there being no
feasible way of keeping account of the Human Relations Commissioners' acti-
vities in these areas. Also, the police training course was three separate
installments of three hours each.
In 1973, the Human Relations Commission received 67 formal complaints,
whose nature and disposition are reflected in the following table:
Complaints of Discrimination:
Referred
Handled
Type
Received
to KCCR
Informally
Dismissed
Conciliated
Housing
7
6
1
Employment
53
39
7
4
3
Public Accommodations
4
3
1
1
Miscellaneous
3
1
1
1
Total
67
48
10
9
3
FORD & LIBRARY GERALD
-3-
Additionally, the Commission handled over 100 informal complaints, with
attempts being made to resolve all of them to the satisfaction of the com-
plainants.
Although 1973 was the Commission's busiest yet, we expect 1974 to be
even busier, because in addition to continuing our widespread involvement
in community service activities, we will resume the formal handling of
discrimination complaints. At this writing, negotiations are underway to
enter into an agreement with the Kansas Commission on Civil Rights to have
a number of Hutchinson complaints deferred back to the jurisdiction of the
Hutchinson Human Relations Commission. As soon as that happens, those com-
plaints will receive priority for investigation and processing.
We cannot make projections for 1974 without somehow attempting to assess
1973. Assessing 1973 is a difficult task, because human relations work is
not easily quantifiable. Many people think that 1973 was a year of public
relations for the Human Relations Commission. Those people do not really
understand what human relations is all about. Human relations involves
working with the basic human problems of our society: unemployment and
underemployment, housing conditions, health problems and health care delivery,
inadequate education - all of the socio-economic conditions that affect the
poor and disadvantaged. These problems are not limited to any one race or
ethnic group, nor to any one age group or sex. These problems are the re-
sult of the institutional subordination of one element of our society by
the other. The Hutchinson Human Relations Commission is concerned with
Hutchinson humans and their relations with one another. All of our efforts
in the social services area have been exerted because we feel that our
second most important function is the expansion and development of programs
which will bring about broad-scale changes in the principal institutions
of our community through voluntary affirmative actions and community organi-
zation. In this regard we think that 1973 was successful for us, and we
think that Hutchinson is better for it. But there is still much that needs
to be done in order to make our community agencies and community leaders
truly responsive to the needs and wants of our disadvantaged citizens. There
is still a substantial lack of job training programs in Hutchinson. We
still dream of a low-cost, out-patient health care center here. There still
remains the gigantic task of making our educational system begin to be sen-
sitive to minorities. As yet there is no organized vehicle to advocate
for the rights of our senior citizens. Our Legal Aid Program is about to
get organized, but that is only the first critical step towards making
legal justice for the poor a fact instead of a lie. We still need a trans-
portation system for all of Hutchinson. We have made a lot of progress,
but that should only make us even more conscious of all that needs to be
done in order to improve the quality of life and socio-economic status of
our less-fortunate brethren.
We have dealt with our second most important area. Our most important
(and most obvious) function is to provide prompt, just and effective ser-
vice to aggrieved individuals who have been discriminated against because
of race, color, sex, religion, national origin or ancestry. Our most im
FORD
portant task is also our most difficult: equal opportunity is still very GERALA
LIBRARY
-4-
far from being a reality in Hutchinson. 1973 saw very little improvement
for minorities in the area of jobs, housing and public accommodations. The
largest employers in the city still hire very few minorities, and those who
do hire significant numbers of minorities keep them in lower echelon positions.
Discrimination in employment continues to be the number one opponent of the
Commission. Discrimination in education continues, with the public schools
and the Junior College still absent courses in minority studies, and each
with less than a representative complement of minority employees. Housing
complaints numbered 10% of all of our formal complaints, but housing and
public accommodations so closely follow economic lines, that to solve em-
ployment discrimination would go a long way towards ending discriminatory
practices in housing and public accommodations.
In 1974, the Hutchinson Human Relations Commission can and will do a
better job of guaranteeing legal equality. We will seek to use our powers
to achieve affirmative action in all aspects of employment in the city. We
shall stimulate and prod the public and private institutions in Hutchinson
to undertake programs which will provide for equal opportunity - but we are
very cognizant of the reality that we ourselves connot provide the economic,
political and social resources which form the bases of achieving equality
in fact.
To paraphrase Boyard Rustin, we need a coalition of a lot of people,
both Black, White and Mexican-American. There's room in this struggle for
everybody, SO let's get on with it.
GERALD R. LIBRARY FORD
OFFICE OF THE VICE PRESIDENT
WASHINGTON, D.C.
6-27
Dorothy:
The United Nations Assn is
fully aware that the Vice
President and Mrs. Ford will
not be at the July 2nd dinner,
but wanted him to see their
invitation.
thanks
marba
Thanks
FORD & LIBRARY GERALD
peòple in communities to cooperate with each other, to take an honest
look at their problems, and to work earnestly to put an end to discrimi-
Vice President and Mrs. Gerald R. Ford
natory practices. To do this job, CRS maintains a staff of skilled Con-
ciliators and Mediators who are widely experienced in race relations
Honorary Chairpersons
and intergroup relations, and such fields as education, law, social work,
and police-minority relations.
and the
CRS may offer its assistance whenever in its judgment the peaceful
relations among the citizens of a community are threatened, and it may
Community Friends
do so on its own motion or at the request of local or State officials or
of
other interested persons.
Community Relations Service
United States Department of Justice
The Ralph Bunche Awards Program
cordially invite you to dinner in celebration of
Francis M. Lee
Director
The Agency's Tenth Anniversary
for the benefit of
The Ralph Bunche Awards Program is the first national program de-
signed to actively seek out and increase the number of black Americans
The Ralph Bunche Awards Program
in the decision-making process of international affairs. It was created as
Tuesday, the second of July
a memorial to the work of the late Under-Secretary-General of the
seven o'clock
United Nations, Ralph J. Bunche-an educator, scholar, diplomat,
peacemaker and Nobel prize winner.
The Theraton Park Hotel
A multi-level approach, the Ralph Bunche program grants Fellowships
Washington, D.C.
for a year of independent study, holds seminars, and informs the com-
munity of relevant issues in the international arena. Participants in the
Ralph Bunche Awards Program are expected to carry to positions of
Principal Address
GERALD FORD LIBRARY
responsibility in all fields a commitment to renewal, to change and to
The Honorable Maynard Jackson
humanize the American role in our world. It is a program of the United
Nations Association of the United States of America which is organized
to stimulate constructive interest in, and support for the ideals embodied
Master of Ceremonies
Black Tie
in the Charter of the U.N.
Ossie Davis
Community Relations Service
HONORARY SPONSORS
Ben Holman
Community Relations Service
Director
The Honorable Herman Badillo
Mr. Edward Lucero
10th ANNIVERSARY BENEFIT DINNER COMMITTEE
The United States House of Representatives
The Community Relations Service-commonly called CRS-was
President
The Honorable Theodore Berry
Colorado Economic Development Association
Vice President and Mrs. Gerald R. Ford
created in the Civil Rights Act of 1964, to help communities to resolve
Mayor, City of Cincinnati
The Right Reverend Paul Moore, Jr.
Honorary Chairpersons
"disputes, disagreements, or difficulties relating to discrimination based
Mrs. Ralph J. Bunche, Sr.
Bishop of New York
on race, color, or national origin." The agency does not enforce laws,
The Honorable Yvonne B. Burke
The Honorable John A. Nevius
Attorney General William B. Saxbe
Senator Edward W. Brooke
regulate practices or grant funds for programs. It helps to settle racial
The United States House of Representatives
Chairman, City Council, Washington, D.C.
Honorary Vice Chairpersons
conflicts and end discriminatory practices by persuading the parties
The Honorable Jimmy Carter
The Honorable Marjory H. Parker
Mrs. Edward C. Mazique
involved to take the necessary voluntary action.
Governor of Georgia
Member, City Council, Washington, D.C.
General Chairman
CRS is not restricted to concern with the provisions of any single
The Honorable Clifford P. Case
Miss Flaxie M. Pinkett
The United States Senate
Executive Committee
civil rights statute. Its mandate extends to all conflicts stemming from
President, John B. Pinkett, Inc.
Dr. James E. Cheek
Mrs. Stanley P. Bridges
Mrs. C. David Hinton
discrimination based on race, color, or national origin which impairs
The Honorable Elliot L. Richardson
President, Howard University
Mrs. Valerie P. Brown
Mrs. Wendall A. Parris
persons' rights "under the Constitution or laws of the United States."
Governor Nelson Rockefeller
Mrs. John F. J. Clark
Mrs. Winston C. Willoughby
The Honorable John Conyers, Jr.
The agency works to resolve racial conflicts through both concilia-
The United States House of Representatives
Mr. Carl T. Rowan
Committee
tion and mediation. In the CRS definition, conciliation means perform-
The Honorable Charles C. Diggs, Jr.
The Honorable Walter E. Washington
Mrs. Jacqueline Altemus
Miss Joyce A. Key
ing a variety of steps to help move the parties involved to a peaceful
The United States House of Representatives
Mayor, City of Washington, D.C.
Mrs. Lonis C. Ballard
Mrs. Arthur A. Peltz
settlement-for example, opening up communication between them, pro-
The Honorable Don Edwards
The United States House of Representatives
Mr. Roy Wilkins
Mrs. Frank Brown
Miss Mildred J. Pickett
viding pertinent facts and information, suggesting alternatives, and
Executive Director, National Association
Mrs. Ada C. Carson
Miss Jane B. Redmon
The Honorable Walter E. Fauntroy
for the Advancement of Colored People
Mrs. Charles S. Cogan
Miss Ruth L. Richmond
helping identify sources of specialized or technical assistance. Media-
The United States House of Representatives
Mrs. T. R. Conner
Mrs. Radcliffe J. Robinson
tion refers to the formal process of setting up and moderating negotia-
Mr. Elmer Winter
The Honorable Johnny Ford
Mrs. Albert H. Dyson, Jr.
Mrs. Kenneth H. Shannon
Mayor, City of Tuskegee
President, American Jewish Committee
tions between disputing parties to try and reach a mutually satisfactory
Mrs. Ernest T. Eiland
Mrs. Huestis H. Smith
settlement to a conflict through a written agreement.
Mrs. Martin Luther King, Jr.
The Honorable Lester L. Wolff
Mrs. Samuel J. Hazelett
Miss Marcia Smith
The United States House of Representatives
Mrs. Everette C. Hunt
Mrs. Eugene Tyson
CRS carries out its conflict-settling function working directly in com-
Mr. Robert F. Lewine
President, The National Academy
The Honorable Andrew Young
Mrs. Stewart J. Johnson
Mrs. Harold H. Whitted
munities with the parties involved, a task which is obviously not very
of Television Arts & Sciences
The United States House of Representatives
Miss Ernestine L. Williams
abstract. Its effectiveness depends on the ability of its professional
staff-frequently under extremely difficult circumstances-to persuade
Chairman of the Association
UNITED NATIONS ASSOCIATION of the UNITED STATES of AMERICA
Earl Warren
Chief Justice
345 EAST 46th STREET, NEW YORK, N.Y. 10017
of the United States (retired)
Cable Address UNASAMER
(212) OXford 7-3232
Co-Chairman of the Association
Robert S. Benjamin
National Chairman, UN Day 1974
Chairman of the Board
UNA
USA
(By appointment of The President of the U.S.A.)
United Artists Corp.
Frank T. Cary
Chairman, Board of Governors
Chairman of the Board
Joseph M. Segel
International Business Machines Corporation
Chairman
Segel Foundation
June 21, 1974
Vice Chairmen
Oscar A. de Lima
Chairman of the Board
Roger Smith Hotels Corp.
Leonard F. McCollum
Former Chairman of the Board
JUN 25 REC'D
Continental Oil Co.
Porter McKeever
Associate
no toothers
John D. Rocketeller, 3rd
Secretary
Mrs. Harvey Picker
The Vice President and Mrs. Gerald R. Ford
Interchange Foundation
United States Senate
Treasurer
Harry W. Knight
Washington, D.C. 20510
President
Hillsboro Associates, Inc.
Governors
Dear Vice President and Mrs. Ford:
I. W. Abel
President
United Steelworkers of America
We wish, once again, to thank you for consenting
Adele Allen
Former President
to serve as Honorary Chairpersons for the CRS
Student Government,
Wellesley College
10th Anniversary Dinner for the benefit of the
William T. Coleman, Jr.
Partner
Ralph Bunche Awards Program.
Dilworth, Paxson, Kalish,
Levy and Coleman
Patricia K. DiGiorgio
The time - July 2, 1974, is drawing near and the
President
San Francisco Chapter, UNA
responses are exceeding our expectations.
Walter E. Hanson
Senior Partner
Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co.
Many will be disappointed that you will not be
Edward Lamb
there to greet them.
Chairman of the Board
Lamb Communications, Inc.
John E. Leslie
Chairman of the Board
We have enclosed an invitation so that you can
Bache & Co.
see what we have done publicly and the people
Franklin A. Lindsay
President
involved. This invitation was mailed to 9,250
Itek Corp.
people across the Nation.
James S. McDonnell
Chairman of the Board
McDonnell-Douglas Corp.
G. William Miller
Should there be any change in your schedule we
President
would be so honored to have you drop in for a
Textron, Inc.
FORD & LIBRARY
William S. Renchard
few moments. Please try.
Chairman, Executive Committee
Chemical Bank
Robert V. Roosa
Partner
Brown Brothers, Harriman & Co.
Sincerely,
Donald A. Schmechel
Partner
Davis, Wright, Todd,
me. Edward C. magague
Riese & Jones
Cyrus R. Vance
Mrs. Edward C. Mazique
Partner
General Chairman
Simpson, Thacher and Bartlett
CRS 10th Anniversary Benefit
Honorary Co-Chairmen
Arthur J. Goldberg
Dinner Committee
Paul G. Hoffman
Henry Cabot Lodge
Anna Lord Strauss
Charles W. Yost
Enclosure
6/26 Called of
Executive Vice President
Robert M. Ratner
3800 13th Street, N.E.
said V.P. has
Vice President, Policy Studies
James F. Leonard
Washington, D.C. 20017
Vice President, Development
Phone: 739-4057
and Program Planning
P/C . they
Joe Byrns Sills
under
this was to err
384
VPru invitation
msp
people in communities to cooperate with each other, to take an honest
look at their problems, and to work earnestly to put an end to discrimi-
Vice President and Mrs. Gerald R. Ford
natory practices. To do this job, CRS maintains a staff of skilled Con-
ciliators and Mediators who are widely experienced in race relations
Honorary Chairpersons
and intergroup relations, and such fields as education, law, social work,
and the
and police-minority relations.
asrbz WSR
Tile
CRS may offer its assistance whenever in its judgment the peaceful
Community Friends
JUN 17 REC'D
relations among the citizens of a community are threatened, and it may
do so on its own motion or at the request of local or State officials or
of
other interested persons.
Community Relations Service
United States Department of Justice
The Ralph Bunche Awards Program
cordially invite you to dinner in celebration of
Francis M. Lee
The Agency Tenth Anniversary
Director
for the benefit of
The Ralph Bunche Awards Program is the first national program de-
The Ralph Bunche Awards Program
signed to actively seek out and increase the number of black Americans
in the decision-making process of international affairs. It was created as
Tuesday, the second of July
a memorial to the work of the late Under-Secretary-General of the
seven o'clock
United Nations, Ralph J. Bunche-an educator, scholar, diplomat,
The Sheraton Park Hotel
peacemaker and Nobel prize winner.
A multi-level approach, the Ralph Bunche program grants Fellowships
Washington, D.C.
for a year of independent study, holds seminars, and informs the com-
BERALD FORD LIBRARY
munity of relevant issues in the international arena. Participants in the
Principal Address
Ralph Bunche Awards Program are expected to carry to positions of
responsibility in all fields a commitment to renewal, to change and to
The Honorable Maynard Jackson
humanize the American role in our world. It is a program of the United
Nations Association of the United States of America which is organized
Master of Ceremonies
Black Tie
to stimulate constructive interest in, and support for the ideals embodied
Ossie Davis
in the Charter of the U.N.
Community Relations Service
HONORARY SPONSORS
Ben Holman
Community Relations Service
Director
The Honorable Herman Badillo
Mr. Edward Lucero
10th ANNIVERSARY BENEFIT DINNER COMMITTEE
The United States House of Representatives
President
The Community Relations Service-commonly called CRS-was
The Honorable Theodore Berry
Colorado Economic Development Association
Vice President and Mrs. Gerald R. Ford
created in the Civil Rights Act of 1964, to help communities to resolve
Mayor, City of Cincinnati
The Right Reverend Paul Moore, Jr.
Honorary Chairpersons
"disputes, disagreements, or difficulties relating to discrimination based
Mrs. Ralph J. Bunche, Sr.
Bishop of New York
on race, color, or national origin." The agency does not enforce laws,
The Honorable Yvonne B. Burke
The Honorable John A. Nevius
Attorney General William B. Saxbe
Senator Edward W. Brooke
regulate practices or grant funds for programs. It helps to settle racial
The United States House of Representatives
Chairman, City Council, Washington, D.C.
Honorary Vice Chairpersons
conflicts and end discriminatory practices by persuading the parties
The Honorable Jimmy Carter
The Honorable Marjory H. Parker
Mrs. Edward C. Mazique
involved to take the necessary voluntary action.
Governor of Georgia
Member, City Council, Washington, D.C.
General Chairman
CRS is not restricted to concern with the provisions of any single
The Honorable Clifford P. Case
Miss Flaxie M. Pinkett
The United States Senate
Executive Committee
civil rights statute. Its mandate extends to all conflicts stemming from
President, John B. Pinkett, Inc.
Dr. James E. Cheek
Mrs. Stanley P. Bridges
Mrs. C. David Hinton
discrimination based on race, color, or national origin which impairs
The Honorable Elliot L. Richardson
President, Howard University
Mrs. Valerie P. Brown
Mrs. Wendall A. Parris
persons' rights "under the Constitution or laws of the United States."
Governor Nelson Rockefeller
Mrs. John F. J. Clark
Mrs. Winston C. Willoughby
The Honorable John Conyers, Jr.
The agency works to resolve racial conflicts through both concilia-
The United States House of Representatives
Mr. Carl T. Rowan
Committee
tion and mediation. In the CRS definition, conciliation means perform-
The Honorable Charles C. Diggs, Jr.
The Honorable Walter E. Washington
Mrs. Jacqueline Altemus
Miss Joyce A. Key
ing a variety of steps to help move the parties involved to a peaceful
The United States House of Representatives
Mayor, City of Washington, D.C.
Mrs. Lonis C. Ballard
Mrs. Arthur A. Peltz
settlement-for example, opening up communication between them, pro-
The Honorable Don Edwards
The United States House of Representatives
Mr. Roy Wilkins
Mrs. Frank Brown
Miss Mildred J. Pickett
viding pertinent facts and information, suggesting alternatives, and
Executive Director, National Association
Mrs. Ada C. Carson
Miss Jane B. Redmon
The Honorable Walter E. Fauntroy
for the Advancement of Colored People
Mrs. Charles S. Cogan
Miss Ruth L. Richmond
helping identify sources of specialized or technical assistance. Media-
The United States House of Representatives
Mrs. T. R. Conner
Mrs. Radcliffe J. Robinson
tion refers to the formal process of setting up and moderating negotia-
Mr. Elmer Winter
The Honorable Johnny Ford
Mrs. Albert H. Dyson, Jr.
Mrs. Kenneth H. Shannon
President, American Jewish Committee
tions between disputing parties to try and reach a mutually satisfactory
Mayor, City of Tuskegee
Mrs. Ernest T. Eiland
Mrs. Huestis H. Smith
settlement to a conflict through a written agreement.
Mrs. Martin Luther King, Jr.
The Honorable Lester L. Wolff
Mrs. Samuel J. Hazelett
Miss Marcia Smith
The United States House of Representatives
Mrs. Everette C. Hunt
Mrs. Eugene Tyson
CRS carries out its conflict-settling function working directly in com-
Mr. Robert F. Lewine
President, The National Academy
The Honorable Andrew Young
Mrs. Stewart J. Johnson
Mrs. Harold H. Whitted
munities with the parties involved, a task which is obviously not very
of Television Arts & Sciences
The United States House of Representatives
Miss Ernestine L. Williams
abstract. Its effectiveness depends on the ability of its professional
staff-frequently under extremely difficult circumstances-to persuade
SCHEDULING
MESSAGE, July 2, 1974
Mazique, Mrs. Edward
Community Relations Service
U.S. Dept. of Justice
July 2, 1974
Dinner-Sheraton Park, D. C.
265-5037
Mrs. Edward C. Masique
General Chairman
Community Relations Service
NOTE: Hand Delivered to Sheraton-Park
10th Anniversayy Benefit
Dinner Committee
345 East 46th Street
New York, New York 10017
Dear Mrs. Masique:
While I cannot personally be with you tonight, I would like to take
this opportunity to extend my appreciation for the fine efforts of
the Community Relations Service of the United States Department
of Justice, over the past ten years.
The program which has been developed in the name of a great
humanitarian, Ralph Bunche, has contributed much to the equal
treatment of all our citizens and in helping to bring America closer to
achieving its full potential.
I look forward to continued outstanding contributions within the Commu-
nity Relations Service and its many friends.
Sincerely,
Gerald R. Ford
GRF:Cbr
FORD i LIBRARI GERALD
1
address.
on
Dear Mrs. Mazique:
While I n not personally be with you tonight, I would like to
take this opportunity to extend my appreciation for the fine efforts over the past
of the United States Department of Justice Community Relations
16 years
Service. olh
The program which has been develop ed the past yea rs in the
name of a great humanitarian, Raph Bunche, has contributed much
to American to Black involvement the equal treatment of all our citizens.
in
and helping bring America closer to achieving it 8 full potential.
I continue to look forward to such continued outstanding contributions.
in the Community Relations Service and its mans friends
With kind regards and best wishes to all in attendanc
who
have helped to chieve this SUCCOSE.
Sincerely,
Gerald R. Ford
GRF:Cbr
to Shev
hand cary
GERALD LISAARY
It needs to he hand carried to
SheratonaPark
ONLY
Honovary Chvmn
SCHEDULING
АССПРТАНСИ, July 2
Spencer, Mrs. A.L.
RE: Honorary chrmn of
Community Relations
May 6, 1974
dinner
Dear Mrs. Spencer:
I would like to express my thanks to the U.S. Depart-
ment of Justice, Community Relations Service for the
invitation extended to me to serve as Honorary Chair-
man of your 10th anniversary dinner.
I shall be very happy to accept the honor to serve
in this capacity. The program which you have developed
over the past years in the name of that great human-
itarian, Ralph Bunche, has contributed much to Amer-
ican black involvement in world affairs. I com-
mend the Community Relations Service for the past
years of activity. Because of an extremely heavy
schedule Mrs. Ford and I will be unable to attend your
dinner on July 2 and we regret our inability to be
with you.
Your thoughtfulness in extending this invitation is
appreciated. I also wish to send my warm regards to
you for a most successful dinner.
Sincerely,
Gerald R. Ford
Mrs. A.L. Spencer
3800 13th Street NE
Washington, D.C. 20017
GRF:Wap
FORD & LIBRARY GERALD
MEMORANDUM
May 9, 1974
TO:
Dr. S. Margurite Mazique
FROM:
Warren S. Rustand
RE:
Community Relations Service Dinner
July 2, 1974
Thank you very much for your invitation to Vice President
Ford to attend the Community relations Service Dinner.
This correspondence is by way of follow up to our phone
call to your office indicating that the Vice President
would be honored to serve as Honorary Chairman. However,
because of a prior commitment he is unable to attend in
person. We are enclosing a copy of our letter to Mrs.
Spencer.
Your thoughtfulness in extending this invitation is
appreciated.
FORD is LIBRARY GERALD
1
May 9, 1974
TO:
Stanley Scott
FROM:
Warren Rustand
RE:
Community Relations Benefit
Dinner - U.S. Dept. of Justice
July 2, 1974
Thank you for forwarding to us the information on the
above event. We are enclosing a copy of the Vice
President's letter to Mrs. Spencer. We have also com-
municated with Mrs. Mazique by phone and with a copy
of letter.
We appreciate your interest in this event.
FORD if LIBRARY OFRALD
SCHEDULING
ACCEPTANCE: July 2
Beykin, Ulysses
RE: Community Relations
May 9, 1974
Service - Dept. of
Justice
Mr. Ulysses W. Boykin
WGPR -TV
2101 Gratiot
Detroit, Michigan 48207
Dear Mr. Boykin:
Thank you very much for your endorsement of the
invitation extended to Vice President Ford to
lend his name to the Community Relations Service
dinner on July 2.
The Vice President appreciates your thoughtfulness
in your endorsement. We are enclosing a copy of
the letter to Mrs. Spencer stating that he and Mrs.
Ford will be unable to attend. However, he is
pleased to serve as Honorary Chairman.
Sincerely,
Warren S. Rustand
Director of Scheduling
WSR:Wmp
Enc.
FORD i LIBRARY GERALD
Julyz
APR 19 REC'D
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
April 18, 1974
MEMORANDUM FOR:
WARREN RUSTAND
FROM:
STANLEY SCOTT If
SUBJECT:
Community Relations Benefit
Dinner- -July 2, 1974
The attached correspondence is self-explanatory. Would
personally recommend this event to the Vice President.
Warren, I would appreciate it greatly if someone on your
staff would communicate with Mrs. Edward Mazique to let
her know that your office is on top of her request.
Thank you.
Attachment
V.P. should see this invitation!! wse
Honorary Chairmenship
4-22
accept Honorory chammaship -but
regut appearance! usn 5-6
FORD & LIBRARY GERALD
MEMORANDUM
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY
TO
:
Mr. Stanley Scott
Bldg
DATE:
Special Assistant to the Burreza
Ind,
April 15, 1974
Mrs. Edward nugusity C. Mazique cem.
4/2
in
AA
Derozo,
FROM
:
General Chairman
SUBJECT: Community Relations Service 10th Anniversary
Benefit Dinner
On July 2, 1974 the Community Relations Service, U.S.
Department of Justice will observe its 10th Anniversary at a
Formal Benefit Dinner, sponsored by community friends at the
Sheraton Park Hotel, Washington, D.C.
The Community Relations Service was established by the Civil
Rights Act of 1964 to help communities resolve racial disputes.
Thus it is typical that CRS should consent to have its community
friends sponsor a benefit in its name on this 10th natal day.
The proceeds of this affair to which we hope to attract 1000
people will be used to further the work of the Ralph Bunche
Awards Program. This program in international human and community
relations is a part of the United Nations Association of the
U.S.A. It is named for Dr. Ralph Bunche, winner of the Nobel
Peace Prize and former Under Secretary General of the United
Nations.
Thus, I would like for the Vice President to serve as
Honorary Chairman.
Attorney General Saxbe and Senator Edward Brooke have consented
to serve as Co-Vice Chairman.
A cross section of prominent national and local citizens will be
serving as Honorary Advisors to this community committee, and
FORD is LIBRARY GERALD
-2-
I am serving as General Chairman of the community friends of
CRS.
I am appealing to you once again for assistance. I would
greatly appreciate your bringing the enclosed letter to the
Vice President's attention and perhaps encourage him to lend
his name to this affair.
A copy of the stationery of the UNA of U.S.A. is attached to
show the calibre of people involved. Any suggestions you have
will be highly appreciated.
Welcome home - I hope your mission through Africa was successful.
