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Bicentennial (5)
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James M. Cannon Files (Ford Administration)
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American Revolution Bicentennial, 1776-1976
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The original documents are located in Box 5, folder "Bicentennial (5)" of the James M.
Cannon Files at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library.
Copyright Notice
The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code) governs the making of
photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted material. Gerald Ford donated to the United
States of America his copyrights in all of his unpublished writings in National Archives collections.
Works prepared by U.S. Government employees as part of their official duties are in the public
domain. The copyrights to materials written by other individuals or organizations are presumed to
remain with them. If you think any of the information displayed in the PDF is subject to a valid
copyright claim, please contact the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library.
Digitized from Box 5 of the James M. Cannon Files at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library
[June 1975]
POSSIBLE PRESIDENTIAL STATEMENTS
--
Air and Space Museum
--
National Archives
--
Honor America event
--
Valley Forge signing
--
Wagon Train
--
Independence Hall
- -
Op Sail
Monticello
--
Proclamation to the Nation honoring the Fourth
:
Bicentennial Message to Congress
- -
Prayer Proclamation
- -
Address to the Nation the night of the Fourth
--
Viking/Mars space shot the night of the Fourth
--
Recognition of Happy Birthday USA parade
--
Recognition of Fourth of July fireworks
--
Medal of Freedom
--
Commander-in-Chief message
FORD is LIBRARY
--
Message to foreign governments
--
Message to Americans overseas
--
Recognition of Fourth of July nation-wide bell ringing
--
Recognition of arrival of Freedom Train
--
Presidential letters to significant events
--
Tree planting
--
Message to United Nations
4th of July message to the Governors
Message for 2076
--
Opening of the Centennial Safe
file
[June 1976]
DRAFT
MEMORANDUM TO:
ROBERT T. HARTMANN
FROM:
SUBJECT:
Bicentennial Jui Themes
JIM CANNON
Here are my comments:
GENERAL
Since the events at which the President will appear in
the Bicentennial series are by nature grand, momentous,
and historic, almost any set of words appropriate to
these occasions can sound pretentious and contrived --
especially for a President who is accustomed to speaking
directly and in plain English.
We assume the President must speak for history. It seems
to me that it is of equal importance that he speak to
Americans today. And if he says something well, his words
will live. I am concerned that if we emphasize too strongly
the lasting nature of what he is to say, # may simply
sound portent lous.
President Ford is not a poet; he is a doer. And while I
think what he says should be on a very high level, I think
his words should be direct and action-oriented instead of
orotund.
THEME
The President indicated a preference for the titles of
Outline II. Each of these could have two parts:
a.
Where we have been, and
b.
Where we are going.
This would provide an opportunity to carry through these
and any other speeches the President might make the idea
that America is fulfilling its promise to bring freedom
and stability, hope and opportunity to its own people,
and, by setting an example, to other people.
[ca. June 1976]
MEMORANDUM TO ROBERT T. HARTMANN
FROM:
IRVING KRISTOL
RE:
The President's Bicentennial Speeches
Here, as requested, are some thoughts about the themes the
President might evoke in his speeches on or about July 4.
I propose them with great dissidence, because I really have
no background as a speechwriter and, in addition, do not know
President Ford well enough to have a "feel" as to what kind
of speech he is comfortable with.
To begin with, I suggest that you and your staff take a look
at the collection of lectures published by American Enterprise
Institute under the title "America's Continuing Revolution."
There are lectures by myself, Martin Diamond, Daniel Boorstin,
and others of a similar outlook. I suspect you might find
them useful in ways in which even I cannot foresee.
Let me begin with the Monticello speech because I find myself
with some specific thoughts on this question of "a nation of
immigrants. The thoughts have been provoked by my teaching
experience -- it is astonishing how little our young people
appreciate the uniqueness of the immigrant experience in this
country, and I'm sure their elders are no more enlightened.
This uniqueness is revealed in two extraordinary facts:
(1) The United States is, to my knowledge, the only
nation in history which, during most of its existence, permitted
&
-2-
GERALD
LIBRARY
unrestricted immigration. The boldness of this policy has been
insufficiently appreciated -- we gambled that we could take in
anyone, from anywhere, and that simply by reason of their ex-
perience in America these people would become loyal, law-abiding,
productive citizens. The gambles worked. And the success of
this enterprise reveals both the universality of the political
ideals on which the U.S. was founded, and their realism.
(2) The U.S. is, to my knowledge, the first nation, and
still remains one of the very few nations -- it may even be
the only one: check it out! -- which makes the acquisition of
citizenship an automatic proceeding. The conditions for becoming
a citizen are specific, and those who fulfill these conditions
have a right to citizenship -- one which the government cannot
deny. In all other countries I am familiar with, citizenship
is regarded as a privilege, not a right, and the political
authorities have final discretion as to whether to bestow or
withhold it.
(3) The reason behind both of these phenomena is the fact
that the United States is unique among nations in being founded,
not on race, not on kinship, not on language, not on religion,
but on political values. To be an American is to subscribe to
these values. We are uniquely a political community, as distinct
from an ethnic community, a religious community, a racial com-
munity, or any other kind. Our two key political values are
individual liberty (i.e., limited government) and civic liberty
(i.e., self-government). Our experience with mass immigration
-3-
GERALD FORD LIBRARY
demonstrates that these are not parochial values, not peculiar
to Americans, but rather reside in the hearts and minds of men
and women all over the world.
For the President's Independence Hall speech, I would suggest
the use of the quotation from Lincoln, in a speech also delivered
in Independence Hall, as quoted at the opening of Diamond's
lecture. That quotation reads:
"I am filled with deep emotion at finding myself
standing here in the place where were collected
together the wisdom, the patriotism, the devotion
to principle, from which sprang the institutions
under which we live."
These are noble, simple words. These also make an important
point: At Independence Hall was born both the Declaration and
the Constitution, and these two documents cannot be understood
except in the light of one another. The Declaration provides us
with the purpose of government, as Americans understand it --
i.e., to secure the rights of the individual, against even
government. The Constitution gives us the means to this end --
i.e., a democratic republic, with a decentralized, federal
structure, and with checks and balances within this government.
The importance of checks and balances certainly needs to be
emphasized today. But the importance of a decentralized political
structure needs to be emphasized even more. It is healthy and
-4-
GERALD FORD LIBRARY
vigorous self-government on the local level, that is the bedrock
of American freedom.
For his Valley Forge speech, I would suggest the President emphasize
that, though affluence is a good thing, and the spirit of com-
passionate reform is a good thing, in the end a nation survives
only to the extent that the spirit of self-discipline and self-
sacrifice is strong and vital. I would even go so far as to
suggest that he ask the question: Are we in danger of becoming
a nation of cry-babies? Are we becoming a people who panic at
the least sign of adversity? Are we becoming a people with a
faith not in God or in ourselves, but in a paternalistic govern-
ment to shelter us from all of life's hardships and misfortunes?
For his Smithsonian speech, I would suggest that the President
make the point that, while technological progress can, in some
circumstances, represent a threat to the quality of American
life, it is also true -- and we should never forget it -- that
this very "quality of life" is itself based on, and has been
shaped by, the spirit of scientific and technological progress.
A faith in scientific and technological progress is not simple-
minded idolatry, but rather expresses a profound American con-
fidence that a free people, freely using their creative talents,
can use science and technology to resolve the problems posed by
science and technology. If this is not the case, then the argument
-5-
for freedom itself -- freedom of thought, freedom of intellectual
enterprise, freedom to innovate -- is itself brought into question.
This is the danger which some of the more extreme versions of
"environmentalism": their logic would lead to the government's
trying to cope with, not merely the effects of technological
innovation (which is proper), but with sources of scientific and
technological innovation.
One little point: I think it would be nice if the President,
somewhere, could make the point that both Diamond and I make,
to the effect that the American Revolution was a "law-and-order"
revolution, in contrast to practically all subsequent revolutions --
and that is one of the secrets of its success. The quote from
Tocqueville in Diamond's essay (page 34) is useful here -- also
see pages 6-9 of my essay.
I have no idea if these thoughts are in any way useful to you.
I hope they are.
