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Aircraft Noise (11)
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Aircraft Noise (11)
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James M. Cannon Files (Ford Administration)
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The original documents are located in Box 2, folder "Aircraft Noise (11)" of the James M.
Cannon Files at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library.
Copyright Notice
The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code) governs the making of
photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted material. Gerald Ford donated to the United
States of America his copyrights in all of his unpublished writings in National Archives collections.
Works prepared by U.S. Government employees as part of their official duties are in the public
domain. The copyrights to materials written by other individuals or organizations are presumed to
remain with them. If you think any of the information displayed in the PDF is subject to a valid
copyright claim, please contact the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library.
Some items in this folder were not digitized because it contains copyrighted
materials. Please contact the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library for access to
these materials.
MEMORANDUM
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
FORD & LIBRARY GERALD
FROM: MEMORANDUM for FOR: JUDITH RICHARDS Cannon September HOPE
21,1976
Ariation naise statistics and Date.
Sen
/. are carriers received a 2%
face increase, effective September
15,1976. They have received
a total increase once the
last year of approximately 9-10%
That's
2. airline faces are set on the
The
hasis of historic casts, ascraged, not
law Juel costs after the ed not be structure relected
prospective conts the oil embargo for example, increased
en the airline rate
immediately since. in 1973-74, they
were new, not historic, costs.
Further, an across- the Board foard
Drice increase could not take into
account varying costs of compliance
with noise standards to different
carriers: TWA has a fleet of old,
Digitized from Box 2 of the James M. Cannon Files at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library
MEMORANDUM
THE WHITE HOUSE
2.
WASHINGTON
planed; Delta's fleet is newer, and
quiet.
If there were no CAB
regulation, clearly a straight
face increase to cance and pass on tothe them
aser
deavironmental costs would
be the asswer.
The surrent CAB
rate- making structure,
however, forecloses this possibility.
[Note: This also means that any
proposed excironmental
surcharge should probably
be done by legislation,
not aCAB rate-making. .]
FORD Crune,
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
September 21, 1976
MEMORANDUM FOR:
JIM CANNON
FROM:
JUDITH RICHARDS HOPE
SUBJECT:
Aviation Noise, Relavant
Quotations from Secretary Coleman's
National Transportation Policy
The following statements in Secretary Coleman's National
Transportation Policy of September 17, 1975, support the
proposed noise policy.
Domestic Air Policy Priorities (Pages 7 and 8) :
Take measures to foster more efficient use of
fuel,
Strengthen the financial viability of the
well-managed carriers by
route
structure to provide reliable long-haul
trunk line service
to enable healthy
competition between efficient carriers,
permitting them to earn a reasonable rate
of return on capital;
Modernize Federal financing policies
Define the government's responsibility for
promoting financially viable and competitive
air carrier, airframe and engine manufacturing
industries;
Facilitate efforts by the U.S. airframe and
engine manufacturing industry to maintain
its leading role in international aviation.
"In summary, our suggestions for a Federal subsidy policy
are as follows:" (Pages 19 and 20)
FORD : LIBRARY
2
(1) Federal subsidies are necessary in certain
instances to serve important national purposes.
These include conservation of energy, pro-
tection of the environment, preserving the
urban centers, relieving congestion in certain
high-density corridors, promoting rational
land use in metropolitan areas, preventing
ultimate nationalization of a vital service and
maintaining access to remote areas;
(3) Wherever possible the costs of Federal
support should be recovered by user charges;
(5) There should be a preference for capital
rather than operating subsidies; however,
(a) care must be taken that capital
subsities do not induce excessive
investment.
Environment (Page 37)
It is our continuing policy to seek additional
methods and tools to enhance our ability to
protect the human environment and to "interna-
lize" environmental "costs." Thus we are
currently
internalizing the environmen-
tal costs of transportation projects.
Noise
We will move toward the goal of confining severe
aircraft noise exposure levels around U.S.
airports to the areas included in the airport
boundary. This policy will be advanced through
regulations on aircraft engine noise, aircraft
operational procedures and airport grant program
requirements, including those relating to
compatible land use around airports.
International Aviation (Pages 45 and 46) :
A healthy, financially viable U.S. air carrier
industry causes the development and continuation
of a healthy aircraft manufacturing industry
GERALD FORD LIBRARY
3
The demand for new generation aircraft first by
U.S. carriers ultimately creates foreign demand
for such U.S. aircraft. We must adopt policies
that will enable the U.S. aircraft manufacturers
to retain their world preeminence since the
industry yields the second largest balance of
payable benefit to the U.S.
DRD
UNITED STATES
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460
THE ADMINISTRATOR
21
AM 10 06
To: Jim Cannon
The attached is an
in-house EPA publication
but it gives some useful
perspections on the noise
problem- see of 3+4 +
on aircraft -
Run
FORD : LIBRARY
092101
EPALOURNAL
SEPTEMBER 1976
VOL. TWO, NO. EIGHT
QUIET,
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION AGENCY
PLEASE!
Printed on recycled paper.
EDAJOURNAL
THE QUEST FOR
U.S.
ENVIRONMENTAL
ARTICLES
PEACE AND QUIET
PROTECTION
AGENCY
CONTROLLING NOISE POLLUTION
PAGE 2
Russell E. Train, Administrator
An interview with Charles L. Elkins,
"One winter night I stood and listened beneath the stars. It was cold,
Patricia L. Cahn, Director of Public
Deputy Assistant Administrator for
Affairs
Noise Control Programs
perhaps 20 below, and I was on a lake deep in the wilds. The stars
Charles D. Pierce, Editor
were close that night, so close they almost blazed, and the Milky Way
THE ROAR FROM ABOVE
PAGE 6
Staff: Van Trumbull, Ruth Hussey,
was a brilliant luminous splash across the heavens. An owl hooted
David Cohen
A report on aviation noise and
somberly in the timber of the dark shores, a sound that accentuated
what is being done about it
the quiet on the open lake. Here again was the silence, and I thought
The EPA Journal is published
how rare it is to know it, how increasingly difficult to ever achieve real
monthly, with combined issues
HOME NOISES
PAGE 8
July-August and November-December,
quiet and the peace that comes with it, how true the statement
The sounds in the home that
by the U.S. Environmental
'tranquility is beyond price.' More and more do we realize that quiet is
can interfere with hearing
Protection Agency. Use of
important to our happiness. In our cities, the constant beat of strange
funds for printing this periodical has
TESTING, TESTING
PAGE 9
and foreign wave lengths on our primal senses beats us into
been approved by the Director of the
neuroticism, changes us from creatures who once knew the silences to
Office of Management and Budget.
EPA opens new laboratory for
Views expressed by authors do not
checking noise from trucks
fretful, uncertain beings immersed in a cacophony of noise which
necessarily reflect EPA policy.
destroys sanity and equilibrium."
Contributions and inquiries should be
LIBERTY PARK PLANNED
addressed to the Editor (A-107),
-Sigurd F. Olson, "The Singing Wilderness."
FOR JERSEY SHORELINE
PAGE 10
Waterside Mall, 401 M St., S.W.,
This need for quiet or at least less noise is the main subject EPA
Washington, D.C. 20460. No
Journal examines in this issue.
permission necessary to reproduce
SOLVING AN OILY DILEMMA
PAGE 12
We begin with an over-all view of the Agency's noise control
contents except copyrighted photos
and other materials. Subscription:
NAVY CLEANS UP
PAGE 13
program in a question and answer session with Charles L. Elkins,
$8.75 a year, $.75 for single copy,
Deputy Assistant Administrator for Noise Control Programs.
domestic; $11.00 if mailed to a foreign
COUNCIL SAYS IMPACT STUDY WORKS WELL PAGE 18
Then we take a look at one of the most irritating sound problems in
address. No charge to employees.
modern society-airport noise. Another article examines the little
Send check or money order to
Superintendent of Documents, U.S.
REGION VIII ON PARADE
PAGE 19
recognized problem of noise in the home.
Government Printing Office,
As an example of some of the actions EPA is taking to deal with
Washington, D.C. 20402.
PROTECTING THE NEW FRONTIER
PAGE 22
these matters, the Agency's new laboratory in Sandusky, Ohio, for
testing truck noise is described in án article.
COVER:
SHARING THE JOURNAL
BACK PAGE
Other subjects covered in this issue include:
Illustration by George Rebh
A photo essay on a New Jersey waterfront ship graveyard where a
huge new park is planned.
PHOTO CREDITS
INSIDE COVER
A review of a report by the Council on Environmental Quality on
Larry Higgins
DEPARTMENTS
PAGE 2, 16
Ernest Bucci
the effectiveness of the environmental impact statement process.
PAGE 7, 9
Michael Philip
An article on the progress being made by the U.S. Navy in curbing
PEOPLE
PAGE 16
Manheim*
pollution from its ships.
PAGE 8
David Brill*
PAGE 10, 11
NATION
F. Roy Kemp
PAGE 14
Another in our continuing series of regional reports, with the
spotlight this time on the Region VIII Office in Denver.
PAGE 12
Continental
An article which should be of interest to everyone who changes the
Oil Co.
INQUIRY
PAGE 24
PAGE 16, 17
Al Wilson
oil in his car and is faced with the question: What do you do with the
*DOCUMERICA PHOTOS
NEWS BRIEFS
PAGE 25
dirty oil?
CONTROLLING
NOISE POLLUTION
An interview with Charles L. Elkins,
Deputy Assistant Administrator for Noise Control Programs
Q: What is noise and how is it distin-
States and municipalities generally in
Q: Why was primary responsibility for
guished from sound?
the control of noise?
regulating airplane noise given to the
A: Noise is usually defined as un-
A: The Noise Control Act differs from
Federal Aviation Administration?
wanted sound. In some cases, of
most of the acts which EPA adminis-
A: This was a matter of very hot
course, one person's noise is another
ters. We do not have a grant program
debate during the passage of the 1972
person's music, but we find that there
to initiate and support State and local
Noise Control Act. The legislative his-
is a general public consensus about
control programs. Our function is, in-
tory clearly indicates that the Congress
what constitutes major sources of noise
stead, to provide technical assistance,
was generally very disturbed with the
requiring Federal regulation.
leaving to the State and local govern-
lack of progress in noise abatement in
Q: In the Noise Control Act of 1972,
ments the funding of these programs.
the aviation field, and they felt that the
Congress, in effect, instructed EPA to
Our job in the past has been to
message had to be gotten to the FAA
determine the level of environmental
develop model codes, ordinances and
that more and faster action was needed,
noise that would protect public health
materials which they can use to run
so they thought very seriously of giving
and welfare. Is this an attainable mis-
their programs. Region VIII is develop-
the entire authority to EPA.
sion for the Agency?
ing a workbook which will take local
However, Congress finally decided
A: In 1974 we published the "Levels
communities, step by step, through the
instead to keep the regulatory authority
Document" which sets out, based on
development of a noise control pro-
within the FAA since it is imperative
our current knowledge, those levels
gram.
that final decisions in the aviation area
which would protect public health and
I would be less than honest, how-
be based on a review of all the factors,
welfare with an adequate margin of
ever, not to indicate that to date our
including protection of health and wel-
safety. As new information is devel-
program of technical assistance to States
fare, economic feasibility and safety.
oped through research and studies, that
and localities has been minimal, be-
Safety is one particular factor in
document will be updated.
cause of resource constraints and the
which FAA clearly has the expertise
The question of whether this country
necessity under the Noise Control Act
and there is no need for EPA to try to
could ever attain safe noise levels for
to proceed expeditiously with the set-
develop a staff with these specialized
all activities is uncertain at this time,
ting of national source standards. I
skills. However, Congress did provide
although I would certainly suggest that
would hope that we would be able to
us the authority to propose regulations
it would be a long time from now
give this effort much more emphasis in
to the FAA. These are published in the
before that would happen. The cost and
the future and our office has developed
Federal Register as Notices of Pro-
the technical feasibility of achieving
proposals along this line which the
posed Rulemaking, leaving to the FAA
various levels of abatement are being
Agency is now considering.
the final decision of whether or not to
determined. In setting the standards
promulgate a final rule. If the FAA
George Rebh
under the Noise Control Act we have
does not promulgate our proposed rule,
should be phased out or retrofitted with
should be written in such a case, but
Secondly, the problem has been con-
tried to achieve the greatest protection
they must publish explanations of why
noise control devices. This number of
we feel the time to deal with the
strued as being so technically difficult
of public health and welfare taking cost
they did not accept the EPA recom-
flights would also be a problem at
problem is at the start and not after
that citizens have had a hard time
and technical feasibility into account.
mendations.
Dulles in the future if the population
the horse is already out of the barn."
cutting through the technical jargon to
Q: Why wasn't regulation of noise left
Q: Wasn't EPA's concern about noise
around the airport continues to grow as
Q: Is it economically practical and
see that, in fact, things are possible.
to State and local authorities? Why did
from the Concorde exaggerated?
it has in the past.
feasible at this time to appreciably
Many of the required actions do not
the Federal government have to get
A: No. I believe our position was just
The "foot in the door" argument is
reduce aircraft and airport noise?
cost a great deal of money and we have
into it?
not fully understood.
especially relevant in this case because
A: It definitely is. In fact, the history of
now developed a noise abatement plan-
A: The Noise Control Act does empha-
We agreed that one Concorde flight a
of our international treaty obligations
aviation noise is quite remarkable. It is
ning methodology which will help air-
size that the primary responsibility for
day or two flights a day would be
which prohibit us from discriminating
our observation that very little has been
port proprietors and communities assess
noise control rests with State and local
hardly noticed at Dulles Airport and
among airlines. If we give approval to
done to abate aviation noise, despite all
the relative effectiveness of a number of
authorities. On the other hand, some
even at JFK.
the French and British airlines, there
the furor about it over the last 20 years.
available abatement actions which we
sources of noise are products which are
What we argued was that the initial
will be really no basis on which the
As we see it, there are so many
have identified.
manufactured in a few cities and sold
flights constituted a "foot in the door"
Secretary of Transportation can deny
parties responsible for part of the prob-
Q: It has been recommended that the
all over the country, such as automo-
for the 25 flights a day into JFK and
equal treatment to Iran Airlines, which
lem that they have never been forced to
airlines spend $1 billion to help muffle
biles, trucks, and aircraft. For this
five flights a day into Dulles which the
has already indicated they will purchase
act together to abate the noise. The
jet engine noise. What is your reaction
reason Congress determined that noise
British and French have projected.
