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Cabinet Meeting - 2/19/76 (4)
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Cabinet Meeting - 2/19/76 (4)
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This file contains includes legislative status reports from departments and agencies.
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John O. Marsh Files (Ford Administration)
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The original documents are located in Box 7, folder "Cabinet Meeting - 2/19/76 (4)" of the
John Marsh Files at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library.
Copyright Notice
The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code) governs the making of
photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted material. Gerald R. Ford donated to the United
States of America his copyrights in all of his unpublished writings in National Archives collections.
Works prepared by U.S. Government employees as part of their official duties are in the public
domain. The copyrights to materials written by other individuals or organizations are presumed to
remain with them. If you think any of the information displayed in the PDF is subject to a valid
copyright claim, please contact the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library.
Digitized from Box 7 of the John Marsh Files at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library
CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY
Weekly Report
Vol. XXXIII No. 52
Pages 2837-2904
Dec. 27, 1975
WHAT CONGRESS
DID IN 1975
Summary
A year of confrontation produced vetoes,
few solid accomplishments (2839)
Legislation
Major action on foreign policy (2852),
energy (2850), economic affairs (2847)
Budget
The new congressional budget system
survives first year of tests (2863)
Politics
Labor coalition seeks partisan role
without assistance from Meany (2881)
COPYRIGHT 1975 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC.
1414 22nd Street, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20037
(202) 296-6800
FORD is QERAL LIBRARY
Appropriations in 1st Session, 94th Congress
Inside Congress
For fiscal year 1976, in thousands of dollars
AS OF THE END OF THE 1ST SESSION
CONGRESSIONAL FINALE: CONFLICT, COMPROMISE
Budget authority (authority to commit funds) In this type.
The first session of the 94th Congress ended on the
Congress would be unable to enact "programs and policies
Outlays (funds provided by these bills to be spent or obligated in fiscal 1976) in this type.
same note of conflict that had typified its relations with the
that will return us to full employment, economic prosperity
Ford administration throughout 1975.
and durable social peace and progress." Despite the biggest
SOURCE: Congressional Budget Office
During the final, frazzling 72 hours of the session, the
Democratic majority in 10 years, Albert conceded that "try
Republican President vetoed two major bills passed by the
as we might frankly we cannot expect to reach these
Administration
Final
Weekly
Democratic Congress. A congressional attempt to override
goals" in 1975. This hardly sounded like the Albert who, a
Request
House
Senate
Action
Report
one of the vetoes, of a proposed extension of the 1975 tax
few months earlier, had responded to the President's
Page
cut, fell 17 votes short in the House. An 11th-hour com-
legislative proposals by presenting to the country a
promise was then passed, with assurances that it would be
Legislative Branch (HR 6950-PL 94-59)
$ 853,765
$ 698,100
1625
"national agenda for economic action" to be implemented
$ 825,374
$ 827,547
signed.
761,784
by Congress.
615,948
735,284
737,284
Meanwhile, several Republican senators staged a
Education Division, HEW (HR 5901-
short-lived and unsuccessful filibuster against a proposal to
3,806,621
4,781,277
5,119,160
4,916,961¹
1948
Legislative Deadlock
PL 94-94)
1,324,748
1,654,748
1,761,748
restrict Ford's power to intervene in the Angolan civil war.
1,701,748
Members finally went home for Christmas at the end
Agriculture and related agencies
14,221,608
11,047,263
11,092,283
11,061,282
2239
of the day on Dec. 19. Behind them was a year of disagree-
The legislative stalemate encompassed many areas,
but the focal points were energy and economic policies. Of
(HR 8561-PL 94-122)
10,921,266
7,752,526
7,769,171
7,745,171
ment with the executive branch over most of the problems
besetting the nation. Among the major ones were the
the 15 bills that Ford had vetoed by Dec. 23, six directly in-
volved these two issues. Not one of them was overridden.
District of Columbia
507,841
economy, energy, foreign policy, defense costs and waning
410,243
public confidence in government.