FORDO LIBRARY & CERALD 37483
BICENTENNIAL SERIES
AMERICAN ACHIEVEMENTS; AMERICAN TASKS
GREATS FORD LIBRARY
The theme would be that in each of four major areas of human life,
the United States has made great progress in successfully meeting
problems which are universal, but that in each area challenges remain.
Each speech would identify one of the four areas of life, trace
America's achievements, identify the current challenge, and chart the
direction we must take to meet it in the century ahead.
I. A LAND OF PLENTY (Air & Space Museum)
Problem: Soaring human aspirations can be crushed unless resources
can be devoted to realizing those dreams. Achievement: Our system
of private enterprise, our inventiveness, and our natural resources
combined to provide abundance. Challenge: How can abundance be
maintained when we are increasingly aware that many resources are
exhaustable? Course: Technological progress has often turned such
problems into opportunities for developing new resources as well as
new ways of using old ones.
II. A COUNTRY INFORMED (National Archives)
Problem: Technological development, self-government, the enjoyment
of cultural diversity - - all these require an educated population.
Achievement: Even without the Constitutional Amendment which
Grant proposed to mark the centennial, Americans know education
to be one of their rights. Challenge: We must increase the diversity
of careers and the diversity of life styles for which our educational
systems prepare their students. Course: Policy should reward
flexability in curriculum and multiplicity of goals rather than
bureaucratic standardization.
III.
A SELF-GOVERNING NATION (Independence Hall)
Problem: Tyranny can be avoided and a multiplicity of aspirations
can achieve fulfillment only if government is responsive and
responsible to the people. Achievement: The Framers created and
later generations developed a system of government by the people
which occasionally makes notable errors but which is largely self-
correcting. Challenge: How can popular control be maintained in
the face of mounting pressures to create large, impersonal
bureaucracies? Course: The pressures must be resisted and
decentralization pursued.
IV. A UNION OF OPPOSITES (Monticello)
Problem: A diverse people must be woven into a single nation.
Achievement: The idea of the melting pot coupled with the building
of a national culture produced one nation without destroying the rich
gifts brought to us by immigrants from many background.
Challenge: We need to increase the appreciation and understanding
which each American has of the contributions of those of heritages
other than his own. Course: We must set examples in govern-
ment, in education, and in our private lives so that these values
are chosen by our children.
In sum, the series suggests that America is unique not because of
one contribution, but because she has achieved such success in
each of these four areas and because she is not content with only that
degree of success.
FORD is LIBRARY 076839
THE AMERICAN ADVENTURE
The Bicentennial speaking series (July 1-6) should describe not only what has
made the American adventure successful, but what has made it unique. Freedom,
sacrifice, wealth and power have been shared in varying degrees by a host of
nations. But reaching for the unknown with a reverence for the past has pro-
duced in America a foundation for liberty and a haven of opportunity unmatched
in the history of mankind. While these general themes reflect the high tone
such memorable events demand, the episodes and examp les which bring these
themes to life are quite down-to-earth and human.
Reaching for the Unknown (Air and Space Museum, July 1)
The hallmark of the American adventure has been a willingness to explore the
unknown whether it lay across an ocean, a continent, a solar system or the
frontiers of human knowledge. Americans have always been ready to try new
and untested enterprises; new political, social and economic systems; new
inventions in the arts and sciences; and new rights for men. The continuing
adventure of exploring the unknown will be dramatized by the landing on Mars
of an unmanned U.S. space vehicle on July 4.
A Reverence for the Past (National Archives, July 3)
Our search for the unknown has been launched from the safe harbor of experience
adopting the best of human traditions in religion, law and learning. Colonists and
immigrants brought with them familiar objects and ideals which have become our
cultural inheritance. The Magna Carta, the immediate focal point of this speaking
engagement, was sent to the United States for safekeeping during World War II,
a fact that demonstrates both our reverence for the past and our strength and will
to preserve the best of it.
A Foundation for Liberty (Independence Hall, July 4)
The union of the tried and the untried, the known and the unknown, has created
a foundation for American liberty. The true meaning of liberty, embodied in
the Declaration of Independence itself, is that men may be masters rather than
victims of their destiny. The purpose of our government, embodied in the
Constitution, is to preserve this liberty. With our freedom comes the obligation
to ensure that all our fellow citizens can have the opportunity to make the most
of their lives.
A Haven of Opportunity (Monticello, July 5 or 6)
The American opportunity, the right of individuals to shape their own destiny,
is not limited by social, economic or geographic boundaries. The colonists
saw their settlement as "a city upon a hill, the eyes of all people are upon us;"
and we declared our dependence "with a decent respect for the opinions of
mankind. 11 We shared our destiny of freedom not only with those who came to
our shores, but with all people throughout the world who share our ideals.
This dynamic element of the American adventure keeps Ame rica young and
reaching for the unknown as we enter our third century.
This series is intended to personalize, rather than theorize, the American
adventure in all its forms, with grand themes illustrated through the stories of
struggle and courage, hope and faith and achievement of succeeding generations
of Americans.
THEME: The Progress and Challenge of Freedom
This history of America is the progress of freedom. From its inception, America
has nurtured the flame of freedom like no other nation. In so doing, America has
not only achieved material but spiritual wealth. Throughout our history, the
challenge of freedom has been to maintain it; that goal has strengthened the
American character while preserving the American experience. The unique
American experience is the process of making freedom work. (These speeches
examine aspects of the progress and challenge of freedom to give definition to
what it means to be an American.)
SPEECH 1: The Spirit of Adventure (Dedication of Air and Space Museum)
A. Our progress as a Nation reveals that our character is molded
by the spirit of adventure. From the colonization of Jamestown to the landing on
the moon, we have been a people free to explore. Science, industry, and education
search for and find answers to problems unsolvable when our Nation was born.
B. The challenge we now face is to maintain the free spirit that
fortified explorers and pioneers, that encouraged captains of industry and
geniuses of science.
SPEECH 2: The Spirit of Justice (National Archives)
A. The progress of freedom is traceable from our heritage (Magna
Charta--Bible) through the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, the
Emancipation Proclamation, through all our historic documents. Each reveals
another major step in the perfecting of freedom. America has been more
concerned with providing justice for all than any other nation.
B. The challenge we now face is to retain the structure and
substance of justice, and the prosperity, liberty and equality it has guaranteed.
(Use of President's legislative record.)
SPEECH 3: The Spirit of Sacrifice (Independence Hall)
A. The progress of freedom is revealed in the sacrifice of our
citizens. From the early settlers, to the lives lost in battle, to the men and
women who work to provide for their children, the American character reveals
the spirit of sacrifice. (Use of President's war record.)
B. The challenge to our generation is to continue to sacrifice when
necessary to insure the progress of freedom. In the face of adversity, diligence,
unselfishness, and strength will be essential now and in the future.
SPEECH 4: The Spirit of Patriotism (Naturalization Ceremony - Monticello)
A. The progress of freedom is the justification for patriotism.
Americans have built a free nation from the House of Burgesses in 1619 through
the Revolution to preserve our freedom to this year's electoral process.
B. The challenge is to continue to allow men to create their own
futures, their own enterprises, their own dreams.
SUMMARY: In each speech, Progress is used to review the past; Challenge to
project a vision of the future. Unquestionably, what makes being an American
unique is our spirit. And that spirit is born out of progress freedom has made,
and out of the challenge freedom provides. Adventure and sacrifice, patriotism
and justice, are the essence of the American experience in the past, at the
present, and with God's guidance in the future.
THEME: The Challenges of Freedom
America's Bicentennial celebration is a time to take stock. What are the sources
of our greatness? What must we do to fulfill America's potential.
SPEECH 1: The Heritage of Freedom (Dedication of Air and Space Museum)
This speech would spell out our origins as a Nation, why the settlers came to
America, what people sought to escape in other lands and what they sought
here. Our willingness to explore uncharted territory; development of new
forms of government and social structures.
SPEECH 2: The Values of Freedom (National Archives)
The best of America's cultural and political traditions -- religious faith, morality,
the English Common Law, literature, frontier neighborliness and the fierce pride
and national will to overcome obstacles -- need to be understood and given fresh
emphasis.