Concordes or to, for that matter,
airlines, the aircraft manufacturers, the
to this proposal?
abatement at the source would be
This number of flights would provide
PanAm or TWA.
airport propriétors, land use planners—
A: The FAA's proposal is that $1
achieved most efficiently by national
a serious noise impact at JFK because
Mr. Coleman's response to that argu-
each of these groups points a finger at
billion be spent to retrofit their aircraft.
uniform standards for the major sources
the Concorde is clearly noisier than the
ment is that he will issue an Environ-
the others, and says, "I cannot solve
FAA studies have shown that this
of noise.
present generation of aircraft which we
mental Impact Statement at the time
the whole problem. When you get the
amount of money would be very well
Q: What is EPA's role vis-a-vis the
Charles L. Elkins
and the FAA believe are too noisy and
that any further applications are made.
others to do something, come back and
spent.
We of course believe that an EIS
talk to me."
Continued on page 4
PAGE 2
PAGE
3
"Very little has been done to abate aviation
"New truck regulations will save the
noise, despite all the furor about it
country half a billion dollars a year
provide for abatement independently of
We believe that it will be possible to
under the Noise Control Act to review
Continued from page 3
approximately 15 million people in the
A: Specifically, we have established
any actions by the workers. However,
bring these trucks down to about 75
regulations of other Federal agencies
United States are exposed to noise
standards for in-use interstate motor
these changes are more expensive than
decibels sometime around 1985, al-
and to provide them our comments and
For instance the 707's and the DC-
levels in the workplace which could
carriers and railroads. We have also
hearing protectors, and there is ob-
though we have not established that
recommendations where we feel that
8's now flying are ten to 12 decibels
result in hearing loss for example?
established standards for new heavy
viously a desire on the part of industry
lower level as yet. Should these
they are not sufficiently protective of
noisier than the 1969 standard for new
A: Yes, hearing loss resulting from
and medium trucks and portable air
to substitute individual hearing protec-
changes in levels seem small to you,
public health and welfare.
aircraft, which itself is way out of date.
exposure to noise is a very widespread
compressors, with standards on six ad-
tors for engineering controls.
keep in mind that decibels are calcu-
This is what we did in the case of the
These aircraft are contributing a great
problem; it is an important basis for
ditional new products, including buses
Despite the drawbacks of hearing
lated on a logarithmic basis and three
Occupational Safety and Health Ad-
deal to the noise around our airports,
claims under Workmen's Compensation
and motorcycles, coming out in pro-
protectors, they can be used as an
decibels represents a doubling of the
ministration standard and as a result
and our airport proprietors today are
in this country, and we find that people
posed form early next year.
interim measure until engineering
actual noise energy.
EPA testified extensively at the OSHA
being sued for hundreds of millions of
are not as aware of this problem as you
The difficulty we face of course is
changes are made. There is no need to
Q: Have these new standards been
public hearings. These hearings pro-
dollars because of noise, and these suits
might expect. Hearing loss has one
that these standards on new products
keep exposing workers to hazardous
fairly well received by industry?
duced a great deal of new data for
represent only the tip of the iceberg.
similarity to another health problem
will not begin to pay off in terms of
levels simply because it may take sev-
A: We have been sued by 5 members
OSHA about the inadequacies of the
The $1 billion, in our opinion, would be
with which EPA is grappling-cancer.
making the country quieter until the
eral years to get the engineering
of the truck industry concerning these
90-decibel standards. Essentially, the
well spent because it will solve a
Both have long latency periods, which
new quieter products begin to replace
changes made.
standards. Only one of the companies,
85-decibel standard which we proposed
substantial portion of this problem.
means that the adverse health effect
the older noisier products in larger
In the long term, however, we believe
however, is challenging the actual lev-
would be about twice as protective of
Q: Is a major reduction in aviation
often becomes apparent only after a
numbers.
that engineering changes are the most
els. The rest are concerned about the
public health as the 90-decibel one. In
noise dependent upon the development
long period of time. Often, by the time
For this reason, State and local pro-
appropriate way to proceed.
testing and enforcement provisions of
this case, the 85-decibel standard costs
of the new, superquiet jets?
someone realizes that he is losing his
grams which control the use and opera-
Q: With present and foreseeable tech-
the regulation or about certain technical
more money, and economic studies are
A: Definitely not. We believe the FAA
hearing it may well be too late to do
tion of older and noisier products are
nology, how much quieter can indus-
details.
being done now to see how much more
can promulgate standards today to re-
anything about it.
essential.
trial equipment be made in the next ten
Q: How does EPA plan to enforce
industry would have to pay.
quire the production of quieter aircraft
Q: It has been said that by defining
Q: How effective has new jet. engine
years?
these truck standards and regulations?
Q: I understand that all Federally-aided
with technology which is already
noise levels on the intensity of sound
technology been in reducing noise?
A: We do not have a good fix on that.
A: The manufacturer of these products
highway projects must provide for noise
known.
only, EPA has ignored other scientific
A: The wide-bodied jets such as the 747
We do know that it is technically
must test a representative number of
abatement measures. What are they,
Secondly, there are steps which the
findings about hearing loss-that the
are significantly quieter for their weight
feasible for most industries to bring the
his products, and EPA has the author-
and what role is EPA playing in this
airport proprietors can take to reduce
intermittency of sound and the purity of
class than the older 707's and DC-8's.
levels of noise down to at least the 85-
ity to require further testing if we have
area?
noise very effectively. Let me give you
tone influence human response as well.
Unfortunately the economic downturn
decibel level which we have recom-
reason to believe that his products are
A: Major highway projects do have to
an example:
A: These factors were considered in the
in the airline business has slowed the
mended to the Department of Labor.
not meeting the standards. The Noise
have environmental impact statements
The Oakland Airport is one of the
levels established in the "Levels Docu-
introduction of these quieter planes into
Hearing damage will still occur to a
Enforcement Division has recently es-
written and the Department of Trans-
pilot projects for our airport planning
ment" and a very thorough analysis of
the commercial fleet.
percentage of the population even at
tablished a testing facility at Sandusky,
portation has noise criteria by which
program. We went out to speak to them
the scientific data was done in writing
Remarkably, these noise reductions
those levels, and so we must continue
Ohio, which will be a site at which we
they judge whether the noise produced
about their doing a plan and looking at
that document.
are accompanied by improvements in
to look at the feasibility of reducing
can bring these products for testing if
by a highway is acceptable or not. The
various noise abatement options.
Of course, we have a great deal yet
fuel efficiency for these aircraft. This is
these levels even further in the future.
we want to verify that the testing going
major noise abatement technique used
We suggested to them the very sim-
to learn about intermittency, and the
understandable since noise is, in many
Q: The 1972 Noise Act gives EPA the
on at the manufacturer's facility is
by the Department is the building of
ple idea of moving their noisy aircraft
influence of tones, and as this informa-
cases, an indication of inefficiency.
authority to require manufacturers to
accurate.
barriers along the sides of highways in
from the north runway to their south
tion is developed we will be revising
The new truck regulation which we
label products as to their noise generat-
Q: Will EPA eventually regulate noise
order to try to keep the noise away
runway, so that the noisiest aircraft
our "Levels Document" to incorporate
promulgated in March of this year will
ing characteristics. Does your office
from motorcycles and recreational vehi-
from surrounding developments.
would be taking off across the bay
such new data.
save the country half a billion dollars a
plan to require such labeling?
cles?
Of course, noise abatement is often
instead of over a residential neighbor-
Q: Will the passion of teenagers and
year because of the fuel efficiencies
A: Yes, we do. We see this potentially
A: We have under way now a standard-
most effectively accomplished by plan-
hood.
other young people for hi-fi and ampli-
brought about by the use of quieter
as a very effective tool to enable con-
setting process on motorcycles and we
ning for the location of highways in
As simple as that may sound, the
fied rock music, motorcycles, snowmo-
components.
sumers themselves to make the decision
hope to have a proposal in the Federal
areas where the noise impact will be
airport proprietor had not considered
biles, and other gadgets with high noise
Q: In lowering industrial noise, which
about how noisy the products they buy
Register sometime in the early spring of
minimal, and we hope to work closely
doing that in the past, partly, I believe,
potential contribute to an early onset of
way should we go? Emphasize engi-
should be. There are many products
1977.
with the Department of Transportation
because the FAA had told him that he
hearing loss?
neering controls or individual hearing
where the noise created affects primar-
We are considering setting standards
to improve this aspect of the noise
did not have authority to do anything
A: Yes, definitely.
protection, requiring workers to use
ily the purchaser of the product, and
on snowmobiles and motorboats. The
abatement program.
about noise. Without even waiting for
Almost no meeting I speak to goes
earplugs?
those products seem particularly suita-
snowmobile case is interesting, how-
Q: Who are the beneficiaries of noise
the development of an airport plan, the
by without someone in the audience
A: Well, generally, we have taken the
ble for labeling.
ever, because a number of States have
regulation?
Oakland Airport authority held a press
asking me to do something about dis-
position that one should utilize engi-
Q: How about heavy trucks? Is it
already established levels for snowmo-
A: The beneficiaries come from all
conference, and announced they were
cotheque music and stereo headphones.
neering changes and not depend on
possible to make a significant reduction
biles, and the industry has reduced the
walks of life. They include the 15
moving all their noisy traffic to the
This is a very unusual kind of problem
individual hearing protectors.
in the amount of noise from these
noise levels of their product substan-
million people exposed to levels which
south runway and thereby substantially
for EPA to have to deal with, and we
Many people do not like to wear
vehicles?
tially. Whether these levels are low
endanger their hearing in their job; the
abated the noise over the residential
have not determined whether and how
hearing protectors because they may
A: Yes. The standards which we set in
enough or not is a subject we are now
13 million people exposed to similar
area. We feel that this experience
it would be appropriate for the Federal
become uncomfortable when worn for
March will bring about dramatic im-
investigating.
levels outside of their occupation, such
would be duplicated all over the coun-
government to intervene. However, one
long periods of time. In addition, it is
provement in these trucks.
Q: There has been some controversy
as snowmobile and motorcycle opera-
try if airports were to develop the
possibility would be providing more
sometimes difficult to get them to fit
The trucks being manufactured today
about the limit for maximum noise
tions; the 97 million people potentially
systematic abatement plans recom-
information to people through an educa-
correctly. Depending on the job, hear-
are producing about 86 decibels and our
exposure necessary to protect health
affected by traffic noise; over 30 million
mended by EPA.
tional program.
ing protectors may interfere with some
standard calls for a reduction to 83
and welfare in the workplace. Can you
exposed to aviation noise and 36 million
Q: Can you comment on the magni-
Q: What appreciable progress has been
peoples' work, because they may not
decibels in 1978, and to 80 decibels in
comment on this?
people living in areas impacted by
tude of the hazard that noise poses to
made in controlling noise levels from
be able to hear instructions as well.
1982.
A: We have the statutory mandate
construction, rail, and industrial noise.
the general public? Is it true that
heavy equipment?
The engineering changes, of course,
PAGE 5
PAGE 4
Damage suits totalling hundreds of
pilots, aircraft manufacturers, local
millions of dollars have been filed in
planning and zoning bodies, city coun-
courts around the country against air-
cils of communities which both benefit
ports because of the noise disturbances
from the airport and suffer because of
caused by airplanes.
it, air carriers, owners of private air-
In addition to threatening airport pro-
craft, and land developers. Because of
prietors with huge financial burdens,
this diversity and the ensuing legal and
the suits, along with other concerns,
jurisdictional conflicts, there is no single
have nearly halted the construction of
private or governmental entity with suf-
new airports and the expansion and
ficient legal clout or technical expertise
modernization of existing airports.
to remedy the matter alone. Histori-
THE ROAR FROM ABOVE
Commercial air travel has been avail-
cally, each faction has blamed the
able to the public since the 1920's, and
other, or has claimed an inability to act
complaints about airplane noise have
alone.
been around for just about as long. It
Flight paths at many airports are
Since air transportation comes under
"For some 25 years now, communities
was not until the postwar boom in civil
close to residential areas.
the heading of interstate commerce,
around the major airports of this coun-
aviation, though, that the problem of
most regulatory action affecting the
try have experienced an ever increasing
aircraft noise reached major propor-
industry arises at the Federal level.
exposure to noise. Day in and day out,
tions.
Congress has vested this authority in
millions of people in this country are
In 1959 commercial jet travel was
the Department of Transportation, spe-
deluged by the din of airplanes landing
introduced, and air transportation was
cifically in the Federal Aviation Admin-
and taking off over their homes. Many
never to be the same. The American
istration (FAA). Recognizing the grow-
of these people are subjected to noise
public flocked to the skies in record
ing problem of aviation noise, the FAA
levels so high that according to the best
numbers. As airports and airlines grew,
set national noise standards in 1969 for
scientific evidence now available they
the noise became louder and louder.
new type aircraft designs. A new gener-
run a very real risk of actually having
The growth of air travel demanded
ation of quieter, more efficient commer-
their hearing affected. Opening a win-
more airports and runways, meaning
cial jet aircraft has evolved from these
dow to enjoy a warm, spring breeze,
more of the take-offs and landings
standards. Not only are the L-1011,
using the patio in comfort for a bar-
which cause noise problems. Boeing
DC-10, and Boeing 747 quieter than
beque, relaxing in front of a TV set
707's have been measured at 120 deci-
the jets of the sixties, but they carry
without being disturbed, or carrying on
bels on take-off, roughly the equivalent
greater payloads as well.
an uninterrupted conversation with a
of the sound heard when one stands in
friend in the comfort of our homes:
front of a stereo turned up to near top
Noise Act
these ordinary, everyday activities
volume. Currently there are more than
To further protect the environment
which the rest of us take for granted,
2000 commercial jet aircraft operating in
from the adverse effects of noise pollu-
they cannot enjoy. We can, with some
the United States, serving nearly 500
tion, Congress passed the Noise Con-
assurance, estimate the physical effects
major terminals. And every day this
trol Act of 1972 which requires EPA to
on those people of prolonged exposure
overpowering noise assaults the ears of
study the aviation noise problem and
to airport noise levels. There is no way
millions of Americans.
propose appropriate regulations to the
we can measure the profound mental
Why aren't airports and their noisy
FAA. Using this authority, EPA has
and emotional distress they must en-
planes moved away from people? Well,
proposed a number of regulations and
dure.
that has been tried many times. For
older airports have long since been
will soon propose an airport noise
"The problem is compounded by the
instance, the Seattle/Tacoma Airport
surrounded by urban growth. Airports
abatement and planning process. The
sense of utter hopelessness and help-
was built several years ago in a remote,
like Chicago's Midway, Washington's
most promising aspects of this process
lessness that overwhelms them. They
undeveloped site. But today, new hous-
National, and La Guardia in New York
are participation of the affected parties
have often given up hope that they can
ing development in the vicinity of the
were designed to handle the noise and
in the development of any noise abate-
do anything themselves to avoid this
airport has attracted many who appar-
air traffic of an earlier day.
ment plan, and, for the first time, a
misery except to move. They doubt that
ently did not understand initially the
Each airport's noise problem is
methodology for comparing the benefits
any governmental agency or private
magnitude of the noise at this location.
unique. And every airport's noise im-
of alternative abatement actions that
group will do anything about it. When
Problems similar to Seattle's have
pact will depend on a multiplicity of
can be comprehended and effectively
they have tried to get things done, they
occurred at major airports around the
factors other than just land-use: the
used by planners and the general pub-
have experienced only a most dizzying
Nation because for many people, and
airport's size and location, flight opera-
lic.
and disheartening round of 'buck-pass-
especially for land speculators and de-
tions (international and cargo flights
Surprisingly, there are many reasona-
ing.' No one seems to have the author-
velopers, modern airports are exciting
may cause nighttime noise problems,)
ble cost measures which can be taken
ity, or the power, or the will to give
and attractive places.
operating hours, types of aircraft, air-
by airport proprietors, and some local
them any real help. No one seems to
port ownership and government in-
governments to effectively reduce the
be in charge. At least no one will admit
Land Values
volvement.
impact of aviation noise. Some airports
to it."