Attachments:
FORD & LIBRARY GERALD
m Scutt
THE RALPH BUNCHE AWARDS PROGRAM
For perhaps the first time in U.S. history black youths interested in
international affairs and foreign service career jobs will be in line for
unprecedented financial and professional assistance.
The aid will come through the annual Ralph Bunche Awards Program of
the United Nations Association of the United States of America, the only
private organization entirely engaged in non-partisan research and education
aimed at making the UN and other international organizations more effective
to meet the needs of the times.
First announced last year by UNA, the program is just beginning to gather
momentum. It was named for the late UN under secretary for special
political affairs, and will have a minimum financing of $100, 000 annually
over the next five years, according to Joseph M. Segal, chairman of the
Board of Governors of UNA, and its president, Porter McKeever.
Dr. Bunche died in 1971 at the age of 69, the highest ranking American in the
UN Secretariat, one of the world's foremost experts on race relations and
peace-making, and winner of the 1950 Nobel Peace Prize.
The awards program, UNA says, is aimed at formulating and carrying out
a sustained, practical leadership development program in the field of inter-
national affairs. Intended as something more than a ceremonial tribute to
Dr. Bunche, the program focuses on one of the special needs of the U.S.
which the world leader rated as an important domestic priority: the
encouragement of increased participation and involvement of American blacks
in the general field of world affairs.
Two main components of the program will be Ralph Bunche Associates and
Ralph Bunche Fellows. Associates will be college level black students with
leadership potential and distinguishable interests in service, study and career
opportunities in the field of international affairs. Each Associate, in addition
to the normal benefits of membership in the UNA, will receive a variety of
educational and informational materials on the UN and current world affairs
issues and programs. Associates will be selected in cooperation with the
United Negro College Fund, and as funds become available, it is expected
that the Associates will provide the field of candidates from which some 20
or more Ralph Bunche Fellows will be selected annually.
BERALD FORD FIBRARY
Fellowships are of one-year duration and carry a stipend of $5,000, with
additional funds for supplementary needs.
Ralph Bunche, Jr., son of the late world affairs expert, and manager of
the Middle East-Africa desk of Morgan Guaranty Trust, and John H. Johnson,
president, Johnson Publications, Chicago, are honorary chairmen of the
awards program.
GERALD R FORD
Chairman of the Association
UNITED NATIONS ASSOCIATION of the UNITED STATES of AMERICA
Earl Warren
Chief Justice
345 EAST 46th STREET, NEW YORK, N.Y. 10017
of the United States (retired)
Cable Address UNASAMER
(212) OXford 7-3232
Co-Chairman of the Association
Robert S. Benjamin
UNA
USA
National Chairman, UN Day 1973
Chairman of the Board
(By appointment of President Nixon)
United Artists Corp.
Donald S. MacNaughton
Chairman, Board of Governors
Chairman of the Board
Joseph M. Segel
Chairman
The Prudential
President
Segel Foundation
Edward M. Korry
Insurance Company of America
Vice Chairmen
Oscar A. de Lima
Chairman of the Board
Roger Smith Hotels Corp.
April 15, 1974
Leonard F. McCollum
Former Chairman of the Board
Continental Oil Co.
Porter McKeever
Associate
John D. Rockefeller, 3rd
The Vice President and Mrs. Ford
Secretary
Mrs. Harvey Picker
United States Senate
Interchange Foundation
Treasurer
Washington, D.C. 20510
Harry W. Knight
President
Hillsboro Associates, Inc.
Dear Mr. Vice President and Mrs. Ford:
Governors
I. W. Abel
President
United Steelworkers of America
On July 2, 1974 the Community Relations Service, U.S. Department
Adele Allen
Former President
of Justice will observe its 10th Anniversary at a Formal Benefit
Student Government,
Wellesley College
Dinner sponsored by community friends at the Sheraton Park Hotel,
William T. Coleman, Jr.
Partner
Washington, D. C.
Dilworth, Paxson, Kalish,
Levy and Coleman
Patricia K. DiGlorgio
President
Community Relations Service was established by the Civil Rights
San Francisco Chapter, UNA
Act of 1964 to help communities cope effectively with
disputes,
Walter E. Hanson
Senior Partner
Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co.
disagreements, and difficulties relating to discriminatory practices
Edward Lamb
based on race, color or national origin. 11 Thus it is typical that
Chairman of the Board
Lamb Communications, Inc.
CRS should consent to have its community friends sponsor a benefit
John E. Leslie
Chairman of the Board
in its name on this 10th natal day. The proceeds of this affair to
Bache & Co.
Franklin A. Lindsay
which we hope to attract 1000 people will be used to further the work
President
Itek Corp.
of the Ralph Bunche Awards Program. This program in international,
James S. McDonnell
Chairman of the Board
human and community relations is a part of the United Nations Associ-
McDonnell-Douglas Corp.
ation of the U.S.A. It is named for Dr. Ralph Bunche, winner of the
G. William Miller
President
Nobel Peace Prize and former Under Secretary of the United Nations.
Textron, Inc.
William S. Renchard
Chairman, Executive Committee
Chemical Bank
Attorney General Saxbe and Senator Edward Brooke have consented to
Robert V. Roosa
Partner
serve as Honorary Co-Vice Chairmen.
Brown Brothers, Harriman & Co.
Donald A. Schmechel
Partner
Davis, Wright, Todd,
A cross section of prominent national and local citizens will be serving
Riese & Jones
as Honorary Advisors to our community committee.
Cyrus R. Vance
Partner
Simpson, Thacher and Bartlett
Honorary Co-Chairmen
It is our sincere hope that you and Mrs. Ford will consent to serve as
Arthur J. Goldberg
Paul G. Hoffman
Honorary Chairpersons.
Henry Cabot Lodge
Anna Lord Strauss
Charles W. Yost
Executive Vice President
Robert M. Ratner
Vice President, Policy Studies
James F. Leonard
Vice President, Development
and Program Planning
FORD & LIBRARY GERALD
Joe Byrns Sills
384
-2-
The mere thought that you both might serve fills us with exhileration.
To lend your name and support will not only guarantee a successful
event but will insure an ongoing vitality of the ideals for which these
organizations stand.
Since time is a factor, we shall be anxiously waiting to hear from you.
We have enclosed for your information materials on CRS and the
Ralph Bunche Awards Program.
Sincerely yours,
(me) Edward C. magique
Mrs. Edward C. Mazique
General Chairman
CRS 10th Anniversary Benefit
Dinner Committee
Enclosures
R.S.V.P.
c/o Mrs. A.L. Spencer
3800 13th Street, N.E.
Washington, D.C. 20017
FORD & LIBRARY GERALD
COMMUNITY RELATIONS SERVICE
I. General Information
Purpose of Agency
The Community Relations Service (CRS) is an agency of the
U.S. Department of Justice. It was created by the Civil
Rights Act of 1964 to help communities cope effectively with
11 disputes, disagreements, and difficulties relating to
discriminatory practices based on race, color, or national
origin 11
CRS provides technical assistance to both State and local governments
and community groups. The agency does not enforce laws, regulate
practices, or grant funds for programs. Its primary activities involve
employing various techniques of persuasion to help defuse tensions
and conflicts within communities. CRS' goal is to help bring about
rapid and orderly socioeconomic progress for all American citizens.
II. Assistance Defined
The two fundamental services which the CRS provides are conciliation
and mediation.
Conciliation, as defined by the CRS, is the injecting of third-party
skills and resources into disputes, difficulties, or disagreements to
avoid, minimize and/or remove violence, offer alternatives to
involved parties and influence actions or reactions toward peaceful
resolution.
-2-
Mediation is defined as a technical process, more formal than conciliation,
in which a third-party intermediary has sanctions from the disputants
and assists the conflicting parties in reaching a mutually satisfactory
settlement of their differences, preferably with self-enforcing, built-in
mechanisms.
III. Crisis Involvement - Methods and Criteria
A. Conciliation
CRS provides conciliation assistance to communities in crisis in two
basic ways:
(1) When the agency determines on its own initiative that assistance is
needed; or
(2) At the request of State or local officials or of local citizens or
organizations, both public and private, with a legitimate interest or
stake in the outcome of the dispute.
The criteria on which the agency makes the decision whether or not
to respond are determined by answers to these three primary questions:
(1) Does the assessment of circumstances indicate that the difficulties are
likely to be effectively influenced by conciliation?
(2) Are there resources available, other than those of the CRS, which
could have significant bearing on successful resolution of the dispute?
(3) Is there a reasonable likelihood that an agreement, once consummated,
can be promptly implemented?
-3-
B. Mediation
CRS provides mediation assistance in a community crisis via three
basic routes:
(1) Upon judicial referral when the court feels there is a reasonable
likelihood a dispute can be voluntarily settled through mediation;
(2) On its own initiative when the CRS determines that mediation
assistance is needed; and
(3) At the request of State and local officials and public and private
local citizens or organizations with a legitimate interest or stake in
the outcome of the dispute.
To provide mediation services, the criteria which must be satisfied
are:
(1) Satisfactory determination that the nature of the difficulties rest
within the agency's legislative mandate and are compatible with its
responsibilities under existing policy;
(2) Availability of agency personnel to perform the required assignment;
(3) Assessment of the circumstances indicate that conflicting parties
are--or appear to be--willing to accept and facilitate mediation, a
reasonable possibility that permanent settlement can be reached; and,
once
consummated, the agreement can be expeditiously implemented.
-4-
Although the Community Relations Service is authorized to intercede
in a community dispute based upon the agency's own initiative, a
request for assistance is virtually implicit in every case to which it
responds.
IV. The Crisis Response System
The systematic approach to crisis response begins when an alert is
called in by someone who knows of CRS and its mandate or a CRS
staff person gains first-hand knowledge of a crisis. At the appro-
priate regional or headquarters office trained professionals gather
pertinent facts needed to determine whether or not the agency should
respond. (This is generally done through a telephone assessment, but
on occasion, circumstances will justify or require an on-site assessment. )
The kind of facts needed include answers to these questions:
What happened - who is involved and what caused it?
Did the conflict result from long-standing grievances or in response to
a particular issue or event?
What law enforcement agency (or agencies) is involved?
Are there lines of communication between officials and protestors?
What is the reaction of local officials toward the protestors and vice versa?
What demands, if any, are being made by the dissidents?
Is anyone doing anything about it?
-5-
The people who provide answers to these questions are State and local
officials, law enforcement heads and personnel where involved, business
and professional leaders, members of the minority community, and civil
rights and human relations organizations. The facts gathered are
analyzed on the basis of the history of the problems causing the conflict,
the potential for escalation of tension or for violence, and the probability
that CRS assistance can help solve the problems.
Upon completion of the assessment, the CRS professional presents it
along with a recommendation to respond or not to respond. A positive
decision results in the dispatch of a CRS conciliation team to the crisis
site.
V. CRS Conciliation Activities
Paramount to successful settlement of contemporary conflict issues
is the need for an outside source to provide an independent perspective
upon which adversaries can mutually depend for detached observation,
objective judgment, and balanced responsiveness. Conciliation efforts
of the CRS team include such roles and activities as:
continuing assessment of the situation as a
neutral third party
faciliating communications between disputants
so that issues and opposing viewpoints are
perceived and examined
arranging and/or convening meetings between the
adversaries
helping disputants identify and enlist resources
which have a bearing on resolution of the conflict
identifying and verifying leadership roles between disputants
-6-
consulting and advising with law enforcement officials to
reduce the likelihood of confrontation or violence when
inflammatory conditions prevail
intervening in conflicts between and within ethnic/racial
groups to seek solutions to such discord
assisting adversaries to understand the nature of conflict
crisis, and protest, and to overcome inhibiting
stereotypes
helping to formulate and apply constructive internal
disciplinary procedures (self-policing systems)
in the planning and execution of protest activities
involving large numbers of participants
providing a Federal presence in critical situations
in which there is a useful purpose served by on-the-
scene observation - such as demonstrating a major
concern for a particular problem and assuring timely
and active Federal involvement should changing
circumstances dictate.
After appropriate resolution of its conciliation effort, the CRS team
tries to get State, local, Federal, and private resources involved in
follow-up activities intended to eliminate or minimize the potential
for such future crises in that community.
VI. CRS Mediation Activities
The CRS introduced mediation service as a pilot program during 1973.
In less than a year, the agency successfully completed eleven mediation
cases, three of which were referred by the courts--two corrections-related
cases and one education-related case.
In mediation, the CRS brings disputants and interested parties together
for positive action. Specific activities of the mediator include:
establishing recognition by the parties of opposing
negotiation spokesmen and participants
-7-
chairing negotiation sessions
presenting and clarifying the issues and
establishing priorities
arranging for an appropriate mechanism with which
to assure followup implementation of agreements
reached
discussing affirmative steps to prevent and meet
future problems
persuading parties to maintain a "good faith"
posture and to move toward realistic settlement
goals.
VII. Structure for Rendering Assistance
CRS has 10 regional offices which are staffed by two to five mediators
and conciliators. These professionals are supervised by a Regional
Director.
The recommended access point for anyone wishing to receive CRS
assistance is the Regional Director for the specific area, as listed in
the next Section.
VIII. Technical Assistance Contacts By Region.
-8-
Region
Regional Director
Address
I. New England
Lawrence Turner
JFK Federal Building
Me., Vt., N.H.,
617/223-3008
Government Center
Mass., Conn.,
Room 608-B
R.I.
Boston, Mass. 02203
II. Northeast
Edward O'Connell
U.S. Customs & Court
N.J., N.Y.,
212/264-0700
House, Room 3400
P.R., V.I.
26 Federal Plaza
New York, N.Y. 10007
III. Mid-Atlantic
Edmond Haywood
U.S. Customs House
Pa., W. Va., Md.,
215/597-2344
Room 309
Va., D.C., Del.
2nd & Chestnut Streets
Philadelphia, Pa. 19106
IV. Southest
Ozell Sutton
75 Piedmont Ave., N.E.
Ky., Miss., Ga.,
404/526-6883
Room 900
S.C., Tenn., N.C.,
Atlanta, Ga. 30303
Ala., Fla.
V. Midwest
Richard Salem
55 E. Monroe Street
Wis., Minn., Mich.,
312/353-4391
Room 1440
Ill., Ind., Ohio
Chicago, Ill. 60603
VI. Southwest
Maurilio Ortiz
Federal Building
La., Tex., Ark.,
214/749-1525
Room 13B-35
Okla., N. Mex.
1100 Commerce Street
Dallas, Tex. 75202
VII. Central
John Perez
Federal Building
Kans., Iowa, Nebr.,
816/374-2157
Room 112
Mo.
601 E. 12th Street
Kansas City, Mo. 64106
-9-
Region
Regional Director
Address
VIII. Rocky Mountain
Leo Cardenas
Main P.O. Building
Colo., Utah, Wyo.,
303/837-4361
Room 278
Mont., N. Dak.,
1823 Stout Street
S. Dak.
Denver, Colo. 80202
IX. Western
Julian Klugman
100 Mission Street
Calif., Nev., Ariz.,
415/556-2485
Room 703
Hawaii
San Francisco, Calif. 94105
X. Northwest
Robert Lamb
Wash., Oreg., Idaho,
Federal Office Building
206/442-4465
909 First Avenue
Alaska
Room 6007
Seattle, Wash. 98104
-10-
Additional information about the Community Relations Service may be
obtained by visiting the Public Information Office, 550 Eleventh Street, NW. ,
Washington, D. C., or by writing to the Community Relations Service,
U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, D.C. 20530.
WGPR-TVchanne162
W GPR-Radio 107.5 FM
First in Black Television
Soul 'n Stereo
2101 GRATIOT at ST. AUBIN
DETROIT, MICHIGAN
48207
961-8833
DR. WILLIAM V. BANKS
President-General Manager
April 27, 1974
IVY BANKS
Executive Vice President-Secretary
Vice President Gerald Ford
JIM PANAGOS
The White House
Vice President-General Sales Manager
Operations Manager
Washington, D. C.
GEORGE E. WHITE
Dear Jerry,
Vice President Programming
This is relative to an invitation extended to you on
ULYSSES W. BOYKIN
April 3, 1974 by my friend Mrs. Edward C. Mazique to
Ass't. to President
lend your name and support to the 10th Anniversary
Public Relations
Observance of the U.S. Department of Justice formal
WILLIAM KIRKSEY
Benefit Dinner sponsored by Community Friends at the
Treasurer
Sheraton Park Hotel, Washington, D. C. on July 2,1974.
GARY SCHMIDT
Your acceptance to serve as Honorary Chairman would
Tech. Director
more than insure the success of the celebration. It
would also show your concern and interest in problems
of the minorities in the United States.
This is the kind of cause you can identify with. I
urge your acceptance of this invitation to serve a
most worthy cause, This will be a real "show case"
and timely affair that will enhance your image with
our minorities.
Wishing you continued success and the best of health.
Yours truly, May
UWB/yw
Ulysses W. Boykin
OWNED AND OPERATED BY 350,000 BLACK INTERNATIONAL MASONS
GENERAL
ELECTRIC
COMPANY
22255 GREENFIELD ROAD
BOX 1316, NORTHLAND CENTER STATION
SOUTHFIELD, MICHIGAN 48075
JAMES I. NIXON
June 21, 1974
DISTRICT MANAGER
APPARATUS DISTRIBUTION
SALES DIVISION
Vice President, Mr. Gerald R. Ford
3191 Westover Drive, S.E.
Washington, D.C. 20020
Dear Vice President:
I received your invitation to the dinner scheduled for
July 2nd to honor the Tenth Anniversary of the
Community Relations Service of the United States Department
of Justice and I was pleased that you and the sponsoring
organization remembered me and the General Electric Company.
You will probably not specifically recall the incident,
but we met last July in Washington when you were still
representing the Grand Rapids area of Michigan and when I
was still representing the General Electric Company as
Manager of Corporate Equal Opportunity and Minority Relations
from our New York headquarters office. At that time, we
chatted briefly and I mentioned that I would shortly become
one of your constituants, since I was being transferred to
Michigan as District Manager for the sale of "Electrical
Apparatus" (see enclosed announcement.)
I am happy to say that the job move was made; unfortunately,
our paths crossed as you shortly thereafter also moved to
a higher position out East. My best wishes for your continued
success.
Because of my change in job assignments, I am not directly
in a position to accept the invitation to the July 2nd dinner.
However, I have taken the liberty of forwarding the invitation
to Mr. F. H. Black who now represents the corporation in the
area of Equal Opportunity and Minority Relations. If at all
possible; however, I will join Mr. Black and others at what I am
sure will be the very worthwhile and interesting affair.
FORD & LIBRARY GERALD
-2-
If I do not have the opportunity to see you in Washington
in July, I do hope our paths will cross again sometime
as you and I cover the territory between Michigan and
the District of Columbia.
Regards,
J. I. Nixon
JIN:kr
CC: F. H. Black
G. E. Company
FORD is LIBRARY GERALD
ANNOUNCING THE APPOINTMENT OF
JAMES I. NIXON
FORD LIBRARY
R.
DEPART
District Manager - Detroit
Apparatus Distribution Sales Division
GENERAL
ELECTRIC
JAMES I. NIXON
The General Electric Company announces the appointment of Mr. James I. Nixon as
District Manager of the Company's Apparatus Distribuition Sales Division in Michigan
with offices in Detroit, Saginaw, and Grand Rapids.
A native of Pittsburgh, Pa., Jim served as a Construction Foreman in the Army Corps
of Engineers during the Korean War. He was awarded a B.S. in Mechanical Engineering by
Camegie Institute of Technology in 1956, and took additional studies in Nuclear Plant
Technology and Business Administration at the University of Cincinnati and Union
College.
From the office of John F. Smith
Mr. Nixon joined G.E. in 1956 and, until 1960, was assigned to the Flight Propulsion
Business Division where he designed components and systems for military and commercial
Manager - Central Region
jet engines. From 1960 to 1970, he held various positions on the Engineering Staff of the
Company's Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory, where he was responsible for the design of
Apparatus Distribution
various nuclear power systems and sub-systems including, ultimately, supervisory respon-
ibility for reactor servicing teams. Jim is a registered Professional Engineer in New York
Sales Division
and Ohio.
Since 1970, he has been assigned to General Electric Corporate Headquarters staff in
August 20, 1973
New York City, where he was most recently Manager of Equal Opportunity and Minority
Relations Programs for the Company. Jim represents the Company on committees of the
National Association of Manufacturers and the National Chamber of Commerce.
Jim and his wife Joan are in the process of relocating to the Detroit area from their
present home in Croton-on-Hudson, New York. Their son ,James III, is a freshman archi-
tectural student at M.J.T. in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Mr. Nixon and his staff of sales engineers and customer service representatives market
what is generally considered to be the Industry's broadest line of electrical apparatus.
These products are sold through General Electric franchised electrical agents and dis-
tributors throughout Michigan.
Mr. Nixon's office will be located at: 22255 Greenfield Road, Box 1316 Northland
Center Station, Southfield, Michigan 48075. Phone (313) 355-4400
Bill S W, R
I'm not scheduled
for this ? dinner, no
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LIBRARY
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FORD,
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2090 Seventh Avenue, New York, N. Y. 10027 / Telephone: (212) 749-1500
FOR EQUAL
OPPORTUNITY
New York Urban League
OFFICERS
CENTRAL OFFICE
Board Chairman
William H. Toles
Board Co-Chairman
Charles E. F. Millard
President
John W. Murray
24 June 1974
Vice Presidents
Mrs. William R. Anderson
Robert Arrindell
John T. Patterson, Jr.
4/28/74 Thank
Mrs. Cyrus Vance
Secretary
file
Mrs. Theodore W. Kheel
Assistant Secretary
Vice President and
John Bess, III
Treasurer
Mrs. Gerald R. Ford
Robert L. Rawlins
Assistant Treasurer
Washington, DC 20501
George M. Brooker
General Counsel
John J. Barrett
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR
My dear Mr. Vice President and Mrs. Ford:
Livingston L. Wingate
BOARD OF DIRECTORS
Frederick W. Beinecke, II
I appreciate your most kind invitation to be present
Robert A. Bernhard
Robert Brimberg
on Tuesday, July 2, for the Community Friends of
Michael Burke
William M. Chisholm
Community Relations Service Dinner for the benefit
Mrs. Dolly Christian
Mrs. Joseph Clark, Jr.
of the Ralph Bunche Awards Programs
Edward Cleary
Victor Collymore
Larry Dais
Donald Dammond
I regret that I shall be, on this most important
Mrs. Evelyn P. Davis
Edward R. Dudley, Jr.
occasion, unable to attend due to the fact that I will
Mrs. Mildred L. Edwards
Ahmet M. Ertegun
be attending a Long-Range Planning Session in pre-
Frederick W. Eversley, Jr.
Mrs. Raymond Z. Fahs, Jr.
paration for the National Urban League Conference,
Hon. George M. Fleary
Richard Gallup
which will be held in San Francisco the last week in
Dr. Bernard Gifford
Ernest Green
July.
Richard T. Greene
Ralph C. Gross
Mrs. Randolph Guggenheimer
Mrs. Gabriel Hauge
Please express my regrets to the committee and inform
John A. Herrmann, Jr.
Mrs. James L. Hicks
them that I shall be honored to attend any subsequent
Rev. Samuel Holder
Bernard H. Jackson
events.
Eugene Jackson
Ron Johnson
Paul L. Kendall
Schuyler M. Mayer, Jr.
Sincerely yours,
Michael Molina
Dr. Patricia Morisey
Mrs. John Mosler
Mrs. Willene Murphy
Waldemar A. Nielson
George Norford
Miss Barbara North
Rev. Robert Polk
Livingston L. Wingate
Mrs. John L. Procope, Jr.
James W. Randolph
Executive Director
Mrs. Maude B. Richardson
Geraldo Rivera
Mrs. Rita Robinson
Robert J. Samuels
LLW/lp
William G. Sharwell
Charles R. Sherwood
Mrs. Stanley Simon
Miss Karen Pamela Smythe
Austin Sobers
Mark Stroock
Louis Stulberg
Mrs. Arthur O. Sulzberger
Mrs. Cyrus Tanner
Eldridge Waith
Adam Walinsky
Mrs. Arnold Wells
Joseph Willen
LISSARY GERALD R. FORD
Claude Young
Member Agency Of The United Fund
Affiliated With The National Urban League
Contributions to the New York Urban League are Tax Deductible
440
STATES POSTA
MGMWSHT HSB
2-010924E182 07/01/74
ICS IPMBNGZ CSP
western union
Mailgram
UNITED
U.S.MAIL
SERVICE *
*
6122984323 MGM TDBN SAINT PAUL MN 140 07-01 1105A EDT
*******
ZIP 20501
VICE PRESIDENT GERALD FORD
OFFICE OF THE VICE PRESIDENT
JUL 1 REC'D
WASHINGTON DC 20501
DEAR MR VICE PRESIDENT THANK YOU FOR YOUR KIND INVITATION TO
ATTEND THE JULY 2ND DINNER CELEBRATING THE 10TH ANNIVERSARY
OF THE COMMUNITY RELATIONS SERVICE I REGRET THAT I WILL BE UNABLE
TO ATTEND I WOULD LIKE TO TAKE THIS OPPORTUNITY TO EXPRESS MY
ENTHUSIASTIC SUPPORT OF THE WORK OF THE COMMUNITY RELATIONS
SERVICE DURING THE COURSE OF THE WOUNDED KNEE TRIALS IN SAINT
PAUL COMMUNITY RELATIONS SERVICE PERSONNEL UNDER THE EXPERT
AND SENSITIVE GUIDANCE OF REGIONAL DIRECTOR RICHARD SALEM HAVE
BEEN OF INVALUABLE ASSISTANCE IN MAINTAINING A TRANQUIL CITY
THE CRS HAS WORKED UNOBTRUSIVELY BUT TIRELESSLY TO MAINTAIN
COMMUNICATIONS BETWEEN ALL OF THE GROUPS INVOLVED IN THE TRIALS
THEY ARE TO BE HIGHLY COMMENDED SINCERELY
MAYOR LAWRENCE D COHEN OFFICE OF THE MAYOR CITY OF SAINT PAUL
11805 EDT
MGMWSHT HSB
GERALD FORD LIBRAR,
REPLY BY MAILGRAM PHONE WESTERN UNION TOLL FREE OR SEND DIRECTLY FROM TELEX OR TWX
sch
county of ventura
HUMAN RELATIONS ADVISORY COMMISSION
Ms. Delphine L. McKenzie
Director
MS. DELPHINE L. McKENZIE
REGRETS
SHE IS UNABLE TO ACCEPT THE KIND
INVITATION
OF
VICE PRESIDENT AND MRS. GERALD R. FORD
HONORARY CHAIRPERSONS
AND THE
COMMUNITY FRIENDS
OF
COMMUNITY RELATIONS SERVICES
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
TO DINNER ON
TUESDAY, THE SECOND OF JULY
SEVEN O'CLOCK
THE SHERATON PARK HOTEL
WASHINGTON, D.C.
FORD & LIBRARY GERALD
133 North Fir Street, Ventura, California 93001 (805) 648-6131, Extension 2478
9
REC'L
nova
HOUSTON
COUNCILON
HUMAN RELATIONS
629 W. ALABAMA
HOUSTON, TEXAS 77006
(713) 526-5547
Sal
1974
June 25, 1974
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
Andrew Jefferson
President
Tom Forrester Lord
The Honorable & Mrs. Gerald R. Ford
First Vice-President
1600 Pennsylvania Avenue North West
Mrs. Carole Pinkett
Second Vice-President
Washington D.C. 20500
Phil Frank
Secretary
Dear Mr. & Mrs. Ford:
Felix Fraga
Treasurer
Today I received your invitation to the Depart-
Roger D. Armstrong
Hector Garcia
ment of Justice Community Relations Service's tenth
Sloan Hill
anniversary dinner on July 2, 1974. It was addressed
Dr. Gurney Pearsal!
to Mr. Roger D. Armstrong, former Executive Director
William Walker
of the Houston Council on Human Relations.