SPEECH 3: The Vitality of Freedom (Independence Hall)
The concepts of individual liberty and responsibility contained in the Declaration
of Independence and the Constitution. The idea that man can chart his own course,
shape his own destiny. The heritage of individual freedom embodied in our form
of government.
SPEECH 4: The Unity of Freedom (Monticello)
America's tradition of gathering diverse peoples together, assimilating them
and drawing values and spirit from each of them.
SUMMARY: The four speeches, taken separately or together, should stress
the theme that America's challenge is to draw from its past to chart its future --
on a path that enhances and protects individual freedom.
A PROUD PAST - A FUTURE OF PROMISE
The four events outlined below are well suited for a look at a past
in which Americans can be proud and a future which holds great
promise not only for Americans, but all people. The United States
is a Nation of great material and intellectual accomplishment. It
has a strong moral fiber, a willingness to sacrifice for the sake of
others and a proven commitment to the common good of all mankind.
The United States is a symbol of promise and hope. Its great physical
strength, its still youthful idealism and its human compassion make it
capable of extending the promise of peace, prosperity and trust to
the four corners of the earth.
I. MUSEUM THEME: The Progress and Potential in Science
and Technology.
A. Scientific and technological advances in the United States are
unparalleled in history. They represent the American spirit
at its best.
B. Advancements in just the last three decades are only a hint
of what this Nation can accomplish for future generations.
II. NATIONAL ARCHIVES THEME: The Vision of America
A. Our founding fathers had a vision of a Republic based on
self-government and individual freedoms.
B. We must preserve that vision of America and perfect the
principles of government which have emanated from it.
III. INDEPENDENCE HALL THEME: The History of America: A
Unique Experience
A. Young country uninhibited and lacking the staidness of
European or Asian tradition.
B. A melting pot of civilization united in the quest for personal
and national independence.
C. A world power set apart from those throughout recorded
history by its religious and moral conviction, individual
freedom and opposition to world domination.
D. Applying the lessons of history to our Third Century.
IV. MONTICELLO THEME: The U.S. and the Family of Nations
A. Peace among Nations: We have the resources and the
willingness to achieve international peace through communication,
commitment and cooperation.
B. Peace among Men: We have the moral fiber to seek harmony
among men through brotherhood, equality and trust.
BICENTENNIAL OUTLINE
THEME: The Spirit of America, 1776-1976
We take time in observing our 200th anniversary of independence to consider
those elements from our past which make us a unique people, and how we can
build upon them to ensure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our
posterity.
SPEECH 1: The Spirit of Learning (Air and Space Museum)
Our ancestors brought with them the love of learning and built schools and
universities even before our independence. Knowledge is the necessary
launching pad for exploration of the unknown. We have only begun to unlock
the treasures of the remaining frontiers of human knowledge.
SPEECH 2: The Spirit of Law (National Archives)
We are a Nation of laws, not men; our revolution was fought to ensure the
protection of the law and require all persons, even the King's ministers,
to honor it; we have always been ready to change the law to meet changing
needs; our liberty remains rooted in respect for equal laws and equal
justice.
SPEECH 3: The Spirit of Sacrifice (Valley Forge)
Americans have always been willing to sacrifice their lives, their fortunes,
and their sacred honor in the defense of liberty and to ensure a better life
for their children.
SPEECH 4: The Spirit of Liberty (Philadelphia)
Based on Ben Franklin's famous saying: "Where liberty dwells, there
is my country." Individual liberty our third century goal.
SPEECH 5: The Spirit of Sharing (Monticello)
Americans from the outset have been willing to share their own blessings
of liberty with all who came in search of them, and to this day remain the
hope of those who yearn for liberty throughout the world. Summary of
all the above.
FORD LIBRARY
A THEMATIC APPROACH TO BICENTENNIAL EVENTS
The overall theme
Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness.
The great language of the Declaration of Independence, with
its memorable words and phrases, offers themes for the President's
remarks at the significant events marking this celebration.
There is a need for all Americans to reexamine this great
document and the use of key words as topics in the Presidential
addresses will assist in this reexamination.
Examples as to how this might be used are set out below:
1.
"When in the course of human events"
(Air and Space Musuem)
This theme will trace the progress made by the American
people and the meaning of the Declaration not only to Americans
but to mankind. Emphasize freedom for exploration and enlighten-
ment and the legacy of freedom described in this document both to
the world of knowledge and the world of political affairs.
2.
"Governments are instituted among men"
(Ceremony at the National Archives)
This theme will emphasize the necessity of government to
social order and stability. It will stress the three co-equal branches
of government to safeguard individual liberties where the govern-
mental powers are drawn from the people.
3.
"We mutually pledge to each other"
(Honor America Day)
This theme emphasizes the interdependence of all our people,
and our common bond to one another for the security of our nation,
and the fulfillment of national purpose.
-2-
4.
"Protection of devine province"
(Valley Forge National Park)
The relationship of spiritual values to national will,
emphasizing the higher purposes of our lives individually and
nationally.
5.
"We hold these truths to be self-evident"
(Philadelphia -- Independence Hall)
The relationship of the Declaration as meaning not only to
America, but to mankind. With the contending meaning of this
document to the political affairs of succeeding generation in other
countries of the world.
6.
"Pursuit of happiness"
(Monticello, Virginia address)
The realization of the American dream, the growth of the
American economic and industrial empire. The individual's right
to attain. The freedom of opportunity to include education, economic
security, home ownership and to achieve a more meaningful life for
himself and succeeding generations.
[June 1976]
DRAFT
MEMORANDUM TO:
ROBERT T. HARTMANN
FROM:
JIM CANNON
SUBJECT:
Bicentennial Themes
GERALD FORD LIBRARY
Here are my comments:
GENERAL
Since the events at which the President will appear in
the Bicentennial series are by nature grand, momentous,
and historic, almost any set of words appropriate to
these occasions can sound pretentious and contrived --
especially for a President who is accustomed to speaking
directly and in plain English.
We assume the President must speak for history. It seems
to me that it is of equal importance that he speak to
Americans today. And if he says something well, his words
will live. I am concerned that if we emphasize too strongly
the lasting nature of what he is to say, we may simply
sound portentious.
President Ford is not a poet, he is a doer. And while I
think what he says should be on a very high level, I think
his words should be direct and action-oriented instead of
orotund.
THEME
The President indicated a preference for the titles of
Outline II. Each of these could have two parts:
a.
Where we have been, and
b.
Where we are going.
This would provide an opportunity to carry through these
and any other speeches the President might make the idea
that America is fulfilling its promise to bring freedom
and stability, hope and opportunity to its own people,
and, by setting an example, to other people.
FORD
[Vune 1976]
DRAFT
TO:
GERALD FORD LIBRARY
FROM:
JIM CANNON
SUBJECT:
Bicentennial Themes
Having reviewed the materials included in the Bicentennial
Themes package, I offer the following comments:
OVERALL THEME
Since these occasions are of a grand and historically
sweeping nature, almost any set of words appropriate to
the occasion can sound pretentious and contrived. For
that reason, I would strongly endorse the use of quotes
from the Declaration of Independence as a thematic frame-
work. All of the other themes and ideas suggested can
almost without exception be incorporated in this approach.
PROJECT A VISION
It seems essential to me that in each instance the President
should take the thematic framework and project it into
the future SO as to chart some broad vision of the Third
Century.
HIGHLIGHT DIVERSITY
One aspect which I would give great priority is an effort
to emphasize the great ethnic, racial, religious, intellectual,
and cultural diversity of our people.
TANGIBLE REFERENCES
I would also work to emphasize through tangible references
sprinkled throughout the speeches:
a.
the natural heritage of land, air, and water;
b.
the specific simple facts of the average guy's
daily life which reflect all the grandiose words.
FORC & LIBRARY 074630
file
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
June 3, 1976
MEMORANDUM FOR THE PRESIDENT
FROM:
JIM CANNON Jain
SUBJECT:
Mayor Rizzo's Request
for Federal Troops
Attached is Mayor Rizzo's letter to you requesting
15,000 federal troops to be placed in Philadelphia
during the July 4th celebration.
At the present time, the Department of Justice is
reviewing this request and will be informing me of
their assessment and recommendations. We anticipate
their response by the end of this week, and I will
keep you informed of their progress.