Land values usually increase rapidly
The solution may be as complex as
such as Washington's National Airport
-Administrator Russell E. Train in
near an airport, and the transportation
the problem itself. The parties who
have imposed curfews which ban flights
links with the urban area the airport
have a stake in any aviation noise issue
during certain night hours. The airport
remarks to the Inter-Noise '76 Confer-
serves make it an inviting location for
are as varied as the characters in a
in Minneapolis/St. Paul has substan-
ence, Shoreham Hotel, Washington,
The Concorde supersonic transport lands at Dulles Airport.
housing, and other kinds of develop-
play. They include the Federal and
tially reduced its noise complaints
D.C., April 5, 1976.
ment.
State governments, airport proprietors,
through such steps as the use of differ-
There are also many cases where
homeowners near the airport, airline
ent take off and landing procedures.
PAGE 6
PAGE 7
Such efforts to quiet appliances are
HOME NOISES
essential, but they are not the total
TESTING, TESTING
answer. Household noise created by
the construction and siting of the home
itself is becoming an increasing national
problem. New types of thinner building
Due to an often unrecognized form of
materials tend to transmit noise vibra-
pollution, more and more Americans
tion and in some cases may even
are being deprived of a time-honored
amplify them. Houses built in airport
amenity-the peace and quiet of their
flight paths or along superhighways are
homes.
also subjected to high levels of un-
This pollutant is the drone of kitchen
wanted sound, which, in addition to
appliances, the racket of an over-ampli-
creating a health hazard, may vibrate
fied stereo, the sound of street noise
walls and pipes until they crack.
through poorly-constructed walls and
EPA is currently preparing a model
windows and the roar of overhead
building code for various types of struc-
aircraft.
tures. The code, which can be adopted
Noise in the home is reaching levels
by communities, spells out extensive
that can cause more than irritation and
acoustical requirements. Cities and
emotional disquiet. In extreme cases, it
towns will be able to regulate construc-
can begin to rob us of our precious
tion in a comprehensive manner to
ability to hear the sounds of the world.
produce quieter local environments in
Home-grown noise can be grouped
the future.
under two general headings-that which
Moreover, the U.S. Department of
is emitted from appliances and that
Housing and Urban Development has
which comes from flimsy building mate-
developed "Noise Assessment Guide-
rials and home-siting problems. With
lines" to help evaluate the availability
regard to the first category, a 1972 EPA
of their funds for aiding community
report to Congress specifically exam-
planning. Likewise, the Veterans Ad-
ined noise levels produced by a number
ministration requires information re-
of household appliances. According to
garding the exposure of V.A.-financed
the study, those appliances which fall
houses to noise from nearby airports.
into the below-60-decibel range, a rela-
The V.A. also has directed its offices
tively low level of noise, include refrig-
to take noise considerations into ac-
erators, floor fans and clothes dryers.
count regarding development of prop-
Noise meter measures truck sound
Still, these modern conveniences pro-
erty acceptable for G.I. loans.
duce enough noise to interfere with
Through zoning, land use planning,
A new EPA facility for testing the noise
EPA will require manufacturers to test
both communication and sleep.
and building regulations, many control
made by vehicles and machinery will
their products' noise outputs and see
Noise-producers registering in the
agencies are working to abate noise
open this month at Sandusky, Ohio.
that they conform to regulations, Dr.
65-75 decibel range include sewing ma-
pollution created by poor construction
Called the Noise Enforcement Facil-
Shutler said. The Sandusky facility is
chines, dishwashers, and food mixers.
This youth is not deaf; he's left the power mower running.
and siting problems. The homeowners'
ity, it consists of a building and test pads
designed to assure by periodic checkups
Since exposure time to these sources
opportunity for battling noise can be
completed last month and two van-
that the manufacturers' tests are effec-
tends to be brief and infrequent, the
Decibel levels between 75 and 85
labels on products that may generate
more than just insistence on quieter
mounted mobile testing units. William
tive. This will be done in a variety of
risk of hearing damage is negligible. But
were recorded for such appliances as
noise capable of adversely affecting
appliances. Noise-absorbing materials
Heglund is director of the 11-person
ways: by requiring manufacturers to
the level of the noise produced can
vacuum cleaners, electric razors and
public health or welfare. By 1977 EPA
should be used wherever possible.
staff of engineers, technicians, and sup-
ship sample products to Sandusky for
cause annoyance.
food grinders. The risk of hearing dam-
will be implementing this program to
Thick carpeting, heavy drapes, padded
porting personnel. The facility's capital
testing, by conducting EPA tests at the
age associated with the use of these
ensure that consumers are provided
furniture, and acoustical ceiling tile are
cost is about $750,000. It reports to Dr.
manufacturer's plant using the mobile
noise sources is small but increases
all means to this end. When choosing a
Noise Around the Home
with such information. The new policy
Norman D. Shutler, Deputy Assistant
testing units, and by simply monitoringa
with continuous or cumulative use.
should also encourage product manu-
new house or apartment, one should
Administrator for Mobile Source and
manufacturer's testing through EPA
Sound Level for Op-
The last class of noisy household
erator of Equipment
facturers to produce quieter gadgets and
look for sturdy walls, non-hollow doors,
Noise Enforcement.
personnel at the manufacturer's test
Noise Source
(in decibels)
items involved is those with a level of
appliances.
wall-to-wall carpeting, and insulated
The Sandusky center serves as an
facility.
Refrigerator
40
above 85 decibels. Some scientific opin-
There is much that homeowners
heating and air conditioning ducts.
EPA checkpoint for assuring that newly
If a manufacturer cannot afford his
Floor Fan
51
ion has it that continuous exposure for
themselves can presently do to help.
Time should be invested in learning the
manufactured medium- and heavy-duty
own noise testing and no private acous-
Clothes Dryer
55
eight hours per day over an extended
For instance, by placing foam pads
noise sources in any neighborhood
trucks and portable air compressors
tical test laboratory is available to him.
Washing Machine
60
period of time to noise levels of about
under blenders and mixers, the noise
where one might be planning to reside.
conform to the noise limits promulgated
he may, for a fee, use the Sandusky facil-
Dishwasher
64
85 decibels can cause permanent hear-
level of the machines can be apprecia-
A current EPA public service an-
last March.
Vacuum Cleaner
ity for his production testing. The facil-
67
nouncement for television includes a
Electric Shaver
75
ing loss, although the degree of such
bly reduced. Power mowers should be
Later it will also serve to back up the
ity will also be available for the training
Food Disposal
damage will vary among individuals.
checked to see if they are equipped
view of the Washington Monument,
76
enforcement of noise regulations for
of Regional, State, and local noise en-
Electric Lawn Edger
81
The appliances which fall into this
with good mufflers and sharp blades.
over which a solemn voice intones,
other types of noisy vehicles and
forcement personnel. The site in north-
Home Shop Tools
85
group are woodwork and shop tools,
They should also be run at low speeds.
"Two centuries of freedom of speech."
machines-motorcycles, buses,
western Ohio was chosen because of its
Gasoline Power Mower
87 to 92
gasoline-powered lawn mowers and
Vibration mounts and proper insulation
Interrupted by the roar of jet aircraft,
bulldozers, loaders, compactors, and
proximity to truck and machinery mak-
Gasoline Riding Mower
90 to 95
hedgers, snowmobiles, chainsaws, and
should be used when installing dish-
the narrator is forced to conclude in a
truck-mounted refrigeration units-as
ers, its "reasonable weather condi-
Chain Saw
110
blaring stereo equipment.
washers. Noise can also be reduced by
near scream, "So don't we have a legal
rules are adopted for them.
tions" for outdoor testing, and its low
Snowmobile
112
Under the Noise Control Act of
keeping washing machines in an en-
right to hear one another?"
Under the Noise Abatement Act,
ambient noise levels.
Stereo
Up to 136
1972, EPA has the authority to require
closed place.
PAGE 9
PAGE 8
Work has started on a massive
LIBERTY PARK PLANNED
project to remove the derelict
FOR JERSEY SHORELINE
vessels and rotting piers along
the Jersey City, N.J., waterfront
across New York Bay from the
Statue of Liberty so the area
can be developed as Liberty
Park. Plans for this program to
turn a marine graveyard into a
III
superb park attracting millions
of people annually have been
developed by the State of New
Jersey. The State, with the
assistance of the Federal
Government, hopes to provide
exhibition halls, museums,
theaters, and restaurants as well
as several different types of
park facilities. An Environmental
Park, where visitors can study
tidal marshes, is included in the
plans. Also proposed are
pedestrian passageways to
both Liberty and Ellis Islands.
Old tug boats and SCOWS mouldering in Black Tom Channel.
Statue of Liberty seen through weather-worn piers of the New Jersey waterfront.
In the foreground are several hundred acres of a Jersey City, N.J., wasteland which has been used as a dumping ground for
derelict boats. The Statue of Liberty is at the right and the towers of Manhattan loom at left.
PAGE 10
PAGE 11
SOLVING AN OILY DILEMMA
NAVY CLEANS UP
With more and more car owners chang-
The largest single organization to be
ing their own engine oil for economy
affected by ship sewage regulations re-
reasons, a valuable and non-renewable
cently promulgated by EPA is the
energy resource is being wasted
United States Navy.
through the indiscriminate disposal of
The Navy has had a program under-
the used crankcase oil.
way for several years to convert its
Although there is no accurate data on
ships so that wastes can be properly
how much used crankcase oil is poured
controlled. The new rules ban the dis-
down the drain, the toilet, the storm
charge of untreated or inadequately
sewer or out into the backyard, an
treated sewage in coastal and inland
EPA official estimated that approxi-
waters or require on-board treatment
mately 100 million gallons of waste oil
and disinfection before discharge. Ap-
are disposed of annually by car owners.
proximately 400 ships of the Fleet and
Larry McEwen, an analyst in the Re-
Recycle
about 200 smaller ships and service
source Recovery Division of EPA's
Used
craft have been or are being converted.
963
Office of Solid Waste Management
Programs, said this oil contains a number
Oil
To help stimulate the Navy's conver-
sion program, Secretary of the Navy J.
of contaminants among whichlead is the
William Middenorf II offers annual En-
most prevalent and potentially harmful.
vironmental Protection Awards. At a
Automobile oil drainings contain approxi-
recent presentation, Mr. Middenorf
mately one percent lead particulates
said: "I wanted to personally present
which originate from the lead additives
the awards to this year's winners in my
in gasoline.
points for used oil. Right now, our best
used crankcase oil is a complex one
office to demonstrate my interest and
The problem of how to control the
recommendation is for citizens to en-
and there are currently several ap-
continued support of this important pro-
disposal of waste lubricating oil is not a
courage their local governments to
proaches by which EPA is attacking it.
gram to enhance and protect our envi-
new one. In the past, service stations
make such collection sites available.