Howard Wolf
BOARD MEMBERS
Mr. Armstrong, who will be unable to attend,
Milton Bermann
forwarded the invitation to me. Due to prior
Garvin Berry
commitments I shall also be unable to be present for
Mrs. David Bourgin
the benefit.
Mrs. Louis Brazelton, 111
George S. Bruce, III
Walter E. Caine
Leonel J. Castillo
You have my thanks for your involvement with the
Mrs. Bertie Crosby
Community Relations Service and that agency has my
Robert Darden
best wishes for its continued service.
Jonathan Day
Peter B. Fisher, M.D.
J. W. Hershey
Gerald D. Hines
Richard Jennings
Dean Otis H. King
David Knapp
Lary Sincerely, W.So
Mrs. Livingston Kosberg
Mrs. Ninfa Lorenzo
Ben F. Love
Lawrence D. Spencer
Dr. William Martin
Executive Director
Mrs. Frank Metyko
Mrs. Rita Paddock
Letitia Plummer
CC Mrs. John Clark
Ben T. Reyes
Pablo Sanchez, Jr.
Frederico Souflee
Harwood Taylor
Larry Thomas
Daniel K. Trevino
Ernesto Valdes
Dr. George Walker
Mrs. Bernard Weingarten
Sonny Wells
John Wildenthal
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR
Lawrence D. Spencer
GERATO FORD LIBRARY
217,
RICHARD GORDON HATCHER
OFFICE OF THE MAYOR
MAYOR
GARY, INDIANA
July 17, 1974
Solly
Vice President and Mrs. Gerald R. Ford
Office of the Vice President
Executive Office Building
Washington, D. C. 20501
Dear Vice President and Mrs. Ford:
?
It was with deep regret that I was unable to attend
the Community Relations Service Tenth Anniversary
dinner. A previous commitment made it impossible for
me to be present.
You have, however, my thanks for extending the invita-
tion. I trust the evening was a success and that the
Ralph Bunche Awards Program will continue to represent
America's commitment to humanize our role in interna-
tional affairs.
Sincerely,
Richard Gordon Hatcher
Mayor, City of Gary
RGH:ver
FORD 3 LIBRARY GERALD
ser
PRESBYTERY of santa fe
901 PENNSYLVANIA NE, ALBUQUERQUE, NEW MEXICO 87110
Robert N. Allen, Executive
Marilyn Jackson, Secretary
Phone 505-265-6738
AUG 5 1974
even
Worsb
MODERATOR
Virginia Stovall
363 Andanada
July 31, 1974
Los Alamos, NM 87544
VICE MODERATOR
John D. Browne
P.O. Box 1155
Socorro, NM 87801
CHM. MISSION COUNCIL
The Honorable Vice-President and Mrs. Gerald R. Ford
Kenneth W. Gephart
7702 Euclid St. NE
The White House
Albuquerque, NM 87110
Washington, D. C. 20510
STATED CLERK
Harold M. Daniels
5301 Ponderosa NE
Honorable Sir and Madam:
Albuquerque, NM 87110
TREASURER
Thank you very much for your kind invitation to the
William C. Knobloch
dinner in celebration of the Tenth Anniversary of
9315 Candelaria Rd. NE
Albuquerque, NM 87112
the Community Relations Service held on July 2, 1974.
Mrs. Allen and I were both able to attend this fine
occasion. We were sorry that your duties with the
President made it impossible for you to attend.
I am impressed with the purpose of Community Relations
Service and the Ralph Bunche Awards Program. We are
much involved in these kinds of things with the
Chicano community in New Mexico. I certainly hope
that you will put the weight of your office behind
a continued program in these matters.
Sincerely,
Gobutn Ollen Robert N. Allen
RNA/mj
FORD LIBRARY & GERALD
Synod of the Southwest
United Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A.
OFFICE OF THE VICE PRESIDENT
WASHINGTON, D.C.
July 2, 1974
11:00 AM - Meeting with the Vice President
Center for the Study of the Presidency
Please clear the following people:
Mary M. Allen
Anna M. Farias
Mora Maura E. Heaphy
Walter L. Jacobson
Karolyn W. Greeland
Michael J. Nizolek
Dr. Brodaus N. Butler
Dr. S. Douglas Cornell
Ralph D. Howell
Dr. Gordon Hoxie
Mr. Andrew O. Miller
Mr. Robert Lindgren
FORD & LIBRARY GERALD
Day wets
CENTER FOR THE STUDY OF THE PRESIDENCY
Mary M. Allen
Anna M. Farias
Mora Maura E. Heaphy
Walter L. Jacobson
Karolyn W. Greeland
Michael J. Nizolek
fut To am
by buth
Dr. Brodaus N. Butler
Dr. S. Douglas Cornell
shulm
m.
Ralph D. Howell
Dr. Gordon Hoxie
Mr. Andrew O. Miller
Mr. Robert Lindgren
If
Press
FORD
yale was
Minn.
1817
CENTER FOR THE STUDY OF THE PRESIDENCY
926 FIFTH AVENUE
-
NEW YORK, N.Y. 10021
-
212 249-1200
OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT
June 18, 1974
Honorable Gerald R. Ford
Executive Office Building
JUN 21 REC'D
Washington, DC 20500
Dear Mr. Vice President:
Very much a delegation from our Center's Board of Trustees and from our Student
&
Co-chairmen and myself are looking forward to our meeting with you on Tuesday,
July 2, at your office in the Executive Office Building at 2 p.m. On this occasion,
it will be our honor to present to you the Center's Distinguished Public Service
Medal. An artist's rendering of the Medal appears on the cover of the enclosed
issue of the Presidential Studies Quarterly. The same issue, Pages 3-8 and Pages
13-15, features your splendid role in keynoting our Fifth Annual Naţional Student
Symposium. Believing this issue may be of particular interest, an additional copy
is enclosed herewith.
Mr. Vice President, we have one small problem related to our presentation. There
has been such a great interest in being in the presentation party that we have had to
disappoint some of the Co-chairmen and Trustees since the agreed limit of persons
attending was ten. Would it be possible to add an old friend of yours, from the Board
of Trustees, Andrew O. ("Ott") Miller, who you will recall was a member of your
boxing team at Yale and who is the Secretary of our Board of Trustees. Also, could
we possibly add one of the Co-chairmen from your home state, Robert Lindgren
from Muskegon, Michigan, now attending the University of Florida, who has made a
most eloquent plea to be included. The problem is you have so many admirers.
Perhaps Ms Quenneville can advise me regarding this request. We should further
be grateful for appropriate press coverage of this ceremony.
It will be very good being with you.
Sincerely yours,
6/26 Sharon
R. Sundm Gordon Hoxie
GERALD FORD LIBRARY
RGH/sac
CENTER FOR THE STUDY OF THE PRESIDENCY
926 FIFTH AVENUE
-
NEW YORK, N.Y. 10021
-
212 249-1200
OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT
June 11, 1974
Ms. Sally Quenneville
Office of the Vice President
JUN 14 REC'D
Executive Office Building
Washington, DC 20500
Dear Ms Quenneville:
Confirming our telephone conversation, we are much looking forward to our visit with
the Vice President on Tuesday, July 2, at 2 p.m. On this occasion, we shall confer the
Center's Distinguished Public Service Medal on the Vice President.
As we agreed, we are limiting to ten the Center participants on this occasion. These
will be five student co-chairmen of our Annual National Student Symposium and five
members of our Center Board, including myself. All of the co-chairmen were with us
at the Reston Symposium as were all of the Board members. Two of the students, Mary
Allen and Maura Heaphy, served as co-chairmen at the 1974 Reston Symposium, and
the other three with us at Reston have now been selected as co-chairmen for 1975.
Under separate cover, we should be sending on next week a description of the Medal as
featured in the new issue of our Presidential Studies Quarterly. It is our understanding
that a White House photographer will be present. I assume that you will alert the Vice
President's press people. The citation for the Medal was presented to the Vice President
at the Reston Symposium, and as was there indicated, he is to be the first recipient of
the Center's Public Service Medal (the first recipient of the Center's other highly regarded
award, the Distinguished Service Medal, was Mr. DeWitt Wallace, founder of the Reader's
Digest).
The following is a list of participants:
Students
Center Board Members
Mary Allen
Broadus Butler
Anna Farias
S. Douglas Cornell
Maura Heaphy
Ralph Howell
Walter Jacobsen
R. Gordon Hoxie
Karolyn Vreeland
Harry J. Sievers, S.J.
Very much we look forward to being with you.
Sincerely yours,
GERALD FORD LIBRARY
R. Gordon Hoxie
RGH/sac
cc Vice President's Press Office
Apprtmt July2 2
CENTER FOR THE STUDY OF THE PRESIDENCY
926 FIFTH AVENUE
NEW YORK, N.Y. 10021
-
212 249-1200
APR 03 REC'D
April 1, 1974
Hon. The Vice Gerald President R. Ford of the United States OK WSR 4-10
Old Executive Office Building
Washington, DC 20500
Dear Mr. Vice President:
It was wonderful having you as our guest of honor to deliver
the keynote address at this Center's Fifth Annual National
Student Symposium on the Presidency.
Each and every report which we have received in this regard
has been most enthusiastic, and the young people have now
returned to their respective campuses throughout the United
States with a fuller understanding, not only of the office
in which you soreminently serve, but also both of your own
kindness and statesmanship.
The Center's Distinguished Public Service Medal for which we
presented you the authorizangonertificate and citation is
being designed and struck by Tiffany and Company, a member of
the Center
On an appropriate early occasion, hopefully at your office
during the first two weeks in June, a representative group of
the studentscmeuhairmen would like to join with me in person-
ally presenting the medal to you, and we look forward to
hearing from you in this regard.
Sincerely yours,
R. Gordon Gordon Hoxie
RGH/sh
4/10 - Would n if we ?
schedule this sag
5-34wc.b. not ready (w.H.Photo.)
FORD i LIBRARY GERALD
july 2-2:00 PM (EOB)
Hoxce -
4-12
(Centr for ST
3 Pres)
wants to present
medal i VP-
late may ->m
anytime
(212)249-
1200
EDW
BERALD R
[EVENTS THANK YOU]
SCHEDULING
Thank you for medal- July 2
Hoxie, Gordon R.
July 10, 1974
Center for the Study of the
Presidency -
Mr. R. Gordon Hoxie
President
Center for the Study of the Presidency
926 Fifth Avenue
New York, New York 10021
Dear Mr. Hexie,
I enjoyed meeting with you and your group on July 2nd
and appreciated the views exchanged on the Study of
the Presidency.
It was most gracious of you to present me with the
beautiful Public Service Medal which will occupy an
appropriate place in my home.
Thank you again for the most thoughtful gift. Please
extend my best wishes to the other members of your
organisation for continued success in their endeavors.
Kindest personal regards.
Sincerely,
Gerald R. Ford
GRF:an
saves GERALD
1) Min Leard
d) Acheduling
#
CENTER FOR THE STUDY OF THE PRESIDENCY
926 FIFTH AVENUE
-
NEW YORK, N. Y. 10021
-
212 249-1200
OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT
June 27, 1974
Honorable Gerald R. Ford
Thank
Old Executive Office Building
Washington, DC 20500
Dear Mr. Vice President:
We are much appreciative to you and to Ms. Sally Quenneville for the affirmative
response to enlarge our little visiting party to twelve members, that is, five Board
members and seven students, for the Distinguished Public Service Medal conferral.
We do look forward to being with you next Tuesday, July 2, in this regard.
In the interim, Mr. Vice President, may I share with you the enclosed copy of a letter
policy
received today from Professor Philip Nicoll, a Center member from Dickinson College.
I shall be particularly grateful if you, or a senior member of your staff, could find a
few minutes to see the two faculty members and the fifteen students from Dickinson, on
either the 8, 9, or 10 of July, as requested. I hope that your office will communicate
directly with Professor Nicoll in this regard.
Mr. Vice President, although you and I will not have the opportunity this Tuesday to
discuss possible larger areas of service of this Center, I hope on another early occasion
that we might. We do receive so many inquiries from scholars both at home and abroad,
seeking to study various aspects of the presidency. By way of example, I enclose here-
with a copy of a letter from Dr. Paul Smith and also a copy of a letter from Dr. Robert
Kurlander.
You are striving so ably and honorably to establish a bridge between this administration
and the academic community. I do believe that this Center is uniquely positioned to work
with you in this regard, while at the same time complimenting our goal of scholarly
students. The support which you have given, we do, indeed, appreciate.
Warm regards.
Sincerely yours,
R. Gordon Gondon Hoxie
RGH/sac
GERALD R.FORD LIBRARY
Enclosures
27 1974
DICKINSO COLLEGE Y
25 June 1974
ISLE: DEPARTMENT
17013
Dr. Gordon Hoxie
Center for the Study of the Presidency
926 Fifth Avenue
New York NY 10021
Dear Dr. Hoxie:
It was a real pleasure talking to you yesterday on the telephone.
I can't tell you how much I think of the work you have been doing to
build the Center for the Study of the Presidency up to the stature
it deserves. With this letter, I am fulfilling your request that I
remind you of the details of our discussion yesterday.
My colleague, Professor Bruce R. Andrews, and I are teaching a
course this summer entitled "The Crisis of the Presidency." We have
15 students, and we are exploring many facets of the contemporary
presidency. One of our hopes is to visit with someone connected with
the Nixon administration or else someone who is otherwise knowledgeable
about the presidency in general. As I said in my discussion with you
on the phone yesterday, this is where I was hoping you could help us.
We could visit Washington on the 8th, 9th or 10th of July. We would
prefer to do whatever we wind up doing on the 9th of July. However,
I thought it would increase our chances of seeing someone worthwhile
if we provided some flexibility in our plan by permitting a visit on
the 8th, the 9th, or the 10th. I certainly hope that you can help
us out, but if you don't, I am deeply grateful to you for your concern
and your efforts. If I can ever return the favor, please let me
know.
I look forward to hearing from you soon. In the meantime, I
hope that you have a good trip and enjoy your visit with Vice President
Ford.
Respectfully yours,
Thilip D. nicoll
Philip D. Nicoll
Assistant Professor of Political Science
PDN:vk
FORD & LIBRARY GERALD
JUN 19
ITHACA COLLEGE
Ithaca, New York 14850
SCHOOL OF HUMANITIES & SCIENCES
12 June 1974
Dr. R. Gordon Hoxie
President
Center for the Study of the Presidency
New York, New York 10021
Dear Dr. Hoxie:
During the Spring semester 1975 I will be on sabbatical leave from
Ithaca College. The purpose of my leave is to undertake research into
the impact of the Nixon presidency on the presidential office. Moreover,
I intend to examine the exercise of "extra-constitutional" authority by
President Nixon and to seek comparison with the exercise of that type of
authority by other twentieth century presidents, notably Woodrow Wilson,
Franklin Roosevelt, and Lyndon Johnson.
I have been a member of the Center for several years now, and would
appreciate an opportunity to use its facilities in conducting my research.
Since this would necessitate travel and also accommodations in New York,
I wonder whether the Center has funds which might be available for those
purposes?
I look forward to hearing from you.
Robert Kurlander
Associate Professor of Politics
RK:cws
FORD is LIBRARY GERALD
Art Biology Chemistry J Drama-Speech Economics j English / Foreign Languages History / Mathematics
Philosophy / Physics / Politics / Psychology Sociology-Authropiology
JUN 21 1974
Paul S Smith
14314 BRONTE DRIVE, WHITTIER, CALIFORNIA 90602
June 18, 1974
Center for the Study of
the Presidency
926 Fifth Ave
New York, N.Y. 10021
Dear Friends:
Since I am doing a manuscript on the system of pre-
sidential election with special reference to the Nixon
years, I would appreciate information concerning the
nature and work of your organization as well as a list
of any publications or studies which you have made an
the presidency.
Thanks for whatever help you can give, I am,
Paue Sincerely, S. Smith
Paul S. Smith
FORD & LIBRARY GERALD
Sally
мисиляомам
This R3W Hoxie RALD guy WERRY
is nuts !!
10
on зионт
CODE\EX1'
<
CAT 38A3J9
THE UO He or BIRTIAW ИА IS at upset JJA5 NUOY азияитзя about
This letter not
the VP. Do you know
being seen by
contents of this letter. 2
any thing about the
Sorry to burden you
801-28 w/thir Iver
OSD
88
MARY Ann
MEMORANDUM
OF CALL
TO:
YOU WERE CALLED BY
YOU WERE VISITED BY-
OF (Orgenization)
PHONE NO.
PLEASE CALL
CODE/EXT.
WILL CALL AGAIN
IS WAITING TO SEE YOU
RETURNED YOUR CALL
WISHES AN APPOINTMENT
MESSAI
est
Scretted
wow
RECEIVED BY
neenue
DATE
TIME
STANDARD FORM 63
GPO : 1971 0 - - 442-316
63-108
REVISED AUGUST 1967
GSA FPMR (41 CFR) 101-11.6
CENTER FOR THE STUDY OF THE PRESIDENCY
926 FIFTH AVENUE
NEW YORK, N.Y. 10021
212 249-1200
June 27, 1974
Honorable Gerald R. Ford
Old Executive Office Building
Washington, DC 20500
Dear Mr. Vice President:
C
We are much appreciative to you and to Ms. Sally Quenneville for the affirmative
response to enlarge our little visiting party to twelve members, that is, five Board
members and seven students, for the Distinguished Public Service Medal conferral.
We do look forward to being with you next Tuesday, July 2, in this regard.
In the interim, Mr. Vice President, may I share with you the enclosed copy of a letter
received today from Professor Philip Nicoll, a Center member from Dickinson College.
I shall be particularly grateful If you, or a senior member of your staff, could find a
few minutes to see the two faculty members and the fifteen students from Dickinson, on
either the 8, 9, or 10 of July, as requested. I hope that your office will communicate
directly with Professor Nicoll in this regard.
P
Mr. Vice President, although you and I will not have the opportunity this Tuesday to
discuss possible larger areas of service of this Center, I hope on another early occasion
that we might. We do receive 80 many inquiries from scholars both at home and abroad,
seeking to study various aspects of the presidency. By way of example, I enclose here-
with a copy of a letter from Dr. Paul Smith and also a copy of a letter form Dr. Robert
Kurlander. You are
You are striving so ably and honorably to establish a bridge between this administration
and the academic community. I do believe that this Center is uniquely positioned to work
with you in this regard, while at the same time complimenting our goal of scholarly
students. The support which you have given, we do, indeed, appreciate.
Warm regards.
Sincerely yours,
R. Gordon Hoxie
RGH/sac
Enclosures
GERALD FORD LIBRARY
VOLUME IV
.
NUMBER 2
.
SPRING, 1974
Presidential Studies Quarterly
combined with
Center House Bulletin
CENTER FOR THE STUDY OF THE PRESIDENCY
STUDY
OF
THE
E
FOR
PRESID
LII
Distinquished
Service
CENT
Medal
ENCY
FORD & LIBRARY GERALD
VOLUME IV
NUMBER 2
SPRING, 1974
Presidential Studies Quarterly
combined with
The Center House Bulletin is published quarterly; Winter, Spring,
Center House Bulletin
Summer, and Fall, by the Center for the Study of the Presidency, 926 Fifth
Avenue, New York, NY 10021. Commencing with this issue, the Center
CENTER FOR THE STUDY OF THE PRESIDENCY
House Bulletin is combined with a new Center publication, Presidential
Studies Quarterly. R. Gordon Hoxie, President; Sheila M. Halpin, Editor;
Sharon A. Coleman, Associate Editor. Subscription is included with Center
membership. Additional copies may be secured at $2 each.
Editor: Sheila M. Halpin
Notice of nonreceipt of an issue must be sent to the Membership Sec-
Associate Editor: Sharon A. Coleman
retary of the Center within three months of the date of publication of the
issue. Change of address should be sent to the Membership Secretary. The
Center is not responsible for copies lost because of failure to report a change
Board of Educators
of address in time for mailing.
Correspondence: Inquiries should be addressed to the Editor, Presi-
Luther H. Evans, Chairman
dential Studies Quarterly, 926 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10021.
James E. Cheek
Jacob I. Hartstein
Curtis P. Nettels
The Center cannot accommodate changes of address that are effective
Kenneth W. Colegrove
G. Alexander Heard
George H. Skau
only for the summer months.
Andrew W. Cordier
Theodore M. Hesburgh
John O. Stigall
The Center for the Study of the Presidency disclaims responsibility for
John A. Davis
J. Martin Klotsche
John J. Theobald
statements, either of fact or opinion, made by contributors.
Kenneth E. Davison
Louis W. Koenig
C. Dwight Waldo
Charles F. Gosnell
Richard H. Logsdon
W. Allen Wallis
C. Lowell Harriss
Edward W. Mill
Irving G. Williams
COVER ILLUSTRATION: Clay Model of Artist's rendering of Center's
Disguished Service and Distinguished Public Service Medals (by Tiffany).
1
FORD & LIBRARY GERALD
RECORD ATTENDANCE AT
CONTENTS
VOLUME IV
NUMBER 2
SPRING 1974
FIFTH ANNUAL NATIONAL STUDENT SYMPOSIUM
A new record of more than 425 persons
"We need the talented young people as-
from throughout the United States par-
sembled here.
We need educators like
ticipated in the Fifth Annual National
the Center's own Dr. R. Gordon Hoxic to
Student Symposium on the Presidency at
promote the quality of our national life-
I. Fifth National Student Symposium
3
Reston, Virginia, the week-end of March
and the quality of our politicians."
29-31, 1974. Approximately 300 under-
In relating his own office to the theme
II. Distinguished Service Awards
8
graduate and graduate students, represent-
of the symposium, Mr. Ford declared that
ing as many colleges and universities, were
the Vice President has a reconciliation role
in attendance, along with 125 distin-
among and between the Congress, the
guished guest observers and program par-
President, and the people.
III. New Board Members
9
ticipants.
In response to student questions, the
This year's program theme, selected by
Vice President urged outstanding young
9
the student co-chairmen, was "The Peo-
IV. The President and Center Publications
people, such as those represented at the
ple, The Congress, and the Presidency."
symposium, to enter upon careers in the
The Friday evening keynote was delivered
profession of politics. He counselled that
V. Fifth Annual National Leadership Symposium
10
by the Vice President of the United States,
while sound education is imperative, a col-
Gerald R. Ford, following a reception and
lege degree is of itself no guarantor of po-
dinner in his honor. [See text of Vice
litical positions. There is no substitute for
VI. Center Member Guest Editorial
11
President Ford's address in this issue of
hard work, for expending shoe leather, for
the Bulletin.] Vice President Ford had
getting acquainted with not just political
high praise for the Center's "impressive
leaders, but with the people, one's con-
VII. Contrasting Views on Impeachment
12
programs" and paid especial tribute to his
stitutency. He further counselled that
old friend, Center Trustee, James C. Hag-
young people in entering upon political
erty, whose illness had prevented his being
careers should expect to begin at the bot-
VIII. Public Members Association of the Foreign Service
12
there. Emphasizing both the need to se-
tom rung on the ladder, building on a firm
cure political leaders of integrity and
foundation, and rising through dint of
status and to rebuild confidence in both
hard work and exceptional service.
IX. Vice President's Keynote Address
13
the Congress and the Presidency, the Vice
During the question period Mr. Ford
President emphasized:
voiced opposition to governmental financ-
X. Senator Bentsen's Plenary Message
15
XI. Bergen Presidential Program
20
XII. Memorial Day Address
21
XIII. Bibliographical Essay
23
XIV. Woodrow Wilson and the American Presidency
35
XV. Book Reviews
41
Vice President of the United States, Gerald R. Ford, keynoting Fifth Annual National Student Sym-
posium, with from left to right: Earl Washington, Jr., symposuim co-chairman and Dillard University
representative; Dr. Milton B. Flemings, Professor of Biology, C.W. Post College, who introduced dais
members; and Maura E. Heaphy, symposium co-chairman and Marymount-Manhattan representative.
3
2
ing of elections. He observed that labor
tional News Editor, the New York Times,
unions are bigger political donors than
with the following participants: Mr. Lloyd
business. With regard to possible impeach-
R. Armour, Executive Editor, The Ten-
ment of the President, Mr. Ford reasserted
nessean; Dr. Broadus N. Butler, Director,
his conviction that the President is inno-
Office of Leadership Development in
cent of any impeachable offense. In the
Higher Education, American Council on
matter of the selection of Presidential can-
Education; Dr. Raymond English, Direc-
didates, he reaffirmed his faith in the nom-
tor, Social Science Program, Educational
inating process through the political par-
Research Council of America; Mr. Martin
ties and the election by the people. He
S. Hayden, Editor and Vice President, The
emphasized the vital importance of a
Detroit News; Mr. Bruce Herschensohn,
strong two-party system. One party that
Deputy Special Assistant to the President;
is wounded or a Congress that is over-
and Mr. John K. Jessup, CBS Commenta-
whelmingly of a party opposing the Presi-
tor, formerly chief editorial writer, Life.
dent would serve no constructive purpose.
Although all three newspapers repre-
He also reaffirmed his support for revenue
sented have editorially opposed the present
sharing, asserting that in the area of public
President, there was general agreement on
improvement, allocation and administra-
the part of all of the panelists in the fol-
tion of funds can usually be done better at
lowing nine points:
the local level; he called attention to seven
1. Press and government have always had
principles for allocation of public funds.
adversary roles; and as James C. Hag-
The Vice President, in his concluding
erty has often pointed out in this
remarks in the question period, expressed
Center's programs, it is healthy that
his desire to keep in touch with the Center
they do;
Dr. Raymond English, Director, Social Science Program, Educational Research Council of America,
and the students. He departed, three hours
2. There is a liberal bias in the media;
with Center Board Member Ralph Howell in student discussion group at Reston Symposium.
after his arrival, with a standing ovation.
3. Such bias should not be disguised;
7. It would be tragic if impeachment
foreign policy, as well as domestic policy,
The symposium included three major
4. The bureaucracy is overwhelmingly of
were carried out on a political basis.
must be based upon the understanding of
round tables and discussion groups. The
one party: liberal and Democratic;
the American people. Mr. Casey, General
First Round Table focused on "The Con-
5. The bureaucracy lobbies for its own
In addition to the foregoing seven
gress and the Presidency as Viewed by Edu-
growth;
points, Dr. Broadus Butler, one of the
cators and the Media." It was moderated
6. There is in the land today a danger-
nation's foremost black educators; and
by Mr. Robert B. Semple, Jr., Deputy Na-
ous increase in factional party spirit;
Dr. Raymond English, distinguished po-
litical scientist, emphasized that knowledge
must be balanced with integrity to pre-
vent an erosion of morals. They concluded
that education must share in the responsi-
bility for the nation's moral tone including
that of its politicians!
The Second Round Table had as its
subject "Formulation of National Security
Policy." It was moderated by Hon. Wil-
liam J. Casey, President of the Export-
Import Bank, and had the following par-
ticipants: Hon. Carol C. Laise, Assistant
Secretary of State for Public Affairs; Lt.
Gen, Daniel James, Jr., USAF, Deputy As-
sistant Secretary of Defense for Public Af-
fairs; Rear Admiral George E. R. Kinnear,
II, USN, Assistant Chief of Naval Person-
nel for Financial Management and Man-
agement Information; Mr. Eugene P.