Far from coming up with a national program to deal with
Ford had vetoed 15 bills and promised to veto a 16th.
the recession and the energy crisis, Congress and the Presi-
Transportation and related
4,230,886
3,654,355
4,104,424
3,888,866
2547
dent became enmeshed in side issues, albeit critical ones:
Congress was able to override only three of them. The ses-
agencies (HR 8365-PL 94-134)
3,206,393
2,977,080
3,235,108
3,178,008
sion was marked by much posturing and pre-1976 election
whether to extend existing price controls on domestically
Housing and Urban Development, Space,
48,779,570
42,366,024
50,275,314
49,344,914
2172
politicking by both parties and at both ends of Penn-
produced petroleum products, which were to expire Aug. 31,
and whether to extend to 1976 the tax cut enacted earlier
Science, Veterans (HR 8070-PL 94-116)
19,966,693
18,524,893
20,045,693
19,969,193
sylvania Avenue. Democrats were saying that their tax cuts
and economic policies had saved the nation from a 1930s-
that was supposed to be a one-shot, emergency measure to
revive the economy.
Labor, Health, Education and Welfare and
36,266,355
35,979,641
36,272,522
36,073,748
2731
style depression. Republicans warned that a radical
related agencies (HR 8069)
28,630,480
28,473,536
28,652,688
28,480,688
Democratic Congress would spend the country into
Energy Policy
bankruptcy, while Ford rarely escaped a week without the
Interior and related agencies (HR 8773)
4,079,098
4,101,962
4,304,340
4,234,621
2772
legislative branch taking a position opposed to what he con-
No subject consumed more of Congress' time than did
2,766,763
2,790,188
2,905,123
2,855,813
ceived as the national interest.
energy legislation, particularly bills to cut energy consump-
tion. Although the time spent on the subject was
State, Justice, Commerce, Judiciary and
5,722,145
5,671,669
6,188,253
5,958,676
2104
Exuberance to Frustration
impressive, the legislation enacted fell short of what had
related agencies (HR 8121-PL 94-121)
4,050,735
4,004,107
4,240,337
4,146,337
been promised.
Despite all the bravado, the disappointment of the con-
Defense Department (HR 9861)
97,694,635
90,219,045
90,721,789
90,466,961²
2813
gressional leadership with the session was summed up by
Ford's energy policy, basically, was to reduce energy
67,232,702
63,953,702
64,472,702
64,305,702
Senate Majority Leader Mike Mansfield (D Mont.) the day
use and at the same time increase domestic production by
before adjournment: "It has not been easy for the legislative
raising oil prices. Democrats, unwilling to accept the Ford
Foreign Aid
5,694,341
2415
branch to make its will prevail." That assessment was not
program of imposing higher tariffs on imported oil and
2,240,538
the way the Democrats had planned it in January, when the
higher prices for U.S.-produced crude, sought a strategy
Military Construction (HR 10029)
3,518,723
3,660,295
3,585,014
2571
94th convened. With their ranks swelled the previous
that would defer economically painful actions until after
4,109,020
835,789
829,889
November by one of the biggest election victories since the
the recession abated, and then would raise fuel prices on the
822,789
828,789
New Deal, congressional Democrats were calling for alter-
least vital uses of energy.
Public Works, Energy (HR 8122)
7,365,562
7,225,401
natives to the Ford administration's programs that would
But the Democrats could not agree, even among
7,454,261
7,440,913
2769
3,983,190
3,879,390
4,095,800
initiate a new era of so-called "congressional government."
themselves, on the issues of oil prices or conservation
4,071,300
Republicans, on the other hand, led by Ford, were
measures. The clearest example of this was on an energy
Treasury, Postal Service and
6,330,463
6,265,532
6,338,985
6,314,070
warning the country that the 2-to-1 Democratic majority in
tax bill that was supposed to drastically cut gasoline con-
General Government (HR 8597-PL 94-91)
5,956,122
5,909,122
6,003,122
5,968,122
1784
the House and better than three-fifths advantage in the
Continuing Resolution (H J Res 733-
1,625,000
2,004,800
2,379,800
2,379,800
2777
Senate would lead to a "veto-proof" Congress that would
doom the President's economic recovery and energy
Index to Legislation
PL 94-41)
1,625,000
1,979,800
2,329,800
2,329,800
programs. Congress had taken a series of actions during the
1976 Supplemental
12,157,060
7,820,306
10,334,348
10,298,883
last years of the Nixon administration to curtail the power
Agriculture
2842
Foreign Policy/
(HR 10647)
7,597,892
5,249,059
5,430,792
5,414,292
2775
of the presidency and, at the same time, to claim a greater
Congress and
National Security
2852
role for itself in domestic and foreign policy-making.