First of all, since lead is the major toxic
ronment."
gave large quantities of the used oil
"For example, the Continental Oil
material involved, if it could be re-
Total cost of the waste control con-
This destroyer, the USS Spruance, is one of 30 ships that are being fitted with
they drained from cars to collectors
Company has been experimenting in
moved from gasoline, and therefore
versions through fiscal 1975 has been
collection and incineration systems for sewage.
who either sold it to various industries
the Midwest with a system to collect
from the lubricating oil which collects
about $106 million. The cost of com-
point of view, prior to national pollution
These will be systems which either
for re-use or dumped it anywhere they
used oil in these service station holding
it, a large part of the health problem
pleting the conversions is expected to
standards, there was no requirement for
incinerate the sewage to a sterile ash or
could. Today, however, with the
tanks for recycling. We enthusiastically
would be eliminated. EPA regulations
be $205 million. The Navy is confident
sewage holding tanks or treatment de-
evaporate it to a sterile residue. Very
rise of the do-it-yourself oil changer the
support this type of action."
to reduce the lead content of gasoline
it will meet the 1981 deadline.
vices. But design requirements have
small craft may have airplane-type toi-
source of the control problem has
The Federal Energy Administration
have been enacted and are now in the
Shipboard toilets constitute only part
changed, and space is now being found
lets installed.
shifted.
has followed up this initiative and is
process of re-promulgation after being
of the Navy's environmental program.
in existing ships and designed into new
Navy ships on the high seas, beyond
Now in addition to the service station
developing a national waste oil recovery
upheld in the courts following a chal-
Pier sewer lines must be installed at the
construction.
territorial waters, will continue to pump
owner trying to decide how to get rid of
program. FEA's current efforts include
lenge by the gasoline additive manufac-
Navy's shore bases to handle the sew-
All large ships of the Fleet will have
sewage overboard as they have in the
large quantities of used oil, the car
a model law for State legislatures out-
turers. In addition, by requiring the
age pumped from ships' holding tanks.
holding tanks installed and pump their
past. There are advantages to this,
owner, standing in his driveway holding
lining an approach to used oil recycling
availability of lead-free gasoline for cars
A total of $77 million has already been
sewage to shore-based treatment sys-
marine scientists have pointed out:
a gallon tub of dirty crankcase oil, must
as well as a Citizens' Group Commu-
equipped with catalytic converters,
provided for the necessary pier sewers.
tems when they come to port. As of
"The sea requires basic plant nutrients,
also decide what to do with it.
nity Kit with instructions to the local
EPA has further reduced the amount of
An additional $28 million is recom-
mid-1976, 122 ships and 53 submarines
and residues from man, shrimp, fish, or
Where should you dump your used
community on how to organize and
lead in waste oil.
mended to complete the pier equip-
should be equipped with holding and
whales constitute such fertilizer; or
oil? According to Mr. McEwen, "ide-
conduct a local oil recycling program.
ment.
pump-out systems, with 205 ships and
even a direct source of food."
ally, our solution is to recommend to
Barring any success at these efforts
Market
Extensive ship modifications and
64 submarines remaining to be so
Although the Navy is moving stead-
the car owner that he take his waste
in the local community, Mr. McEwen
However, regardless of these actions
shore facilities are also needed to prop-
equipped. The work is being done in
ily to equip its ships and ports with
crankcase oil to an approved collection
says that the least hazardous disposal
the problem of disposing of used oil will
erly handle waste oil and oily bilge-
conjunction with regularly scheduled
better sewage handling systems, much
site or designated service station. From
around the home is probably to pour
still remain. In this area the major
water that used to be routinely pumped
ship overhaul periods which occur
remains to be done by others, espe-
there the waste oil could be picked up
the used oil into a container and place
thrust of EPA's efforts has been toward
overboard. The Navy has been working
about every four years.
cially in providing shore pump-out facil-
in large quantities and either re-refined,
it in a garbage can. Although this
stimulating the reestablishment of an
on these shipboard pollution abatement
The Naval Station in Mayport, Flor-
ities in commercial and foreign ports
used as a dust suppressant or in asphalt
option is wasteful of the resource, the
active market for used oil in the re-
measures since October, 1970, when
ida, has complete pier sewer line instal-
where Navy ships may call.
production, or burned by utilities or
possibility of groundwater contamina-
fining industry.
the Chief of Naval Operations estab-
lations. Comparable installations at San
The Intergovernmental Maritime
institutions which use oil as fuel and are
tion is hopefully small in a municipal
It is hoped an increased demand for
lished an Environmental Protection Di-
Diego, Calif., and Norfolk, Va., are to
Consultative Organization, of which the
equipped with controls capable of keep-
landfill. The storm sewer is the worst
waste oil by re-refiners will stimulate
vision to direct and coordinate the
be completed soon. All Navy-owned
United States is a member, has pro-
ing lead particulates out of the atmos-
option because from there the oil might
natural market forces enough to enable
work.
ports will be equipped with pier sewer
posed regulations that are very similar
phere.
run directly into waterways where it
citizens to return used oil to designated
The Navy's total environmental pro-
and waste handling facilities by 1980 or
to the measures now being taken by the
Collection
can be toxic to water organisms. To
collection points. These forces should
gram now covers water pollution, air
1981. In most cases sewage treatment
U.S. Navy, although the United States
pour it down your drain or toilet can
help reduce the dumping of oil in the
pollution, noise abatement, and solid
will be done by a nearby municipal
and most other members have not yet
"We are currently attempting to get
cause problems with waste treatment,"
larger metropolitan areas where a mar-
waste management. The total cost
plant.
ratified them.
together with the service station associ-
he said.
ket exists. However, the economical
through 1981 is estimated at $1.7 bil-
Many small ships, gunboats, mine-
In summary, a major effort is being
ations and the Federal Energy Adminis-
The question of how to dispose of
recycling of used oil in the more remote
lion.
sweepers, and small service craft are to
made to control discharge of human
tration to designate suitable collection
areas remains a problem.
From the traditional ship designer's
be fitted with marine sanitation devices.
wastes from naval vessels.
PAGE 12
PAGE 13
25 under the 1972 Amendments to the
Federal court to enjoin CFI from
said, are pyrolysis (heat treatment) and
Alcatraz Co., Inc., Richmond, Va.;
Federal Water Pollution Control Act,
violating or refusing to comply with the
around nation
composting (mixing the sludge with
Emge Aviation Marine Products, Inc.,
calls for U.S. Steel to cut discharges of
Clean Air Act and to require the
organic materials and allowing it to
Langhorne, Penn,; Lincoln Industrial
ammonia, cyanide, and phenols to
corporation to adhere to a schedule for
decompose into a harmless soil
Chemical Co., Reading, Penn., and the
levels necessary for the improvement
achieving compliance with emission
improver.) The permits cover New York
Laco Corp., Baltimore, Md.
and protection of water quality. The
regulations or to "cease all operations
City, Yonkers, four municipalities in
primary sources of these pollutants are
not in compliance."
Nassau County, Long Island, and six
KANSAS CITY
the blast furnaces and the coke plant.
major sewage authorities and 35 smaller
The Gary Works discharges about 750
municipalities in New Jersey.
million gallons of polluted water each
quiet in sioux city
Dumping permits covering 93 New
day to the Grand Calumet River and
A noise control ordinance adopted by
Jersey communities were denied,
Lake Michigan. Regional Administrator
Sioux City, Iowa, approximately one
because, Mr. Hansler said, alternate
disposal facilities are now available or the
ATLANTA
George Alexander said the cleanup
year ago has proved effective, city
order was the result of a long
officials report. Following consultation
SAN FRANCISCO
applicant failed to provide information to
administrative proceeding which began
with representatives of Englewood,
justify ocean dumping.
air plans
in September, 1974. Efforts to require
Colo., Sioux City adopted the first local
BOSTON
Six of the eight States in Region IV
U.S. Steel to control its water pollution
noise abatement regulation in Iowa.
citizen forums
nuclear study
have been asked by the Regional Office
at the Gary Works go back to
After the ordinance was adopted, the
Region IX has contracted with the
EPA has announced funding of the
to revise portions of their air pollution
enforcement conferences held in the
police department began an educational
California League of Women Voters to
time saving
second phase of a four-year $425,000
control plans to assure the attainment
late 1960's.
program which included talks to civic
hold Citizen Forums on varying envi-
The Connecticut Department of Envi-
in-depth study of the low level nuclear
and maintenance of national air quality
groups, newspaper articles and radio
ronmental topics throughout the State.
ronmental Protection and Region I
waste disposal site at West Valley,
standards. The States were asked to
and TV appearances. The department
The forums which begin this month will
have entered into a coordination agree-
New York. Leakages have been
develop specific additional control
also conducted a one-week course to
deal with local issues involving EPA
ment for the processing of applications
detected at the site, which is now
measures. Metropolitan areas which
train its officers in the use of sound
and other Federal, State or local offi-
for Federal funding of municipal waste-
closed. The goal of the over-all study is
will be affected by these changes are:
metering equipment. Three District
cials. Proposed topics include such is-
water treatment facilities. The agree-
twofold. In addition to assisting New
Birmingham, Ala.; Atlanta, Ga.;
Court judges were given demonstra-
sues as offshore oil and its onshore
ment is expected to reduce processing
York State in determining the health
Louisville, Ky.; Charlotte, N.C.;
tions of how the sound metering equip-
impacts, preservation of agricultural
time and to accelerate the flow of funds
implications of the West Valley burial
Charleston, S.C.; and Nashville, Tenn.
DALLAS
ment worked. Before the use of scien-
land, air pollution and transportation
for Connecticut's sewage treatment
site both as it now exists and for the
tific equipment, many of the officers'
and long term effects of ground water
construction program.
future, EPA hopes to use information
lead content
deepwater ports
noise offense citations were thrown out
pumping. The Region hopes these for-
gathered by this study to develop
The lead content of gasoline supplies in
Regional officials have been reviewing
of court because judges complained that
ums will help EPA and other agencies
treatment award
environmentally acceptable criteria and
the capitals of Region IV's eight States
Coast Guard draft environmental im-
the actions were not based upon con-
understand what citizens think are the
Region I has selected a water pollution
standards for future burial sites.
is now being tested. Regional
pact statements on the requests for
crete regulation. Recently all persons
most important issues and will help
control facility in Sturbridge, Mass., as
Administrator Jack Ravan said that
licenses for two deepwater ports, one
arrested for noise violations have paid
citizens understand what the agencies
the recipient of its "Wastewater Treat-
technicians will collect and analyze
off the shore of Texas and the other in
fines rather than go to court and the
can and can't do about these problems.
ment Plant Award." Operators at this
nearly 1,000 samples of low-lead
waters off the Louisiana coast. EPA is
number of violations has dropped drast-
secondary treatment plant have
gasoline to insure that lead content does
expected to make a recommendation
ically. Education has been the key
achieved outstanding success in the
not exceed Federally established limits.
soon to the Secretary of Transportation
factor in the decrease, Sioux City offi-
removal of pollutants. The award is
On Oct. 1, the Regional Office will
on whether the licenses should be
cials report. Police officials anticipate
designed to recognize the important role
properly operated and maintained treat-
PHILADELPHIA
resume enforcement of its previously
granted and, if so, under what condi-
passage of a statewide noise pollution
promulgated regulations for reducing
10
tions. The questions being considered
law in Iowa.
ment plants are playing in the effort to
lead in gasoline as a public health
by EPA are whether the proposed
dumping slashed
SEATTLE
eliminate water pollution in New Eng-
protection measure. This regulation,
deepwater ports will comply with the
land.
Region III has issued a new one-year
issued in 1973 but tied up in court
requirements of the Federal Water Pol-
Interim Ocean Dumping Permit to the
challenges until recently, limits the
lution Control Act, the Clean Air Act,
halt ordered
City of Philadelphia requiring a
average amount of lead in gasoline to a
the Marine Protection, Research and
Regional Administrator Donald P. Du-
substantial reduction in the amount of
2
maximum 1.4 grams per gallon in 1976.
Sanctuaries Act and other major envi-
bois has ordered the City of Twin
sewage sludge to be dumped during the
The level will be gradually dropped in
ronmental laws. The proposed ports
DENVER
Falls, Idaho, to stop discharging munic-
next year. The permit reduces the
succeeding years until a low of .5 grams
would be used to receive large imports
ipal and industrial sewage into Rock
amount of sludge the city can dispose
is reached by January 1, 1979.
of crude oil from supertankers. The
Creek, a tributary of the Snake River.
NEW YORK
of in the ocean from 141 million pounds
Texas Seadock port would be located 26
steel company sued
The order followed a report by the
to 116 million pounds per year. Further
miles south of Freeport, Tex., in about
CFI Steel Corporation of Pueblo,
Idaho Department of Health and Wel-
reductions are required in succeeding
dumping deadline
100 feet of water and would be connected
Colo., has been charged in U.S.
fare that Twin Falls was discharging
years until 1981 when all dumping is to
by pipelines to a shoreside storage
District Court in Denver with violation
untreated wastes into the creek at the
Sewage sludge dumping in the Atlantic
end. The city is also being required to
facility. Louisiana's Loop deepwater
of the Federal Clean Air Act. The suit
rate of a half-million gallons a day.
Ocean off New York and New Jersey
meet a rigorous time schedule for
terminal would be located approximately
alleges the corporation's basic oxygen
EPA said the discharge was from a
must end by December, 1981, under the
developing alternate means of sludge
CHICAGO
18 miles off the coast in international
furnace and coke plants have violated
bypass around a pumping station that
terms of dumping permits recently issued
disposal.
waters, from 105 to 115 feet deep.
Federal particulate emission regulations
had broken down.
by Region II Administrator Gerald M.
Despite conservation efforts and search
since late 1974. The suit notes that
This order emphasized the city's re-
Hansler.
pesticide fines
steel plea denied
for alternate fuels, the United States'
Regional Administrator John Green
sponsibility for prompt and effective
Other disposal methods can be put into
Fines totaling over $16,000 were
A motion by U.S. Steel asking for
dependency on foreign oil is expected to
issued abatement orders to the
action to stop polluting Rock Creek and
practice by that date, Mr. Hansler said,
recently collected from five pesticide
postponement of the effective date of
increase substantially by 1980, thus
company in 1974. Company officials
set the stage for possible further action
and the new interim permits require the
manufacturing firms for violating the
an EPA permit requiring the company
requiring improved transportation and
have said that their firm is engaged in
by the Government to enforce the
applicants to develop specific schedules
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and
to reduce chemical discharges from its
distribution systems to handle the
an air-quality control program. The
Federal Water Pollution Control Act,
for changing over to meet the deadline.
Rodenticide Act. The companies are:
Gary, Ind., plant by July 1, 1977, has
mounting volume of imported oil.
U.S. Attorney's office has asked the
Mr. Dubois said.
Among the methods that can be used, he
N. Jonas Co., Inc., Philadelphia;
been denied. The permit, issued June
PAGE 15
PAGE 14
PEOPLE
William T. Wisniewski was recently
appointed Director of the Personnel
Division in EPA's Region III.
Before his EPA appointment, Mr.
Wisniewski served as personnel officer
for the Philadelphia District Office of
the U.S. Internal Revenue Service.
Mr. Wisniewski had spent eight years
John Bonine, an EPA Deputy Associ-
at the Mid-Atlantic Regional Office of
ate General Counsel, has been named
the Internal Revenue Service in a
Associate General Counsel in charge of
variety of capacities ranging from
the Air Quality and Noise Control
management intern to personnel officer.
Division. Before serving as Deputy
A native of Philadelphia, Mr.
Associate for the Pesticides, Toxic
Wisniewski received a B.S. in
William D. Dickerson has been
Substances and Solid Waste Division,
Management from Temple University
appointed Assistant Director for
Mr. Bonine was a senior staff attorney
in 1965.
in the Air Division of the General
G. William Frick's selection by Ad-
James R. Marshall has been appointed
Resource Development Liaison in the
ministrator Russell E. Train for the po-
Director of Public Affairs for EPA's
Counsel's office for three years. During
Charles Mooney, Jr., son of Dorothy
Office of Federal Activities. The
sition of EPA General Counsel has
those years, he helped develop EPA's
Region II Office in New York City.
Cotton and Charles Mooney, both
Resource Development staff is
been approved by the U.S. Civil Ser-
He succeeds Donald R. Bliss, Jr., who
EPA employees, was a member of the
responsible for liaison with those
transportation control plans and later
vice Commission. Mr. Frick succeeds
is now Public Affairs Director in the
U.S. Olympic boxing team
Federal agencies which are principally
helped defend them in the courts. Mr.