Kopp, Deputy Director, United States In-
formation Agency; Dr. Adam Yarmolinsky,
White House Reception for Fifth Annual National
Ralph Waldo Emerson University Pro-
Student Symposium, from left to right: Dr. Broa-
Mr. Robert B. Semple Jr., Associate National News Editor, New York Times, addressing Fifth Annual
fessor, University of Massachusetts; and
dus N. Butler Director, Office of Leadership
National Student Symposium with, from left to right: Center President, Dr. R. Gordon Hoxie; Mr. Mar-
Mr. Brandon Grove, Jr., Deputy Director,
Development in Higher Education, American
tin S. Hayden, Editor-in-Chief, Detroit News; Mr. John K. Jessup, CBS Commentator; and Mr. Bruce
State Department Policy Planning Staff.
Council on Education; Earl Washington, Jr.,
Herschensohn; Deputy Special Assistant to the President.
symposium co-chairman and Dillard University
Led by Ambassador Laise, the panel
representative; Dr. R. Gordon Hoxie, Center
4
emphasized that the firm foundation for
President; and Mrs. Broadus N. Butler.
5
Like Mr. Ford, Senator Bentsen singled
Stan Mayra, Montana College of Mineral
out the Center and its leadership with lau-
James, and Admiral Kinnear asserted that
reduction in length and expenditures for
Science and Technology:
we must negotiate from a posture of
Presidential campaigns.
datory remarks, "I commend Dr. Hoxie
"The experience at Reston has no doubt
strength. Mr. Grove explained that in es-
and the Center for the Study of the Pres-
been a beneficial one for me as an indi-
Quite surprisingly the panel found Pres-
tablishing national security policy, many
idential impoundment of funds justifiable,
idency for both the concept and the im-
vidual. I applaud R. Gordon Hoxie and
departments, beyond State and Defense,
particularly if such expenditures would ex-
plementation of this annual symposium.
all those who have provided such an ex-
are involved. He expressed the belief that
ceed budget ceilings. In response to the
perience for a college student."
the President made effective use of the
question as to whether impeachment
It would," Senator Bentsen asserted,
April 28, 1974
National Security Council. Professor Yar-
would weaken the Presidency, the grounds
molinsky was highly critical of this Pres-
"encourage all 'viewers-with-alarm' to know
for impeachment were emphasized. If it
ident's leadership. In response to inquiry
were to be decided on political issues
that this symposium is taking place.
Karolyn W. Vreeland, Skidmore College:
regarding the Nixon Doctrine he ques-
and Presidential popularity, then the Pres-
This is a far more constructive approach
"I held a meeting for all who were in-
tioned whether in reality such a doctrine
idency would, indeed, be weakened. A
to citizenship," Bentsen concluded, "than
trested when I returned and it was well
even existed.
searching question in this and in all of
the one advocated by Gordon Strachan
attended.
I consider my experience
In response to questions regarding bud-
the Round Tables and Discussion Groups
at the conference as a monumental part
when he advised young people to stay
get, it was emphasized that the relative
was with regard to whether limitations
of my education in American govern-
can, indeed, be placed upon all-pervasive,
away from government."
share of the total budget allocated to the
ment."
military has since the end of the Vietnam
all-powerful government. This particular
April 27, 1974
panel cautioned that we must not lose
The Center invited the student partici-
War substantially declined. In response to
a statement from one of the students that
sight of our national priorities and that
pants to evaluate the symposium. More
Helen Hartnett, D'Youville College:
"you are feeding us a bunch of military
we do run the risk, in the present climate
than three-fourths of them wrote to the
propaganda," General James, the nation's
of coercion, of replacing intelligent action
Center, in some detail, sending construc-
"This being my first participation in the
highest ranking black military officer, coun-
with emotion.
symposium, I was overwhelmed, enlight-
tive suggestions. Many advised that they
tered that "one of the reasons for which
ened, and honored to attend. I learned a
Hon. Lloyd Bentsen, Jr., United States
our armed forces serve, is to make sure
had prepared oral and/or written reports
Senator (D) Texas, delivered the conclud-
great deal and wish that more people
that your right to hold that opinion is
ing plenary session address. [See complete
for their campuses regarding the confer-
were able to participate."
protected."
text in this issue.] Preceeding it, in a tele-
ence. Many termed it the most valuable
April 28, 1974
vised interview, he announced his candi-
The Third Round Table was on "The
single experience of their four years in
dacy to receive the Democratic Party nom-
Connie Barnhart, University of Minnesota:
Presidency and the Congress: Future Or-
college.
ination for President of the United States.
ganization and Relationships." Dr. C.
"Your founding and continuation of the
In his address to the students Senator
Lowell Harriss, Professor of Economics,
The following are excerpts from ran-
Student Symposia on the Presidency
Columbia University and former Presi-
Bentsen emphasized the recent reversal of
dom samplings of the student evaluations:
is a great contribution to American edu-
dent, National Tax Association-Tax In-
the trend towards increased presidential
cation and to the future of American
stitute of America, served as moderator
power, with Congress asserting itself in-
Robert Richmond Fisher, West Virginia
public policy. Thank you for this unique
with the following participants: Hon. John
creasingly regarding the budget and war
Wesleyan College:
educational experience."
B. Anderson, United States Congressman
powers. He enunciated the following prin-
April 5, 1974
from Illinois; Dr. Luther H. Evans, former
ciples:
"My thanks and sincere appreciation for
Librarian of Congress; Dr. Alfred de
(1) A President must appreciate the
a once in a lifetime experience."
The students also expressed their plea-
Grazia, Professor of Politics, New York
art of politics, the science of government;
University; Hon. Dwight A. Ink, Jr., Dep-
(2) A President must have the loyal
April 27, 1974
sure at the White House Reception which
included not only access to all of the state
uty Administrator, General Services Ad-
support of his party;
(3) A President is responsible for the
William J. Burns, La Salle College:
rooms in the East Wing, but also permis-
ministration; Hon. Elmer B. Staats, Comp-
sion from Mrs. Nixon's staff to take pic-
troller General of the United States; and
power he delegates;
"The Reston Student Symposium was
tures. Music was by the Marine Corps
Hon. Frederick L. Webber, Special As-
(4) A President must avoid the pitfalls
undoubtedly one of. the most enjoyable
string ensemble and refreshments were
sistant to the President for Legislative
of special privilege; he must be exemplary;
learning experiences in my life. I com-
served in the State Dining Room.
Affairs.
(5) A President must be both an ana-
mend the Center's administration.
lyst and a planner; he must both lead and
I am not one to give false praise.
Originally David and Julie Eisenhower
This final round table, while portraying
anticipate problems;
were to have hosted the White House Re-
the growth of Presidential power during
(6) A President must take his hopes
April 28, 1974
ception. Subsequently, Julie Eisenhower
the past 40 years, cautioned that we must
and aspirations, his plans and information
underwent emergency surgery. Writing to
guard against over zealous reaction, strip-
to the people, but must guard against dis-
Dan DeNofrio, Utica College:
Dr. Hoxie on April 11, 1974, the President
ping the Presidency of necessary power.
seminating misinformation.
"I truly believe the Center is doing the
declared: "I know that Julie and David
The irresponsibility, the lack of leader-
Senator Bentsen recommended greater
nation's colleges a true service by plan-
deeply regret that they were unable to at-
ship role of the Congress, was noted. There
delegation of Presidential authority and a
ning these symposiums.
Overall the
tend the reception for the outstanding stu-
was general agreement for: (1) reduction
return to what he termed the Cabinet as
conference was the most rewarding ex-
dent leaders who participated in this year's
in size and authority of White House staff;
compared to the staff system. He concluded
perience of my life."
National Student Symposium on the Presi-
(2) greater reliance on cabinet and agency
that if we are to have good government
April 29, 1974
dency."
heads; (3) regular meetings of the Presi-
then all branches of government must be
dent with Congressional leaders; and (4)
strong and in-balance.
7
6
student symposium, conditioned only that
and to his exemplary ideals of responsible
CENTER ESTABLISHES DISTINGUISHED SERVICE AWARDS
it seek to become an educational instru-
citizenship.
ment of the highest standards.
Further
Representatives of the Student Co-chair-
On the recommendation of the Board
tinguished Public Service Medal. In intro-
emphasis was given to Mr. Wallace's life-
men will make the medal conferral to Mr.
of Educators and the National Advisory
ducing the Vice President as the keynoter
for the symposium, Center President, Dr.
time fulfillment of a pledge made in his
Wallace at the Reader's Digest, Pleasant-
Council, the Board of Trustees of the Cen-
ter for the Study of the Presidency has
R. Gordon Hoxie, read from the citation
earliest youth to serve his "fellow man"
ville, New York headquarters.
established two distinguished service
for the award, noting Mr. Ford's "com-
awards. The one is for service in the pub-
plete integrity, hard work, political skill,
lic sector; the other for the private. The
and
statesmanship.
The
medal
will
be
NEW BOARD MEMBERS ELECTED
common denominator of both is contribu-
presented to the Vice President at an ap-
At the Spring Quarterly Meeting of the
In commenting on the election of these
tion towards the fulfillment of the expres-
propriate ceremony at the Vice President's
Board of Trustees, the National Advisory
new members, Center President R. Gordon
sion contained in the Preamble to the Con-
Office.
Council, and the Board of Educators of
Hoxie observed that "all of these persons,
stitution: "to secure the blessings of lib-
In the selection of the first recipient of
the Center, held May 2, 1974, at the Met-
leaders in their respective professions, have
erty to ourselves and our posterity."
ropolitan Club in New York City, new
exhibited considerable interest in the Cen-
the Distinguished Service Award, there
Both medals, of gold over silver, bear
were likewise many nominees. The Stu-
members were elected to each of these
ter's programs and will add strength to
this inscription from the Constitution, on
dent Co-chairmen, in planning the Na-
bodies.
their respective Boards."
the reverse, along with the name of the
tional Student Symposium, proposed that
Dr. Broadus N. Butler, Director, Office
recipient surrounded by a laurel wreath.
appropriate recognition be given to a pio-
of Leadership Development in Higher Ed-
The front has the American eagle and the
neer advocate of and supporter for the
ucation, American Council on Education;
Center's name. The medals are designed
symposium and its concept. It was unani-
and Dr. Harold Wendell Lady, consultant,
and being struck by the world famous
mously agreed by the Center Boards, in
were elected members of the Board of
jeweler, Tiffany, under the personal direc-
keeping with the student recommendation,
Trustees. Dr. Butler had previously been
tion of Tiffany's Board Chairman, Walter
that DeWitt Wallace, Reader's Digest
elected a me aber of the Center's Board of
Hoving. Tiffany is a corporate member
founder, be the first recipient. Announce-
of Educators, and Dr. Lady of the National
and Mr. Hoving a long time friend of
ment of the award was made at the Satur-
Advisory Council.
the Center.
day, March 30th luncheon session of the
Elected to membership on the Board of
Announcement of the medals was made
Fifth Annual National Student Sympo-
Educators were Dr. Kenneth E. Davison,
at the Center's Fifth Annual National Sym-
sium, in the presence of Mr. Wallace's
Professor of History and American Studies
posium. After careful screening of numer-
representative, General Paul Thompson,
and Chairman of the Department of
ous nominees, the Vice President of the
President, the Reader's Digest Foundation.
American Studies at Heidelberg College;
United States, Gerald R. Ford, was se-
There Mr. Wallace was cited for "his early
and Dr. C. Lowell Harriss, Professor of
lected to be the first recipient of the Dis-
encouragement for this Center's annual
Economics at Columbia University and
former President of the National Tax As-
sociation-Tax Institute of America.
Elected to membership on the National
Advisory Council were Hon. Dwight A.
Ink, Deputy Administrator, General Serv-
ices Administration; Mr. Paul Sonnabend,
hotel executive; Admiral John S. McCain,
U.S.N. (Ret.), former Commander-in-
Paul Sonnabend, President, Sonesta International
Chief, Pacific; and Edward F. Howrey,
Hotels Corp. and Chairman, The Plaza Hotel,
Esq., Washington, D.C. attorney.
elected to Center's National Advisory Council.
PRESIDENT REGULARLY READS CENTER HOUSE BULLETIN
Among the regular readers of the Cen-
Center President, Dr. R. Gordon Hoxie, "I
ter House Bulletin is the President of the
read with interest the articles in the
United States. He has also commented in
[Winter] issue of the Center House Bul-
some written detail about the Center's vol-
letin.
As a life-long admirer of Wood-
umes, including The White House: Or-
row Wilson and an old friend of philos-
ganization and Operations and also The
opher-historian Russell Kirk, the President
Presidency of the 1970's.
said he "especially appreciated
the
Even during the past strenuous year,
Woodrow Wilson article [by Dr. George
Vice President of the United States, Gerald R.
the President has sent the Center written
Skau], and Russell Kirk's book review [on
Ford, first recipient of the Center's Distinguished
Mr. DeWitt Wallace, Reader's Digest founder,
comment about almost every issue of its
A. M. Schlesinger, Jr.'s, The Imperial
Public Service Medal, at the conclusion of his
first recipient of the Center's Distinguished
Service Medal.
quarterly. On April 11, 1974, he wrote
Presidency] which appeared in this issue."
keynote address.
8
9
PLANS BEING MADE FOR
ception and dinner will be held at Spiegel
focusing on aspects of decision making
Grove, and the committee on local arrange-
and leadership through the programs of
FIFTH ANNUAL NATIONAL LEADERSHIP SYMPOSIUM
ments have secured the Ramada Inn at
this Center.
Fremont, providing attractive motel ac-
It is anticipated that both Democratic
With Center Board of Educators mem-
including the Hoover Commission. He has
commodations in the area. They have also
and Republican leadership of the Congress
ber Dr. Kenneth E. Davison in charge of
also been awarded the Francis Parkman
made arrangements to meet flight arrivals
and the Executive Branch, and high-rank-
local arrangement, plans are being made
Prize, the National Book Award, and the
at both the Toledo and Cleveland Air-
ing members of the present and former ad-
for the Center's Fifth Annual National
Woodrow Wilson Foundation Award.
ports.
ministrations will also participate.
Leadership Symposium. Professor Davison,
In Association with Dr. Broadus N. But-
the biographer of President Rutherford B.
Through the courtesy of the Rutherford
B. Hayes Association, the inaugural re-
ler, Director, Office of Leadership Devel-
In the light of the interest in this event,
Hayes, has made arrangements for the sym-
opment in Higher Education, American
which will be limited to 150 participants,
posium to convene at the beautiful Spiegel
Council on Education; and Dr. Thomas
early reservations are recommended. The
Grove estate of President Hayes in Fre-
M. Stauffer, Director, Academic Admini-
total cost of the weekend, including all
mont, Ohio, the weekend of October 18-20,
stration Internship Program, Office of
meals, receptions, motel accommodations,
1974.
Leadership Development in Higher Edu-
and transportation to and from the Cleve-
cation, American Council on Education,
land or Toledo airports, is $100. Persons
The theme for this year's symposium will
present and former interns in higher edu-
not members of the Center will pay, ad-
be political leadership, with especial eval-
cation in the American Council on Edu-
ditionally, a $20 registration fee, and Cen-
uations of the role of the Congress and of
cation are being invited to participate. Dr.
ter members a $10 registration fee. Reser-
the Executive Branch.
Butler and Dr. Stauffer observed that there
vations should be addressed to Miss Jamie
Dr. James MacGregor Burns, Woodrow
is considerable enrichment value in an ex-
Joslyn, Program Coordinator, Center for
Wilson Professor of Government at Wil-
perience of this character for these present
the Study of the Presidency, 926 Fifth
liams College and Pulitzer Prize winning
and future leaders of higher education in
Avenue, New York, New York 10021.
author, will deliver the keynote address.
Dr. Burns is the author of Congress on
CENTER MEMBER GUEST EDITORIAL
Trial; Roosevelt:The Lion and the Fox;
John Kennedy: A Political Profile; The
FROM CBS RADIO NETWORK
to see him. His other job is making
Deadlock of Democracy: Four Party Pol-
APRIL 8, 1974
speeches around the country on behalf of
itics in America; Presidential Government:
Gerry Ford is one Vice President who
his Party. The one thing that comes
The Crucible of Leadership; Roosevelt:
at least lends interest to that notoriously
through in these speeches is his honesty.
The Soldier of Freedom; and Uncommon
vacuous office. His problem was illustrated
He is Mr. Square and Mr. Straight Arrow.
Sense. His articles have appeared in nu-
Dr. James MacGregor Burns, Pulitzer Prize win-
in a recent Harris Poll, which found that
That in itself is a morale booster for Re-
merous journals, and he has been a con-
ning historian, to keynote National Leadership
while 55 percent of the people thought
publicans, who are homesick for those
sultant to many governmental agencies
Symposium.
him qualified to be President, only 37 per-
qualities nowadays.
One of Ford's favorite themes is the
cent thought he was doing a good job as
Vice President. Normally, to be qualified
danger that lies in the possibility of a
Democratic landslide this fall and a veto-
as President is the only job description a
Vice President must answer to. But that
proof Democratic majority in the 94th
poll was taken after his Atlantic City
Congress. That, says Ford, "would make
speech defending President Nixon and
the executive branch ineffective" and pro-
before his Chicago speech attacking
duce some very one-sided and ill-consid-
CREEP-at a time when a lot of people
ered legislation. You don't have to be a
thought he was just being Nixon's yes-
Republican to see the point of that argu-
ment.
man. The anti-CREEP speech puts some
healthy daylight between Ford and Nixon.
Meanwhile, Ford is not seeking support
for the Presidential nomination in '76. To
Nowadays he has his own speechwriters
and is clearly his own man. And as Nixon
do that, he says, would diminish his credi-
becomes an increasing liability to the Re-
bility as Vice President. But his neutrality
also enables him to do more than Rocke-
publican Party, so Ford becomes its chief
asset. More than anyone since the late
feller or Reagan or Percy can do to restore
Senator Taft, he is earning the title of
the respectability of the Republican Party.
Mr. Republican.
And that's good for the system. I'm not
Ford has two main jobs these days. One
prepared to say whether Ford would make
is greasing the wheels that could get some
a good President or not. But I do think
of Nixon's bills through Congress. To that
he's becoming a very useful Vice President
end he is opening an office on the House
-perhaps the first useful one we've ever
Spiegel Grove, the Hayes Mansion and the Rutherford B. Hayes Library, Fremont, Ohio, site of Fifth
had.
side of the Capitol so its members won't
Annual National Leadership Symposium, October 18-20, 1974.
have to walk way over to his Senate office
This is John K. Jessup with Spectrum.
10
11
VICE PRESIDENT'S KEYNOTE ADDRESS
TWO CONTRASTING VIEWS ON IMPEACHMENT
FIFTH ANNUAL NATIONAL STUDENT SYMPOSIUM ON THE PRESIDENCY
BY CENTER MEMBERS RESIDING IN CALIFORNIA
RESTON, VIRGINIA-FRIDAY, MARCH 29, 1974
1.
Neither resignation nor tem-
2.
Watergate at best can now be
porary departure from office seem to be
looked upon as the politicians' private
Dr. Hoxie, Delegates, Distinguished
Vice President Alben W. Barkley, upon
game plan. Rather than continue with the
Guests, and Friends: I am honored by your
assuming office, commented that "Inas-
the best ways to settle the nation's present
destruction of the Presidency, which is our
invitation to address the Fifth Annuál Na-
much as I am about to enter upon the dis-
dilemma. As Sen. Mike Mansfield (D-
national symbol of unity, would not the
tional Student Symposium on the Presi-
charge of duties that require four years of
Mont.) has observed, pressuring the Presi-
country's best needs be served in the find-
dency and to meet with so many outstand-
silence, I will be brief."
dent to resign not only would be unfair
ing of a common meeting ground (short of
ing young people from nearly 300 aca-
Woodrow Wilson said that "the chief
but it would evade, rather than resolve,
impeachment) on which to resolve those
demic centers of America.
embarrassment" in discussing the Vice Pres-
current problems of Watergate with which
the moral and legal issues underlying this
Congress has become so obsessed? This has
I deeply regret the absence of one of the
ident's office is, that "in explaining how
nation's unprecedented plight.
been to the great detriment of carrying on
real moving spirits in the development of
little there is to be said about it, one has
evidently said all there is to say."
with the nation's more urgent business.
the Center, my good friend Jim Hagerty.
"Impeachment is the constitutional rem-
"Let the Congress proclaim, if they must,
I am well aware of Jim's valuable work as
Wilson's Vice President, Thomas Mar-
that the President erred (a human trait in
an early and present member of the Board
shall, said he "would rather be made a
edy and, for his [Richard M. Nixon's] sake
everyone's lives); then set to the task of
of Trustees for the Center. I hope and
regent of the Smithsonian Institute so that
and the country's, it should be encouraged
legislating the necessary remedial acts, in
trust he will soon be helping again in the
he could compare his fossilized life with
to run its course."
reform measures to be all-inclusive to cover
continuation of this impressive program.
the fossils of all ages." Incidentally, I am
those past decades of political excesses.
He participated in your first national
now a regent of the Smithsonian, so I don't
Then, and only then, will Watergate have
symposium four years ago and has, I be-
face that choice. And I would point out
Thomas E. Cronin, Visiting Pro-
been responsibly dealt with to serve the
lieve, in each since.
that Mr. Marshall's main claim to fame is
fessor of Political Science, Univer-
best interests of the American people.
his comment "what this country needs is a
Dr. Hoxie, I want to express my sincere
sity of California at Santa Barbara.
Joseph G. Freiberger,
thanks to you and the Center for the Study
good 5 cent cigar."
(Reprinted from Los Angeles
Lcdr, U.S.N. (Ret.)
of the Presidency for your kind invitation
Benjamin Franklin was against having
Times, May 19, 1974).
Arcadia, California
to speak in the context of this year's theme,
a Vice President at all. Franklin said that
"The People, The Congress, and The
"if they insist upon having one, I shall
Presidency." This is a difficult assignment
address him as 'Your Superfluous Ex-
CENTER PRESIDENT NAMED PRESIDENT OF
for a Vice President aware that he was not
cellency'."
elected by the people, who is no longer a
Member of the House, and is certainly not
Thomas Jefferson took a philosophical
PUBLIC MEMBERS ASSOCIATION
to be confused with the high office of the
view. He said that "the second office of this
President.
government is honorable and easy; the first
At the annual meeting of the Public
ids, Michigan industrial leader. Through
is but a splendid misery."
it, Association members arrange talks on
Many distinguished political leaders-
Members Association of the Foreign Ser-
Theodore Roosevelt thought the vice
including some former vice presidents-
vice, held at the U.S. Department of State
American foreign policy throughout the
had little regard for the office.
presidency was "really a fifth wheel." He
said "it is not a stepping stone to anything
in Washington, D.C., Center President,
nation. Another major program is manage-
President Harry S. Truman would have
but oblivion." And he went on to comment
Dr. R. Gordon Hoxie, was named Presi-
ment development for developing coun-
been amused by your selection of a Vice
that he would rather be anybody, say a
tries. The initial program in this field will
President to address the theme you have
professor of history, than Vice President."
dent of this unique body. The Public
be launched in the Republic of Korea and
chosen. President Truman, speaking from
With all respect to Theodore Roosevelt,
Members Association consists of persons
his own experience, said that "the relation-
I am not seeking to become a professor. I
who have served on boards, commissions,
was designed by Center member, Joe L.
ship between the President and the Vice-
am honored to be Vice President. I agree
Jessup, Professor of Business Administra-
President is complicated, and it is compli-
more with a Vice President who said the
or inspection teams with the Department
cated further by the fact that the Vice
of State and/or the United States Informa-
tion at George Washington University, in
Vice Presidency is not "a spare tire on the
President is in between the legislative and
automobile of government."
association with Mr. Orr.
executive branches of the government
tion Agency. A number of such persons
without, in the last analysis, being respon-
Accordingly, I would like to share some
have been tapped for ambassadorships and
síble to either."
personal thoughts. I commend the Center
for pursuing citizenship education. We are
other high ranking government posts.
In heading the 100 member Public Mem-
Harry Truman went on to say that
living at a time when confidence in the
The Association engages in a number of
bers Association, Dr. Hoxie succeeds Ken-
while the Senators look on the Vice Presi-
public service professions has eroded. The
neth Youell, former General Motors Cor-
dent as their presiding officer only, he is
word "politician" is today almost a dia-
volunteer projects including a Speaker's
actually "outside the pale as far as the
tribe. Many are voicing distrust of our
Bureau which is under the direction of
poration and public relations executive,
Senatorial club is concerned."
political system.
Center member, Edgar K. Orr, Grand Rap-
who is also a Center member.
13
12
What is to happen to our form of Gov-
The freedom of the American people is
the future, at home and abroad, while me-
give new energies to the national redemp-
diating and moderating differences, re-
tion that we will achieve. We stand on the
crument if too many persons in public of-
most directly asserted through representa-
fice are suspected of corruption and self-
tion in the Congress, in the co-equal power
maining open and flexible, to keep Amer-
threshold of a better tomorrow.
interest? I make ro excuse for bumbling
the legislative branch shares with the ex-
ica great.
The structures of government and their
bureaucrats or dishonest politicians. But I
ecutive branch. And, because of my pre-
To achieve this, the Vice President must
relationship, one to the other, ultimately
do point out that our political system
vious experience on Capitol Hill, I müst
remain his own man. The only pledge by
rest upon the human quality and character
works so well that a few rotten apples can-
warn against the danger of a so-called veto
which I have bound myself in accepting
of the government's personnel. And I be-
not turn it sour.
proof Congress. An effective Congress re-
the President's trust is the commitment by
lieve that this is a Nation of talent and
The body politic of America is healthy.
quires internal checks and balances.
which we are all bound, before God and
virtue. Such a nation will assert its boun-
It contains the strength to heal itself. It
I have now spent a little more than 100
the Constitution, to do our best for
tiful future in terms of self respect-mu-
can find renewed vigor and energy.
days as Vice President. As I continue to
America.
tual respect-and your involvement will
But we need new blood. We need the
familiarize myself with my role, it appears
I share these thoughts with you tonight
redeem America.
talented young people assembeled here
less constricted by history and more de-
because I am convinced that the United
tonight from universities throughout the
termined by emerging needs. We must look
States is not finished. We are a nation with
I congratulate you on your participation
Nation. We need educators like this
forward rather than backward. We see new
troubles. But we will prevail because I see
in this unique symposium of the Center
Center's own Dr. R. Gordon Hoxie to pro-
perceptions.
in this hall the evidence of continuity of
for the Study of the Presidency. May much
mote the quality of our national life-and
Of course, we learn from the past and
leadership. I see young men and women
good come from your deliberations. I
the quality of our politicians.
cherish our great history-and even some-
who will enter the process of politics and
thank you.
America can expect no more of its lead-
times regret our mistakes. But we live for
ers than the full measure of their capaci-
the present and the future. I do not be-
ties and integrity. We must not only expect
lieve in endlessly replaying last Saturday's
SUMMARY PLENARY ADDRESS by LLOYD BENTSEN
that full measure-we must demand it.
game but in training hard for next Sat-
United States Senator (D.) Texas
I regret there is such a widespread dis-
urday's. The upcoming game is the most
appointment in our political system and
important of all.