Government
2842
Health/Education/
House
Senate
Neither the enthusiasm of the Democrats nor the dire
Consumer Affairs
2844
Welfare
2855
1. Veto overridden Sept. 10.
Crime and Justice
2845
2 Final vote pending in House.
Democrats
290
predictions of the Republicans was warranted by the
Housing/Community
62*
Economic Affairs
2847
Development
2857
Includes Harry F. Byrd Jr. elected as an Independent.
Republicans
145
38**
record of the first session. By mid-summer, it was clear
Energy and
** Includes James L Buckley elected as a Conservative.
Vacancies
Transportation and
0
0
that a stalemate had set in on crucial issues. A frustrated
Environment
2850
Communications
2858
Published weekly by Congressional Quarterly, Inc., 1414 22nd Street, N.W.,
photocopy, recording or any information storage and retrieval system. Second rights
House Speaker Carl Albert (D Okla.) was conceding that
Washington, D.C. 20037. All reproduction rights, quotations, broadcasting, publication,
are reserved, Including use of Congressional Quarterly material in campaign
reserved for current editorial clients. No part of this publication may be reproduced or
supplements, advertisements and handbooks without permission. Rates are furnished
transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including
on request. Second class postage paid at Washington, D.C.
COPYRIGHT 1975 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC.
Reproduction prohibited in whole or part except by editorial clients
Dec. 27, 1975-PAGE 2839
Inside Congress 2
Inside Congress 3
sumption by levying a 20-cents-a-gallon additional tax
subsidies, emergency employment and oil price controls in-
whenever consumption increased above 1973 levels. But on
Session Summary
dicated that the legislative stalemate was by no means all-
a 345-72 House vote in June, the provision was stripped
pervasive. In addition to these, there were many other
Recorded Votes
from the bill. Only 67 of 278 voting Democrats supported
measures, such as the energy policy act, aid to New York,
The first session of the 94th Congress, which con-
the Ways and Means Committee that drafted the bill. Their
retention of the food stamp program and a Social Security
The first session of the 94th Congress set new
recommendations were to have formed the basic con-
vened at noon Jan. 14, 1975, adjourned Dec. 19. The
increase, that Ford had difficulty accepting but signed into
records for the number of votes taken in one session by
gressional alternative to Ford's plan for promoting U.S.
House adjourned at 8:11 p.m., the Senate at 8:45 p.m.
law anyway. Thus there were areas of accommodation
the House and the Senate. The House took 612 votes
energy independence.
The session ran 340 days, which was six days longer
beneath the surface and hidden by the attention given the
and the Senate 602, for a total of 1,214 for the year.
Some members said the vote merely reflected the lack
than the 334 days of the second session of the 93rd
vetoes where accommodation was feasible and productive.
This surpassed the previous record of 1,135 set in 1973.
Congress. The first session of the 94th was the 17th
of consensus in the country on energy issues which pitted
In that year the House took 541 votes and the Senate
one region against the other, divided producer and con-
longest in history.
Foreign Policy
594.
sumer states and set oil, gas, coal, nuclear and hydroelectric
The Senate was in session 178 days and the House
was in 173 days during the year. Congress took several
In perhaps no other field did Congress exert as much
The number of votes in the House jumped by 75
advocates against each other. Others argued that the con-
pressure on the executive as it did in foreign affairs and
compared to 1974 and by 71 over the previous record.
gressional leadership was at fault, that on national
short breaks and a month-long recess during August.
problems such as the energy crisis, it was up to the
There were 17,015 public bills and resolutions in-
defense. Here, more than in any other area, the early
The increase in House voting in recent years reflected
troduced during the session, slightly less than the
predictions of a return to congressional government were
the impact of the procedural changes established by
leadership to persuade Congress to make policy in the
closest to the mark.
the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1970, which per-
absence of a national consensus. Congress and the White
number introduced during the first session of the 93rd
The session began with Congress resolutely opposed to
mitted votes on amendments for the first time, and of
House were deadlocked on fundamental energy questions,
Congress.
with Ford unable to sell his programs and the Democratic
As of the end of the session, President Ford had
the President's request for more military aid to the
the electronic voting system installed in 1973. The
signed 158 bills into law. He had vetoed 15 bills, of
foundering regime in South Vietnam and ended with an
House voted more often than the Senate for the first
majority unable to draft viable alternatives.
which three were overridden and six were sustained.
equally firm "no" to U.S. involvement in the civil war in the
time in memory.