GERALO 't' FORD
Attachment
CITY OF PHILADELPHIA
FRANK L. RIZZO
MAYOR
May 28, 1976
The Honorable Gerald R. Ford
The President
FORD & GERALD LIBRARY
The White House
Washington, D. C. 20500
Dear Mr. President:
As you well know, the City of Philadelphia will be the focal point of our
nation's Bicentennial celebration this July Fourth.
Unfortunately, just as Philadelphia will be a place for joyful celebration,
we have learned that it will also be a target for attempts at disruption
and violence by a substantial coalition of leftist radicals.
Intelligence estimates developed by the Philadelphia Police Department lead
us to the conclusion that we cannot assure the safety and security of the
millions of people coming to Philadelphia if we have to rely exclusively on
our own resources.
Accordingly, Mr. President, I am requesting that 15,000 Federal troops be
placed in our City on July 4th to help deter and defuse the violence which
may occur.
The record will show that in spite of previous threats to the security and
tranquility of the people of Philadelphia, the City has never requested
Federal assistance of this nature. When other cities were going up in flames
in the '60's, we kept our house in order by ourselves. The Philadelphia
Police Department is one of the very finest in the world, and we have never
before found it necessary to ask for aid in the execution of our duty.
However, the extraordinary numbers of people linked with the unique political
opportunity afforded by our nation's birthday creates a circumstance that
we cannot cope with alone.
I know you must be especially sensitive to the possible political liability
of using Federal troops in this manner. It must be painful to you --- as
it is heartbreaking to me -- to think that we should be compelled to put
Federal troops in the Cradle of Liberty SO that we can safely celebrate the
200th anniversary of our nation's freedom.
Page -2-
The Honorable Gerald R. Ford
May 28, 1976
Nevertheless, these considerations must be weighed against the risk to
human lives and safety that now exist. Remember, during this historic
period we shall have millions of international, national and local
visitors here, and it is imperative that we protect them at all possible
costs.
Police Commissioner Joseph F. O'Neill is presently conferring with the
United States Secret Service and will be meeting with H. Stuart Knight
on this matter.
He has, or shortly will, convey to them the extensive documentation which
indicates the magnitude of the existing threat.
Considering this request and how it might be implemented, Mr. President,
let me say that I have thought long and hard about this situation and
have reached the decision to ask for assistance only with great personal
anguish. The prospect of Federal troops lining the streets of Philadelphia
is not a pleasant one. However, the solution need not be completely
objectionable.
Just as the British use military force in dress uniform for security, I
believe that if troops were deployed quietly and, ostensibly as part of
the pageantry of the day, that we could accomplish our objective. I
recommend that the troops be equipped with sidearms, rather than rifles.
The highest priority must be given to a capacity to act early, rapidly
and with precision to avoid ugly incidents that may lead to tragedy. It
is for this reason that I believe Federal troops should be used.
Mr. President, the full resources and the full cooperation of the City of
Philadelphia are at the disposal of all Federal agencies responsible for
acting upon this request for assistance.
I trust that it will be possible to find a solution which will insure that
our Fourth of July can be celebrated without serious incidents and without
threat to the lives of so many innocent Americans who want nothing more
than to gather together here with their families and thank God and our
forefathers for the blessing of freedom.
Thank you for your prompt action in this critical matter.
Sincerely,
FORD is LIBRARY
FRANK L. RIZZO
FLR:1v
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
June 3, 1976
MEMORANDUM FOR:
JIM CANNON
Sear
FROM:
STEVE McCONAHEY
SUBJECT:
Mayor Rizzo's Request for
Federal Troops
Attached is the original copy of Mayor Rizzo's letter
to the President requesting federal troops for the
4th July celebration in Philadelphia.
I have also attached a brief note from you to the Presi-
dent to accompany this letter and to explain the actions
being taken.
Stew
Thank
Jon
FORD if LIBRARY 07V839
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
June 5, 1976
R.
FORD
GERALD
MEMORANDUM TO:
BOB HARTMANN
FROM:
JACK MARSH July
I suggest that we look for the 4th of July language
of the Declaration of Independence, itself. For example:
1)
The truths self-evident--the American commitment to
freedom, equality and liberty represented in the Declaration,
the Constitution, the American Bill of Rights and our system
of social justice under law.
2)
The pursuit of happiness-- the realization of the American
dream, the growth of the American economic and industrial
empire, the individual right of attainment. The freedom
of opportunity for education, for economic security, home-
ownership, and the achievements of a more meaningful life
to succeeding generations.
3)
The mutual pledge to each other- the interdependence of
all our people, and our common bond to one another for
the security of our nation, and the fulfillment of national
purposes.
4)
The course of human events-the relationship of the
Declaration as meaning not only to America, but to mankind.
With the contending meaning of this document to the political
affairs of succeeding generations in other countries of the
world.
5)
Protection of Divine Providence--the relationship of spiritual
values to national will, emphasizing the higher purposes of our
lives individually and nationally.
POSSIBLE PRESIDENTIAL STATEMENTS
--
Air and Space Museum
--
National Archives
--
Honor America event
- -
Valley Forge signing
--
Wagon Train
-
Independence Hall
--
Op Sail
Monticello
---
Proclamation to the Nation honoring the Fourth
--
Bicentennial Message to Congress
--
Prayer Proclamation
- -
Address to the Nation the night of the Fourth
--
Viking/Mars space shot the night of the Fourth
--
Recognition of Happy Birthday USA parade
:
Recognition of Fourth of July fireworks
--
Medal of Freedom
LIBRARY GERALD P: FORD
--
Commander-in-Chief message
--
Message to foreign governments
--
Message to Americans overseas
--
Recognition of Fourth of July nation-wide bell ringing
--
Recognition of arrival of Freedom Train
--
Presidential letters to significant events
--
Tree planting.
--
Message to United Nations
4th of July message to the Governors
Message for 2076
--
Opening of the Centennial Safe
& CRALD GERALD LIBRARY A FORD
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
June 7, 1976
MEMORANDUM FOR:
BICENTENNIAL PLANNING PURPOSES
FROM:
JACK MARSH
In reference to the Bicentennial, and in particular the period
July 1-5, 1976, the following questions need to be answered as
quickly as possible.
--
Should the President issue a national proclamation on the
eve of the 4th? To whom should it be directed? What should
it say? How should it be delivered?
Should the President issue the proclamation to our friends
abroad? When should he issue it? What should it say?
How should it be delivered?
Has there been some discussion of a prayer proclamation?
Has the President been requested to issue one, and if so,
what is that status? If he has not been requested to issue
one, should he consider issuing one for the 4th of July?
Should the President send a written message to the Congress?
What should it say? How should it be delivered? In a Joint
address to both bodies, or simply in writing?
Should the President make a short address to the nation
during the 4th of July weekend? If so, when should he make
the address? How long should it be? If it is not on TV,
should he consider a radio address?
What should the President do on the 3rd of July? Are any
of the following options viable?
GERALD FORD LIBRARY
-2-
a. Travel to St. Louis and make an address at the Gateway
Arch where the America East meets the America West to
indicate the common heritage, whether we live on the
shores of the Atlantic or the Pacific?
b. Should he travel to Cape Canaveral to visit the Space
Exposition, of which he was the principal sponsor?
c. Should be visit the series of community Bicentennial
events in the Washington area?
d. Should he play a role in the Happy Birthday Parade, in
which the Vice President and Mrs. Rockefeller are the
Grand Marshalls and reviewing officers?
e. Structure some other event during the day of July 3rd?
One of the most significant observances that occurred was
the Bicentennial of George Washington's birth. There was
a substantial interest by Congress in the early 1930's with
the leadership being taken by Congressman Bloom, who
chaired the Commemoration Committee. Out of the work
of this Committee would flow a substantial number of
publications in reference to American history. Additionally,
the George Washington Parkway on the Virginia side of the
Potomac River was dedicated as a Bicentennial memorial.
What other offical acts occurred in association with this
event?
Associated with the above question, in 1926 the nation observed
the 150th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence. There
were official acts undertaken to observe this, and in all likeli-
hood, the events associated with 1926 would carry over to the
observance of the Bicentennial of Washington's birth, which
Bicentennial event occurred a few years later. In fact, I
believe Congressman Bloom was associated with both. What
was the official recognition in the 1926 time frame that might
shed some light, or give some precedence to what we expect
to do now?