Dr. Hoxie, students, and friends, it is a
I think it would encourage all viewers-
in politics generally. Much has been made
But the game must not be a spectator
pleasure to join you in this very timely and
with-alarm to know that this symposium is
of the President's low rating of only about
sport involving too many passive viewers.
important discussion of the Office of the
taking place. It certainly encourages me,
26% in a recent popularity poll. But no-
Presidency, which is being viewed with
and your Center for the Study of the Presi-
It is not a super bowl to be played by a
tice that the polls also disclosed that the
few and watched by many. It is actually
alarm on all sides these days.
dency does more than encourage me with
people rated Congress at a mere 21%-sev-
its sound work.
a massive test of our concept of self-gov-
On the one hand, there is widespread
eral notches below the President.
ernment in which all must participate in
fear that the Office of President has be-
This is a far more constructive approach
This indicates the public is not only
every corner of America.
come overpowerful. On the other, there is
to citizenship than the one advocated by
unhappy with the Executive Branch but
fear that it is on the verge of losing the
Gordon Strachan when he advised young
When I became Vice President, I
even less pleased with the Congress.
power it needs to be effective.
people to stay away from government.
pledged to use whatever reputation for
It also indicates that the time has come
truth and fairness I acquired in the House
to restore our political system to a status
along with whatever capacity for reason-
that will generate public confidence.
able compromise I might possess to make
That is a tremendous challenge to those
this Government work better for the good
who choose a career in politics. We simply
of all Americans. I refer not only to the
must do a better job. And I refer both to
differences between the House and Senate,
the Executive and Legislative branches
between the Congress and the Executive
and to both major political parties.
branch, but also among the individuals of
both parties.
Americans are tired of rhetoric. The peo-
ple want results. They do not care whether
I believe the Vice Presidency presents a
Republicans or Democrats do the job. But
unique opportunity as its perspective is
they want the job done. Elected officials
both legislative and executive, making pos-
must perform or face rejection at the polls.
sible communication and compromise.
This is a government of separate but
As Vice President, I seek reconciliation,
equal branches, of checks and balances.
not recrimination.
Our strength lies in the two-party system.
It requires the competition bred by free
While this may not be a spectacular role
enterprise. We need two viable parties if
for the next three years, it is the way I see
each is to monitor the other. We also need
it. I do not share the pessimism or with-
an element of mutual trust to unite Amer-
drawal syndrome of some of my predeces-
Final Plenary Session Speaker at Reston Symposium, U.S. Senator Lloyd Bentsen, (D) Texas, with,
icans in a bi-partisan spirit to face prob-
sors. I envisage a vice-presidential function
on the left, Center President, R. Gordon Hoxie, and, on the right, Michael G. Dorow, symposium
lems at home and abroad.
involving solid and responsible work for
co-chairman and Western Michigan University representative.
14
15
I want to congratulate all of you, from
examine the role of the President in exer-
In spite of all the jokes about his arm-
In what has been described as the most
approximately 300 higher educational in-
cising the "just powers" conferred by the
twisting techniques and his "Come-let-us-
powerful and the most demanding job in
stitutions from throughout the United
consent of the governed.
reason-together" slogan, history can't ig-
the world today, this naturally requires a
States, not only for having been chosen
Before I continue, I would like to say
nore the unprecedented program of do-
high degree of executive ability-which
to represent your colleges and universities
that when I speak of the Presidency, I
mestic legislation enacted during his ad-
does not imply that the government should
here, but also for having placed the serious
don't think of it as an office restricted to
ministration.
be, or can be, run as a business. The pol-
itician-President knows this is not so.
study of government high on your per-
males only, and I have no difficulty visual-
His greatest successes were achieved by
sonal priorities.
izing a woman executive, especially when
working with party support; his worst fail-
Governing is an art-not a business-al-
I see these bright young ladies here. But
This kind of commitment, plus such op-
since such terms as "spokes-person" and
ures, by proceeding without it.
though some of the lessons and techniques
of the modern business world could cer-
portunities as this forum for the exchange
of ideas, is promising for the future of the
"chairperson" don't trip naturally off my
The role most commonly ascribed to the
tainly be used to better advantage in gov-
tongue, and I find "he-or-she" and "him-
presidency and of democracy.
President is that of Chief Executive,
ernment.
or-her" awkward encumbrances to com-
charged with responsibility for executing
munication, I will simply ask you to ac-
But the executive-President knows, as
So I commend you for being here. And I
the laws passed by the legislative branch.
commend Dr. R. Gordon Hoxie and the
cept my remarks as applying to both sexes.
And executing them-as my friend Hubert
Harry Truman knew, that the buck stops
at his desk.
Center for the Study of the Presidency for
A President is required to be many
Humphrey has said-does NOT mean kill-
both the concept and the implementation
things-to millions of people.
ing them off, by arbitrary means of im-
He is responsible for maintaining the
of this annual symposium.
poundment and freezing of funds allocated
structure of the executive branch at a
First of all, he must be a politician.
for authorized programs, or by the uncon-
I am grateful for the opportunity to par-
manageable level, for supervising the func-
That may be a rash statement to make,
stitutional exercise of the veto power.
tions of all the departments that are an-
ticipate in it.
in view of the distrust of politicians that
swerable to him-as he is answerable to the
Like many citizens, I have been giving
is so rampant today. But I know you are
The Constitution does not give the Pres-
people.
a great deal of thought to the presidency-
mature enough to recognize the difference
ident the prerogative of executing only
how it was conceived, what it has become,
between good and bad politics, and to
those laws he happens to approve.
So he must be skilled in delegating au-
and what it can be, and must be in the
realize that no politics is a code for chaos.
thority and in selecting capable people to
Respect for democratic principles de-
future, if democracy is to flourish.
whom he can delegate authority.
A politician-in the best sense of the
mands that the President be willing to
In sharing some of those thoughts with
word-understands the forces that moti-
execute the laws enacted by Congress. That
I think the measure of a President can
you, I want to make it clear that I am talk-
vate people to action in a common cause.
implies an understanding and apprecia-
very well be taken by the quality of his
ing about the office, rather than any spe-
A politician has a philosophy of govern-
tion of the separation of powers.
appointments.
cific President. And I want to make it
ment, and the ability to translate that
As a wise man once remarked: A dis-
clear that there is a disturbing trend in the
philosophy into programs.
We have seen what I consider a danger-
concept of the Presidency which started
To do this, he has to be able to work
ous erosion of that separation over the
honest man cannot keep honest employ-
with the Congress, in a spirit of respect
past three decades; since the end of World
ees, for they will expose him; an incom-
many years ago. It wasn't something that
cropped up under the current Administra-
War II.
petent man cannot keep competent em-
for the elected representatives of the peo-
ployees, for they will be frustrated; and
tion. And it was as much the fault of the
ple and respect for the balance of powers
Americans have accepted this without
an inferior man cannot keep superior em-
Congress-a failure of Congress to assert
provided by the Constitution.
undue concern because they tend to favor
ployees, for they will outshine him.
its Constitutional role, over an extended
Moreover, he must be able to work with
a strong President. But I think there has
period of time-as it was the fault of the
Executive Branch.
the leaders of his own party. To function
been some confusion in the past about
A strong President will surround himself
effectively, he has to be the leader of his
what a strong President is.
with strong and effective advisers. He is,
after all, the Chief Executive-not the sole
I recognize that it is all too easy for a
party. But he must also be willing to sub-
Is it one who rides roughshod over the
executive.
member of the Senate to take a critical
ject himself to the discipline of the party.
principle of separation of powers? One
view of the Executive. The adversary re-
The President cannot conduct his office
who extends the power and authority of
Every member of the Cabinet, every
lationship between the two was built into
in a vacuum. He must have the support
his office at the expense of other branches
agency head, should be an executive-and
our Constitution and the function of gov-
of his party to initiate programs and to
of government that are presumed to be
a highly competent executive-as well as
ernment depends on it.
make programs workable. Votes are not
co-equal?
an adviser to the President, who is then
Members of the Senate are not expected
enough. Votes win elections-but they do
free to fulfill his function as Chief Execu-
to always agree with the President-even
We can't afford to be confused over the
tive.
not guarantee good government.
if they belong to the President's Party. But
distinction between a strong PRESIDENT
we are expected to respect his concept and
Our form of government depends on a
and a strong GOVERNMENT, a strong
And right here I would like to say that it
conduct of the office.
strong two-party system, and on a sound
COUNTRY.
is high time to return to the Cabinet
working relationship between elected of-
system.
The concept of the Presidency has been
ficials of both parties.
My view of a strong President is one
changing over a period of time-and from
who acts decisively and competently within
It has been downgraded and bypassed
The President is in a unique position to
my viewpoint, much of the change has not
his constitutionally assigned limits, taking
for too long.
been for the better.
promote that kind of relationship. Lyndon
full personal responsibility for the con-
Government is far too complex, and
Johnson understood that very well. He
duct of the executive branch, its successess
events move far too rapidly, to be man-
The recent turmoil surrounding that of-
was most effective in mobilizing bipartisan
and its failures.
aged by a White House clique.
fice is a clear signal that it is time to re-
support for legislative programs.
17
16
It is not enough that the President un-
by example than the Office of President of
The country is dangerously weakened
Now let me say a word about the Presi-
derstands the issues. He must be willing
the United States. I am not referring to
when the Cabinet is supplanted by a team
dent in his traditional role of Commander-
and able to present them to the people,
moral example alone; I think we are all
of faceless, anonymous advisers who pay
in-Chief. That title does not demand a
to win support for government policies,
agreed that character and integrity are pre-
allegiance only to the President.
special background in military strategy,
and to give citizens the background for
requisites for the job. But the President has
nor does it confer on him instant wisdom
There is no place in a democracy for
making free choices.
a unique opportunity to set an example of
in military affairs.
the democratic ideal for our own citizens
an elite palace guard composed of men
Information is not to be confused with
who have never been elected to office, and
It is, of course, essential for him to be
and for people around the world, rejecting
propaganda. The first requirement for in-
who have never been formally appointed
able to act quickly and decisively when
all the trappings of royalty and avoiding
formation is truth-the good news and the
to office with the Constitutional safeguard
the nation's security is actually at stake.
the slightest taint of special privilege.
bad. When the White House becomes a
of Senate review and confirmation.
In such cases, he must rely on the best
Good News Machine, the people are quick
The Office of the Presidency has devi-
I believe we have had too much spot-
military advice he can get-plus his own
to detect it and to lose confidence.
ated considerably from the original intent.
light on the White House and not enough
good judgment. That judgment must be
It has become more remote, more exalted,
on the Executive Departments.
based on political as well as military con-
Frequent press conferences, when the
more powerful. And it has become more
siderations. The two can rarely be sep-
President and his Administration are sub-
distrusted and feared-both at home and
The press is inclined to focus on the
arated. It is a strength of our system that
jected to open questioning by reporters.
abroad.
White House as the power center. That
authority is vested in a civilian Com-
are essential to the free flow of informa-
focus could be changed by a President
mander-in-Chief who can make military
tion. Franklin D. Roosevelt made good use
George Washington painted no mystical
who-by his appointments and his actions
decisions on the basis of his knowledge of
of the press conference as a medium of
aura around the office. He insisted that
-turns the spotlight on the members of
political realities at home and abroad.
education, and supplemented it to good
"Mr." was a sufficient title for any Amer-
effect with his Fireside Chats to bring gov-
ican.
the Cabinet as spokesmen for their de-
partments and for the Administration, in
I see the President of the United States
ernment closer to the people.
Thomas Jefferson walked from his hotel
the areas of their expertise.
as an analyst and a planner. He must be
The President's attitude toward people
to his inaugural ceremony-and afterward
constantly assessing the state of the nation,
sat at the cold end of the table at his board-
It is an unwise President who bypasses
is as important as his attitude toward in-
determining how well the laws are serving
or usurps the function of the Cabinet. A
formation. Adlai Stevenson said: "Trust
inghouse, because no man there would
their intended purpose, and where they
President who is strong on foreign policy
the people. Trust their good sense
give the new President a place at the warm
need to be amended or augmented and
Trust-them with the facts, trust them with
end. No one thought of yielding one to the
may be said to be "his own Secretary of
State." I have heard that remark made of
improved. From that viewpoint, he makes
the great decisions."
new President, any more than he would
recommenations to the Congress. He pre-
have thought of demanding it.
various Presidents, in tones of admiration.
sents a program. He does not necessarily
The President must trust the people
Of course we cannot go back to the sim-
But I am reminded of the saying that is
wait for a program to be presented to him
and inspire their trust.
popular in medical circles: "He who doc-
for approval, though he doesn't always op-
plicity of the old days. But it is still within
tors himself has a fool for a patient."
pose one simply because he didn't think
In short, he must be a leader. He is
the power of the President to set a tone
of it first. He does not wait for public
guided - he must be guided - by public
that is in keeping with a democratic so-
No President-no matter how knowl-
clamor to spur him to action.
opinion. But he would be a poor leader if
ciety, where hardships and sacrifices are
edgeable he is in foreign affairs-can serve
he changed course with every shift in the
equally shared.
as Secretary of State and Chief Executive
While he deals with the realities of the
polls. He has to have the courage of his
During World War II, meatless days
at the same time.
present, he is always looking down the
own convictions, plus the ability to evalu-
were observed in the White House as they
Both jobs are more than full-time.
road, anticipating future problems and
ate public opinion surveys, which can be
were in any other household. When the
needs and moving forward to meet them.
impediments to leadership as well as val-
King and Queen of England came to visit,
Personal diplomacy is at best a limited
When the President fails to do this, the
uable tools for decision-making.
Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt enter-
tool in a democratic government.
country lives in a perpetual state of crisis.
A leader today must be able to recog-
tained them with a picnic on the grounds
We have seen how government can fall
nize when the polls are inaccurate or in-
of Hyde Park-where the guests dined on
Every President has to look far beyond
apart at home while attention is focused
adequate reflections of public opinion-or
hot dogs.
his own term of office. Continuity is the
abroad.
very essence of the Office of the Presidency.
when they are accurate reflections of un-
In spite of modern demands for protec-
Moreover, the suggestion that one per-
informed opinion. Obviously, the man in
tion and security, Harry Truman was one
The President must also be an educator,
the street doesn't have access to all the
son and only one person can maintain
of our most accessible Presidents. He got
recognizing that the strength of a democ-
information that is available to the man
good relations between our country and
his exercise by taking brisk early morning
racy depends on an enlightened electorate.
in the Oval Office. This information can-
any foreign power is antithetical to dem-
walks through the streets of Washington-
Thomas Jefferson said, "If a nation ex-
not always be made public; but I believe
ocracy.
followed by a breathless retinue of re-
pects to be ignorant and free, it expects
the trend toward greater secrecy in gov-
porters and a barrage of questions.
It denies the principle of continuity and
what never was and never will be."
ernment has weakened the credibility of
advances the myth of indispensability.
leadership. A leader who expects people
He kept his perspective by reminding
The issues on which a citizen needs to
to follow has to level with them about
himself, when faced with crucial decisions,
Working agreements and alliances must
pass judgment today must be more com-
where they are going-and why.
that he was just an average American citi-
be forged between governments-not the
plex than they were in Jefferson's time, but
zen-who happened to be occupying the
heads of governments, with their limited
the citizen's capacity to grasp those com-
There is probably no office in the world
Office of the Presidency at that particular
tenure on life and office.
plexities should never be underrated.
today with greater potential for influence
time in history.
18
19
It is this perspective that needs to be
party who is uniquely qualified for the
"A Just and Lasting Peace Among Ourselves"
restored and re-emphasized-by an open
Presidency.
President, an accessible President, a demo-
TEXT OF MEMORIAL DAY ADDRESS
cratic President spelled with a small "d,"
We may have shortages in this country,
but there is no shortage of leadership.
by Dr. R. Gordon Hoxie, Brig. Gen., USAFR
who makes no apology for democracy.
There is an abundance of talent to be
President, Center for the Study of the Presidency
I realize I have placed a heavy burden
tapped-and it is the responsibility of the
on the shoulders of the President, requir-
Bryant Park, Roslyn, New York
political parties to tap it, so that they can
ing him to be not only Chief Executive
offer the American people a choice of
May 27, 1974
and Commander-in-Chief, but skilled pol-
highly qualified candidates to occupy the
itician, analyst, planner, educator, leader,
Office of the Presidency.
Commander Jacobs, Major Kaufmann,
Lest we forget, Sgt. Kelley was a 37 year
and example.
reverend clergy, members of the patriotic'
old veteran of the Korean War, when he
And you may wonder if there are any
Again I congratulate all of you partic-
and service organizations gathered here,
again answered the call to duty. He was
Americans who can fit the job description.
ipating in the unique programs of the
friends and neighbors, it is for me an hon-
the son of your neighbor Mrs. Lucy C.
Center for the Study of the Presidency.
My answer is yes-thousands of them.
or and a privilege to participate with you
Kelley, who lives nearby on Old Northern
Your very presence augurs well for the fu-
in the 1974 Memorial Day Program in this
Boulevard, Roslyn. It was in May 1965,
I reject categorically the undemocratic
ture. Good luck in this and your future en-
beautiful and historic setting. My good
that he died half-way round the world,
idea that there is only one person in either
deavors on this vital subject.
friend. Dr. Thomas Sheldon, Deputy Com-
after suffering multiple wounds in a Viet
missioner of Education of the State of New
Cong ambush.
BERGEN PRESENTS BROAD RANGING
York, who like myself wears the Air Force
Yes, here in Roslyn, you do revere the
blue uniform with pride, had, you may re-
memory of your honored dead, and not
PRESIDENTIAL PROGRAMS
call, delivered the address here last year,
just on Memorial Day. And your appre-
and I know that occasion meant a great
In close association with the Center,
Political Science Department, Hunter Col-
ciation of your heritage has inspired your
deal to him, as this does to me.
Bergen Community College, Paramus,
lege, and Center members: Drs. Dolce,
splendid preservation of so many historic
New Jersey. inaugurated during the 1973-
Hoxie, Koenig, Skau, and Williams.
Many of you, now grandparents, have
landmarks, including those related to our
The television series, in association with
fondly recalled to me, when your children
nation's first President, George Washing-
74 academic year, an outstanding program
on the Presidency.
CBS, is in 54 parts, ranging from Back-
participated in the annual parade formed
ton. Most students of history consider him
This program has been established under
ground and Origins of the Presidential
at Garden Street and Mineola Boulevard.
one of our two greatest Presidents. It was
Office through The Limits of Presidential
Now, in turn, those children have young
with the greatest reluctance that he ac-
the direction of Dr. Philip C. Dolce, As-
Power. Entitled "The American Presi-
people who helped form the parade today.
cepted the American Presidency, the first
sistant Professor of History at Bergen, with
Yours is a great tradition. Frank Kaelin,
chief executive of any nation elected by
the cordial support of Dr. Sidney Silver-
dency: The Men and the Office," the series
former Commander of the James A. Lyon
its people.
man, President, and Dr. George H. Skau,
is televised on Tuesdays, Thursdays, and
Chairman of the Department of Social
Saturdays from May 21 through September
Post of the American Legion, can recall
From earliest youth Washington had
21, 1974. It is suggested that Center mem-
each of these parades and programs in
been called again and again to take up
Sciences.
bers consult their local papers for the time
which the Legion has participated for the
arms to defend his homeland. At age 22,
The program has included radio and
of this series which is listed as "Summer
past 54 years. And before that he can re-
in 1754, as a lieutenant colonel in the Vir-
television presentations, symposia, and
Semester." In the New York City area the
call the leadership role of the veterans of
ginia militia he had been sent by Governor
academic courses. The highly successful
time is 6:30-7:00 A.M.
the Civil War and of the Spanish Ameri-
Dinwiddie to contest the French position
WPAT radio series, "Pinnacle of Power,"
can War.
Center Board of Educators members ap-
on the frontier, precipitating the French
included broadcasts by Center Board mem-
and Indian War, or as it was called in
pearing on the series included Dr. Koenig,
And what more appropriate setting is
bers Dr. Harry J. Sievers, Dr. Irving G.
Dr. Williams, and Dr. Skau. Center Presi-
there than this lovely park and this com-
Europe, the Seven Years War. Twenty-one
Williams, Dr. Louis Koenig, Dr. R.
dent, Dr. Hoxie, discusses Presidential
years later he was called to take command
munity that has always revered the mem-
Gordon Hoxie, and Dr. Skau. At the com-
of the American Revolutionary Army, al-
Greatness, on August 29, with special ref-
ory of those persons who paid the supreme
pletion of the series, at a luncheon host-
erence to President Eisenhower.
sacrifice in service to their country. The
ways outnumbered except in the final cru-
ed by President Silverman, presentation
cial campaign at Yorktown six years later.
Persons desiring to receive three semes-
Bryant Library here in this park was built
of the tapes for the series was made to the
ter hour college credits for the series may
in 1920 to honor the veterans of the first
Grimly, Washington had learned the les-
Center by Mr. Donald LeBrecht and Mr.
address inquiries before June 15 to:
World War. And Bryant Park, or Roslyn
son which in his final days as President he
Robert Leeder from WPAT. In accepting
them Dr. Hoxie noted that they will make
The Registrar's Office
Park as it was then called, was one of the
had tried to leave for his fellow-country-
Bergen Community College
first in the nation to erect a plaque to an
men: "To be prepared for war is one of
a splendid addition to the Center's already
400 Paramus Road
American killed in Vietnam. We may well
the most effectual means of preserving
quite extensive tape collection.
Paramus, NJ 07652
recall today the words on a plaque erected
peace." Jimmy and Dolly Madison better
in 1966 on a small boulder here in this
understood that statement in 1812, when
On Saturday, April 27, Bergen con-
In speaking at the College on May 8,
ducted an all-day Symposium at the Col-
Dr. Hoxie observed that during the course
portion of the park where we are meeting:
they fled the White House, saving Wash-
ington's portrait. When you view that por-
lege featuring Dr. James MacGregor
of this academic year "by its creative series
Sergeant First Class Bernard J. Kelley;
trait in the White House today it still
Burns, Woodrow Wilson Professor of Gov-
Bergen had emerged in the front rank of
killed in Vietnam in an effort to pre-
bears the scorched marks from the fire set
vernment at Williams, together with Dr.
higher educational institutions engaged in
Robert S. Hirschfield, Chairman of the
serve a free world for free men.
by the advancing British Army, mute testi-
studying the American Presidency."
21
20
mony of our ill-preparedness for the War
reductions of nearly 50 percent since 1968.
birth of "a new nation, conceived in lib-
Sixteen months later, in his second in-
of 1812, more derisively termed "Mr. Mad-
We have each year since then reduced the
erty, and dedicated to the proposition that
augural, just a month before his death,
ison's War." Yes, founding father James
relative portion of our national budget al-
all men are created equal." Recalling those,
located for defense. Already there are
Lincoln urged reconciliation. "With mal-
Madison did not escape derision during
North and South, who had fallen on that
his Presidency. Nor, indeed, did Washing-
again voices in the land asking why do we
battlefield, Lincoln expressed the fervent
ice toward none; with charity for all
ton, who in his second term was subject to
need our armed forces. The question might
hope,
let us
bind up the nation's wounds
the most severe political attack and abuse.
better be: Why do we need America? We
that from these honored dead we take
need America for human dignity, for free-
increased devotion to that cause for
May this spirit of Lincoln prevail in this
But it is with that other of our two
dom, for opportunity. These are the things
which they gave the last full measure of
land, this Memorial Day, as the bell tolls
greatest Presidents, Lincoln, that Memor-
our men and women in uniform stand in
devotion; that we highly resolve that
and as we seek, in Lincoln's words, "a just
ial Day, or Decoration Day as it was of-
defense of. They and all of us fervently
these dead shall not have died in vain-
and lasting peace among ourselves and
ficially called until 1882, had its beginnings
hope for a world in which there can be fur-
that this nation, under God, shall have
with all nations." It is regrettably later
from the American Civil War. Here in the
ther reduction of armed forces. But can we
a new birth of freedom; and that gov-
than we realize. It is time for quiet re-
North we generally recognize the little up-
keep faith with those who died in Flan-
ernment of the people, by the people,
flection, not strident voices, as, here at
state New York community of Waterloo as
der's fields in 1918, or those who 50 years
for the people, shall not perish from the
home, we seek "peace among ourselves,"
the first to observe the day. They did so on
later defended Khe Sanh in 1968, if we
earth.
and for those who come after.
May 5, 1866, with stores closed, flags at
allow ourselves to have the second best Air
half mast, and flowers for each veteran's
Force, Army, or Navy? There is no security
grave. But it was a compassionate act of
in second best, and this we came perilously
The American Presidency: A Bibliographical Essay
a few ladies in Columbus, Mississippi the
close to becoming as two years ago we
following year, that inspired national at-
concluded Part I of the Strategic Arms
Part Two
tention. The women had gone to decorate
Limitations Talks with the Soviet Union.
the graves of their own Confederate dead.
Therein we agreed upon numerical in-
Reprinted (with revisions) from
idential executive orders, proclamations,
Seeing the bare and forgotten graves of
feriority of 50 percent in such categories
American Studies, Winter 1973
reorganization plans, and rules and regu-
Union soldiers nearby, they decorated
as ICBM launchers.
lations issued by executive departments
those also. Such an act, only two years after
by Dr. Kenneth Davison, Department of
and agencies.
the most bitter Civil War, touched the
In assessing our strength and our weak-
American Studies, Heidelberg College,
hearts of the Nation. The result, next year,
ness, moreover, there is the added dimen-
Tiffin, Ohio.
2. Weekly Compilation of Presidential
by proclamation of General John A. Lo-
sion of moral and spiritual qualities. Our
Documents (Washington, D.C.: Govern-
[The first part of Dr. Davison's essay,
gan, first commander of the Grand Army
President is acutely aware of this fact. In
of which the following is a continuation,
ment Printing Office, 1965-) Published
of the Republic, the Union Veterans or-
his own Memorial Day remarks delivered
appeared in the Winter 1974 issue of the
every Monday by the Office of the Federal
ganization, was Decoration Day.
to the nation only an hour ago he empha-
Center House Bulletin.]
Register. Contains presidents' addresses, re-
sized that "lasting peace can be achieved
marks, announcements, appointments and
One of the vivid memories of my own
only through lasting awareness, lasting pre-
Until the present generation, the lit-
nominations, executive orders, memoran-
earliest youth in Waterloo, Iowa was the
paredness and lasting strength, both physi-
erature on the office of the American pres-
da, meetings with foreign leaders, and pro-
annual "Decoration Day" program in our
cal and moral."
idency was extremely limited. During the
clamations, as well as reports to the pres-
school participated in by the handful of
entire first century and a half of the na-
ident, released by the White House up to
remaining Civil War veterans. By that
Here in Roslyn we have nearby a land-
tional experience (1789-1939), only fifteen
5:00 P.M. the preceding Friday.
time Memorial Day had become a salute
mark in which we take especial pride, the
titles on the presidency appeared, but in
to the military dead of all of our wars.