A partial breakthrough occurred in October, when the
African nation of Angola.
The increasing amount of time spent on voting led
two sides reached a compromise on a temporary oil price
In between, Congress forced on the administration first
to efforts in the House during 1975 to reduce the
control bill that reinstated the old domestic pricing system
a total, and then a partial, embargo on arms deliveries to
number of votes. (Background, Weekly Report p. 2663)
through Nov. 15. This came only after two earlier bills to ex-
Turkey, the result of that nation's use of American weapons
tend controls were vetoed. A second interim measure ex-
especially hard hit by the economic downturn, an end to
in its 1974 invasion of Cyprus. Intended for Turkey's
Year
House
Senate
Total
tended controls until Dec. 15. These were only stopgap
certain tax shelters, and other proposals aimed at closing
defense, their use in the 1974 invasion violated U.S. foreign
solutions, however.
tax loopholes for big business and individuals in the higher
aid laws.
1975
612
602
1,214
After the gasoline tax increase was knocked out of the
income brackets.
This was just the first sample of a new attitude in
1974
537
544
1,081
energy tax bill, Democrats turned to the Energy Policy and
Ford, who in late 1974 had called for a tax increase to
Congress on foreign policy questions. In September, it in-
1973
541
594
1,135
Conservation Act, the product of a year's work by several
combat inflation, in March reluctantly agreed to the tax cut
sisted on a thorough examination of Secretary of State
1972
329
532
861
committees. The bill was a composite of four Senate bills,
package drafted by the Democrats made retroactive to Jan.
Henry A. Kissinger's request for authority to station
1971
320
423
743
including modifications of the vetoed bills. This time there
1. He had preferred a one-time, $16-billion tax rebate on
American civilians in the Sinai as part of the ad-
1970
266
418
684
was no attempt to add an energy tax. Instead, controls on
1975 taxes as a short-term solution to halt the deepening
ministration's Middle East agreement between Israel and
1969
177
245
422
domestically produced oil were continued for at least three
recession. Instead, he got a bill totaling $22.8-billion in new
Egypt. And it exacted a promise from Kissinger that there
1968
233
291
514
years, and the President was given new powers to control
tax reductions as well as provisions ending the oil and gas
would be no secret commitments made with either nation.
1967
245
315
560
the flow of energy supplies and standby authority that he
depletion allowances for corporations and curbing mul-
Ford also was forced to modify a sale of missiles to Jor-
1966
193
235
428
could use during an energy shortage. The bill also created a
tinational corporations' tax preferences.
dan, delay construction of a proposed U.S. refueling facility
1965
201
258
459
national strategic oil reserve. Ford was opposed to many
Ford and his advisers insisted that it was just as im-
on the Indian Ocean island of Diego Garcia and proceed
sections of the bill, particularly continuation of oil price
portant to fight inflation as to reduce taxes. For this reason,
slowly in negotiations for a new Panama Canal treaty. New
controls, but signed it anyway after the session had ended.
he vetoed as too inflationary the Democrats' bill to create
concern over the amount of arms being sold or given to
restrictions to an appropriations bill aimed at avoiding
Not so lucky was a comprehensive strip mining control
more than one million jobs; the veto was sustained by
foreign countries by the United States delayed action on the
military involvement until after the war was over, the 1975
bill that would have set minimum federal standards for
Congress even though the national unemployment rate was
annual foreign military aid authorization and sparked a
defense bill was the first legislative instrument to express
surface mining of coal and for reclamation of previously
climbing to its high of 9.2 per cent in May. Ford subsequent-
reassessment of the military sales program.
congressional policy on Angola. In the 1960s, both the
stripped and abandoned coal lands. The measure, almost
ly made an about-face and agreed to a compromise version
Closer to home, the federal government's intelligence
Johnson and Nixon administrations challenged Congress to
identical to one pocket-vetoed in 1974, was vetoed a second
that had a lower price tag but contained many of the same
and security apparatus came under unprecedented con-
approve language prohibiting use of military funds in the
time. The override attempt failed by three votes, one of four
jobs programs.
gressional scrutiny. Although the violations of law by the
Vietnam conflict. Such action, they were fond of repeating,
override failures in May and June that shocked the
The division between Congress and White House was
CIA, FBI and other government agencies uncovered by
was the only effective way to bring the war to a close.