Bonine is a graduate of the Yale Law
Robert V. Zener, who left to join a
Agency's Region X Office in Seattle.
and won a Silver Medal
engaged in natural resource and energy
private law firm. Having served in the
Mr. Marshall served with New York
development such as the Departments
School and a member of the California
in the recent games at Montreal.
General Counsel's office for three
Bar.
City's Environmental Protection
A native of Washington, D.C., Mr.
of Interior and Agriculture, the Corps
years, first as Associate General
Administration for four years, ending
Mooney is the Armed Forces bantam-
of Engineers, and the energy agencies.
Counsel, Water Quality Division, and
up as assistant administrator for
weight titleholder. He won 56 out 61
Mr. Dickerson is a graduate of Kansas
then as Deputy General Counsel, Mr.
communications with responsibility for
amateur fights in his career before
State University and holds an M.S.
Frick has extensive knowledge of the
all the Agency's public affairs and press
winning a place on the Olympic team.
degree in Aeronautics and Astronautics
range of legal matters relating to EPA
information activities. He has had long
His mother is a secretary in EPA's
from the University of Washington. He
activities.
experience as a technical and
Office of Planning and Management
has been employed in the Office of
Mr. Frick was born and educated in
environmental journalist. A native of
and his father, Charles Mooney, Sr., is
Federal Activities since 1972 as
the Midwest, receiving his B.A. and
Canada, Mr. Marshall is a chemical
a public information specialist in EPA's
technical coordinator for the
law degree from the University of
engineering graduate of Queens
Public Information Center.
development of environmental impact
Kansas. After working in a private
University in Kingston, Ontario. He
statement review guidelines.
Missouri law firm for two years, he
worked as a chemical engineer for
Six researchers of the Environmental
joined the EPA as an attorney in the
Union Carbide Canada for four years in
Research Laboratory in Duluth,
Air Quality and Radiation Division in
Montreal East before moving to New
Minnesota have been cited for their
August 1971.
York in 1960. He is now a U.S.
contributions to the reference book
citizen.
used by water chemists and
Dr. J. David Yount, an environmental
bacteriologists throughout the world:
W. Jan Chong has been appointed
chemist in EPA's Ecological Effects
Robert Schaffer, formerly an Associate
Mirko D. Lubratouich, Director of the
Chief of Region II's Support Services
Office in Washington, D.C., has been
Deputy Assistant Administrator in the
Laboratory's Office of Engineering and
Branch.
appointed Deputy Director of EPA's
Office of Research and Development,
Administration, chaired the committee
A Brooklyn resident, Mr. Chong is a
Environmental Research Laboratory in
has been appointed Director of the
of scientists responsible for rewriting
native of Honolulu. He is a 1941 hon-
Duluth, Minnesota. He was named to
Effluent Guidelines Division in the
one of ten sections in "Standard Meth-
ors graduate of Rensselaer Polytechnic
this post by Dr. Donald I. Mount,
Office of Water and Hazardous
ods for the Examination of Water and
Institute (N.Y.) in chemical engineer-
Director of the laboratory.
Materials. Before assuming his research
Wastewater."
ing.
Dr. Yount will act as liaison between
post, Mr. Schaffer had been Director of
Mr. Lubratouich, former national direc-
His most recent position was manager
the Duluth Laboratory and EPA
Permit Assistance and Evaluation,
tor of the American Water Works As-
of Facilities Engineering and Adminis-
headquarters in Washington, D.C. as
Office of Enforcement, for two years,
sociation, was selected for the chair-
tration Services at Seatrain Lines in
well as assume responsibility for
and had previously served in several
manship because of his long standing
Weehawken, N. J. He had previously
managing research programs at the lab.
water pollution control positions in
interest and experience in water pollu-
been Executive Director of Yon-
Dr. Yount has served as scientific
EPA and its predecessor agencies.
tion control.
kers(N. Urban Renewal Agency
specialist for the freshwater pollution
All of the researchers involved in re-
and project manager with the N.Y.
ecological effects program including
writing the book were commended by
State Urban Development Corp. He
eutrophication and lake restoration
William McBeath, Director of the
has also worked with private planning
Great Lakes research, and the effects
American Public Health Association.
firms and taught graduate courses in
of environmental stress on freshwater
They are Richard L. Anderson, John
urban planning.
organisms and ecosystems.
W. Arthur, Kenneth E. Biesinger, James
PAGE 16
M. McKim and Charles E. Stephan.
PAGE 17
By Rich Lathrop
Mention Colorado, Montana, North
COUNCIL SAYS IMPACT
and South Dakota, Utah and Wyo-
REGION VIII
were cancelled because of uncertain
environmental impacts, identified
ming and most people conjure up
STUDY WORKS WELL
through the EIS process.
images of mountains, skiing, vast
Nuclear Regulatory Commission-The
wheatfields, cattle herds and cowboys,
Nuclear Regulatory Commission used
seemingly endless plains, deserts, wil-
The environmental impact statement
actions simply does not wash.
the Atomic Energy Commission EIS on
derness, national parks, forests.
ON PARADE
requirement of the National Environ-
"In the five and a half years between
the breeder reactor and its own on the
Fewer people think of cities in
mental Policy Act (NEPA) is working
January 1, 1970, and June 30, 1975, a
plutonium recycle proposal as definitive
these Region VIII States violating
well and fulfilling its objective of im-
total of 654 actions has been brought,
bases on which to develop stronger
national air standards or of raw sew-
proving government decisions that af-
alleging an NEPA issue. During that
measures to safeguard against misuse of
age degrading streams. Nor is there
fect the environment. This is the con-
same period, Federal agencies initiated
nuclear materials.
general recognition of incredible pres-
clusion of a recent Council on Environ-
tens of thousands of projects; in 1975
Corps of Engineers-The Corps of
sures being felt in those states as a
mental Quality report to the President
alone, agencies assessed more than
Engineers decided to cancel or stop
result of the Nation's increasing de-
and Congress, which analyzes the expe-
30,000 projects for environmental im-
work on over a dozen proposed proj-
mand for fuels.
rience of 70 Federal agencies in prepar-
pacts. Since 1970, about 6,000 draft
ects because its NEPA process-not
In fact, spokesmen for the Regional
ing environmental impact statements
EIS's have been submitted. Only 291-
litigation-revealed that significant envi-
office in Denver, familiar with other
over the past six years.
less than 5 percent-were challenged in
ronmental damage would result. Eleven
parts of the nation, often found solace
In releasing the report, CEQ Chair-
court as being inadequate," Dr. Peter-
other projects have been stopped until
in the idea that they had the relatively
man Russell W. Peterson noted that the
son pointed out.
environmental analyses are completed.
easy job of preventing environmental
environmental impact statement proce-
"Our analysis indicated," he contin-
Department of Transportation-D
degradation rather than the difficult
dures have become increasingly routine
ued, "that, of 332 cases completed by
estimates that since 1970 scores of
task of correcting past abuses. That
and effective parts of planning and
June 30, 1975, about one-third were
major highway and airport projects
bubble burst about the same time the
decision-making. Nevertheless, there is
dismissed at the trial court level.
have been modified or dropped as a
flow of Arab oil stopped. Suddenly,
need on the part of top management for
Roughly 60 resulted in temporary in-
result of the EIS process. The decision
prevention became a challenging task
greater sensitivity to the value of using
junctions, which ranged from a few
of Secretary Coleman to reject the I-66
indeed.
the EIS process as a tool for better
weeks to the time required to prepare
extension into Washington, D.C., is a
Because under the plains lay thick
program and policy analysis, he said. A
an adequate impact statement. Only
recent example.
seams of coal. In the mountains of
major goal of NEPA is to make envi-
four cases resulted in 'permanent' in-
General Services Administration-In
Colorado, Utah and Wyoming billions
ronmental analysis as integral a part of
junctions-and not even in these was
1974 the Kennedy Library Corporation
of barrels of oil lay trapped in shale.
agency operations as economic and
the agency precluded from proceeding
proposed construction of the Kennedy
An upsurge in demand for uranium
technical analyses.
with its project or program after it
Library and Museum just below Har-
opened new mines, expanded others.
Originally, there was great concern
complied with NEPA."
vard Square in Cambridge, Mass. The
Whether the new resource activity
that the EIS requirement would cause
The agencies most affected by com-
General Services Administration, which
was in fact feverish or only perceived
crippling red tape and needless delays
pleted NEPA litigation, according to
was to maintain the structure, issued a
that way by beleaguered planners and
in federal decision-making that would
the report, have been the U.S. Depart-
draft EIS which focused on traffic and
decision makers throughout the region
adversely affect the economy. The
ment of Transportation (26 percent of
other impacts. Because of local contro-
is still uncertain. What is certain is
Council found that although NEPA
the cases), the U.S. Department of
versy, the Library Corporation decided
that almost nobody was prepared for
delays occurred in years past, these are
Housing and Urban Development (14
against the Cambridge location and is
it.
now becoming rare as agencies improve
percent), and the Corps of Engineers
now proposing Columbia Point in Bos-
Plans, proposals and rumors flew
Colorado State Capitol in Denver
their environmental expertise and begin
and the U.S. Department of Agricul-
ton for the Library site. As a result,
about the area like a startled covey of
EIS preparation earlier.
ture (approximately 10 percent each).
GSA is planning a new draft EIS.
quail. They included coal-fired power
reaucracy were hampering develop-
mary standards for carbon monoxide
There are three points in the EIS
One of the appendices of the CEQ
Department of Agriculture-The Soil
plants, strip mines, underground
ment of resources at a moment when
and oxidants into the 1980's. Salt
process when delays can occur-in pre-
report gives a rundown of some of the
Conservation Service has successfully
mines, plants to liquefy or gasify coal,
the Nation desperately needed them.
Lake City's revised transportation
paring the draft, in preparing the final
more notable effects of the EIS process
used preliminary draft EIS's to broaden
transmission lines to transport power,
The proposals keep coming and the
control plan should help achieve those
statement after comments are in, and
slurry pipelines to move coal, new
decisions must be made sufficiently
standards by 1978.
on Federal decisions. Among them are:
the scope of project alternatives, partic-
after issuance of the final statement.
Department of the Interior-The final
ularly those involving non-structural
railroad lines, even new towns to
well to stand the test of technology,
Auto emission control equipment
The time required to prepare a draft
EIS on the 800-mile Trans-Alaska Pipe-
measures.
handle the expected influx of people.
law, economics, politics, human and
largely designed and tested at or near
EIS differs from agency to agency and
line prompted important design changes
Perhaps the most far-reaching use of
But the Federal government owns
social needs.
sea level does not perform as well at
from project to project. The scope of a
and other improvements in routing and
the EIS process has been the work of
nearly a third of the region's land and
Speechwriters term that "the awe-
these mile-high cities, thus reducing
project, the experience of the people
construction techniques.
the Forest Service to develop a long-
decisions about how it would be used
some task of balancing conflicting
the effectiveness of the Federal new
preparing the statement, the relationship
range program for forest lands pursuant
involved the National Environmental
needs of society." Nobody's dead
car emissions control program.
An EIS prepared by the Bureau of
of the EIS process to the decision-
Land Management and the Forest
to the Resources Planning Act of 1974.
Policy Act. Impact statements would
sure it can be done.
So a heavier burden falls on the
making process, and the priority ac-
Services on proposed phosphate leasing
The draft EIS addressed the alternative
have to be prepared, and some of
But coping with energy develop-
cities to devise controls to reduce air
corded by the agency management to
on 25,000 acres of the Osceola National
programs that best reflected public and
them would grow to more than a foot
ment is only one part of the Region
contaminants. Traffic and mass transit
the statement and the project itself are
Forest, Fla., prompted the decision in
other agency perceptions of realistic
in thickness.
VIII task.
improvements, along with the new car
all critical.
1975 to defer a leasing decision pending
program choices. After circulation of
Literally hundreds of regulatory
program, have helped the cities hold
completion of a two-year study by the
the draft statement and evaluation of
bodies would become involved in the
Air
As part of our survey of NEPA,"
their own against increases in pollu-
Dr. Peterson said, "we checked into
tion. Achieving reductions will require
U.S. Geological Survey.
comments on it, the Forest Service
decisions, promoting developers'
In the Denver and Salt Lake City
the amount of litigation that has arisen
Atomic Energy Commission-Two
submitted its final program recommen-
charges that multiple layers of bu-
metropolitan regions auto-related air
tougher measures.
in connection with the EIS process and
pollution has produced problems fa-
There are bright spots in the picture
major radioactive waste disposal pro-
dations to the President in December
concluded the claim that NEPA-related
posals of the former Atomic Energy
1975. He sent them along with his
Rich Lathrop is a Region VIII Public
miliar to city dwellers. Denver, it now
though. Thousands of tons per year of
suits interfere with the timely execution
Commission, one at Lyons, Kans., and
statement of policy to the Congress in
Affairs Officer
appears, will continue to exceed pri-
Continued on page 20
of a substantial number of Federal
the other at the Savannah River, S.C.,
March 1976.
PAGE 19
PAGE 18
Continued from page 19
ter than required by the National
age wastewater in their areas well into
reactive hydrocarbons, for instance,
standards.
the future.
Pesticides
will be kept out of Denver's air under
Water quality continues to be im-
a vapor recovery program. The fumes
Water
Montana and Wyoming plans to cer-
Region VIII's
proved as construction grant funds
tify applicators of restricted use pesti-
which evaporate when gasoline is
All major industrial and municipal
awarded by EPA aid communities in
cides have been approved and their
transferred from tanks into trucks and
dischargers in the Region are under
building or improving their waste
programs are beginning. Certification
LEADERSHIP TEAM
from trucks into service station stor-
the permit system, and Colorado,
treatment works. As in other parts of
plans from North and South Dakota
age tanks will be captured and con-
Montana, North Dakota and Wyo-
the country, fish are returning to
are currently being reviewed. Plans
densed into gasoline.
ming have all taken over that program
streams thought to be "dead" just a
are being developed in Colorado and
A second phase in that program
as the approved permit-issuing agen-
few years ago boaters and swim-
Utah but problems of legislative au-
would capture hydrocarbons at service
cies.
mers are returning to areas formerly
thority remain to be worked out in
station pumps themselves. Problems
A vigorous Regional enforcement
posted as dangerously contaminated.
those States.
of safety and economics will make
program, which has collected nearly
All Regional States have received
Colorado has received approval
that more difficult to implement but an
$250,000 in fines from violators, has
grant funds under the Drinking Water
from EPA to use a limited amount of
Dr. Cooper H. Wayman
additional 2,500-3,000 tons of hydro-
convinced area dischargers the
Act and are now preparing program
DDT to control a plague outbreak in
Director,
carbons would be kept out of the
Agency is serious about cleaning up
plans aimed at implementation of the
Regional Administrator
Office of
groundsquirrels and similar rodents in
smog production cycle.
water pollution. And voluntary com-
law.