Clock Tower at the corner of Old North-
the single election year of 1960, an addi-
3. Public Papers of the Presidents of the
ern Boulevard and Main Street erected in
tional fifteen books were published, most
United States (Washington, D.C.: Govern-
As we today revere our soldiers, sailors,
1895 by the children of Roslyn resident
of them of enduring value. Since 1960, the
ment Printing Office, 1958-). A series in-
and airmen killed far from home, we
Ellen Ward. There I witnessed Com-
quantity and quality of research and pub-
augurated by publication of the 1957 Ei-
should also remember those missing in ac-
mand Kaelin lay a wreath this morning
lication on presidential history and con-
senhower volume. Now complete for Tru-
tion, more than one thousand such persons,
by the plaque which states in eloquent
temporary presidential politics has ex-
man (1945-53) Eisenhower (1953-61)
not yet heard from in Southeast Asia.
simplicity, "In memory of our Roslyn boys.
panded at an extraordinary rate. Many ex-
Kennedy (1961-63) Johnson (1963-69)
This is a solemn reminder of an unfinished
As the parade resumed the bell in
cellent articles and monographs, detailed
and Nixon 1969-71)
task in a world of divided ideologies. In
the clock tower sounded the hour, and I
histories and biographies, as well as source
that world we do, indeed, seek better un-
could not help but think of the age old
books are now readily available to stu-
4. United States Government Organiza-
derstanding, or detente as it is called. But,
question: "For Whom the Bell Tolls?" In
dents and scholars of American civilization.
tion Manual (Washington, D.C.: Govern-
as former Secretary of Defense and Coun-
asking it, John Donne, the English poet
ment Printing Office, 1935-). An annual
sellor to the President, Melvin Laird, now
and clergyman, nearly four centuries ago
Contemporary Sources on the Presidency
publication which describes the current or-
of the Reader's Digest, so well put it, "De-
reminded us that we are all part of hu-
For contemporary analysis of the presi-
ganization and functions of each of the
tente without defense is delusion."
manity, that the bell tolls for each of us.
dency, a good place to begin is with the
departments and agencies in the executive
branch, as well as the legislative and ju-
Soon our nation will be observing the
government documents:
After every war we have severly cut back
dicial branches. It also is helpful in under-
our armed forces. We have already re-
200 anniversary of its birth. Standing on
1. Federal Register (Washington, D.C.:
standing the transfer of responsibilities
duced our military strength to the lowest
the fields of the most severe battle of the
Government Printing Office, 1936-) Pub-
from discontinued or reorganized govern-
level in a quarter century; these have been
Civil War) Abraham Lincoln recalled that
lished five times each week. Includes pres-
ment agencies.
22
23
devotes a section in each issue to recent
Campaign and election data is readily
5. Monthly Catalogue of U.S. Govern-
3. Center for the Study of the Presi-
manuscript accessions by the presidential
available in Donald E. Cooke, Atlas of the
ment Publications (Washington, D.C.:
dency, 926 Fifth Avenue, New York, New
libraries. A new magazine, the Washington
Presidents (Maplewood, N.J.: Hammond
Government Printing Office, 1895-). The
York 10021. Formerly the Library of Pres-
Monthly (Washington: Washington
Inc., 1967) the Congressional Quarterly
basic index to the thousands of pamphlets,
idential Papers, the Center conducts sev-
Monthly Co., 1969-> offers a liberal in-
Service special publication, Presidential
books, and periodicals published by the
eral outstanding lectures and symposia
terpretation of the contemporary scene
Candidates from 1788 to 1964, including
Government Printing Office, still the larg-
each year, featuring distinguished politi-
which may be counter-balanced by Wil-
third parties, 1832-1964 (Washington,
est paperback publisher in the U.S.
cal scientists and leaders of government.
liam F. Buckley's conservative National
1964) Svend Petersen, A Statistical His-
It issues a quarterly newsletter, the Center
Review (Bristol, Connecticut: National
tory of the American Presidential Elections
6. Schmeckebier, Laurence F., and East-
House Bulletin, excellent annotated bibli-
Review, Inc., 1955--)
(New York: Ungar, 1963) and Richard
in, Ray B. Government Publications and
ographies on the Presidency, and occa-
M. Scammon (ed.), America at the Polls:
Their Use 2nd rev. ed. (Washington: The
sional books including conference pro-
General Bibliographical Guidance
a Handbook of American Presidential Elec-
Brookings Institution, 1969). The best
ceedings. The first two volumes, both
For basic bibliographical guidance in
tion Statistics, 1920-1964 (Pittsburgh: Uni-
guide to government publications. Espe-
edited by R. Gordon Hoxie, are: The
the study of the Presidency, three tools
versity of Pittsburgh Press, 1965).
cially helpful in explaining the rapid
White House: Organization and Opera-
are available. Donald H. Mugridge (comp.)
changes and growth in the number of such
tions: Proceedings of the 1970 Montauk
The Presidents of the U.S., 1789-1962: A
Useful reference collections of impor-
publications in recent years; also calls at-
Symposium, (New York: Center for the
Selected List of References (Washington:
tant presidential speeches are assembled
tention to many special series.
Study of the Presidency, 1971), and The
Library of Congress, 1963) is an annotated
in the Library of Congress Legislative Ref-
Presidency of the 1970's: Proceedings of the
listing of 1453 items pertaining to the
erence Service volume, Inaugural Ad-
In addition to the Presidential Libraries
1971 Montauk Symposium (New York:
presidency and individual presidents, in-
dresses of the Presidents of the U.S. from
discussed earlier, three private organiza-
Center for the Study of the Presidency,
cluding their writings as well as writings
George Washington, 1789 to John F. Ken-
tions conduct extensive research, publica-
1973).
about them or their administrations. An
nedy, 1961 (Washington: Government
tion, and other activities relating to the
excellent way to keep abreast of current
Printing Office 1961) and Fred L. Israel
study of the contemporary presidency:
Certain newspapers have built a repu-
tation for excellent coverage and interpre-
presidential literature is to subscribe to
(ed.), The State of the Union Messages
1. The Brookings Institution, 1775 Mas-
tation of events. The New York Times
the Library of Congress Card Service which
of the Presidents, 1790-1966 3 Vols. (New
maintains a consistently high standard of
automatically insures monthly notification
York: Chelsea House, 1966)
sachusetts Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C.
independent political reporting. It normal-
of all new titles catalogued by the nation's
Diaries and Autobiographies
20036, is an independent research organi-
zation founded in 1927 to aid in the de-
ly prints complete texts of all important
leading reference library. Finally, a re-
cent dissertation by David Alan Heslop,
Only five presidents kept diaries which
velopment of sound public policies and to
presidential statements. The Christian Sci-
The Presidency and Political Science: A
cover the presidential period:
promote public understanding of issues of
ence Monitor is strong on international
news coverage and political analysis. The
Critique of the Work of Political Scientists
Washington, George. Diaries, 1748-1799.
national importance. Among its recent
in Three Areas of Presidential Politics
publications are five volumes in a new se-
Washington Post has frequently won ac-
Edited by John C. Fitzpatrick. (Boston:
ries called "Studies in Presidential Selec-
claim for its investigative reporting, while
(Ann Arbor: University Microfilms, Inc.,
Houghton Mifflin, 1925)
tion" (1970-) entitled Voting for Presi-
the Wall Street Journal is the nation's best
1969) offers a fundamental survey of the
more important books and articles dealing
Adams, John Quincy. Memoirs
com-
dent; Financing Presidential Campaigns;
known paper for financial and business
with the President as chief legislator, ad-
prising portions of his Diary from 1795
The Convention Problem; Perspectives on
affairs.
ministrative chief, and party leader.
to 1848. 12 Vols. Edited by Charles Fran-
Presidential Selection; and Convention De-
Magazines and professional journals fre-
cis Adams. (Philadelphia: Lippincott,
cisions and Voting Records.
A good encyclopedia volume of personal
quently carry articles bearing directly on
1874-77)
and comparative data on all American
the contemporary presidency. Of these,
chief executives through Lyndon B. John-
Polk, James K. The Diary of James K. Polk
2. Congressional Quarterly, Inc., 1735 K
the most prestigious are The American
son is provided by Joseph Nathan Kane,
During His Presidency, 1845 to 1849.
Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20006.
Political Service Review (Menasha, Wis-
Facts About the Presidents: A Compila-
Edited and annotated by Milo Milton
Publisher of Congressional Quarterly
consin: American Political Science Asso-
tion of Biographical and Historical Data
Quaife. 4 Vols. (Chicago: McClurg,
Weekly Report (Washington: Congres-
ciation, 1906-) and Foreign Affairs (New
2nd edition (New York: H. W. Wilson,
1910).
sional Quarterly, Inc., 1945-). The most
York: Council on Foreign Relations
1968) Another excellent source is Howard
authoritative and easy to use source of in-
Hayes, Rutherford B. Hayes: The Diary of
1922-).
F. Bremer, editor, Presidential Chronology
a President, 1875-1881, Covering the
formation on Congress. The president's
Series 32 vols. (Dobbs-Ferry, N.Y.: Oceana
position on all major legislation and roll
The Political Science Quarterly (New
Disputed Election, the End of Recon-
Publications Inc., 1968-72).
York: Columbia University 1886-) and
struction, and the Beginning of Civil
call votes is given, plus his messages to
Congress, press conferences, and vetoes. An
the Public Administration Review (Wash-
Many unusual and entertaining facts
Service. Edited by T. Harry Williams
annual digest is published under the title
ington: American Society for Public Ad-
about Presidents are to be found in Don
(New York: D. McKay Co., 1964).
Congressional Quarterly Almanac. Other
ministration, 1940-) also frequently fea-
Smith, Peculiarities of the Presidents,
Garfield, James A. The Diary of James A.
special publications include: Congress and
ture articles and book reviews on the Presi-
Strange and Intimate Facts Not Found in
Garfield. Edited by Harry James Brown
the Nation, a resumé of congressional and
dency. Presidential Papers are often men-
History (Van Wert, Ohio: Wilkinson
and Frederick D. Williams, 3 Vols. (East
presidential actions from 1945 to 1972; the
tioned or discussed in Prologue, the Jour-
Printing Co., 1938). Famous presidential
Lansing: Michigan State University,
semi-annual Congressional Quarterly
nal of the National Archives (Washing-
statements may be traced through Caroline
1967-)
Guide to Current American Government;
ton: National Archives, 1969-) and The
Harnsberger, Treasury of Presidential
and the weekly Editorial Research Reports
American Archivist (Washington, D.C.: So-
Quotations (Chicago: Follett Publishing
Of a dozen presidents who have pre-
on current controversial issues.
ciety of American Archivists, 1938-) which
Co., 1964).
pared autobiographical accounts, only five
24
25
are significant for their reflections on the
presidential vehicles in his delightful Pres-
The definitive analysis of the office of
1960) Individual conventions are scrutin-
presidency. Theodore Roosevelt's Autobi-
idents on Wheels (Washington: Acropolis
President is provided in Edward S. Cor-
ized with mathematical accuracy and tables
ography (New York: Macmillan, 1913) is
Books, 1971). Margaret Bassett offers brief
win, The President: Office and Powers 4th
in Richard E. Bain and Judith H. Parris,
outstanding. Hoover's three volume Mem-
biographical vignettes and excellent pic-
ed. (New York: New York University
Convention Decisions and Voting Records
oirs (New York: Macmillan, 1951-52) and
tures in her Profiles and Portraits of Amer-
Press, 1957) and Louis W. Koenig, The
(Washington: The Brookings Institution,
Truman's two-volume Memoirs (Garden
ican Presidents and Their Wives (Free-
Chief Executive, rev. ed. (New York: Har-
1973). Possible reforms in the presidential
City, New York: Doubleday, 1955-56)
port, Maine: The Bond Wheelwright Com-
court Brace, & World, 1968).
selection system and the convention nomi-
broke fresh ground and remain primary
pany, 1969)
nating process in an age of television are
sources of considerable value. Eisenhower's
Comparative studies of the presidential
considered in Judith H. Parris, The Con-
Mandate for Change, 1953-1956: The
The two best general pictorial treat-
office are offered by Harold Laski, The
vention Problem (Washington: The
White House Years, and Waging Peace,
ments of the presidency are Kenneth W.
American Presidency (New York: Harper
Brookings Institution, 1972) and Donald
1956-1961: The White House Years (Gar-
Leigh, The American Heritage Pictorial
& Brothers, 1940) and Joseph E. Kallen-
R. Matthews (ed.) Perspectives on Presi-
den City, New York: Doubleday & Co.,
History of the Presidents, 2 Volumes (New
bach, The American Chief Executive: The
dential Selection (Washington, D.C.: The
1963-65) continued the tradition. Lyndon
York: American Heritage Publishing Co.,
Presidency and the Governorship (New
Brookings Institution, 1973).
B. Johnson's The Vantage Point: Perspec-
1968) and Stefan Lorant's superb The Glo-
York: Harper & Row, 1966). The classic
tives of the Presidency: 1963-1969 (New
rious Burden: the American Presidency
study of the functioning of the executive
Thorough summaries of presidential
York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1971)
(New York: Harper & Row, 1968), a re-
branch is the four-volume administrative
campaigns and elections are available in
vision of his earlier The Presidency: a pic-
history series by Leonard D. White, The
Herbert Eaton, Presidential Timber (New
is helpful on understanding some aspects
of the decision-making process in the mod-
torial history of presidential elections from
Federalists, a Study in Administrative His-
York: The Free Press of Glencoe, 1964)
ern presidency.
Washington to Truman (New York: Mac-
tory; The Jeffersonians, 1801-29, The Jack-
Eugene H. Roseboom, A History of Presi-
sonians, 1829-61, and The Republican Era,
dential Elections (New York: The Macmil-
millan, 1951).
Recordings and Pictorial Works
1869-1901. (Macmillan, 1948-1958).
lan Company, 1957) ; and Arthur M.
Schlesinger, Jr., History of American Pres-
A few documentary recordings, especially
General Histories
For the intentions of the Founding Fa-
idential Elections, 1789-1968. 4 vols. (New
concerning presidents since Grover Cleve-
thers with repect to the Presidency, see
York: Chelsea House, 1971). The very
land, descrve mention:
The best general surveys of the historical
The Enduring Federalist, edited and ana-
real threat of increasing campaign costs
Election Songs of the United States (New
developments and present position of the
lyzed by Charles A. Beard (Garden City,
to democratic electoral processes, and pos-
York: Folkways Records, 1960).
presidency may be found in Wilfred E.
N.Y.: Doubleday & Co., Inc., 1948). For
sible reforms is examined in Delmar D.
Binkley's masterful The Man in the White
an analysis of how the President may ef-
Dunn, Financing Presidential Campaigns
FDR Speaks. 6 records (Washington:
House: His Powers and Duties rev. ed.
fectively use his great powers see: Richard
(Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Insti-
Washington Records, Inc., 1960).
(New York: Harper Colophon Books,
E. Neustadt, Presidential Power, the Pol-
tution, 1972).
Four Days that Shocked the World (New
1964) and President and Congress 3rd rev.
itics of Leadership (New York: John
A good historical introduction to the
York: Colpix Records, 1964).
ed. (New York: Vintage Books, 1962);
Wiley, 1960).
electoral college system is Lucius Wilmer-
Clinton Rossiter's highly readable The
American Presidency 2nd ed. (New York:
Contrasting contemporary judgments on
ding, The Electoral College (New Bruns-
If I'm Elected (New York: Heritage, 1953).
Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1960) and Sidney
the future of the presidential office, by
wick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1958).
The Inaugural Addresses of Franklin D.
Hyman's careful study, The American Pres-
former White House aides, are given by
Two modern reappraisals of the system
Roosevelt, Harry S. Truman, Dwight D.
George E. Reedy in his two books, The
with alternative suggestions for reform are:
ident (New York: Harper, 1954). Inter-
Eisenhower, and John F. Kennedy 3
Twilight of the Presidency (New York:
Wallace S. Sayre and Judith H. Parris,
esting anecdotes and comparative apprais-
records (New Rochelle, N.Y.: Spoken
als presented in lively fashion are the hall-
The World Publishing Co., 1970) and The
Voting for President: The Electoral Col-
Arts, Inc., 1962).
mark of both Thomas A. Bailey, Presiden-
Presidency in Flux (New York: Columbia
lege and the American Political System
tial Greatness: The Image and the Man
University Press, 1973); by Emmet John
(Washington: The Brookings Institution,
The Invention of the Presidency (New
from George Washington to the Present
Hughes, The Living Presidency (New
1970) and Neal R. Peirce, The Peoples'
York: American Heritage Publishing
York: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan, Inc.,
President: The Electoral College in Amer-
Co., 1968).
(New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts,
1973), and very recently by Arthur M.
ican History and the Direct-Vote Alterna-
1966) and Holman Hamilton, White
I Can Hear It Now: The Sixties (New
Schlesinger, Jr., The Imperial Presidency
tive (New York: Simon and Schuster,
House Images and Realities (Gainesville:
York: Columbia Records, 1970).
University of Florida Press, 1958).
(Cambridge: Houghton-Mifflin, 1973).
1972).
Years of Lightning, Day of Drums (Holly-
A basic introduction to party history is
A spirited history of defeated presiden-
wood, Cal.: Capitol Records, Inc.,
Morton Borden (ed.) America's Ten
provided in Wilfred E. Binkley, American
tial aspirants is contained in Irving Stone,
1966).
Greatest Presidents (Chicago: Rand Mc-
Political Parties: Their Natural History
They Also Ran: The Story of the Men
Nally, 1961) and Richard Hofstader, The
4th ed. enlarged (New York: Alfred A.
Who Were Defeated for the Presidency
Of the many pictorial works on the
American Political Tradition and the Men
American Presidency, a few are notably
Knopf, 1963). For more of a political sci-
(Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Co., Inc.,
Who Made It (New York: Knopf, 1948)
1945).
outstanding. The White House Historical
ence approach, see the standard work by
present provocative interpretations of the
Association booklets, The Living White
V. O. Key, Politics, Parties and Pressure
Students interested in inauguration
more-famous American presidents. Asa E.
Groups (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell,
House (Washington; 1966) and The
events will find a good guide to the litera-
Martin, After the White House (State Col-
White House: an Historic Guide (Wash-
1964). The nominating process is analyzed
ture in Ruth S. Freitag, Presidential In-
lege, Pa.: Penns Valley Publishers, 1951)
with great care in Paul T. David, et al, The
ington, 1969) are both inexpensive and
augurations: A Selected List of References.
traces the careers of America's retired pres-
authoritative. Herbert R. Collins details
Politics of National Party Conventions
idents in an interesting manner.
Third edition, revised and enlarged.
(Washington: Brookings Institution,
(Washington: The Library of Congress,
26
27
1969) Pictorial books of interest are The
The standard work on presidential press
sion (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan
position Press, 1961). Peter Odegard doc-
Inaugural Story, 1789-1969 (New York:
relations is James E. Pollard, The Presi-
Press, 1951). Senator Birch Bayh recently
uments the historic impact of religion in
American Heritage Publishing Co., 1969),
dents and the Press (New York: Macmil-
headed a committee investigation of the
his Religion and Politics (New York: Oce-
and Louise Durbin, Inaugural Cavalcade
lan, 1947). A brief account emphasizing
problem with resulting book, One Heart-
ana Publications, 1960), while Robert S.
(New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1971).
the recent period is Meyer L. Stein, When
beat Away: Presidential Disability and Suc-
Alley concerns himself with the twentieth
Presidents Meet the Press (New York: Mes-
cession (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, Inc.,
century story in So Help Me God: Religion
Monographs on Special Aspects
sner, 1969). A pioneering book that also
1968). Studies of specific succession crises
and the Presidency: Wilson to Nixon
Excellent monographs on many special
gives attention to presidential speech-
of the past are summarized in Richard
(Richmond, Virginia: John Knox Press,
aspects of the modern presidency have
writing and use of radio and television
Hansen, The Year We Had No President
1972).
been published during the past two dec-
media is Elmer E. Cornwell, Jr., Presiden-
(Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press,
Edmund Lindop and Joseph Jares,
ades. With the increasing complexity of
tial Leadership of Public Opinion (Bloom-
1962), and John D. Feerick, From Failing
White House Sportsmen (Boston: Hough-
government, an institutionalized presi-
ington: Indiana University Press, 1965).
Hands: The Story of Presidential Succes-
ton Mifflin, 1964) catalogues the leisure
dency has developed to rival the older cab-
Pierre Salinger, With Kennedy (Garden
sion (New York: Fordham University
time pursuits of the Presidents.
inet system. The only recent book on the
City, N.Y.: Doubleday and Co., Inc., 1966)
Press, 1965)
cabinet is Richard F. Fenno's The Presi-
includes some excellent comments on press
White House social history is the sub-
dent's Cabinet: An Analysis in the Period
relations by President Kennedy's press
Authoritative monographs on the vice-
ject of several volumes. One of the best is
from Wilson to Eisenhower (Cambridge:
secretary.
presidency are Louis C. Hatch, A History.
still Bess Furman, White House Profile, a
Harvard University Press, 1959) Just one
of the Vice-Presidency of the United States,
Social History of the White House, Its Oc-
Presidential views on racial questions
book has appeared on a particular presi-
revised and edited by Earl L. Shoup (New
cupants and Its Festivities (Indianapolis:
are surveyed in George Sinkler, The Racial
dent's cabinet, but it is a very fine study:
York: American Historical Society, 1934),
Bobbs Merrill, 1951) A fine pictorial and
Attitudes of American Presidents from
Burton J. Hendrick, Lincoln's War Cabi-
and Irving G. Williams, The Rise of the
personal history of the first families is Amy
Abraham Lincoln to Theodore Roosevelt
net (Boston: Little, Brown, 1946).
Vice Presidency (Washington: Public Af-
La Follette Jensen, The White House and
(Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Co., Inc.,
fairs Press, 1956)
Its Thirty-Four Families (New York: Mc-
The new trend toward studies of other
1971). Less comprehensive is Melvin Stein-
presidential advisors and staff began with
field, Our Racist Presidents: from Wash-
A book which greatly influenced Presi-
Graw-Hill, 1970). Of the various collective
Louis W. Koenig's, The Invisible Presi-
ington to Nixon (San Ramon, California:
dent Kennedy's administration is Laurin
biographies of presidential wives, the stu-
dency (New York: Rinehart, 1960) a case
Consensus Publishers, 1972).
L. Henry, Presidential Transitions (Wash-
dent should especially consult Mary O.
study of seven influential "favorites" from
ington: Brookings Institution, 1960) which
Whitten, First First Ladies, 1789-1865, a
Law and order issues are discussed in
describes four transitions from one presi-
Study of the Wives of the Early Presidents
Washington's Alexander Hamilton to
Bennett Milton Rich, The Presidents and
dential administration to another in which
(New York: Hastings House, 1948) and
Eisenhower's Sherman Adams. Patrick An-
Civil Disorder (Washington: Brookings
Ona Griffin, Jeffries, In and Out of the
derson continues the practice in his light-
a change of party was involved, from 1912-
hearted, The President's Men (Garden
Institution, 1941) and Ruth Morgan, The
13 to 1952-53. The Eisenhower-Kennedy
White House, from Washington to the
President and Civil Rights: Policy-making
City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Co., Inc., 1968).
transfer of power is detailed in Paul T.
Eisenhowers; an Intimate Glimpse into the
A much more sophisticated, generalized
by Executive Order (New York: St. Mar-
David (ed.), The Presidential Election
Social and Domestic Aspects of the Presi-
approach is Thomas E. Cronin and San-
tins' Press, Inc., 1970).
and Transition, 1960-1961 (Washington:
dential Life (New York: W. Funk, 1960).
ford D. Greenberg (eds.), The Presiden-
The President's role as commander-in-
Brookings Institution, 1961).
Claudia ("Lady Bird") Johnson has pro-
vided her memoirs in A White House
tial Advisory System (New York: Harper
chief is reviewed through eight case studies
The physical and health histories of the
Diary (New York: Holt, Rinehart and
and Row, 1969) Recent special studies in-
from Madison to Eisenhower in Ernest R.
various Presidents is given in a fascinating
Winston, 1970).
clude: Norman C. Thomas and Hans W.
May (ed.), The Ultimate Decision (New
series of medical profiles by a Los Angeles
Baade, (eds.), The Institutionalized Presi-
York: George Braziller, 1960). Nathan D.
surgeon, Rudolph Marx, in his The Health
Biographical Studies
dency (Dobbs Ferry, N.Y.: Oceana Publi-
Grundstein, Presidential Delegation of Au-
of the Presidents (New York: Putnam,
cations, 1972) Joseph Coffey and Vincent
thority in Wartime (Pittsburgh: Univer-
1961). The work of the Secret Service in
In recommending each of the following
P. Rock, The Presidential Staff (Washing-
sity of Pittsburgh Press, 1961) is also in-
protecting the person of the president is
titles, I have sought to apply three basic
ton: National Planning Association, 1961),
structive.
the subject of two books: U. E. Baughman,
criteria: sound scholarship; eminent read-
and Frank Popper, The President's Com-
Secret Service Chief (New York: Harper,
ability; and emphasis upon the presiden-
missions (New York: Twentieth Century
Possible reorganization of the Executive
branch is the theme of Herman Finer, The
1961), and Edmund W. Starling, Starling
tial years.
Fund, 1970)
Presidency: Crisis and Regeneration (Chi-
of the White House (New York: Simon
1. George Washington (1789-1797)
No one as yet has made a comprehensive
cago: University of Chicago, 1960), and
and Schuster, 1946). The best overall his-
study of presidential private secretaries,
Rexford G. Tugwell, The Enlargement of
tory of attempted and successful presiden-
Flexner, James Thomas. George Washing-
but several of the latter have written inter-
the Presidency (Garden City, N.Y.:
tial assassinations is Robert J. Donovan,
ton and the New Nation (1783-1793)
esting accounts of their superiors. Espe-
Doubleday, 1960).
The Assassins (New York: Popular Li-
and George Washington: Anguish and
cially recommended are: Grace G. Tully,
brary, 1964)
Farewell (1793-1799). Volumes III and
F.D.R., My Boss (New York: Scribner,
Dorothy Louise Tomkins, Presidential
IV (Boston: Little, Brown, 1969-1972).
1949) Evelyn Lincoln, My Twelve Years
Succession, a Bibliography Rev. ed. (Berk-
The religious affiliations and convictions
Comprehensive treatment with both
with John F. Kennedy (New York: David
eley: Institute of Governmental Studies,
of the Presidents are set forth in Bliss Isely,
praise and blame.
McKay Co., Inc., 1965) ; and Lady Bird
University of California, 1965) provides a
The Presidents: Men of Faith (Boston:
Johnson's Press Secretary, Liz Carpenter,
starting point for yet another area of con-
W. A. Wilde Co., 1953) and Olga Jones,
Freeman, Douglas Southall. George Wash-
Ruffles and Flourishes (Garden City, N.Y.:
temporary concern. The older standard
Churches of the Presidents in Washington.
ington: A Biography. 7 Vols. (New York:
Doubleday & Co., Inc., 1970).
work is by Ruth Silva, Presidential Succes-
Second enlarged edition. (New York: Ex-
Scribner's Sons, 1948-1957) Classic
28
29
study emphasizing Washington's human
6. John Quincy Adams (1825-1829)
Excellent social history of President Ty-
16. Abraham Lincoln (1861-1865)
qualities. Volume seven was written by
ler, his wife Julia Gardner, and their
Bemis, Samuel Flagg. John Quincy Adams
Randall, James Garfield. Lincoln, the
two of Freeman's associates, John Alex-
large family.
and the Foundations of American For-
President. 4 vols. (Dodd, Mead, 1945-
ander Carroll and Mary Wells Ashworth.
A one-volume abridgement, Washing-
eign Policy and John Quincy Adams and
1955). Critical and yet sympathetic. Pic-
11. James K. Polk (1845-1849)
tures Lincoln as a moderate liberal.
ton, by Richard Harwell was issued in
the Union. (New York: Knopf, 1949-
1956). Pultizer Prize winner. One of
McCormac, Eugene Irving. James K. Polk,
Sandburg, Carl. Abraham Lincoln: The
1968 by Scribner's.
President Kennedy's favorite biogra-
A Political Biography, (Berkeley: Uni-
War Years. 4 vols. (New York: Harcourt
2. John Adams (1797-1801)
phies. Bemis had access to the Adams
versity of California Press, 1922). The
Brace, 1939). Excellent. Stresses Lin-
Papers.
only complete biography to date.
coln's human qualities.