Democrats and ended the euphoria that marked the
apparent again in late summer as Democrats pressed for a
select committees of the House and Senate went un-
The defense bill was a harbinger of other develop-
session's early months, when many House procedures were
one-year extension of the 1975 tax cut. Ford countered with
challenged, administration critics of the investigations
ments: the Ford administration's acquiescence in a
streamlined and the aging chairmen of three committees
a $28-billion tax cut package, coupled with an equivalent
maintained that in several instances, Congress was engag-
level of defense spending-about $7-billion below the Pen-
were deposed.
reduction in federal spending resulting in a $395-billion
ing in "McCarthy-era" tactics.
tagon's original request-that was one of the irritations
On the administration side of the ledger, energy
spending ceiling for the fiscal year beginning Oct. 1, 1976,
This charge was directed, in particular, at two House
between the White House and Defense Secretary James R.
legislation that Ford wanted but did not get before adjourn-
according to his budget projections. It was the ad-
committees that voted to cite Kissinger and Commerce
ment included deregulation of new natural gas, federal
ministration's position that any further tax cut had to be
Schlesinger that led to his replacement in the Nov. 2
Secretary Rogers C.B. Morton for contempt of Congress for
Cabinet shakeup.
I
guidelines for oil and gas development on the outer con-
accompanied by an equal cut in spending or a revenue in-
their failure to comply with requests for certain classified
crease if inflation was to be checked. Democrats were dis-
-By Michael D. Wormser
tinental shelf and a delay in implementation of air pollution
documents. Last-minute compromises averted floor votes
control deadlines mandated by the 1970 Clean Air Act.
mayed, but went ahead and approved an extension without
on the citations. Never in the nation's history had a cabinet
the spending ceiling. The result was another veto. But the
member been cited for contempt by either house.
Summary of Legislation
Economic Policy
appealing election-year tax break was too tempting for both
The "no" on deeper U.S. involvement in Angola was
sides, and the final day's accommodation was struck.
Differences with Ford were just as strong on what
cast by the Senate on the last day of the session, and the
Following, in alphabetical order, is a summary of ma-
steps to take to cure the twin economic ills of inflation and
issue delayed a final vote in the House on the $90.5-billion
jor legislation enacted and legislation on which action was
recession. There was even a difference of opinion on which
Compromises
defense appropriations bill until the second session con-
not completed during the first session (bills on which action
problem should be given priority attention. The Democrats
While the President gave the impression of being very
vened in 1976.
was completed but not containing public law numbers had
were calling for a massive tax cut, emergency jobs for the
tough on federal spending, taxes and energy conservation,
Unlike the congressional response to the Vietnam ex-
not been signed by the President as of Dec. 22 and were sub-
unemployed, housing construction subsidies for an industry
the tax cut compromise as well as several others on housing
perience, in which Congress delayed attaching meaningful
ject to being vetoed).
PAGE 2840-Dec. 27, 1975
COPYRIGHT 1975 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC
COPYRIGHT 1975 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC.
Reproduction prohibited whole part except by editorial clients
Reproduction prohibited in whole in part except by aditorial clients
Dec. 27, 1975-PAGE 2841
Inside Congress 5
Inside Congress 4
Seniority Changes. Earlier, junior senators succeeded
after-was the modification of the cloture rule (Rule 22) to
decided to give the speaker the power to nominate all
Agriculture
permit 60 senators to end a filibuster on a bill or amend-
in winning Senate passage of legislation (S Res 60) that
Democratic members of the Rules Committee, subject to
made significant inroads in the Senate's seniority system
ment and bring the issue to a vote.
caucus approval.
ACTION COMPLETED
Under the rules change, a vote of three-fifths of the en-
by permitting newer members to hire additional staff to
The caucus also:
Emergency Farm Bill. The House May 13 failed to
tire Senate membership (60 if there are no vacancies) is re-
help them with their committee duties.
Partially restored proxy voting in committees-a prac-
By voice vote, the Senate in June approved a com-
quired to end a filibuster on any matter except a proposed
tice Democrats had long used to control committee ac-
override President Ford's first veto of the 94th Congress.
change in the Standing Rules of the Senate.
promise offered by Hubert H. Humphrey (D Minn.) to allow
tivities by allowing a committee member to collect the prox-
The 245-182 vote was 40 votes short of the two-thirds ma-
The old Rule 22, in effect since 1917 with only minor
each senator up to $101,925 to hire staff specifically to
ies of absent colleagues. Subsequently approved by the
jority needed to override Ford's veto of HR 4296, which
assist them with committee assignments.