FORD
GERALD
LIBRARY
-3-
Would it be helpful for the President to, in the holiday period,
perform some symbolic act which marked his personal
observance of the Bicentennial. In addition to the Medal of
Freedom dinner, is there some other act that he might per-
form which would have continual meaning to the country?
For example, could he plant a tree on the White House grounds,
or at some other public place, to mark his participation in
the ceremonies? Would Valley Forge lend itself to this type
of event? Isn't there a history of President's planting trees
on the White House grounds?
Program for the Mars space vehicle to impact to land on
Mars on the evening of July 4. Where is the one-page fact
sheet that can be used to describe when the vehicle was
launched, from what place its speed, its load, its mission, etc.
Get this from NASA. What is the contribution to science and
technology made by the Mars space shot? What is the message
to the American people the President should convey in reference
to this enterprise?
The President is expected to participate in Op Sail in New York.
Would he have an opportunity to pay tribute to the symbols of
American liberty, represented by the French Centennial gift of
the Statute of Liberty? In what way does he do this? By circling
in his helicopter the monument, or actually paying a visit to the
monument?
Should the President adopt some memento which he uses by
way of a favor that lends itself to use by
other people?
For example, might he give the Chairman of the Philadelphia
Committee engraved Jefferson cups and also to the recipients
of the Medal of Freedom?
Bicentennial events will be occurring across the entire nation
during this period of time in communities large and small.
They will be occurring internationally. What should the
President do to indicate both an awareness and an appreciation
of these occurrences, and secondly, what sort of vicarious
participation might be achieved? Is he planning to follow
closely these events on television, and from time-to-time,
GERALP FORD
-4-
comment on what he has observed in Idaho, Texas and Vermont
when he is being covered or ask questions by the media?
What does he plan to do to observe the Bicentennial as
Commander-in-Chief? Shouldn't he issue an "all-hands"
message, so to speak to American service personnel? Should
he direct special ceremonies by United States military units
overseas to indicate to the local populace the observance of
this event by Americans?
What message, if any, should the President send to Americans
overseas, including civilians who are in government, and those
who are not in government posts?
On Sunday, July 4 at 2:00 p.m., there will be the nationwide
bell-ringing ceremony to mark the signing of the Declaration
of Independence. What statement should the President make
concerning this, and how should he make it?
Does the Freedom Train arrive in Washington? Are there any
ceremonies connected with Freedom Train, and is any Presi-
dential recognition in order, particularly in the form of a
statement?
What will the Cabinet officers be doing over the weekend of
the Fourth? Should there be some function here at the White
House where he brings all his Cabinet members together for
a brief period during one of the days in question?
Should they accompany him to the ceremony at the National
Archives?
There are a number of significant events that will occur on
a permanent nature. Should the President select some of
these for the purpose of sending a personal letter? For
example, in Buchingham County, Virginia, there will be a
dedication of a restored courthouse, which was designated
by Thomas Jefferson. Would a Presidential letter be in
order for an event such as this, and there are countless
others in different places.
-5-
What does the President do on the afternoon of the 4th?
Should it be suggested that this be a family time for him?
Perhaps he could engage in his own 4th of July picnic on
the White House grounds?
On the 4th of July in Tazewell, Virginia, there will be the
opening of a black history and musical. This is a significant
event focusing on an important sector of American society.
Should the President recognize this?
--
On the trees on the White House grounds, you will find a small
but very dignified plaque that identifies the tree. Should there
be some type of small plaque with a Bicentennial insignia and
the President's name, which can be presented to offical cere-
monies where there is a permanent Bicentennial structure
in place, or can the President single out certain ones to give
to them in the event the list is too large to furnish to all?
Will the Valley Force National Park bill be ready for signing
at Valley Forge? Will it be in acceptable form? Track
this closely.
What, if any, ceremonies are planned at the United Nations?
If none are planned, should we arrange for some type of
ceremony. Shouldn't Bill Scranton take the lead on this?
I suggest we have Jim Reichley get in touch with Bill on this.
What are the coverage plans of the major nets July 1-5?
Can we get some idea of where they are going to be and
what events they feel are worthy of coverage?
Do we have a detailed breakdown of the ceremonies at
Monticello on July 5? How many people will be naturalized?
Who are they and what are their backgrounds? Is the Chief
Justice planning on being there? What is the program of events ?
Thomas Jefferson's grave is only a short distance down the
road from Monticello. Should the President lay a wreath
on the grave? Is he planning to go into Charlottesville and
drop by the rotunda at the University of Virginia as he was
invited by the President of the University of Virginia FORD and
endorsed, as I recall, by the Governor?
-6- -
--
Max reports that it is planned by the Congressional Leader-
ship that as a part of the ceremonies opening the Centennial
safe, the President will be a key participant with appropriate
remarks. The date of the event is flexible. What is a possible
date for the President to participate, and what is the format of
the program if he does?
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
June 7, 1976
MEMORANDUM FOR:
BICENTENNIAL PLANNING PURPOSES
FROM:
JACK MARSH
In reference to the Bicentennial, and in particular the period
July 1-5, 1976, the following questions need to be answered as
quickly as possible.
--
Should the President issue a national proclamation on the
eve of the 4th? To whom should it be directed? What should
it say? How should it be delivered?
Should the President issue the proclamation to our friends
abroad? When should he issue it? What should it say?
How should it be delivered?
Has there been some discussion of a prayer proclamation?
Has the President been requested to issue one, and if so,
what is that status? If he has not been requested to issue
one, should he consider issuing one for the 4th of July?
Should the President send a written message to the Congress?
What should it say? How should it be delivered? In a Joint
address to both bodies, or simply in writing?
Should the President make a short address to the nation
during the 4th of July weekend? If so, when should he make
the address? How long should it be? If it is not on TV,
should he consider a radio address?
What should the President do on the 3rd of July? Are any
of the following options viable?
FORD
LIBRARY
-2-
a. Travel to St. Louis and make an address at the Gateway
Arch where the America East meets the America West to
indicate the common heritage, whether we live on the
shores of the Atlantic or the Pacific?
b. Should he travel to Cape Canaveral to visit the Space
Exposition, of which he was the principal sponsor?
c. Should be visit the series of community Bicentennial
events in the Washington area?
d. Should he play a role in the Happy Birthday Parade, in
which the Vice President and Mrs. Rockefeller are the
Grand Marshalls and reviewing officers?
e. Structure some other event during the day of July 3rd?
One of the most significant observances that occurred was
the Bicentennial of George Washington's birth. There was
a substantial interest by Congress in the early 1930's with
the leadership being taken by Congressman Bloom, who
chaired the Commemoration Committee. Out of the work
of this Committee would flow a substantial number of
publications in reference to American history. Additionally,
the George Washington Parkway on the Virginia side of the
Potomac River was dedicated as a Bicentennial memorial.
What other offical acts occurred in association with this
event?
Associated with the above question, in 1926 the nation observed
the 150th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence. There
were official acts undertaken to observe this, and in all likeli-
hood, the events associated with 1926 would carry over to the
observance of the Bicentennial of Washington's birth, which
Bicentennial event occurred a few years later. In fact, I
believe Congressman Bloom was associated with both. What
was the official recognition in the 1926 time frame that might
shed some light, or give some precedence to what we expect
to do now?
FORD LIERARY
-3-
Would it be helpful for the President to, in the holiday period,
perform some symbolic act which marked his personal
observance of the Bicentennial. In addition to the Medal of
Freedom dinner, is there some other act that he might per-
form which would have continual meaning to the country?
For example, could he plant a tree on the White House grounds,
or at some other public place, to mark his participation in
the ceremonies? Would Valley Forge lend itself to this type
of event? Isn't there a history of President's planting trees
on the White House grounds?
Program for the Mars space vehicle to impact to land on
Mars on the evening of July 4. Where is the one-page fact
sheet that can be used to describe when the vehicle was
launched, from what place its speed, its load, its mission, etc.
Get this from NASA. What is the contribution to science and
technology made by the Mars space shot? What is the message
to the American people the President should convey in reference
to this enterprise?