Chinard, Gilbert. Honest John Adams
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1933) Good for
7. Andrew Jackson (1829-1937)
Sellers, Charles Grier. James K. Polk,
Thomas, Benjamin P. Abraham Lincoln,
Adams' political philosophy.
Jacksonian, 1795-1843 and James K.
A Biography. (New York: Knopf, 1952)
James, Marquis. The Life of Andrew Jack-
Polk, Continentalist, 1843-1846. (Prince-
The standard one volume treatment.
Smith, Page. John Adams. 2 Vols. (Garden
son. (Indianapolis: Bobbs Merrill, 1938).
ton: Princeton University Press, 1957-
City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1962) Authori-
Well-written. Strong on personal and
1966). Authoritative. Will become the
17. Andrew Johnson (1865-1869)
tative, but harder reading. First com-
family life.
standard work when completed.
prehensive biography based upon the
Lomask, Milton. Andrew Johnson: Presi-
Adams Papers opened in 1952.
Schlesinger, Jr., Arthur M. The Age of
dent on Trial. (New York: Farrar.
12. Zachary Taylor (1849-1850)
Jackson. (Boston: Little, Brown, 1945)
Straus, and Giroux, 1960) A readable
3. Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809)
Pulitzer Prize winner. Pictures Jackson
Dyer, Brainerd. Zachary Taylor. (Baton
account concentrating on the presiden-
Malone, Dumas. Jefferson and His time.
as an intelligent as well as courageous
Rouge: Louisiana State University,
tial period. A good overall, up-to-date
4 Vols. (Boston: Little, Brown, 1948-
champion of the laborer and the farmer
1946). Especially good on Taylor's ex-
biography of Andrew Johnson is still
1970). Definitive treatment by a master
against speculative capital and en-
ecutive-legislative struggle.
needed.
historian.
trenched privilege.
Hamilton, Holman. Zachary Taylor. 2 vols.
McKitrick, Eric L. Andrew Johnson and
Peterson, Merrill D. Thomas Jefferson and
8. Martin Van Buren (1937-1841)
(Indianapolis: Bobbs Merrill, 1941-
Reconstruction. (Chicago: University of
the New Nation. (New Oxford
1951) Admirable, well-researched and
Chicago, 1960). The best account of
University Press, 1970). Stresses the
Curtis, James C. The Fox at Bay: Martin
written study based upon twenty years'
President Johnson's struggles with the
many contributions of Jefferson to the
Van Buren and the Presidency, 1837-
work.
Radical Republicans and hostile Dem-
nation.
1841. (Lexington: The University Press
ocrats.
of Kentucky, 1970). The first detailed
13. Millard Fillmore (1850-1853)
4. James Madison (1809-1817)
examination of the Van Buren presi-
18. Ulysses S. Grant (1869-1877)
Brant, Irving. The Fourth President: A
dency.
Rayback, Robert J. Millard Fillmore: Bi-
Life of James Madison. (Indianapolis:
ography of a President. (Buffalo: H.
Hesseltine, William B. Ulysses S. Grant,
Van Deusen, Glyndon G. The Jacksonian
Stewart, 1959). Readable. Dispels im-
Politician. (New York: Dodd, Mead,
Bobbs-Merrill, 1970). Abridgement of
Era. 1828-1848. (New York: Harper,
the author's earlier (1941-1961) six-vol-
age of Fillmore as an anti-Catholic bigot.
1935). The standard biography. Favor-
1959). Good synthesis of many mono-
able.
ume life of Madison. Definitive and sym-
graphs on the period.
pathetic.
14. Franklin Pierce (1853-1857)
Nevins, Allan. Hamilton Fish: the Inner
History of the Grant Administration.
Ketcham, Ralph. James Madison: A Bi-
9. William Henry Harrison (1841)
Nichols, Roy F. Franklin Pierce, Young
(New York: Dodd, Mead, 1936). Solid
ography. (New York: Maçmillan, 1971).
Most recent study. Massive detail and
Cleaves, Freeman. Old Tippencanoe: Wil-
Hickory of the Granite Hills. 2nd ed-
political history from the vantage point
liam Henry Harrison and His Time.
(Philadelphia: University of Pennsyl-
of Grant's key cabinet officer and Secre-
thorough acquaintance with source ma-
vania Press, 1958). Excellent scholar-
(New York: Scribner, 1939). Standard
tary of State for eight years.
terials.
ship by one of the great masters of nine-
treatment.
teenth century American political his-
5. James Monroe (1817-1825)
19. Rutherford B. Hayes (1877-1881)
Gunderson, Robert Gray. The Log-Cabin
tory.
Ammon, Harry. James Monroe: The Quest
Campaign. (Lexington: University of
Barnard, Harry. Rutherford B. Hayes and
for National Identity. (New York: Mc-
Kentucky Press, 1957). Colorful ac-
15. James Buchanan (1857-1861)
His America. (Indianapolis: Bobbs Mer-
Graw-Hill Book Co., 1971). Especially
counts of famous Whig triumph in
rill, 1954). Excellent on the disputed
good on Monroe's relationship with Jef-
which they outwitted the Democrats.
Klein, Philip Shriver. President James Bu-
election of 1876 and the family back-
ferson and Madison.
chanan, A Biography. (University Park,
ground of President Hayes. Limited dis-
10. John Tyler (1841-1845)
Pa.: Pennsylvania State University,
cussion of presidential period.
Cresson, William P. James Monroe.
(Chapel Hill: University of North Caro-
Chitwood, Oliver Perry. John Tyler,
1962). Definitive, yet very readable.
Davison, Kenneth E. The Presidency of
lina, 1946). Strong on foreign affairs.
Champion of the Old South. (New York:
Nichols, Roy F. The Disruption of Ameri-
Rutherford B. Hayes. (Westport, Conn.:
Dangerfield, George, The Era of Good
Appleton-Century, 1939). Very favor-
can Democracy. (New York: Macmillan,
Greenwood Press, 1972). Standard work.
Feelings. (New York: Harcourt, Brace
able interpretation based on family pa-
1948). Pulitzer Prize winner. Excellent
New material on Hayes' early life, nom-
and Company, 1952) Excellent person-
pers.
vignettes of major and minor political
ination for President, White House staff,
al and political history covering the
Seager, Robert. And Tyler Too. (New
leaders. Outstanding analysis of the
Indian policy, use of executive power,
years, 1814-1829.
party process.
and travels.
York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1963).
31
30
20. James A. Garfield (1881)
Morgan, H. Wayne, William McKinley
Great Betrayal (New York: Macmillan,
30. Herbert Hoover (1929-1983)
and His America. (Syracuse: Syracuse
Caldwell, Robert G. James A. Garfield,
1945) Highly readable accounts of Wil-
University Press, 1963). Particularly
Party Chieftain. (New York: Dodd,
son's inflexibility at the time of the fight
Romasco, Albert U. The Poverty of Abun-
strong on McKinley as a political leader
dance: Hoover, the Nation, the Depres-
Mead, 1931). Still the standard one vol-
for the League of Nations.
and President.
sion. New York: Oxford University
ume work.
Baker, Ray Stannard. Woodrow Wilson:
Press, 1965. A revisionist view of what
25. Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909)
Life and Letters. 8 vols. (Garden City,
happened between 1929 and 1933, sym-
Smith, Theodore Clarke. The Life and
Letters of James Abram Garfield. 2 vols.
N.Y.: Doubleday, Doran & Co., 1927-
pathetic to Hoover and more critical of
Blum, John Morton. The Republican
1939). Authorized biography. Very in-
the nation's institutional leadership as
(New Haven: Yale University Press,
Roosevelt. (Cambridge: Harvard Uni-
1925). Good for details on Garfield's
versity Press, 1954) A very good brief
formative first-hand volumes by Wilson's
a whole.
early years.
political biography.
literary executor.
Warren, Harris G. Herbert Hoover and the
Gatewood, Jr., Willard B. Theodore Roose-
Link, Arthur S. Woodrow Wilson. 5 vols.
Great Depression. (New York: Oxford
21. Chester A. Arthur (1881-1885)
velt and the Art of Controversy. (Baton
(Princeton: Princeton University Press,
University Press, 1959). The best sec-
Howe, George Frederick. Chester A. Ar-
1947-1965) Critical, but far from hostile
ondary account, but written without ac-
Rouge: Louisiana State University Press,
thur: A Quarter-Century of Machine
1970) An examination of seven episodes
biography, destined to be the definitive
cess to the Hoover Papers. A definitive
account when the series, now up to 1917,
Hoover biography has not yet appeared.
Politics. (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1934).
from the Roosevelt years in the White
The only existing twentieth century bi-
House.
is completed.
31. Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933-1945)
ography. Limited by paucity of Arthur
Harbaugh, William Henry. The Life and
Smith, Gene. When the Cheering Stopped:
Papers.
Times of Theodore Roosevelt. Revised
the Last Years of Woodrow Wilson.
Burns, James MacGregor. Roosevelt: The
Reeves, Thomas C. The Gentleman Boss.
edition. (New York: Collier Books,
(New York: William Morrow and Com-
Lion and the Fox. (New York: Har-
(New York: Knopf, forthcoming) Des-
pany, 1964) Fascinating account of Wil-
court, Brace & Co., 1956) and Roose-
1963) A solid book, emphasizing Roose-
tined to be the standard biography.
son's last years and crippling illness,
velt: The Soldier of Freedom (New
velt the man and the political leader.
Based upon intensive research and new
based upon documents found after his
York: Harcourt, Brace Jovanovich, Inc.,
Lorant, Stefan. The Life and Times of
manuscript finds.
widow's death.
1970). The first scholarly biography, in-
Theodore Roosevelt. (Garden City,
formative and critical, of President
22. Grover Cleveland (1885-1889;
N.Y.: Doubleday, 1959). A superb pic-
Roosevelt. Excellent descriptions of the
torial biography seventeen years in the
28. Warren G. Harding (1921-1923)
political scene.
1893-1897)
making.
Downes, Randolph C. The Rise of Warren
Freidel, Frank. Franklin D. Roosevelt. 4
Merrill, Horace Samuel. Bourbon Leader:
Grover Cleveland and the Democratic
Mowery, George F. The Era of Theodore
Gamaliel Harding, 1865-1920. (Colum-
vols. (Boston: Little, Brown, 1952-1973)
Roosevelt, 1900-1912. (New York: Har-
bus: The Ohio State University Press,
Excellent biography to July 1933. To be
Party. (Boston: Little, Brown, 1957) A
well-written brief biography.
per, 1958). Excellent treatment of
1970). The best account of Harding's
completed in three more volumes.
Roosevelt's philosophy and policies as
career before he became President. Based
Nevins, Allan. Grover Cleveland, A Study
a national leader.
upon the recently opened Harding Pa-
Lash, Joseph. Eleanor and Franklin. (New
York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1971) Per-
in Courage. (New York: Dodd, Mead,
pers in the Ohio Historical Society.
Pringle, Henry F. Theodore Roosevelt, A
sonal and family history based upon
1932), Pulizter Prize winner. Definitive.
Biography. (New York: Harcourt, Brace,
Murray, Robert. The Harding Era: War-
Eleanor Roosevelt's Papers.
23. Benjamin Harrison (1889-1893)
1931). Pulitzer Prize winner. Well
ren G. Harding and His Administration.
grounded in the sources.
(Minneapolis: University of Minnesota
Leuchtenburg, William E. Franklin D.
Roosevelt and the New Deal, 1932-1940.
Sievers, S. J., Harry J. Benjamin Harrison:
Press, 1969). The most up-to-date and
Hoosier Warrior, 1833-1865. (Chicago:
26. William Howard Taft (1909-1913)
scholarly account of the Harding Presi-
(New York: Harper & Row, 1963) The
best short account of the New Deal.
Henry Regnery Co., 1952) Benjamin
dency.
Coletta, Paolo E. The Presidency of Wil-
Harrison: Hoosier Statesman, 1865-1888
Schlesinger, Jr., Arthur M. The Age of
liam Howard Taft. (Lawrence: The
(New York: University Publishers,
29. Calvin Coolidge (1923-1929)
Roosevelt. 3 vols. (Cambridge: Hough-
University Press of Kansas, 1973). The
1959) Benjamin Harrison, Hoosier
ton-Mifflin, 1957-1960) An exciting se-
first volume in a new series on presiden-
President, 1888-1901 (Indianapolis:
Fuess, Claude. Calvin Coolidge, the Man
ries which carries the account to 1936.
tial administrations.
Bobbs Merrill, 1968) The first compre-
from Vermont. (Boston: Little, Brown,
hensive biography based upon intensive
Pringle, Henry F. The Life and Times of
1940). Interesting and well-written, but
32. Harry S. Truman (1945-1953)
use of the Harrison Papers.
William Howard Taft, A Biography. 2
uncritical.
Phillips, Cabell. The Truman Presidency.
vols. (New York: Farrar and Rinehart,
1939) Definitive. Based on Taft Papers
McCoy, Donald R. Calvin Coolidge: The
(New York: Macmillan, 1966) A jour-
24. William McKinley (1897-1901)
Quiet President. (New York: Macmil-
nalistic study of the two Truman admin-
in the Library of Congress.
lan, 1967) A recent reassessment well
istrations with modest use of the Tru-
Leech, Margaret. In the Days of McKinley.
(New York: Harper, 1959). Pulitzer
researched and presented.
man Papers.
27. Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921)
Prize winner. Gives a balanced view of
White, William Allen. A Puritan in Baby-
Rudoni, Dorothy June. Harry S. Truman:
McKinley's presidency. Excellent per-
Bailey, Thomas A. Woodrow Wilson and
lon. (New York: Macmillan, 1938) A
A Study in Presidential Perspective.
sonal vignettes, especially of Mrs. Mc-
the Lost Peace (New York: Macmillan,
sardonic view of Coolidge's shortcom-
(Ann Arbor: University Microfilms,
Kinley.
1944) and Woodrow Wilson and the
ings.
1969) An examination of the ideas and
32
33
forces which shaped President Truman's
family to write the account of Kennedy's
WOODROW WILSON AND THE AMERICAN PRESIDENCY:
concept of the presidential office.
assassination.
THEORY, PRACTICE, AND IMPACT
Steinberg, Alfred. The Man from Missouri:
Schlesinger, Jr., Arthur M. A Thousand
the Life and Times of Harry S. Truman.
Days: John F. Kennedy in the White
Editor's Note: This article is deemed par-
Joseph Tumulty: "I wonder if you realize
(New York: Putnam, 1962). The best
House. Cambridge: Houghton Mifflin
of the earlier books on Truman.
Company, 1965. An important memoir
ticularly timely since the present President
how often I think of our old Chief when
by a distinguished historian and Ken-
has indicated Wilsonian principles as best
I go about my daily tasks. Perhaps what
Truman, Margaret. Harry S. Truman.
we are doing will go a little towards the
(New York: William Morrow & Co.,
nedy Special Assistant, 1961-1963. The
expressing his own ideal of the Presidency.
fulfillment of his ideals. '(10) When Ray
1972) Interesting for its personal his-
best work on Kennedy as President.
The first part of this article appeared in
Stannard Baker, Wilson's authorized biog-
tory and the Truman-Roosevelt relation-
Sorenson, Theodore C. Kennedy. (New
the Winter 1974 issue of the Center House
rapher, wrote to President Roosevelt urg-
ship.
York: Harper and Row, 1965). A su-
Bulletin.
ing him to appeal to the moral convictions
perb account of decision-making by
of the American people as Wilson had
33. Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953-1961)
John F. Kennedy as Senator (1953-61)
(reprinted from Community College Social
done,(11) Roosevelt replied:
Adams, Sherman. Firsthand Report: the
and President (1961-63) by his closest
Science Quarterly, Summer 1973)
Theodore Roosevelt lacked Woodrow
Story of the Eisenhower Administration.
assistant and speech-writer.
Wilson's appeal to the fundamental and
(New York: Harper, 1961). Governor
White, Theodore H. The Making of a
George Skau
failed to stir as Wilson did, the truly
Adams functioned as President Eisen-
President, 1960. (New York: Atheneum
Chairman, Department of Social Sciences,
profound moral and social convictions.
hower's White House Chief of Staff.
Publishers, 1961). The first and best of
Bergen Community College
Wilson, on the other hand, failed where
White's four detailed accounts of presi-
Donovan, Robert J. Eisenhower: the In-
Theodore Roosevelt succeeded in stir-
side Story. (New York Harper, 1956).
dential campaigns from 1960 to 1972.
During the 1920's there was a notable
ring people to enthusiasm over specific
Authorized account of the first Eisen-
35. Lyndon B. Johnson (1963-1969)
lack of presidential leadership. Congress
individual events, even though these spe-
hower administration by a well-known
reacting to the strong personal Wilsonian
cific events may have been superficial
journalist given access to the White
Goldman, Eric. The Tragedy of Lyndon
leadership insisted upon its prerogatives
in comparison with the fundamental.(12)
Johnson. (New York: Knopf, 1969) A
House.
and independence. The Republican Presi-
Franklin Roosevelt, who, like Wilson,
memoir by Johnson's disillusioned "in-
dents of the period, Warren Harding, Cal-
Hughes, Emmet John. The Ordeal of
tellectual-in-residence."
vin Coolidge, and Herbert Hoover had
recognized the Presidency as a place of
Power: a Political Memoir of the Eisen-
Steinberg, Alfred. Sam Johnson's Boy: A
Whiggish views of the Presidency and
moral leadership,(13) personified the ac-
hower Years. (New York: Atheneum,
Close-up of the President from Texas.
therefore did not exert strong executive
tivist American President. Upon taking
1963) A critical account by a former
(New York: Macmillan, 1968). Uncom-
leadership. This period, in a sense, rep-
office he issued a call for action and leader-
Eisenhower speech-writer who was al-
plimentary, but exhaustively researched
resented a Renaissance of Congressional
ship;(14) this New Dealer later expressed
lowed to sit in on a number of Cabinet
and well-written.
Government.(6)
a desire to build "a strong and permanent
meetings.
tie between the Legislative and Executive
White, William S. The Professional: Lyn-
Herbert Hoover had served as Agricul-
branches of the Government. Roose-
Parmet, Herbert S. Eisenhower and the
don B. Johnson. (Cambridge: Hough-
tural Administrator during Wilson's ad-
velt, like Wilson felt that the American
American Crusades. New York: Macmil-
ton Mifflin, 1964). Favorable brief biog-
ministration. When he was President,
lan, 1972). First major assessment of the
Government was a living organism, not a
raphy.
Hoover refused to commit the United
Eisenhower administrations based on in-
machine;(16) Roosevelt was successful in
States government to a policy of personal
terviews, oral history recordings, and
36. Nixon, Richard M. (1969-197-)
modernizing and reorganizing the Execu-
welfare assistance which he felt would en-
tive office in the Administrative Reorgan-
manuscript sources.
Evans, Rowland, and Novak, Robert D.
danger America's liberty and individual-
ization Act of 1939.
Nixon in the White House. (New York:
ism. Like Wilson he refused to compromise
34. John F. Kennedy (1961-1963)
Random House, 1971). A journalistic
on what he consider a matter of moral
Just as Wilson's pattern of successful
Burns, James MacGregor. John Kennedy:
account of the first Nixon administra-
principle.
presidential leadership was thwarted after
A Political Profile. (New York: Har-
tion.
After Herbert Hoover's defeat in the
his unsuccessful appeal of 1918 and his
court, Brace & World, 1960). The best
Mazlish, Bruce. In Search of Nixon: A Psy-
1932 election it was speculated that he
attempt to dominate the Senate in 1919-
account of Kennedy's life before he be-
chohistorical Inquiry. (Baltimore: Pen-
considered resigning; Hoover would have
1920, Franklin Roosevelt's Court Reorgan-
came President. Based upon interviews
guin Books, Inc., 1973) A fascinating
utilized that same formula to transfer
ization Plan in 1937, the most explosive
and family papers.
effort to probe President Nixon's per-
power which Wilson had planned in
issue since the League of Nations, fortified
Donald, Aida Dipace (ed.). John F. Ken-
sonality.
1916.(7) However, this plan was never
the anti-New Deal coalition and signaled
nedy and the New Frontier. (New York:
Mazo, Earl and Hess, Stephen. Nixon: A
seriously considered by Hoover,(8) and the
the beginning of a series of Congressional
Hill and Wang, 1966) A collection of
Political Portrait (New York: Harper &
Presidential Succession Act of 1947 pre-
setbacks.(17) Furthermore, the Supreme
essays and early appraisals of President
Row, 1968). A rewritten version of Earl
cluded the Wilson formula(9) from being
Court fight created distrust for Roosevelt's
Kennedy.
Mazo's earlier Richard Nixon: A Politi-
implemented thereafter.
leadership in foreign policy.(18) Both Wil-
son and Roosevelt tried to dominate the
Manchester, William R. Portrait of a Pres-
cal Portrait (New York: Harper, 1959).
Wilson's Assistant Secretary of the Navy,
American constitutional system but the
ident: John F. Kennedy in Profile. Rev.
Wills, Larry. Nixon Agonistes: The Crisis
Franklin D. Roosevelt, admitted the in-
checks and balances of the Newtonian sys-
ed. (Boston: Little, Brown, 1967) The
of the Self-Made Man. (Boston: Hough-
fluence of his former Chief. Early in his
tem prevented the complete emasculation
original edition of this book led to the
ton Mifflin, 1970). An analysis of Presi-
first term as President, Roosevelt wrote to
of the other branches of government.
choice of Manchester by the Kennedy
dent Nixon's methods and ideology.
35
34
the President were more difficult than he
ples.(40) Of course the circumstances and
Roosevelt, conscious of Wilson's experi-
tion with his Vice President during his
had previously imagined. The power of
personalities modified the situation. Dis-
ence as President, was anxious to avoid the
short periods of incapacitation.(30) This
mistakes of his former Chief. The ghost of
persistent problem of Presidential inabil-
Congress and the obstacles within Con-
cord between the President and the Senate
gress looked more awesome when viewed
Foreign Relations Committee was mainly
Wilson haunted Roosevelt when he faced
ity, after much discussion, debate and
many proposals was finally dealt with by
from the White House.(36) Many of Ken-
academic; a major peace treaty was not
the difficult problems of neutrality, the
making of wartime policies, and guidance
the Twenty-fifth Amendment.(31) How-
nedy's important programs which had
being considered; partisanship was not at
been stalled in Congress(37) were later
issue-both Johnson and Fulbright were
of the United States to membership in the
ever, while this constitutional amendment
brought to fruition after his tragic death.
Democrats. Nonetheless, the conflict was
United Nations.(19) F.D.R. and all of his
does provide for procedures for the decla-
ration of Presidential inability, it would
What Kennedy symbolized and his polit-
real-Executive and senatorial preroga-
successors have, like Wilson, undertaken
seem that even these procedures may not
ical style may well count for more than
tives were at stake. Johnson, while ad-
some type of summit diplomacy with vary-
his concrete achievements as far as his-
miring Wilson as a great Democratic
ing results.(20)
solve all contingencies-such as Wilson's
torians of the future are concerned.
President,(41) realized the problems which
illness and complications in 1919. Given
Wilson was counted among the
Wilson faced nearly fifty years ago.(42)
the personalities and circumstances in-
Only two American Presidents compare
Johnson's decision not to seek re-election
heroes(21) of Harry S. Truman. On a num-
volved, it seems unlikely that the constitu-
favorably with Woodrow Wilson as a
in 1968 was influenced not only by the
ber of occasions President Truman spoke
tional procedures would have been imple-
leader of the Congress. One was Franklin
internal division in the United States
of Woodrow Wilson as a great Demo-
mented smoothly during this critical period
Roosevelt and the other is Lyndon John-
created by Vietnam, but also by the real-
(rat,(22) a great President,(23) and a
of American history.
son.(38) With his many years of legisla-
ization that a man with his medical history
great statesman.(24) Truman studied care-
fully the Wilson experience in 1919 and
John F. Kennedy had developed some
tive experience Johnson sought to reach a
could, like Wilson, be disabled at a crucial
concrete ideas on the office before assum-
broad consensus in the nation and the
1920 in order to avoid similar mistakes.
time in the nation's history.(43)
He stated "I always kept in mind the les-
ing the presidential office. In an address
Congress on national purpose and policy.
Working with personal friends and large
Richard Nixon considers Woodrow Wil-
son of Wilson S failure in 1920."(25) Both
before the National Press Club on January
Franklin Roosevelt and Harry Truman
14, 1960, Kennedy said that the Chief Ex-
Democratic majorities, Johnson initiated a
son his political hero(44) and the greatest
ecutive must be the vital center of action
wave of Great Society reforms.
President of this century.(45) He admires
sought bipartisan senatorial support for
in the American system of government.
Wilson as an intellectual, a great reformer
the establishment of the United Na-
However successful his domestic program
He further explained his ideas on the Pres-
and international statesman, while recog-
tions.(26) When the Republicans gained
of the Great Society, he, like two of his
ident as a legislative, party, and moral
nizing that, at times, Wilson was not prac-
control of Congress in 1946, Senator J. Wil-
activist Democratic reform predecessors-
liam Fulbright of Arkansas, aware of
leader.(32) It was probably this expressed
tical enough and some Wilsonian ideas
Wilson and Roosevelt-was faced with a
Wilson's problems in 1919-1920, and fear-
Wilsonian-like concept which caused James
today are somewhat outdated. Impressed
serious foreign conflict. Once again war-
MacGregor Burns, shortly after Kennedy's
by Wilsonian idealism, Richard Nixon has
ing a period of stalemate and paralysis
declared or otherwise-had become the
selected Woodrow Wilson as his presiden-
with a Democratic President and a Repub-
election, to answer a question concerning
nemesis of the liberal tradition in Amer-
Kennedy's model as a President:
tial model.(46)
lican Congress, suggested that President
ica. Executive actions in foreign affairs
Truman resign. Fulbright recommended
He likes certain aspects of each of sev-
alarmed members of the Senate who were
The similarities between Nixon and
the implementation of the Wilsonian
eral strong Presidents. If I had to name
concerned about the atrophy of the Sen-
Wilson are discussed at some length by
formula whereby a Republican, preferably
one, it might be Woodrow Wilson
ate's constitutional powers in foreign af-
one of Nixon's biographers, Gary Wills, in
Senator Arthur Vandenburg, be appointed
Now, Wilson grew in the Presidency. He
fairs. In particular, the Chairman of the
his work Nixon Agonistes: The Crisis of
Secretary of State and then take over after
grew in self-confidence. The President-
Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Wil-
the Self-Made Man. Wills points out that
liam Fulbright, took sharp exception not
Nixon "seems to liken himself to Wilson
Truman's resignation.(27) Needless to say,
elect has confidence, but I think he is
President Truman rejected this idea and
impressed by the Wilsonian image of a
only to the Administration policy in Viet-
not only in terms of principles but of tem-
pledged to cooperate with the Republican
man who could not only articulate pol-
nam but also to its domination of foreign
perament."(4 Both came from house-
Congress. (28) Fulbright's suggestion, a
icy magnificently, but could work closely
policy. He and members of the Senate
holds where religious convictions were
variation of Wilson's vote of confidence,
with party leaders.(33)
Foreign Relations Committee reasserted
emphasized. Wilson's father desired his son
Senatorial prerogatives in the formulation
to become a minister while Nixon's Quaker
was an adaptation of the parliamentary
Ironically, however, when President
of foreign policy.(39)
mother hoped young Richard might be-
system.