John A. Green
Energy Activities
six Colorado counties. The plague is
Ninety-eight percent of the major
pliance has improved considerably.
stationary sources of air pollution in
A major water problem still facing
Noise
transmitted by fleas. The sheer size of
the area needing treatment, the short-
the Region are either meeting standards
the Region is pollution from non-point
Regional noise control programs have
age of personnel and the need for
or are in compliance with their
sources (diffuse run-off) and from irri-
enjoyed remarkable success because
more lasting control than is provided
cleanup schedules.
gation return flows. Hopefully some
of their reliance on a community ap-
by carbaryl led to Agency approval.
New facilities will come under new
answers to these questions will come
proach, aerial monitoring and a com-
source performance standards and, in
from the 22 "208" agencies in the
munity noise control workbook that
Solid Waste
David A. Wagoner
many parts of the Region, will fall
Region.
has received international attention
Director,
Irwin L. Dickstein
Region VIII solid waste highlights
under the new significant deterioration
Those local agencies, with 100 per-
and Agency acclaim.
Air & Hazardous
Director,
include the successful implementation
Enforcement Division
rules. Those rules are designed to
Materials Division
cent Federal funding totalling $12.5
With EPA assistance, effective
and spread of the Waste Not high-
protect air quality that is already bet-
million, are developing plans to man-
noise control programs continue to
grade white paper recycling project. In
proliferate in the Region where quiet
less than a year some 361 tons of
is an important personal value that
paper have been reclaimed in partici-
figures prominently in the western
pating Federal agencies in the Denver
lifestyle.
Dean E. Norris
area.
Director,
Air and water programs require a
Through the coordination of the
Office of
Regional or basin approach, but noise
Federal Regional Council in Denver
David D. Emery
Congressional &
is largely a community problem, and it
and with technical assistance from
Director,
Intergovernmental
was within the communities that EPA
EPA's solid waste staff, the program
Management Division
Relations
found the people, the energy and the
is mushrooming through Federal and
resources to control noise.
State agencies and the Region esti-
Radiation
mates a thousand tons of paper may
be reclaimed by year's end.
As the Nation seems to be moving
Since about 17 mature pulp trees
toward increasing reliance on nuclear
are required to produce a ton of
power to generate electricity, uranium
paper, the Denver program will help
Keith O. Schwab
mining and milling is increasing tre-
stretch forest resources.
Charles W. Murray
Director,
mendously in the Region. Something
Also with EPA technical assistance,
Director,
Surveillance &
like 70 percent of the Nation's known
Water Division
the State of Montana has collected,
Analysis Division
uranium reserves are located here.
crushed and recycled some 20,000
EPA, the Energy Research and
junked or abandoned automobiles
Development Administration, and
since 1973. Placed bumper to bumper,
State health departments are still grap-
those cars would stretch something
pling with problems from a 1950's
like 56 miles.
uranium boom. Radioactive sands—
"We are proud of the environmental
tailings-left after milling of uranium
achievements that have come about in
Charles C. Gomez
bearing ores have been implicated as
this Region as a direct outgrowth of
Director,
excellent cooperation of all sectors,"
Office of Civil Rights &
James W. Sanderson
health hazards in various parts of the
Urban Affairs
Regional Counsel
Region, most notably in Grand Junc-
Region VIII Administrator John A.
tion, Colo., where they were often
Green said.
used as a backfill material in excava-
"Most importantly, I think environ-
tions for buildings.
mental considerations have now become
Ongoing research is yielding an-
an integral part of nearly any kind of
swers to some of the questions of how
planning or development decision,
to dispose of tailings and how to
rather than a 'tack-on' item. That
protect unborn generations from their
should help us anticipate and deal with
Samuel E. Landis
Howard W. Kayner
radioactivity.
environmental aspects of change before
Federal Regional
Director,
problem areas develop."
Council Liaison
Office of Public Affairs
PAGE 20
PAGE 21
PROTECTING THE NEW FRONTIER
produces more wheat than North Da-
tuated, and then subsided, leaving
beets which yield much of our sugar.
The Great Divide forms the very
Montana, for instance, is a Spanish
them is gone, sheep and cattle still
kota, which is the most rural of the 50
behind a desert of salt, alkaline soil
Large scale irrigation has permitted
backbone of the North American con-
word meaning mountain country. The
graze on the remaining short grass.
States with 90 percent farmland.
and a number of lakes, including the
the cultivation of diversified crops.
tinent. Here, the towering peaks of
State is the fourth largest in America
Below the plains, the earth holds
South Dakota has more sheep than
Great Salt Lake. Gulls, pelicans, and
Most of the land that comprises
the Rocky Mountain range separate
in geographical size, and yet it is so
petroleum, natural gas and a wealth of
humans, plus large numbers of cattle
blue herons skim over the sand flats
Region VIII was acquired by the
Atlantic-bound waters from those des-
thinly populated that it retains the
mineral deposits, including coal.
and hogs. The western part of the
and mud shores of the water, which
Union as part of the Louisiana Pur-
tined to reach the Pacific Ocean. Here
quality of the remote wilderness which
Since the admission of Alaska and
Dakotas is a semi-arid, treeless plain
through evaporation has reached con-
chase of 1803; most of the territories
too the headwaters of such rivers as
distinguished it in the early twentieth
Hawaii to the Union, the Dakotas
where cattle and sheep graze above
centrations of mineral salts several
achieved Statehood toward the end of
the mighty Colorado and the Rio
century. Montana is the home of
constitute the geographical center of
coal, gold and other mineral deposits.
times greater than the oceans.
the 19th century. Colorado was one of
Grande gather in the melting mountain
some of nature's most spectacular
the United States. The ancient rock
Signs of America's westward ex-
The word Wyoming is of Indian
the first in the territory to be admitted
snows and course down past the un-
attractions such as the granite peaks
formations of the Black Hills and the
pansion flourish in these two States.
origin and thought to mean "large
to the Union. The date was 1876,
paralleled splendor of the canyons,
and mountain lakes of Glacier Na-
Badlands can be observed here, as
In South Dakota the stone faces of
plains," although the State actually
winning it the name "Centennial
farmlands, forests, plains, salt and
tional Park and the geysers, hot
well as the colorful, deeply eroded
four Presidents gaze out over the
marks the end of the plains. In the
State." This year Colorado is cele-
mud flats, and vast deserts below.
springs and volcanic topography
clay gullies and the marine and land
Badlands from Mount Rushmore.
west, the tall grass gives way to the
brating its own centennial.
The State of Colorado is part of this
within its three entrances to Yellow-
fossils they hold. The Missouri river
Theodore Roosevelt spent summers
wooded slopes of the Bighorn Moun-
In the east, parts of Colorado's
natural grandeur. With a mean eleva-
stone National Park.
rolls southward through the States'
ranching in North Dakota between
tains, the one time hunting ground of
Great Plains still retain the character-
tion of 6,800 feet, it has been called
The western boundary of the State
rugged terrain.
1883 and 1886 and the State now
the Crow and Sioux. But only in the
istics of the tidal flats they once were.
the "top of the world." But other
is crowned by the lofty Bitterroot
Constant winds and a continental
contains three units of the National
central section, where it is dissected
The plains eventually turn into breath-
residents of Region VIII could make
range, a part of the Rocky Mountain
climate cause the Dakotas to have
Memorial Park in his honor.
by the Great Divide, is the sweep of
taking mountains, the most famous of
the same figurative claim about their
system. The Great Plains extend over
severe winters and short, hot sum-
The 1876 defeat of General Custer
the Wyoming plains broken. It was in
which is Pike's Peak. Toward the
States— Montana, North Dakota,
the eastern landscape, and although
mers, but several crops including corn
by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse in
this area that chains of covered wa-
west, beyond the Great Divide, lie
South Dakota, Utah and Wyoming.
the high grass which once covered
thrive in the rich soil. Only Kansas
the battle of the Little Bighorn oc-
gons rolled westward over the Oregon
some of the most scenic spots in the
curred here. So did the massacre
Trail.
United States, including Rocky Moun-
which terminated Indian resistance to
The Grand Teton and Yellowstone
tain National Park, Mesa Verde Na-
the white man's relentless invasion—
National Parks are here, the latter
tional Park and The Great Sand
Wounded Knee. Presently, there are
area being where the Snake River
Dunes Monument.
more Native Americans living in the
begins its long and winding journey to
The Basket Makers, the earliest-
West than ever before in history, but
the Missouri. The production of petro-
known Indians, settled in the mesa
most are living on reservations in the
leum and petroleum-related products
country before the beginning of the
Dakotas and other States.
boosts the State's economy, as does
Christian era. In southern Colorado,
Utah is "the State the Saints built."
its production of sodium carbonate
one can still see the rock-ledge homes
Its capital and largest city is Salt Lake
from its resource-rich underground re-
of the Indian cliff dwellings.
City.
serves.
Due to low rainfall, Colorado has
Of the American States, only Ne-
If there ever were any real cow-
been forced to irrigate its land to such
vada receives less rainfall than Utah.
boys, they were surely to be found in
an extent that it is now second only to
It is a geologist's paradise, rich in the
Wyoming. In addition to the livestock,
California in acres of irrigated farm-
natural resources which have become
several crops are farmed, including the
land. Below are ores of silver, lead,
the life-blood of the technological soci-
copper, zinc and uranium.
ety we live in. The Bingham Canyon
Famous cultural festivals are staged
open-pit copper mine is the largest
at Aspen and Central City, where
man-made excavation in the world,
John Gregory struck gold in 1859 and
measuring more than two-and-one-half
attracted hordes of settlers. To this
miles across and one-half mile down.
day, tourism remains a chief cash crop
Massive mountains rise up in the
of Colorado and the other Rocky Moun-
eastern portion of the State, while
tain States.
farther west the land levels out into
As in the old West, a frontier has
the Great Basin. To the south, red
suddenly been formed, this time in the
sandstone throbs through the can-
new West. The struggle is no longer
yons. cut by wind and the Colo-
for land, but for what is underneath
rado river. Remnants of ancient In-
the land. The resources to be found
dian cliff dwellings can be found in
there are unquestionably of economic
these parts. Bryce Canyon National
value, but hanging in the bâlance is
Park and Zion National Park (70
the awesome threat of the gradual
percent of the State's total acreage is
destruction of this magnificent land.
federally owned or administered) help
The degree of beauty which exists in
to preserve the area's natural beauty.
Region VIII must now be matched
At one time western Utah was
with an equal degree of high-minded
submerged beneath a huge Pleistocene
environmental protection, lest we lose
lake, Lake Bonneville. During many
that which is so precious its like could
thousands of years the water fluc-
never be had again.
PAGE 22
PAGE 23
INQUIRY
What kind of noise bothers you most?
news briefs
Emilio Escaladas, Noise Branch
1,000 ft. or lower. So these people are
the sound is getting so annoying that
Representative, Region II, New York
assaulted twice-by subway and by
we have considered moving.
City:
aircraft noise. For them, noise is a
"The other type of noise that bothers
For me the most irritating noise
more real pollutant than those in the air
me is inside my house. I have a
comes from being involved in the daily
or water. Maybe to be tense, irritable
teenage son who is learning to play the
transportation cycle. The awesome
and half deaf is the price paid for
bass guitar in a five-man band. They
subway ride. The average New Yorker
modern life?"
practice in our basement but since
spends about a hour or hour and a half
they're just learning to play together
daily on subways, though, of course,
Jay Goldstein, Sanitary Engineer, Solid
they insist on turning up the amplifiers
some people have longer rides. The
Waste Branch, Region V, Chicago, Ill.:
so that each of them can hear his own
trains get you to your job and home
"The general background level of noise
instrument. The result is that the sound
again, but with accompanying pain
in a city may be high, but we've all
goes through the vents and reaches
rather than pleasure.
become accustomed to it, and pretty
every corner of the house and can even
"The problem is that the subway
much disregard it. It is the loud,
be heard outdoors if the windows are
system is old, dilapidated and
unexpected, silence-shattering noise
open. It's the kind of sound that is so
maintenance has been neglected for
that troubles me most.
loud it stuns you because you literally
years. The wheels are mostly flat from
"I live in mid-city Chicago on the north
can't hear anything else. As long as
ALLIED CHEMICAL INDICTED IN KEPONE CASE
long use so they screech-and there are
side, and it is a quiet neighborhood
they're going to have the band I don't
Allied Chemical Corp., Life Science Products Co., and Life Science's
16 wheels for each car. Some effort is
most of the time. But frequently in the
see anything that can be done about the
two owners have been indicted by a Federal grand jury in Richmond,
being made to upgrade the system by
early morning hours hot-rodders drag-
noise except to soundproof the room
Va., on a charge of conspiring to violate Federal water pollution
'truing' the wheels (grinding them round
race through the streets with roaring
they practice in."
control laws in the Kepone pesticide case. The indictment asserted
again) but this is an enormous job. The
engines. Loud and unnecessary noise is
that an unusually close relationship existed between Allied and
Urban Mass Transit Authority and
against the city's noise ordinances, but
William Tripp, Oil and Hazardous
New York City have $40 million to
seemingly little is or can be done to
Materials Section, Region I, Boston,
Life Science whose sole business was manufacturing Kepone, the
spend over the next ten years to
enforce these rules. Certainly, this kind
Mass.:
persistent pesticide which poisoned production workers and led to
improve the system and attempts are
of noise is disruptive of the peace and
"The steady, high level of traffic noise
a fishing ban on the lower James River in Virginia.
being made to acoustically treat the
quiet of whole neighborhoods."
that surrounds me as I commute back
stations. Sound absorbing materials are
and forth to work bothers me most. I
CAMDEN ORDERED TO END POLLUTION
being put on the platforms facing the
Mary Rhones, Secretary, Office of
travel about an hour each way from my
The United States District Court for New Jersey in a landmark
on-coming trains and barriers are being
Planning and Management, Economic
home to the EPA laboratory in
action has ordered the City of Camden, N. J., to repair two sewage
put between the tracks to contain the
Analysis Division, Headquarters:
Lexington, Mass., on Interstate 95.
treatment plants that were discharging 40 million gallons daily
noise. Tracks are being welded to
"I live in Washington, D.C., on a main
This is a heavily travelled highway and
of inadequately treated sewage into the Delaware River. The
reduce vibrations.
thoroughfare, near the Maryland line.
the noise from other cars and trucks is
"Levels of noise inside the cars rise to
court action enforces the EPA plant discharge permits which require
Every morning at about 5:30 the sound
unremitting."