The President is expected to participate in Op Sail in New York.
Would he have an opportunity to pay tribute to the symbols of
American liberty, represented by the French Centennial gift of
the Statute of Liberty? In what way does he do this? By circling
in his helicopter the monument, or actually paying a visit to the
monument?
Should the President adopt some memento which he uses by
way of a favor that lends itself to use by
other people?
For example, might he give the Chairman of the Philadelphia
Committee engraved Jefferson cups and also to the recipients
of the Medal of Freedom?
Bicentennial events will be occurring across the entire nation
during this period of time in communities large and small.
They will be occurring internationally. What should the
President do to indicate both an awareness and an appreciation
of these occurrences, and secondly, what sort of vicarious
participation might be achieved? Is he planning to follow
closely these events on television, and from time-to-time,
-4-
comment on what he has observed in Idaho, Texas and Vermont
when he is being covered or ask questions by the media?
What does he plan to do to observe the Bicentennial as
Commander-in-Chief? Shouldn't he issue an "all-hands"
message, so to speak to American service personnel? Should
he direct special ceremonies by United States military units
overseas to indicate to the local populace the observance of
this event by Americans?
What message, if any, should the President send to Americans
overseas, including civilians who are in government, and those
who are not in government posts?
On Sunday, July 4 at 2:00 p. m., there will be the nationwide
bell-ringing ceremony to mark the signing of the Declaration
of Independence. What statement should the President make
concerning this, and how should he make it?
Does the Freedom Train arrive in Washington? Are there any
ceremonies connected with Freedom Train, and is any Presi-
dential recognition in order, particularly in the form of a
statement?
What will the Cabinet officers be doing over the weekend of.
the Fourth? Should there be some function here at the White
House where he brings all his Cabinet members together for
a brief period during one of the days in question?
Should they accompany him to the ceremony at the National
Archives?
There are a number of significant events that will occur on
a permanent nature. Should the President select some of
these for the purpose of sending a personal letter? For
example, in Buchingham County, Virginia, there will be a
dedication of a restored courthouse, which was designated
by Thomas Jefferson. Would a Presidential letter be in
order for an event such as this, and there are countless
others in different places.
-5-
What does the President do on the afternoon of the 4th?
Should it be suggested that this be a family time for him?
Perhaps he could engage in his own 4th of July picnic on
the White House grounds?
On the 4th of July in Tazewell, Virginia, there will be the
opening of a black history and musical. This is a significant
event focusing on an important sector of American society.
Should the President recognize this
On the trees on the White House grounds, you will find a small
but very dignified plaque that identifies the tree. Should there
be some type of small plaque with a Bicentennial insignia and
the President's name, which can be presented to offical cere-
monies where there is a permanent Bicentennial structure
in place, or can the President single out certain ones to give
to them in the event the list is too large to furnish to all?
Will the Valley Force National Park bill be ready for signing
at Valley Forge? Will it be in acceptable form? Track
this closely.
What, if any, ceremonies are planned at the United Nations?
If none are planned, should we arrange for some type of
ceremony. Shouldn't Bill Scranton take the lead on this ?
I suggest we have Jim Reichley get in touch with Bill on this.
What are the coverage plans of the major nets July 1-5?
Can we get some idea of where they are going to be and
what events they feel are worthy of coverage?
Do we have a detailed breakdown of the ceremonies at
Monticello on July 5? How many people will be naturalized?
Who are they and what are their backgrounds? Is the Chief
Justice planning on being there? What is the program of events?
Thomas Jefferson's grave is only a short distance down the
road from Monticello. Should the President lay a wreath
on the grave? Is he planning to go into Charlottesville and
drop by the rotunda at the University of Virginia as he was
invited by the President of the University of Virginia and
endorsed, as I recall, by the Governor?
FORD
-6-
Max reports that it is planned by the Congressional Leader-
ship that as a part of the ceremonies opening the Centennial
safe, the President will be a key participant with appropriate
remarks. The date of the event is flexible. What is a possible
date for the President to participate, and what is the format of
the program if he does?
A THEMATIC APPROACH TO BICENTENNIAL EVENTS
The overall theme --
Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness.
The great language of the Declaration of Independence, with
its memorable words and phrases, offers themes for the President's
remarks at the significant events marking this celebration.
There is a need for all Americans to reexamine the meaning of
this great document. The use of key phrases as topics in the Presi-
dential addresses will assist in this reexamination.
Examples as to how this might be used are set out below:
1.
"When in the course of human events"
(Air and Space Museum)
This theme will trace the progress made by the American people
and the meaning of the Declaration not only to Americans but to man-
kind. Emphasize freedom for exploration and enlightenment and the
legacy of freedom described in this document both to the world of
knowledge and the world of political affairs.
2.
"Governments are instituted among men"
(Ceremony at the National Archives)
This theme will emphasize the necessity of government to social
order and stability. It will stress the three co-equal branches of
government to safeguard individual liberties where the governmental
powers are drawn from the people.
3.
"We mutually pledge to each other"
(Honor America Day)
This theme emphasizes the interdependence of all our people,
and our common bond to one another for the security of our nation,
and the fulfillment of national purpose.
-2-
4.
"Protection of divine Providence"
(Valley Forge National Day)
The relationship of spiritual values to national will, emphasizing
the higher purposes of our lives individually and nationally.
5. "We hold these truths to be self-evident"
(Philadelphia -- Independence Hall)
The relationship of the Declaration as having meaning not only
to Americans, but to mankind. With the continuing meaning of this
document to the political affairs for succeeding generations including
other countries of the world.
6. "Pursuit of happiness"
(Monticello, Virginia address)
The realization of the American dream, the growth of the
American economic and industrial empire. The individual's right
to attain. The freedom of opportunity to include education, economic
security, home ownership and to achieve a more meaningful life for
himself and succeeding generations.
THE WHITE HOUSE
CLOSE HOLD
WASHINGTON
June 8, 1976
MEMORANDUM FOR: COUNSELLOR MARSH
MR. CANNON
MR. CHENEY
MR. NESSEN
FROM:
ROBERT T. HARTMANN
(SSA)
1. On June 1 The President charged me with preparing
the timely production of his major Bicentennial speeches,
4 or 5 in number, with a single overall theme to be
subdivided in a manner appropriate to, but not exclusively
dictated by, the events at which he will speak. None
of the addresses will exceed 15 minutes in length and
some may be only 5 or 10 minutes. An auxiliary con-
sideration is that the 4 or 5 coordinated speeches would
be published in booklet form as a permanent record of
his Bicentennial views. The goal would be that they
read well 50 or 100 years from now, as well as in 1976.
2. Attached are seven outlines, identified by Roman
numerals, which vary considerably in concept. The
President asked that Dr. Daniel Boorstin and Dr. Irving
Kristol be consulted and, subsequently, that other
eminent authorities also be enlisted to assist. Dr.
Boorstin's contributions are reflected in one of the
outlines. Dr. Kristol sent his suggestions (absent a
specific overall theme) in the form of a memorandum
which is also attached.
3. The President would like each of you to meet with
him tomorrow morning for a small group discussion of
thematic options prior to his decision. Once his course
is set, it is my intention to assign these guidelines
to writers both inside and outside the White House staff
for draft development, with a deadline for first draft
submission of one week from today, Tuesday, June 15.
FORD AERALD GERALD LIBRARY
-
-2-
Once a general Presidential theme is established, it
will also be applied to the lesser Bicentennial remarks,
messages and proclamations which are required during the
July 1-5 period. We clearly have enough good ideas to
take care of all these needs with consistency but without
duplication.
FORD CIBRARY
CLOSE HOLD
976 JUN 10 AM 8 18
June 9, 1976
MEMORANDUM FOR:
ROBERT T. HARTMANN
FROM:
DAVE GERGEN
I understand that you are in the process
of collecting ideas for the July 4th
speeches. Attached please find a few
thoughts.
CC: Jack Marsh
Jim Cannon
Dick Cheney
Ron Nessen
GERALD
FORD & LIBRARY
AMERICA -- A CONTINUING EXPERIMENT
What makes America such an inspiring ideal is the notion that it is a
noble, almost unique experiment in human history -- an experiment that
each new generation must continue and pass on to its children. This
July 4th speech series provides the President with an excellent opportunity
to reflect upon the nature of that experiment and, in so doing, to sketch
out his own vision of the future.