Kennedy read the results of a poll of his-
come a missionary in Central America.(48)
Dwight D. Eisenhower, while not known
torians and political scientists rating the
Certainly the Johnson experiences and
Nixon, considers himself an introspective
for his strong leadership, did express ad-
Presidents(34) he was surprised by Wil-
problems seem reminiscent of the Wilson
intellectual similar to Wilson.(49)
miration for the Wilsonian ideal of lead-
son's high rating-fourth on the list and
era: successful leadership in domestic re-
forms, foreign policy problems which have
Nixon admires Wilson as a man of
ership in an address honoring the memory
among the great Presidents; Kennedy
led to a clash between the Executive and
thought who could act. In Richard Nixon's
of Woodrow Wilson.(29) During the Eisen-
thought that Wilson had failed in a num-
hower administration the Democrats con-
ber of his objectives, particularly the
Legislative branches, a Chairman of the
concept of the office of President, which he
Senate Foreign Relations Committee open-
spoke about during the 1968 presidential
trolled the Congress for six of the eight
League of Nations fight; Kennedy's meas-
years. This President of restraint, through
ly criticizing the President's policies and
campaign, he strongly endorsed the activist
ure of presidential success appeared to be
action. Furthermore, the leading spokes-
view of the presidency.(50) He said, "The
accommodation and conciliation, managed
concrete achievement.(35) Paradoxically,
man for the administration's policy, Secre-
President's chief function is to lead, not
to cooperate with the opposition party.
Kennedy had difficulty in getting a num-
ber of his New Frontier programs through
tary of State Dean Rusk, a southern born
to administer." Quoting Wilson he pointed
During his periods of illness, Eisenhower
the Congress. During a television inter-
son of a Presbyterian minister, and former
out that the President must be "the spokes-
attempted to benefit from the experience
college professor, seemed imbued with Wil-
man for the real sentiment and purpose
of Wilson's illness. He had the public in-
view on December 17, 1962, he stated that
sonian moralistic sentiments and princi-
of the country.
formed and he provided for close coopera-
the problems and responsibilities facing
37
36
Wills has argued that Nixon's Vietnam
revealing the possibilities and dangers of
problems and policies have been similar to
vigorous presidential leadership.
7. Washington Evening Star, November
19. Robert Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hop-
Wilson's Mexican and World War I prob-
One can contend that President Wilson
9, 1932, as quoted by Laurin Henry,
kins (New York: Grosett and Dunlap,
lems and policies. Self-determination and
did fulfill his own theory of the American
Presidential Transitions (Washington,
1950), pp. 227, 360, 697, 756-757, 855.
moralism are evidenced in both situa-
Presidency. His successful leadership in
D.C.: The Brookings Institute, 1960),
tions. (52) Wilson strove for a just and
domestic affairs was unprecedented in
p. 275.
20. For some comparisons with Wilson see
lasting peace and Nixon's plea for a "peace
American history; his course of action in
Kurt Wimer, "Wilson and Eisenhower:
with honor and a generation of peace"
foreign affairs with executive domination
8. New York Times, November 10, 1932,
Two Experiences in Summit Diplom-
has an emphatic echo.
worked successfully until 1918 when he
p. 2.
acy," Contemporary Review, Vol. 199
The Chairman of the Senate Foreign
lost his greatest challenge. He did attempt
9. Wilson had planned to resign in No-
(June, 1961), pp. 284-295; "Can Ken-
to commit the Senate to follow his lead
nedy Succeed Where Wilson Failed?"
Relations Committee, J. William Fulbright
vember 1916 if his Republican oppon-
in the League fight but with unfortunate
Contemporary Review, Vol. 202 (No-
strongly criticizes President Nixon's use
ent, Charles Evans Hughes was elected
of presidential power. According to Ful-
results. To have hoped for Wilson to have
President. Wilson would have ap-
vember, 1962), pp. 224-229.
bright, Nixon "had done much toward
shifted to a bipartisan approach of high
point Hughes his Secretary of State
21. Cabell Phillips, The Truman Presi-
upsetting the balance between the Legis-
statesmanship during these crucial days
before he and his Vice President,
dency (New York: Macmillan, 1966),
lative and Executive branches of our gov-
would have been to overlook his past per-
Thomas Marshall, resigned. Under the
pp. 398-399.
ernment
he is driven for power and
formance and temperament. Hindered by
provisions of the Presidential Succes-
the will to dominate. This sounds
his temperament and physically weakened
sion Act of 1886 Hughes would have
22. Public Papers of the Presidents of the
like Henry Cabot Lodge rebuking Wood-
body, Wilson was not able to demonstrate
succeeded to the presidency.
United States: Harry S. Truman (Wash-
row Wilson.
successful statesmanship and presidential
ington, D.C.; Government Printing
leadership during a time of crucial impor-
10. Franklin D. Roosevelt to Joseph P.
Office, 1961-66), 1948, p. 259.
The growing control and influence of
tance. The Wilson experience demon-
Tumulty, May 19, 1933, Elliott Roose-
the American Presidency in recent years
strated the need for resourceful presiden-
velt (ed.), F.D.R., His Personal Letters
23. Ibid., 1948, pp. 379, 849; 1951, p. 7;
has been described by James MacGregor
tial leadership in the future. Richard Neu-
(New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce,
1952-53, p. 203.
Burns in Presidential Government. He
stadt has put it well. In commenting on
1947), Vol. 3, p. 346.
24. Ibid., 1945, p. 143.
said that since the Presidency has drawn
Wilson's words for the necessity of select-
11. Ray Stannard Baker to Franklin D.
so many of the countervailing forces under
ing the Chief Executive from a small group
25. Phillips, op. cit., p. 265.
Roosevelt, March 6, 1935, National Pol-
its influence, it it imperative that the
of "wise and prudent athletes," Neustadt
United States have both creative leader-
itics Folder, President's Personal File,
26. Harry S. Truman, Memoirs, (Garden
concludes:
Franklin D. Roosevelt Papers.
City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1955), Vol. 1,
ship and a creative opposition party or
If we want Presidents alive and fully
p. 272.
Shadow Presidency to challenge it.(54)
useful, we shall have to pick them from
12. Franklin D. Roosevelt to Ray Stannard
Significantly this latter prescription would
among experienced politicians of extra-
Baker, March 20, 1935; Baker Collec-
27. New York Times, November 7, 1946,
once again be an adaptation of the parlia-
ordinary temperament-an even smaller
tion, President's Personal File, Frank-
p. 3; Ibid., November 10, 1946, p. 7.
mentary system.
class
Regardless of the dangers,
lin D. Roosevelt Papers; Elliott Roose-
Strangely enough, many of those who
presidential power in this new dimen-
velt (ed.), op. cit., Vol. 3, pp. 466-467.
28. Ibid., November 8, 1946, p. 19; Ibid.,
November 12, 1946, pp. 1, 33.
have argued over the years in favor of a
sion still has to be sought and used; it
13. Samuel Rosenmen (ed.), The Public
strong activist President now are having
cannot be escaped. We are now even
Papers and Addresses of Franklin D.
29. Public Papers of the Presidents of the
second thoughts about the President's con-
more dependent than before upon the
Roosevelt, (New York: Macmillan,
United States; Dwight D. Eisenhower
trol over foreign affairs. No doubt as a
mind and temperament of the man in
1938), Vol. 1, pp. 759-760.
1960-1961 (Washington, D.C.: Govern-
result of recent foreign policy decisions,
the White House.(56)
ment Printing Office, 1961), P. 813.
many admirers of activist Presidents are
In the twentieth century the American
14. Ibid., Vol. 2, pp. 11-16.
30. Dwight D. Eisenhower, White House
sympathetic to Senator Fulbright's attempt
Presidency has become the most powerful
to equalize the Congressional role in for-
15. Ibid., Vol. 3, p. 14.
Years: Mandate for Change (Garden
and important office in the world. Wood-
City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1963), PP. 538,
eign affairs Whether this interest in
row Wilson played a significant part in
16. Ibid., Vol. 5, P. 675.
540; Waging Peace (Garden City, N.Y.:
constitutional equilibrium is ephemeral or
shaping and moulding many of the roles
Doubleday, 1965), p. 230.
persistent remains to be seen. In any case,
and powers of the modern Presidency.
17. James Paterson, Congressional Conser-
under the American Constitutional System
Certainly the ringing Wilsonian plea for
vatism and the New Deal (Lexington,
31. Ratified February 10, 1967.
a sense of balance and interplay is vital,
responsible Presidential leadership has
Kentucky University of Kentucky Press,
but let it not obstruct responsible, wise,
meaning and relevance decades later. One
1967), pp. 126-127, 165-166.
32. New York Times, January 15, 1960, p.
14.
and courageous leadership.
must hope that the President of the United
States will exercise creative and responsi-
18. William E. Leuchtenburg, "Franklin D.
The influence and roles of the Congress
Roosevelt's Supreme Court 'Packing'
33. Interview with James MacGregor
and the President have been modified since
ble leadership and statesmanship at home
Plan," address delivered at the Third
Burns, "A Size Up of Kennedy," U.S.
and abroad. The future and fate of the
the days when Woodrow Wilson wrote
News and World Report, Vol. 22 (Nov.
United States and the world depend on it.
Annual Franklin D. Roosevelt Sym-
Congressional Government. Wilson not
28, 1960), p. 76.
posium, Marist College, October 14,
only took notice of that change in Con-
6. Wilfred Binkley, The President and
1967, p. 29. Curiously Homer Cum-
34. Arthur M. Schlesinger, Sr., "Our Presi-
stitutional Government in the United
Congress, (New York: Meridian Third
mings had a hand in both Wilson's
dents: A Rating by 75 Historians," New
States but played an important role in
edition revised, 1962), pp. 265-288.
appeal of 1918 and the Court Reorgan-
York Times Magazine, July 29, 1962,
38
ization Plan of 1937.
pp. 12, 13, 39-41, 43. President Kennedy
39
BOOK SHELF
was sent a ballot but decided not to
43. Lyndon Baines Johnson, The Vantage
THE SPEECHES OF THUCYDIDES.
troduction, setting forth the reasons for
complete it. Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.,
Point: Perspectives of the Presidency
A Thousand Days (Boston: Houghton
1963-1969 (New York: Holt, Rinehart
By H. F. Harding. Coronado Press. Box
each speech and the result of the oratory.
Mifflin, 1965), p. 674.
and Winston, 1971), p. 425.
The volume also includes a reprint (of
3232, Lawrence, Kansas, 1973. 5 maps.
86 pages) of the famous analysis of the
44. Richard Reeves, "Nixon's Men Are
376 p. $12.50
35. Ibid., p. 675.
speeches recorded by Thucydides by the
Smart But No Swingers," New York
Times Magazine, Sept. 29, 1968, p. 28.
Reviewed by Dr. Kenneth W. Colegrove
classical scholar and diplomat, Sir Richard
36. The Public Papers of the Presidents of
Senior Research Associate, Center for the
C. Jebb, which has long been out of print.
the United States: John F. Kennedy
45. Garry Wills, Nixon Agonistes: The
(Washington, D.C.; Government Print-
Crisis of the Self-Made Man (Boston:
Study of the Presidency.
Professor Harding does not claim to
ing Office, 1964), pp. 889-904.
Houghton, Mifflin, 1970), p. 20.
A favorite theme of some cynics is that
have discovered any new facts about Greek
37. This deadlock between Kennedy and
46. Russell Kirk, "Conversations With the
history has no lesson to teach except the
history in this much studied period of
the Congress is analyzed in James Mac-
Presidents," a lecture at the Center for
Greek democracy. As a long-time teacher
Gregor Burns, The Deadlock of Democ-
the Study of the Presidency, June 29,
fact that history has no lesson to teach.
racy (Revised edition, Englewood Cliffs,
1972; Public Papers of the Presidents
This sophistry has been refuted by our
of rhetoric and speech, he simply looks at
of the United States, Richard Nixon
N.J., 1964).
greatest historians from Herodotus, Thu-
the record of persuasion in the Athenian
1969 (Washington, D.C.: Government
cydides and Polybius in ancient times to
city-state and observes the tactics and re-
38. Journalists have noted the comparative
Printing Office, 1971), pp. 876, 880.
Macaulay, Channing and Turner in mod-
sults of the oratory of the day. In other
legislative records of Johnson and Wil-
Wills, op. cit., PP. 20, 33, Rowland
son. See Tom Wicker, "L.B.J. and Con-
Evans and Robert Novak, Nixon in the
ern times. A study of the mistakes in the
words, his task has been to set forth the
gress," New York Times, Section 4,
White House: The Frustration of
past will often lead to the avoidance of
art of political persuasion (propaganda, if
August 29, 1965, p. 13; William V.
Power (New York: Random House,
similar mistakes in the present. The old
you please) in the Athenian democracy.
Shannon, "Johnson After Two Years,"
1971), p. 5.
proverb that experience is a dear school
A worthy task indeed, as pertinent today
Ibid., November 22, 1965), p. 36.
47. Wills, op. cit., P. 432.
but fools will learn in no other shows how
as in a democracy of the Fourth Century
deeply this truth has revealed itself to men
before Christ.
39. "The Foreign Relations Committee-
48. Richard Nixon, Six Crises (New York
of common sense.
Advice But No Consent," New York
Pyramid Edition, 1968), P. 317.
There have been six great English trans-
Times, February 25, 1968, Section 4,
49. Wills, Ibid.
p. 1; Ibid., August 1, 1967, pp. 1, 4;
In other words, human nature being re-
lations of the History of Thucydides. Pro-
Ibid., August 17, 1967, PP. 1, 5; Ibid.,
50. New York Times, Sept. 20, 1968, p. 33.
markably consistent through the ages, all
fessor Harding has chosen the celebrated
November 17, 1967, pp. 1, 2; Ibid., No-
citizens, statesmen and politicians of today
translation by Richard Crawley (edited by
vember 26, 1967, PP. 1, 12; Ibid., March
51. Ibid.
have much to learn from their counter-
John H. Finley). This reviewer prefers
8, 1968, PP- 1, 8; J. William Fulbright,
The Arrogance of Power, (New York:
53. J. W. Fulbright, "Dear Constituent:
parts in the past.
the translation by Charles Foster Smith
'I Support McGovern," New York
published in the Loeb Classics as offering
Random House, 1966), pp. 44-65.
Times, October 27, 1972, p. 41.
Professor Harding has rendered a great
a more literal translation of the Greek
40. Rusk's application of Wilsonian princi-
service to the student as well as to the gen-
text. The Crawley-Finley translation, how-
54. James MacGregor Burns, Presidential
ples in Vietnam is discussed by James
Government, (Boston: Houghlin, Mif-
eral reader by extracting the speeches of
ever, is in more idiomatic English. And it
Reston, "New York: Secretary Rusk on
flin Co., 1965), pp. 335-351.
statesmen, diplomats and politicians from
is understandable why Professor Harding
a Durable Peace," New York Times,
the monumental history of Greece during
selected this translation for the student
January 5, 1968, p. 34.
55. Arthur Schlesinger, Jr. and Alfred de
the Peloponnesian Wars (431-404 B.C.) as
and general reader.
Grazia, Congress and the Presidency:
41. Public Papers of the Presidents of the
Their Role in Modern Times (Wash-
recorded by Thucydides. In this period
United States: Lyndon B. Johnson,
ington, D.C.: American Enterprise In-
Athens was a democracy, and the speeches
In conclusion, today every student or
1963-1964 (Washington, D.C.: Govern-
stitute for Policy Research, 1967),
of Pericles, the popular leader of the Athe-
citizen who wishes to critically observe the
ment Printing Office, 1967), pp. 529-
January 24, 1968, p. 44.
nian democracy, were delivered in order
persuasion of presidents, senators, repre-
596.
to explain his policies and to persuade his
sentatives, news editors and commentators
56. Richard Neustadt, Presidential Power
42. Ibid., 1966, Book I, P. 504; New York
(New York; Signet Edition, 1964), pp.
fellow citizens to accept them. The same
should examine the oratory of Pericles
Times, November 18, 1967, p. 18.
183, 189.
is true of the other politicians such as
and his fellow politicians before the Athe-
Alcibiades.
nian assembly. Has the art of verbal per-
suasion greatly changed? Has human na-
Professor Harding, in editing the
ture fundamentally changed? What does
speeches, offers a succinct and accurate in-
history reveal?
41
40
THROUGH RUSSIAN EYES: PRESI-
critiques of democracy: The politician, mo-
ing relations with the Soviet Union, he
ably weaker. No longer is his focus the
tivated by his greed for success, manipu-
produced a wave of discontent among Cold
interaction of monopolists, some of whom
DENT KENNEDY'S 1036 DAYS.
lates issues and people, engaging in un-
War advocates. The assassination took
are not as bad as others, but he is compar-
By Anatolii A. Gromyko. International Li-
seemly campaign fights which do not ad-
place under those circumstances.
ing the policies of the United States and
brary, Inc., 2425 Wilson Boulevard, Ar-
dress themselves to the real issues; he hides
the Soviet Union regarding the gamut of
lington, Virginia, 22201. 1973. Hard cover,
his true thoughts until he is in a position
This conveniently simplistic analysis
international problems in John Kennedy's
$9.95. Pages xviii plus 239. Reviewed by
to put them into practice. Alas, when Pres-
has understandably outraged American re-
day.
Dr. Richard M. Mills, Department of Po-
ident Kennedy was finally in that position
viewers of the book already. In some ways,
litical Science, Fordham University.
and "began to put into practice the pos-
however, the analysis is too simple even
itive aspects of his ideas" (p. 28) he was
for Gromyko. For example, while stressing
The comparison is made in such a naive,
With over 200,000 copies in print in the
faced with a major struggle which "per-
heavily the controlling role of big money
biased way that the book's second half is
Soviet Union, Dr. Gromyko's is the most
haps" cost him his life. So were the positive
in politics he quickly runs into what he
a tale of virtue and vice juxtaposed. Des-
widely available book on American pol-
ideas thwarted.
calls an apparent paradox: In the 1960
pite his unrelievedly dark portrayal of
itics there. Son of the Soviet Foreign Min-
primary the billionaire Rockefeller was
American conduct in international affairs,
Gromyko's analytical vagaries are illus-
ister, Gromyko is currently with the Soviet
defeated by the relatively impecunious
Gromyko allows for the slight possibility
trated in his treatment of the primaries.
embassy in Washington working on Con-
It is a misconception to describe them ex-
Richard Nixon. Of course, there is no
that one day the forces of moderation, so-
gressional relations. He was trained as an
clusively as struggles between economic
paradox here for those who do not sub-
briety and reasonableness will prevail in
academic specialist on American domestic
scribe to the ideological interpretation of
American domestic and foreign politics-
monopoly groups attempting to secure the
and foreign affairs and has been studying
nomination of "their" candidate. Sim-
American politics which creates the ap-
even though they face a stiff, uphill fight.
them for over twenty years. In 1957 he
ilarly, it is not a fact that the primaries
parent paradox for the author. Indeed, he
Dr. Gromyko has written a special in-
published a book, THE CONGRESS OF
has an explanation (ingenious or disin-
troduction to this edition in which he
came into existence because the "ruling
THE USA: ELECTIONS, ORGANIZA-
genuous, depending on one's point of
notes the recent changes in Soviet-Ameri-
circles" were dissatisfied with the older
TION, POWERS, to date the most com-
method of selecting the candidates-and,
view) of this seeming paradox-but the
can relations. These he attributes to greater
prehensive Soviet analysis of that body,
what is worse, Gromyko says not a word
reader may savor those delights for himself
American realism and sobriety. However,
but not yet translated into English.
about the origin of the pressures for elec-
on pages 41-43 of the book. Gromyko's ex-
he does not take this opportunity to relate
Whereas the 1957 study was an essay in
toral reform leading to the primaries'
tended explanation does not save his ideo-
these changes to the domestic political
Soviet scholarship, the Kenedy volume,
logical assumption that economic power
processes he studied in the body of the
adoption.
is automatically translated into political
book.
originally published in 1968 and reprinted
in 1971, is a popularization intended for
On the other hand, there is much hard
power.
a mass audience. The first half of the book
information on the role and function of
is primarily a political biography of Ken-
the primaries in Kennedy's strategy and
Actually, although he does so almost in
The book's availability in English pro-
nedy's formative and pre-presidential years
on the reasons why he succeeded in the
passing with no commentary as to its sig-
vides a splendid opportunity for Ameri-
in politics, except for one chapter on the
primaries. The book also contains data
nificance regarding his ideological stand,
cans to learn how to read Soviet publica-
attitudes and political role of the Ameri-
showing that primaries involve far more
Gromyko does recognize that professional
tions, to learn how not to allow ritualistic
can "ruling circles." The last half treats
than just a struggle among monopoly
politicians have a measure of independ-
ideological assertions to deflect one's at-
the Kennedy administration's foreign pol-
ence (or try to establish it) from the "rul-
tention from whatever attempts at dis-
groups.
icies comprehensively.
ing circles." Gromyko gingerly asserts that
crimination a Soviet author is trying to
Still, American politics are seen as dom-
neither the monopolists nor the politicians
make, nor to fail to see whatever flexibility
To read THROUGH RUSSIAN EYES
inated by centers of economic power iden-
are uniformly big, bad wolves. He char-
is tucked away among the more militant
through American eyes is a dizzying ex-
tified as either "the monopolies" or "mo-
acterizes one element among them as being
materials. In short, the effort must be
perience. The book is an extraordinary
nopolistic groupings." These are large
"sensible" and "realistic" in its perception
made to see everything that is there, then
conglomeration of facts and misconcep-
manufacturing and financial organizations
of foreign and domestic politics, while an-
to consider and calculate the possibilities
tions, insights and blind spots, empathy
which allegedly dominate the economy
other is torn between being sensible and
and probabilities therein contained while
and unfair accusations. It is natural that
and politics of the nation in general, and
extremist in its views. Then there are the
at the same time keeping one's powder dry
American readers will be appalled by the
the President in particular through financ-
extremists.
-just in case.
misconceptions, blind spots and accusa-
ing campaigns and via prevailing upon
tions. But it ought not to be forgotten that
him to staff the higher appointive positions
In the context of Gromyko's writing the
a portion of this volume's original Soviet
in his administration with persons sug-
points which I have noted in the preced-
Professor Morgenthau's Epilogue may al-
audience, those who have developed an
gested by the monopolies. Together with
ing paragraph can be considered as dis-
ready have begun to create a conventional
expertise in sorting out the elements of
the Pentagon (i.e. as the military-industrial
criminating distinctions which ought not
wisdom regarding the book. The Epi-
information presented them in books of
complex), the CIA and the Cold War-
to be overlooked (for reasons to be given
logue's argument is: If the Soviet leaders
this sort, can develop an incomplete but
oriented Washington bureaucracy, the mo-
below), even though these are still far
look at the United States the way Gro-
essentially valid picture of some of the is-
nopolies dominated Kennedy, constrain-
from taking into account the kaleidoscopic
myko does, how is "the improvement of
sues, traditions and processes of American
ing him to continue the foreign policies
variety of forces influencing American
United States-Soviet relations without il-
domestic politics.
of President Eisenhower until 1963. When
politics.
lusions on either side" possible? (p. 231)
That is true even though Gromyko's
in that year, for reasons which Gromyko
Part of the answer lies in the 1972 and
view of American politics is strangely rem-
does not make clear, Kennedy decided to
Once the author begins discussing for-
1973 summit agreements. The agreements
iniscent of the long-standing aristocratic
initiate an independent policy of improv-
eign policy his analysis becomes consider-
are limited, cautious and in some cases
42
43
even tenuous: These are the necessary
Further improvement of relations will
Center for the Study of the Presidency
prices to be paid for improvement without
entail many difficulties, much misunder-
illusions. The agreements were an acceler-
standing which will have to be cleared up
ation of trends which appeared several
gradually, and will involve a mixture of
years before, but only time and events will
setbacks and advances. If Dr. Gromyko's
tell whether the trends will become
book illustrates the colossal difficulties
stronger or weaker, whether there will be
facing improved relations it does not nec-
Board of Trustees
an expansion or contraction of coopera-
essarily demonstrate the impossibility of
tion, contacts and mutual restraint.
the undertaking.
Mamie Doud Eisenhower, Honorary Chairman
James A. Farley, Honorary Chairman
William J. Casey, Founder Trustee Emeritus
Edouard L. Cournand, Founder Trustee Emeritus
Arthur T. Roth, Chairman
Joseph S. Lindemann, Vice Chairman
Henry H. Wilson, Vice Chairman
R. Gordon Hoxie, President and Chief Executive Officer
Andrew O. Miller, Secretary
Howard F. Cerny, Treasurer
Broadus N. Butler
Luther H. Evans
J. Roy Price
Anna M. Chennault
James C. Hagerty
Harry J. Sievers
S. Douglas Cornell
Leonard W. Hall
Thomas C. Souran
Vincent D. Draddy
Ralph D. Howell
John A. Wells
Harold W. Lady
National Advisory Council
J. Roy Price, Chairman
James M. Davis
Joe L. Jessup
Leonard P. Moore
Seymour Halpern
Kathleen Kane
Thomas S. Moorman
Robert E. Hill
Morris I. Leibman
Henry Regnery
Richard V. Horan
Robert B. Mautz
Paul Sonnabend
Edward F. Howrey
John S. McCain
James J. Wilson
Dwight A. Ink
John W. McCormack
Stephen J. Wright
Louis G. Milione
44
OFFICE OF THE VICE PRESIDENT
WASHINGTON, D.C.
To:
WSR and Sally
sally
Colonwel Walker via Nia
From:
Date: 6/24/75
Time 4:45 p.m. a.m.
Re: Admiral Moorer's retirement
party - on July 2nd.
The Vice President must arrive at
Andrews Air Force Base promptly
by 11:45
Colonel Walker will advise later
in what hangax the ceremony will take place.
1
10"
FORD LIBRARY Y GERALD
OFFICE OF THE VICE PRESIDENT
WASHINGTON, D.C.
WSR and Sally
To:
Colonwel Walker via Nia
From:
Date: 6/24/75
4:45
a.m.
Time
p.m.
Re: Admiral Moorer's retirement
party - on July 2nd.
The Vice President must arrive at
Andrews Air Force Base promptly
by 11:45.
Colonel Walker will advise later
in what MA hangar # the ceremony will take place.
GERALD P LIBRARY FORD
OFFICE OF THE VICE PRESIDENT
D.C.
6/19
Sal- - please
schedule -
Thave I sent
cc to Cmda
(Cerk
FORD & LIBRARY GERALD
msp
&
OFFICE OF THE VICE PRESIDENT
WASHINGTON, D.C.
June 18, 1974 - 5:45 pm
Mr. Ford:
You are attending the Navy League
luncheon on June 27 honoring retir-
ing Admirals Zumwalt, Moorer and
Bender. Because this was a review
and we had held the first week of
July open for personal wedding plans
we recommended a regret. However,
we shall make proper rsvp for you
if you would like to attend.
marba
He does want To
go
FORD & LIBRARY GERALD
OFFICE OF THE VICE PRESIDENT
WASHINGTON, D.C.
6-17-74
FORD & LIBRARY GERALD
Mr. Ford:
We have phoned regrets on these
invitations (I talked with Nancy
Howe), but Warren felt you should
see them.
marba
admiral Insurin too ?
Why can't 2 retarnent? attend
1 would like
regree
STATEMENTS OF DISENSE
U.P. should see
UNITED STATES OF
wsr 6-13
The Secretary of Defense and the Deputy Secretary of Defense
request the pleasure of your company
at a Retirement Review
in honor of
Admiral Thomas Hinman Moover, United States Navy
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
st Mr.
on Tuesday, the second of July
at twelve a 'clock
Andrews Air Force Base
LIBRARY GERALD FORD
R.s.v.p. by card or call 6/19/74
Service Dress White
(202) 697-7685 V accepted phone or Equivalent
(202) 697-984K
misp.
Civilian-Informal