86 to 88 decibels, and on the platforms
of concrete mixers and loading vans
maximum efficiency of operation.
the levels can reach 110-115; this is the
barrelling down the street seems to jar
Anthony Wayne, Sanitary Engineer,
threshold of pain. These levels cause
the whole house. When we bought the
Environmental Evaluation Branch,
CONSTRUCTION REVIEW TEAMS SET UP
temporary impairment of hearing.
house, although some trucks used the
Region VII, Kansas City, Mo.:
Administrator Russell E. Train has announced that a financial-
Higher decibel levels can cause
road, I thought we would get used to
'Noise to me is unwanted sound. I live
technical review program is being established to help ensure the
permanent damage.
traffic noise, but it has become
in the country but I'm uncomfortably
integrity of EPA's multi-billion dollar construction grants
"In addition to this kind of noise, New
progressively louder and more frequent
aware of highway noises-roaring of
program. Under this system, teams of EPA engineers and auditors
Yorkers living near major airports are
since more trucks now use the road.
engines and the whining of heavy truck
will conduct thorough on-site reviews of selected waste treatment
bombarded with aircraft noise. In a
It's so bad at times that my children
tires. On quiet evenings this sound
busy airport like Kennedy, traffic
can't hear the radio or the TV even
nuisance can be heard for two miles.
plant projects throughout the Nation.
sometimes becomes so heavy that
with all the windows closed. We really
Much of the noise results, of course,
like our house and neighborhood but
from breaking the speed limit."
NATIONAL NOISE EXHIBIT PREPARED
planes are going over every minute at
A major EPA exhibit on noise pollution will be displayed at the
Franklin Institute in Philadelphia this fall. The exhibit, which
blends the use of animated film, slide shows, and sound recordings
to demonstrate the problems of environmental noise, will be
displayed at the Chicago Museum of Science and Industry starting
in January, 1977.
Emilio Escaladas
Jay Goldstein
Mary Rhones
Anthony Wayne
William Tripp
PAGE 24
PAGE 25
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
POSTAGE AND FEES PAID
OFFICE OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS (A:107)
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460
EPA-335
U.S.MAIL
THIRD CLASS BULK RATE
Return this page if you do NOT wish to receive this publication ( ), or if change of address is needed ( ), list change, including zip code.
SHARING THE JOURNAL
The EPA Journal, which has been an
internal publication since it was
started a year and a half ago, is now
available to the general public on a
OURNAL
subscription basis.
VOL.ONE,NO.ONE
Permission was sought from and
JANUARY
recently granted by the Office of
Management and Budget to allow ex-
ternal distribution of the Journal. Nu-
merous requests for the magazine had
been received from universities, civic
and environmental organizations, in-
dustries and other government agen-
cies.
The subscription rates for EPA
Journal, which are set by the Govern-
ment Printing Office, are $8.75 a year
for subscribers residing in the United
States and $11 annually for those
living outside the country. Subscrip-
tion requests should be sent to the
ENVIRONMENTAL
Superintendent of Documents, U.S.
Government Printing Office, Washing-
ton, D.C. 20402.
USEFULNESS
83 percent of Journal readers prefer
Single copies can be obtained for 75
94 percent like reading the Journal
home over office delivery.
cents each at the same address. The
at home
56 percent indicated that other
magazine will continue to be distrib-
86 percent said the Journal helps
members of their family read the
uted to EPA employees without
keep them posted about Agency
Journal at home. According to the
charge.
activities
poll, home delivery more than doubles
The format and policy of the maga-
50 percent find it useful to repro-
the Journal's readership.
zine will remain essentially the same
duce Journal articles
Mail delivery is about 95 percent
since most of the subjects discussed in
COVERAGE
effective in reaching Journal readers'
this issue-oriented publication are of
More emphasis desired on:
homes.
interest to external as well as internal
Laboratories
35 percent
These percentage figures are tabu-
audiences.
Regions
24 percent
lated from the responses of the 150
When the EPA Journal was estab-
Headquarters
18 percent
Journal readers who answered the
lished it was believed that its purpose
Percent who always read the following
survey. Seventy-five percent of these
would be best served by a home
Journal department sections:
were EPA professionals who read
distribution system intended to give
People
64 percent
every issue.
each employee, as well as his or her
News Briefs
63 percent
A number of helpful suggestions
family, more leisure time to read the
Around the Nation
57 percent
were submitted in response to the
publication. A questionnaire on how
Inquiry
47 percent
survey indicating additional areas of
the magazine was being received was
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
special reader interest as well as cur-
carried in the June issue. Here are the
The EPA Journal is currently dis-
rent developments at EPA which need
highlights of the reader response about
tributed to the homes of the Agency's
coverage. These ideas should bear
the Journal's usefulness, coverage and
10,000 employees by third class bulk
fruit in future issues of the Journal.
distribution system:
rate mail.
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
Date 9-22-76
TO:
JAMES CANNON
FROM:
for
JUDITH RICHARDS HOPE
to
X For your information
For your appropriate Handling
For your review and comment
Return to me
Return to file
Return to central files
Comments:
FORD & LIBRARY
09/2/7
WED
1156 15TH ST., N.W. WASHINGTON, D.C. 20005 TELEX 89-2447 202-293-3400 1976 VOL. 227
NO.
15
Page 113
CONGRESSMEN BLAST ADMINISTRATION ON AIRCRAFT NOISE POLICY DELAY
Reps. Glenn Anderson (D-Calif.) and Norman Mineta (D-Calif.) yesterday criticized the Ford Adminis-
tration for failing to establish an aircraft noise policy. Anderson accused the White House of moving to
"gag" Transportation Secretary William T. Coleman Jr. In separate statements, both congressmen criticized
the Administration: Mineta said, "The Ford Administration record on jet aircraft noise reduction has been
and can be expected to continue to be no decision, no policy, no action."
Statements were. issued after Coleman canceled for the third time his scheduled appearance before the
House aviation subcommittee hearing on noise abatement (DAILY, Sept. 21). Coleman's aircraft noise pol-
icy has been hung up at the White House level for some time now because there is disagreement within the
Administration over financing provisions of the policy (DAILY, Sept. 17).
A White House spokesman yesterday told The DAILY "discussions" are still under way and "there is
no clue as to any timetable" for release of the policy. Asked whether President Ford has decided to delay
the noise policy until after the election, the spokesman said, "We will not say anything about politi-
cal charges."
Anderson, who is chairman of the House aviation subcommittee, said: "The Environmental Protection
Agency, the Federal Aviation Administration and Transportation Secretary Coleman have made construc-
tive proposals to reduce aircraft noise but the White House will not permit a move for fear of offending the
airlines, the airport operators, the public - - or all three."
Mineta said, "Secretary Coleman has failed to testify for the simple reason that he has been unable
either to get the White House to approve his policy on jet noise reduction or to devise a policy of its own.
We can assume from the failure of recent meetings between Secretary Coleman and President Ford to pro-
duce an agreement on any policy that there will be no policy and no action by this Administration before
the adjournment of Congress and before the election."
DECISION CLOSE ON WHETHER AIRLINE OREMEN CAN UNIONIZE
The big question of whether airline foremen and supervisors can legally organize their own union i:
about to be answered by the National Mediation Board. The case involves a four-year effort by the Airlini
Supervisors Association, Selden, N.Y. to organize supervisory personnel on American Airlines.
A board hearing examiner has finished his investigation and has made his recommendations to the
board which now must decide whether the association will be permitted to attempt to represent foremer
and supervisors in plant, facilities and aircraft maintenance fields. About 900 foremen are believed to b
involved. Although the foremen are not now members of a union most of them came up from the rank
of the Transport Workers Union, over whose members they now hold supervisory positions, Most are il
their 50s.
The big question the board has to decide, which is not answered for airline employes under the Rai
way Labor Act is just who is a subordinate official and who is a member of management. An ancillar
question that will have to be answered is what class or craft supervisors should be placed in. The airline
claim, of course, that supervisors are members of management; the unions that they are not.
The massive case (the record is now 15,000 pages) is supposed to apply only to American but ther
are indications that employes of other carriers are awaiting the outcome. If the board should (Continued
James E. Skinner, Editor
James D. Baumgarner, Managing Editor
Rhonda S. Goodman, Senior Editor
/ Kenneth Koppel, Publishing Direct
Published daily except Saturdays, Sundays and hclidays in Washington by The Public Transportation & Travel Division of The Ziff-Davis Publishing Company, In
Philip B. Korsant, President
Richard P. Friese, Vice President
SUBSCRIPTION RATE: One year $470, 6 months $290. Quantity rates on request.
COPYRIGHT © 1976 ZIFF-DAVIS PUBLISHING CO. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. NONE OF THE CONTENT OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE REPRODUCED
STORED IN A RETRIEVAL SYSTEM, OR TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS (ELECTRONIC, MECHANICAL, PHOTOCOPYING, RECORDIN
OR OTHERWISE) WITHOUT THE PRIOR WRITTEN PERMISSION OF THE PUBLISHER.
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
September 22, 1976
MEMORANDUM FOR:
JIM CANNON
FROM:
JUDITH RICHARDS HOPE
fell
SUBJECT:
Your Request: Current
CAB Rate-Making Rules
The CAB sets domestic airline rates on the basis of the
Domestic Passenger Fare Investigation (D.P.F.I.) formula, a
complex procedure established in 1972 after a lengthy, nine-
phase evidentiary proceeding before the CAB.
This formula has the force of law, but it is not immutable
and can be changed by the CAB itself in two ways: (1) by
another evidentiary proceeding, which might take a year or
two, and (2) by an administrative rule-making which must,
under new CAB practice, be completed within 150 days.
Under the DPFI formula, airline rates are computed on
present costs, not prospective costs. "Present costs" do
not allow for future inflation (although the CAB has a
proposal pending on this possibility) and do not allow for
capital needs. Rather, the formula allows carriers a 12%
return on their total investment, assuming a 55% load
factor. ("Load Factor" means the percentage of all operating
aircraft seats which are filled.)
In recent years, the airlines have been operating with
"excess capacity," that is at less than a 55% load factor.
Therefore, their actual rate of return has been much less
than the 12% projected by the CAB formula. (For the last 12
months the airlines in general have had about a 3% rate of
return, but this situation is improving. As you know, many
analysts predict that the airlines will achieve a 12% rate
of return in calendar year 1977.)
FORD
LIBRARY
2
CAB experts tell me that, even if '77 is a good year, the
airlines' ability to raise capital next year will be shaky.
(They add that they feel several years of 12% return would
solve this problem. The question is one of timing.)
Again, the important factor here is that airline rates are
currently based on RETURN ON EXISTING INVESTMENT, NOT on any
need there may be to RAISE CAPITAL.
If thought necessary, the capital need could be factored in
by means of the above-mentioned rule-making to amend the
DPFI formula.
FORD
REQUEST
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
September 22, 1976
MEMO FOR:
JIM CANNON
FROM:
PAUL LEACH
1938 -- Domestic Trunk Airlines had 1.3 million
emplanements (i.e. passenger trips)
1976 -- (12 months ending June 30) Comparable
figure is 154.5 million emplanements
)
6
38
GEBALO FORD LIBRARY
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
September 22, 1976
TO:
JIM CANNON
FROM: PAUL LEACH
This article, which discusses the
positive effect of tax bill on
aircraft purchases by the airlines,
is relevant to the Coleman airplane
noise/financing issue.
Airlines' Share Net Seen Particularly Helped
By Tax Bill's Expansion of Investment 976 SEP Credit
12 30
By CHARLES J. ELIA
signed, could stimulate orders of new
New tax legislation sent to President
planes by the major carriers.
Ford by the Congress late last week could
The industry's total investment tax car-
be a particular boon to airlines.
ry-forwards are large in relation to ex-
pected earnings. Mr. Fried's list of credits
totals $662 million. He's estimating indus-
try profits this year at $325 million to $350
million, and next year at $400 million to
$500 million:
WALL STREET JOURNAL
9-21-76
fir
3
f
727's
16
FORD & LIBRARY GERALD
092206
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
INFORMATION ON AVIATION NOISE
THE WHITE HOUSE
INFORMATION
WASHINGTON
12 07
September 23, 1976
MEMORANDUM FOR:
JIM CANNON
FROM:
JUDITH RICHARDS HOPE
SUBJECT:
Aviation Noise: Aviation Industry's
Ability to Obtain Capital
The attached article from the September 20 Aviation Week
shows that the airlines' increased earnings are improving
their prospects in the capital markets. Execpt for Flying
Tiger, the new financings are primarily being used to
redress balance sheets, rather than modernize fleets.
Attachment
FORD it 978279 LIBRARY
092811
American world Anways, whose
procedures is Still pending.
proposal to sell $50 million worth of
In other legal action, airlines serving Logan airport have filed suit to prevent an
convertible debentures is getting mixed
increase of landing fees from 58 cents to 87 cents per 1,000 lb. of landing weight,
reviews in Wall Street, also is paying some
effective July 1. Representatives of the airlines maintain that the Increase would be
attention to the California law in its offer-
used to fund non-airport operations, such as a Boston area health clinic.
ing. Lehman Bros. is the underwriter.