Air and Space Museum -- America is one of the only nations on earth
founded on the proposition that through knowledge, daring, and a desire
to produce a better mousetrap -- all nurtured by a spirit of freedom --
man can shape a better life here on earth. This view took hold in the
18th century, then gave way to the Industrial Revolution and to the enormous
changes that have taken place since. America has carried that reach into
the unknown farther than any other nation -- witness the marvels housed in
the museum. The question now is how to continue shaping a better future:
can the resources be developed? Will they be exhausted? Can man remain
master of the physical world?
National Archives -- America is also special because it is one of the only
nations on earth to construct a successful democracy. Here, as the
Declaration asserts, the people govern. And here, as the Constitution
shows, the people choose to govern through a system of laws that accords
equal rights to every person -- regardless of race, religion, etc.
As the American experiment took hold, others tried to become democracies;
more often than not, they have failed, so that today America is one of
the only nations to carry that torch into the future. This is again part
of our continuing experiment.
Independence Hall -- At the heart of our system of democracy is a belief
in human freedom -- the freedom of every person to shape his own destiny
here on earth and beyond. Certainly the experiment in human freedom has
never been more widely challenged around the world than it is today;
just as America is one of the only vessels that carries forward belief in
democracy and the rule of law, it is also an ark for many of the hopes
for personal freedom.
GERALOR FORD LIBRARY
-2-
Monticello -- Still another phase of American life that makes ours such
a noble experiment is that here we have purposely tried to serve as a
melting pot for people of every race and nationality. "Bring me your
tired, your hungry, your poor" we told the world, and they came in
massive numbers -- over 30 million in a century. There may have
been some pains at first, but the absorption with our national life has
not only given us enormous vitality and human richness, but it has
also set us apart from almost every nation on earth. It is here in
America more than anywhere else that we are trying to find ways that
people of vastly different backgrounds and beliefs can live happily
together. When one looks at the racial and religious strife that divides
nations such as Lebanon and Northern Ireland, it is clear that the
American experiment is special and that all mankind has a stake in its
success
By playing off this theme, the President can show that there is much to
be proud of after 200 years but that very heritage also makes special
demands of us for the future. Just as we are uniquely blessed, so we
also have unique responsibilities that extend beyond our own day. Our
challenge is to preserve and enrich the civilization we have inherited -- to
perfect the experiment. Each of us is really a signer of the Declaration
of Independence.
FORD
LIBRARY
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FORD i LIBRARY
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
From: Robert T. Hartmann
To:
Jim Cannon
a.m.
Date: June 11, 1976
Time:
p.m.
CLOSE HOLD
FYI
FORD
LIBRARY
CC:
Queen
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
June 10, 1976
MEMORANDUM FROM COUNSELLOR HARTMANN
SUBJECT: BICENTENNIAL SPEECHES
The President has considered his participation
in major Bicentennial events during the period July 1-5
and has directed me to coordinate the preparation and
timely production of his speech drafts within the
following thematic guidelines which represent his initial
preferences after consultation with senior advisers.
They are not intended to be overly rigid or to inhibit
creative work, but to subdivide the basic Bicentennial
theme into specific areas to be addressed appropriately
in the six principal forums that have been identified.
At least two and perhaps more individuals, both within
and outside of the staff, will be assigned to each major
speech, with a deadline for first draft submission by
5:00 p.m. Wednesday, June 16.
The overall theme will be THE AMERICAN ADVENTURE.
The time frame for expanding on this theme is not a
narrow focus on the events of 1776 nor even limited to
the 200 years of national independence we, are now marking,
but the whole sum of how we got where we are and what
made us what we are, the elements that make America and
Americans unique, and where we want to go from here.
While the American experiment and the American experience
are kindred concepts, "adventure" conveys a sense of
excitement and of continuation -- the best is yet to be.
The phrase "The American Adventure" can be used appro-
priately -- though not excessively -- throughout all the
speech drafts to establish a conceptual unity for the
series. It is possible they will be published in book-
let form for a permanent record of the President's
Bicentennial views.
GERALD FORD JBRARY
-2-
We should not abruptly abandon the overall theme
which the President has been using for the past year --
the "Three Centuries" idea; that America's first century
of independence saw the establishment of a free political
system; our second century the development of a free
economic order made possible by a political climate
of freedom; and that the third century ahead should see
the restoration of and expansion of independence for the
individual, which was where it all began. This last point --
individayl freedom as our priority goal for 1976 and beyond,
should receive the emphasis from here on out.
In order to provide symmetry and to ensure that each
treatment of each subject looks forward more than backward
in Bicentennial self-congratulation, it is suggested that
the framework for each speech be in three parts: Progress
in the past; Challenge of the present; Goals for the future.
All the drafts should be short, taut, and straight-
forward. While they of necessity deal with political and
economic principles and institutions, there should be no
campaign code words or partisan insinuations whatsoever.
They should state the President's sincere convictions
about America and its future in understandable and acceptable
terms. Noble and profound thoughts can be expressed in direct
and simple words, as Jefferson and Lincoln did. Any whiff
of pomposity or pretentious elegance must be avoided. The
President will be speaking for, as well as to, all the people
of America. He will have to speak in their language, not
that of poets or philosophers.
We must not be carried away by the thought that this
July 4 will by virtue of the decimal system and our affinity
for anniversaries be a major milestone in human history. Read
some of the junk uttered in 1876. It will be nice if some
of the President's Bicentennial phrases make Bartlett's
Quotations, but that is not his goal. His goal is to speak
to Americans today, and in so doing, to articulate for us
and for the world what America is, and what America can be.
FORD LIBRARY & CERALD
-3-
THE AMERICAN ADVENTURE
The overall theme is to delineate not only what
has made the American adventure successful, but what
makes it unique. These elements have brought forth upon
this continent not only a new nation, but a new kind of
people. What they have in common is not race, religion,
ancestral homeland or kinship, but characteristics and
values derived from their common experience. By reaching
for the unknown while retaining a reverence for the past,
exemplified by law and learning; through the joyous pur-
suit of happiness as well as the somber spirit of sacri-
fice; Americans have created here a firm foundation for
liberty and a haven of opportunity unmatched in human
history. As the American Adventure continues into its
Third Century of nationhood, our goal is to extend the
blessings of liberty "to all the inhabitants thereof"
and to reinforce the independence of the individual
for his or her fulfillment and realization of rights
and responsibilities.
Speech 1. REACHING FOR THE UNKNOWN (Air and Space Museum, July 1)
(10 mins. )
The hallmark of the American adventure has been a
willingness to explore the unknown -- whether it lay across
an ocean, a continent, a solar system or the frontiers of
human knowledge. Americans have always been ready to try
new and untested enterprises; new political, social and
economic systems; new inventions in the arts and sciences;
and new rights for men. The continuing adventure of ex-
ploring the unknown will be dramatized by the landing on
Mars of an unmanned U. S. space vehicle on July 4.
Speech 2. REVERENCE FOR THE PAST (National Archives, July 2)
(5 mins.)
The fixed stars of freedom which have guided the
American adventure have been documents and writings that
embody the heritage of our past -- the Old and New Testaments,
Magna Carta, the colonial declarations of protest and in-
dependence, the Declaration, the Constitution, the Bill
of Rights and subsequent amendments, the Emancipation
Proclamtion. Law and learning have been the launching pads
GERALD FORD LIBRARY
-4-
for exploration and experimentation. The Declaration is
central; government comes from the people; basic human
rights come from God and are inviolate against governments;
still the most revolutionary political idea anywhere around.
Speech 3. THE PURSUIT OF HAPPINESS (Honor America Performance, July3)
(10 mins.)
We are the only country whose basic charter gives
this equal place with life and liberty among the unalienable
and God-given rights of man and woman. Each individual
pursues his or her own happiness in is or her own way, but
the arts -- especially the performing and participatory
arts -- are a major source of happiness in the American
Adventure, whether folk art or fine art. American art
has also enriched the world. A lighthearted salute to the
arts in America is appropriate to the evening of entertain-
ment.