Aviation Week & Space Technology, September 20, 1976
33
as a group, profitable carriers can con-
Trust Certificates Used Frequently by Railroads
tinue to command capital at reasonable
terms
Equipment
stock in
method
proper-
extensively
romar in
Their
of net
Lenders
after
they were
over
profits to 1
earlier
Airlines,
investment
new
instant lost
ployes to
payments,
Company is
Airlines
which
on airline
future
sold to the
compaid out
popularity
minimum
money and
Venues, is
stock as and
investors
than those
Sale of the
contly to
banks to settle
Frank
new agreement
to effect
element of
through Dec.
sun is out. If
the climate
earnings.
exceedingly
to, each
Pan America
annual
ing plans
and
consideration
fund" for
1978 that work
the
used Boeing
andy 96.5%
freighters. Items
ment and
and credit
and on the
ican from
and it is closes
ccounting
ments for the
tax profit
under leases.
revenue
amount
Capacity
fund in a
One Wall
American is
to
will be
Minillion on
debenture
used as a
more flexibilit
meet its
airplanes, business
Marget for
full-scale
Although
Apportion of
improved this
the insur-
the debentur
to reach
give Pan Amail
the fund
One result
to the
cate for the
new offering
the year,
the earlier
and to the
auditor note
its profit
prepared on
used and
is, that the
ployes. In
but that
llowed to
pended on
in excess
that there washing
can's ability
is not
loan agreement
Proposed by
Motivation
ployes to
sell new stocks
used to
American's
share, no
forestall month
lue of the
and its holdings in subsidiaries (AW&SI
equipment mortgages. ITS mancing IS a
share, or anow employes to share in one-
July 5, p. 32), as Pan American has had to
sign that, whatever the stature of airlines
third of any airline annual profit.
34
Aviation Week & Space Technology Sentember 20 - 1976
Shortlines
Domestic trunk airlines paid 1.7% more
Airline Observer
for fuel per gallon in July than in June of
this year, according to CAB statistics.
Domestic trunks paid an average of 30.1
Date when Boeing might decide to produce either the 7X7 or the smaller 7N7
cents/gal. International flags paid 36.9
remains in the air, but some airlines suspect Boeing will accelerate its
cents in July, an increase of 0.8% from
June. Local service carriers' fuel expense
commitment to 7X7. They base this on Boeing requests for specifics on door
location and similar details.
increased 1.7% to a cost-per-gallon of 32.2
cents.
Growth in engine thrust requirements for the Boeing 7X7 transport is related
Eastern Airlines has selected Trans Com,
largely to the increase in fuselage size to accommodate dual LD-3 containers
a unit of Sundstrand Corp., to equip its
in the belly cross-section. Earlier 198-in. fuselage diameter would take only a
fleet of 30 Lockheed L-1011 aircraft with
single LD-3-the wide-body transport standard size belly container. The
movie equipment and provide film pro-
bigger fuselage and nonstop transcontinental range may push individual
graming (AW&ST Sept. 6, p. 53). Full-
engine thrust requirements over 30,000 beyond the growth capability of
length movies will be shown in the
the General Electric/Snecma CFM56 and a stretching of the Pratt &
U.S./San Juan market in English and
Spanish.
Whitney JT10Ds (AW&ST Sept. 6, p. 48).
Major U.S. air carriers have completed a
Growing demand for air cargo space to the Middle East is attracting U.S.
nine-month program to resolve technical
supplemental carriers seeking cargo charters to help offset seasonal decline in
problems with the ground proximity warn-
passenger charter business. Congestion at most Middle East harbors causing
ing system, according to the FAA. The
delays in freight shipments is the chief reason behind the drive for air cargo
agency said the program met a Sept. 2
movements. Iran Air is operating three Boeing 707 all-cargo aircraft
deadline for having fully operational
between the U.S. and Tehran and plans to add a fourth 707 freighter to its
warning indicators on all turbine-powered
fleet next year. Principal problem is a traffic imbalance, with little
aircraft.
westbound freight available to offset heavy eastbound flow.
Pakistan International Airlines advance-
purchase fare request has been suspended
One possible change in Middle East flight scheduling that could be brought
pending investigation by the CAB. The
about by the cargo demand would be a broader use of wide-body transport
tariff proposed a one-way, seven-day
aircraft in passenger services. Large belly space of such aircraft can
advance-purchase 48% discount from Pa-
accommodate freight overflows out of the U.S. and passenger traffic is
kistan to the U.S. off one-way normal
strong enough to justify use of the wide-body aircraft.
economy fares. Fares were applicable to
citizens of Pakistan only.
Latest in the series of recurring studies by United Airlines of retrofitting its
earlier jet transports with fast heating ovens that permit use of frozen foods is
Piedmont Airlines has filed with the CAB
aimed at its McDonnell Douglas DC-8 fleet. Because of off-line operations,
for authority to provide nonstop service
between New York and Bristol/Johnson
United could carry its own supplied frozen meals rather than rely on an
City/Kingsport, Tenn. The proposed daily
unfamiliar catering service.
roundtrip, non-stop flight would use
Boeing 737s.
Surveys of business travelers United Airlines took for its fall marketing
campaign that showed roominess on board aircraft as a significant considera-
Trans World Airlines has requested CAB
tion in their travel decisions could be a factor in the carrier's study for a pro-
approval to substitute Jidda for Dhahran
spective aircraft order. Route considerations might favor Boeing
as its Saudi Arabian point. The carrier is
727-200s, but more McDonnell Douglas DC-10s also are in the running.
also seeking temporary approval to serve
Bahrain until its request for permanent
Allegheny Airlines has dedicated two McDonnell Douglas DC-9 transports to
authority can be acted on by the CAB.
TWA proposes to operate two weekly
a brisk charter service underwritten by the Bahamian government to serve
roundtrips between the U.S. and both
casinos at Freeport. Passengers who agree to buy $500 worth of chips are
Jidda and Bahrain.
flown to Freeport in the early evening from various U.S. points, bused to the
United Airlines has announced a $6-
casinos and back at 4 a. m. the following morning for a return TREAT flight to.
U.S. in time to go to work.
million ad campaign that is designed to
expand its share of the business travel
British Airways has begun offering Concorde's full capacity on its Washing-
market. United's campaign, which has
ton-London service, averaging during the first few days of September 95
been budgeted for $3.7 million for televi-
seats for sale. Air France will begin Oct. 1 offering 100 seats eastbound and
sion, $1.6 million for newspapers and
90 westbound on its Washington-Paris Concorde service. Sept. 12, British
$500,000 for radio, will be based on the
theme "You're the boss."
Airways carried 101 passengers on its London-Washington flight. The flight
was sold out, and a Trans World Airlines captain paid full fare to ride in
Japan Air Lines has been granted permis-
Concorde's cockpit jump seat.
sion by the Mexican government to carry
fifth freedom traffic on two of the carrier's
Air Transport Assn. has become concerned enough about the financial status
three weekly nonstop Boeing 747 flights
of the travel agencies that airlines must deal with to establish a task force to
between Vancouver, Canada and Mexico
study the problem and perhaps develop guidelines for judging agency
City.
financial viability.
INFORMATION
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
September 23,1976
TO:
JIM CANNON
FROM: PAUL LEACH Paul
Here is a very significant news
item regarding United Airlines
aircraft purchase plans.
092309
UAL's United Airlines Expected to Clear
Major Order of Boeing 727s Next Week
By WILLIAM M. CARLEY
to generate another $190 million to $200 mil-
Staff Reporter of THE WALL STREET JOURNAL
lion in depreciation next year. Hence, the
WALL STREET JOURNAL
NEW YORK-United Airlines, a unit of
airline easily could pay cash. "If we bought
UAL Inc # is on the verge of a major. order
some planes today. we d probably pay
for Boeing Co. 727 airplanes.
cash," Mr. Ferris said In the recent inter-
While the size of the purchase couldn't be
view.
10 579-23-76
pinpointed one source said United is consid-
The order expected next make would be
en
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FORD & LIBRARY GERALD
INFORMATION
THE WHITE HOUSE
Requested
WASHINGTON
September 24, 1976
MEMORANDUM FOR:
JAMES CANNON
FROM:
PAUL LEACH Pay
SUBJECT:
Recent Announcements of Aircraft
Orders and the Tax Bill Benefits
for Airlines
Within the past few weeks, domestic trunk airlines have
announced several orders -- or expected orders -- for new
aircraft, primarily to replace older, noisy planes. These
include two significant ones:
United Airlines is considering ordering 25 to 28 new
Boeing 727s at a cost of $275 to 308 million. These
can be financed out of $483 million in cash on United's
balance sheet. This is expected to be approved at the
next United board meeting, when the need for some DC-10s
may also be considered. See article at Tab A.
American Airlines is ordering ten B-727s in addition to
six B-727s ordered earlier this summer. The total cost
of the 16 planes is about $182 million, which American
can finance with cash. See article at Tab B.
Another item of note is the effect of the Tax Bill on the
airlines. There are several liberalized provisions for
investment tax credits which benefit the airlines, including
one major change which exclusively helps the airlines.
Treasury, OMB and Congressional sources estimate that the
special tax benefits may total about $225 million over the
next three years ------------------------- equivalent to about 20 B-727s. See
article at Tab C.
20
GERALD FORD LIBRARY
16
20
6
/
092406
A
FORD & LIBRARY GERALD
UAL's United Airlines Expected to Clear
Major Order of Boeing 727s Next Week
By WILLIAM M. CARLEY
to generate another $190 million to $200 mil-
Staff Reporter of THE WALL 1337 JOURNAL
lion in depreciation next year. Hence. the
WALL STREET JOURNK
NEW YORK-United Airlines, a unit of
airline easily could pay cash If we bought
UAL Inc. # is on the verge of a major order
some planes today we'd probably pay
for Boeing Co. T27 airplanes.
cash, Mr. Ferris said in the recent inter-
I
While the size of the purchase couldn't be
view.
9-23-76
body planes in the past few years.
B
American Air Set
To Buy 10 Planes
From Boeing Co.
Thus, an American official said, the air-
line plans to use its new 727s to replace
older planes on a one-for-one basis. If pas-
Planned 727 Order, Valued at
senger growth should continue to outstrip
expectations, however, the airline might de-
$115 Million, Would Be
cide to keep some of the older craft in ser-
vice. Other factors that might put pressure
Its Second in 1½ Months
on the line to continue flying older planes
are the possibility of winning new routes for
which American has applied and a possible
By WILLIAM M. CARLEY
spurt in charter traffic, due to a recent Civil
Staff Reporter of THE WALL STREET JOURNAL
Aeronautics Board ruling easing restrictions
NEW YORK-American Airlines is about
on charter flights.
to order 10 more-Boeing Co: 727 airplanes val-
Most airlines, including American, have
727-100. The 16 planes involved in Ameri-
can's latest round of orders will be delivered
next year.
WALL STREET JOURNAL September 10, 1976
FORD LICRARY
Airlines' Share Net Seen Particularly Helped
By Tax Bill's Expansion of Investment Credit
By CHARLES J. ELLA
signed, could stimulate orders of new
New tax legislation sent to President
planes by the major carriers.
Ford by the Congress late last week could
The industry's total investment tax car-
be a particular boon to airlines.
forwards are large in relation to ex-
Among a host of other changes, the bill
pected earnings. Mr. Fried's list of credits
contains a liberalized provision for invest
totals $562 million. He's estimating indus-
ry profits this. year at $325 million to $350
million, and next year at $400 million to
$500 million:
WALL STREET JOURNAL
9-21-76
1mc
INFORMATION
THE WHITE HOUSE
REQUESTED
WASHINGTON
September 24, 1976
File
MEMORANDUM FOR THE PRESIDENT
FROM:
JIM CANNO
SUBJECT:
Aviation Noise Policy
When you discussed an Aviation Noise Policy Statement
with Cheney, Marsh, Greenspan and me last Saturday,
you suggested that your Policy Statement might take
the form of a message to Congress, or a major address.
Since any message to Congress could be lost in the
closing days of this session, I believe that a speech
would provide a better opportunity for you to present
your views.
Accordingly, I have drafted for your consideration an
Aviation Noise Policy Statement in the form of a speech
which might be given to a knowledgeable audience gathered
at one of the noisiest airports:
Airport
Serious Noise Affecting
New York - La Guardia
1,000,000 persons
Chicago - O'Hare
771,000 persons
New York - John F. Kennedy
507,000 persons
Newark, New Jersey
431,000 persons
Boston - Logan International
431,300 persons
FORD
Los Angeles, International
293,600 persons
Since the New York metropolitan area has three of the
noisiest airports, I would suggest you speak at one of
them, preferably JFK.
The audience could include (by invitation) airport workers,
pilots, homeowners in the area, community leaders, environ-
mental leaders, airline executives, civic leaders, a
cross-section of the community most directly affected by
aircraft noise, and labor and management representatives
of the airline and aircraft industries and their suppliers.
-2-
This draft attempts to get across these points:
-- your concern for an environmental problem;
- your interest in preserving a healthy and
competitive airline industry;
- your concern for jobs;
- your interest in energy conservation;
-- your desire to avoid unnecessary Federal
expenditures;
- your personal leadership in addressing a
difficult, complex, and interrelated set of
problems; and
--
your decisiveness in proposing a balanced,
practical and sound solution.
By the time of your return I will have reviewed this with
Marsh, Greenspan and O'Neill.
FORD & LIBRARY
INFORMATION
THE WHITE HOUSE
REQUESTED
WASHINGTON
September 24, 1976
MEMORANDUM FOR THE PRESIDENT
FROM:
JIM CANNO Jan
SUBJECT:
Aviation Noise Policy
When you discussed an Aviation Noise Policy Statement
with Cheney, Marsh, Greenspan and me last Saturday,
you suggested that your Policy Statement might take
the form of a message to Congress, or a major address.
Since any message to Congress could be lost in the
closing days of this session, I believe that a speech
would provide a better opportunity for you to present
your views.
Accordingly, I have drafted for your consideration an
Aviation Noise Policy Statement in the form of a speech
which might be given to a knowledgeable audience gathered
at one of the noisiest airports:
Airport
Serious Noise Affecting
New York - La Guardia
1,000,000 persons
Chicago - O'Hare
771,000 persons
New York - John F. Kennedy
50.7,000 persons
Newark, New Jersey
431,000 persons
Boston - Logan International
431,300 persons
Los Angeles, International
293,600 persons
GE34LD FORD
Since the New York metropolitan area has three of the
noisiest airports, I would suggest you speak at one of
them, preferably JFK.
The audience could include (by invitation) airport workers,
pilots, homeowners in the area, community leaders, environ-
mental leaders, airline executives, civic leaders, a
cross-section of the community most directly affected by
aircraft noise, and labor and management representatives
of the airline and aircraft industries and their suppliers.
-2-
This draft attempts to get across these points:
----- your concern for an environmental problem;
- your interest in preserving a healthy and
competitive airline industry;
-- your concern for jobs;
-- your interest in energy conservation;
-- your desire to avoid unnecessary Federal
expenditures;
--
your personal leadership in addressing a
difficult, complex, and interrelated set of
problems; and
--
your decisiveness in proposing a balanced,
practical and sound solution.
By the time of your return I will have reviewed this with
Marsh, Greenspan and O'Neill.
GERAL FORD LIGRARY