Speech 4. THE SPIRIT OF SACRIFICE (Valley Forge, July 4)
(10 mins.)
The American Adventure has been sustained by sacrifice
and the willingness to stick to it and see it through. The
Continental Army at Valley Forge, the pioneer wagons rolling
west, the defense of liberty in war and peace, the care of
widows and orphans and less fortunate neighbors, the
saving to make our children's lives better than ours, these
traits characterize Americans and must not be lost. The
challenge to our generation is to continue'to sacrifice
when necessary to insure the progress of freedom. In the
face of adversity, diligence, unselfishness, and strength
will be essential now and in the future.
Speech 5. A FOUNDATION FOR LIBERTY (Independence Hall, July 4)
(15 mins.)
The union of the tried and the untried, the known
and the unknown, has created a foundation for American liberty.
The true meaning of liberty, embodied in the Declaration of
Independence itself, is that men may be masters rather than
victims of their destiny. The purpose of our government,
embodied in the Constitution, is to preserve this liberty.
With our freedom comes the obligation to ensure that all
our fellow citizens can have the opportunity to make the
FURD
most of their lives.
LIBRARY
-5-
Speech 6. A HAVEN OF OPPORTUNITY (Monticello, July 5)
(10 mins.)
The American opportunity, the right of individuals
to shape their own destiny, is not limited by social, econ-
omic or geographic boundaries. The colonists saw their
settlement as "a city upon a hill, the eyes of all people
are upon us;" and we declared our independence "with a
decent respect for the opinions of mankind." We shared
our destiny of freedom not only with those who came to
our shores, but with all people throughout the world
who share our ideals. This dymanic element of the American
adventure keeps America young and reaching for the unknown
as we enter our third century. See also Irving Kristol memo.
100
Public
EDITORIAL OFFICES: 10 East 53 Street, New York, N. Y. 10022
nterest
Editors: IRVING KRISTOL
NATHAN GLAZER
MEMORANDUM
June 7, 1976
TO:
Robert T. Hartmann
FROM:
Irving Kristol
RE:
The President's bicentennial speeches
Here, as requested, are some thoughts about the themes the President might
evoke in his speeches on or about July 4. I propose them with great
diffidence, because I really have no background as a speechwriter and,
in addition, do not know President Ford well enough to have a "feel" as
to what kind of speech he is comfortable with.
To begin with, I suggest that you and your staff take a look at the collection
of lectures published by the American Enterprise Institute under the title
America's Continuing Revolution. There are lectures by myself, Martin
Diamond, Daniel Boorstin and others of a similar outlook. I suspect you
might find them useful in ways which even I cannot foresee.
Let me begin with the Monticello speech, because I find myself with some
specific thoughts on this question of "a nation of immigrants." The
thoughts have been provoked by my teaching experience -- it is astonishing
how little our young people appreciate the uniqueness of the immigrant
experience in this country, and I'm sure their elders are no more enlightened.
This uniqueness is revealed in two extraordinary facts:
(1) The United States is, to my knowledge, the only nation in history
which, during most of its existence, permitted unrestricted immigration.
The boldness of this policy has been insufficiently appreciated -- we gambled
that we could take in anyone, from anywhere, and that simply by reason of
their experience in America these people would become loyal, law-abiding,
productive citizens. The gamble worked. And the success of this enterprise
reveals both the universality of the political ideals on which the U.S. was
founded, and their realism.
FORD
(2) The U.S. is, to my knowledge, the first nation, and still remains
LIBRARY
one of the very few nations - it may even be the only one: check it out!
which makes the acquisition of citizenship an automatic proceeding. The
Publisher: Warren Demian Manshel
Chairman of the Publication Committee: Daniel Bell
Publication Committee:
Harry Kahn
Harrv McPherson
Daniel
- 2 -
conditions for becoming a citizen are specific, and those who fulfill
these conditions have a right to citizenship -- one which the government
cannot deny. In all other countries I am familiar with, citizenship is
regarded as a privilege, not a right, and the political authorities have
final discretion as to whether to bestow or withhold it.
(3) The reason behind both of these phenomena is the fact that the
United States is unique among nations in being founded, not on race, not
on kinship, not on language, not on religion, but on political values.
To be an American is to subscribe to these values. We are uniquely a
political community, as distinct from an ethnic community, a religious
community, a racial community, or any other kind. Our two key political
values are individual liberty (i.e., limited government) and civic liberty
(i.e., self-government). Our experience with mass immigration demonstrates
that these are not parochial values, not peculiar to Americans, but rather
reside in the hearts and minds of men and women all over the world.
For the President's Independence Hall speech, I would suggest the use of
the quotation from Lincoln, in a speech also delivered in Independence
Hall, as quoted at the opening of Diamond's lecture. That quotation reads:
"I am filled with deep emotion at finding myself standing here in
the place where were collected together the wisdom, the patriotism, the
devotion to principle, from which sprang the institutions under which we
live."
These are noble, simple words. They also make an important point: At
Independence Hall was born both the Declaration and the Constitution,
and these two documents cannot be understood except in the light of one
another. The Declaration provides us with the purpose of government, as
Americans understand it -- i.e., to secure the rights of the individual,
against even government. The Constitution gives us the means to this end --
i.e., a democratic republic, with a decentralized, federal structure, and
with checks and balances within this government. The importance of checks
and balances certainly needs to be emphasized today. But the importance
of a decentralized political structure needs to be emphasized even more.
It is healthy and vigorous self-government, on the local level, that is
the bedrock of American freedom.
FORD LIBRARY
- 3 -
For his Valley Forge speech, I would suggest the President emphasize
that, though affluence is a good thing, and the spirit of compassionate
reform is a good thing, in the end a nation survives only to the extent
that the spirit of self-discipline and self-sacrifice is strong and
vital. I would even go so far as to suggest that he ask the question:
are we in danger of becoming a nation of cry-babies? Are we becoming
a people who panic at the least sign of adversity? Are we becoming a
people with a faith, not in God or in ourselves, but in a paternalistic
government to shelter us from all of life's hardships and misfortunes?
For his Smithsonian speech, I would suggest that the President make the
point that, while technological progress can, in some circumstances,
represent a threat to the quality of American life, it is also true --
and we should never forget it -- that this very "quality of life" is
itself based on, and has been shaped by, the spirit of scientific and
technological progress. A faith in scientific and technological progress
is not simple-minded idolatry, but rather expresses a profound American
confidence that a free people, freely using their creative talents, can
use science and technology to resolve the problems posed by science and
technology. If this is not the case, then the argument for freedom
itself -- freedom of thought, freedom of intellectual enterprise, freedom
to innovate -- is itself brought into question. This is the danger with
some of the more extreme versions of "environmentalism": their logic would
lead to the government's trying to cope with, not merely the effects of
technological innovation (which is proper), but with the sources of
scientific and technological innovation.
One little point: I think it would be nice if the President, somewhere,
cound make the point that both Diamond and I make, to the effect that
the American Revolution was a "law-and-order" revolution, in contrast to
practically all subsequent revolutions -- and that is one of the secrets
of its success. The quote from Tocqueville in Diamond's essay (page 34)
is useful here -- also see pages 6-9 of my essay.
I have no idea if these thoughts are in any way useful to you. I hope
they are.
Sincerely,
LIBRARY
IK:rl
1 mmg Kustre
To: Blientenned Cannon
THE WHITE HOUSE
FYI
WASHINGTON
June 15, 1976
Schleede
MEMORANDUM FOR:
GLENN SCHLEEDE
FROM:
DENNIS BARNES DB.
SUBJECT:
President's July 1 Dedication Speech
for the Air and Space Museum.
Apparently, the speechwriter's office is handling the
speech now. The dedication is one of six occasions in
a Bicentennial series of speeches which will be prepared
for the President.
I gave the information which we received from NSF to
David Boorstin, who will be writing the dedication speech.
He was not aware of Dillon Ripley's suggestion for a
museum-oriented dedication.
Although the lead for the speech now lies with Boorstin,
his office is accepting ideas until C.O.B. Wednesday.
Unless you suggest otherwise, however, I have dropped any
further effort.
I am informing Phil Smith of the above.
FORD i LIBRARY GERALD
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