House.
would have raised price supports for the 1975 crops of
change, required a two-thirds majority of senators present
Senate Democrats in January had taken another action
wheat, cotton, corn and other feed grains and provided for
and voting to end debate.
Partially backed away from a reform adopted in the
directed at the seniority system-the selection of com-
Advocates of changing Rule 22 to make it easier to end
fall of 1974 that guaranteed increased staffing for minority
quarterly adjustments in dairy price supports. The House
mittee chairmen-when they voted in their caucus to select
had passed the bill March 20 and the Senate March 26.
filibusters began their 1975 drive soon after the 94th
members of committees. Subsequently approved by the
chairmen by secret ballot whenever one-fifth of the caucus
House.
Supporters of the bill claimed it was needed to avoid a
Congress convened Jan. 14. The actual floor battle began in
membership requested it.
February and consumed three weeks of debate before the
Recommended approval of an amendment to House
potential cost-price squeeze caused by an expected record
The change was adopted by voice vote, and it went into
Rule 28 to require that all House-Senate conference
1975 crop which would cause prices to fall while production
change was approved March 7.
effect Jan. 20. But it did not affect the selection of com-
costs continued to rise. Ford said the bill would add $1.8-
Much of that time was spent in overcoming the delay-
meetings be open to the public. The proposal, subsequently
mittee chairmen for the 94th Congress.
approved by the House, required Senate approval before it
billion to the fiscal 1976 federal deficit and undermine ex-
ing tactics of opponents, led by Sen. James B. Allen (D
The rules change made it easier for senators to depose
isting market-oriented farm policies. (Weekly Report p.
Ala.). Although he lost in the end, Allen led an able anti-
could go into effect.
a chairman without fear of retribution. Under the
rules change campaign by skillful use of debate and
Adopted a minority staffing compromise that allowed
1045)
procedure, a list of the senators nominated by the
Tobacco Price Supports. Congress did not attempt to
parliamentary tactics that often confounded senators
each subcommittee chairman and ranking minority
Democratic Steering Committee to be committee chairmen
pushing the change.
member to hire one staff person to work on their subcom-
override Ford's Sept. 30 veto of HR 9497, which would have
would be distributed to all Democrats. Democrats then
As in most previous attempts to change Rule 22, the
mittees. Subsequently approved by the House. (Weekly
increased tobacco price support levels. Supporters claimed
central issue in 1975 was whether the Senate could change
could check the names of any nominee for chairman they
Report p. 3247)
the bill was needed to keep pace with higher costs of tobacco
its rules at the beginning of a new Congress by majority
wished to subject to a secret ballot. If at least 20 per cent of
Approved a change in the caucus rules to prevent the
production and provide growers with greater security, but
the caucus members wanted a secret vote on a nominee it
vote without debate on the change itself being subject to
calling of special caucuses on short notice. Under the
Ford said the bill would hamper tobacco exports and in-
Rule 22.
would be held automatically two days later. (Weekly Report
change, the caucus agenda had to be given to members five
crease federal spending. (Weekly Report p. 2147)
Advocates of the revision, led by Sen. Walter F. Mon-
p. 213)
days before a meeting; the same rule already applied to
Milk Price Supports. In the last days of the session,
dale (D Minn.) and Sen. James B. Pearson (R Kan.), said
House Rules, Committee Changes. House Democrats
regularly scheduled sessions. The aim was to prevent the
Congress cleared S J Res 121, calling for quarterly ad-
this was possible under the Constitution, that the Senate
consummated a six-year drive to reform the operations and
calling of snap caucus meetings as happened March 12
justments of the support price for milk until March 31,
could be organized anew after every election. Opponents
structure of the House at the party's caucuses held in
when 50 freshmen forced a session on Indochina.
1978, and an increase in the support price to a minimum of
maintained that the Senate was a continuing body because
December 1974 and in January.
Agreed to open its meetings to the public when
85 per cent of parity. The House adopted the conference
only one-third of the membership is elected every two years
The caucus changes went to the heart of the House's
debating and voting on legislative policies, unless a caucus
report Dec. 17 and the Senate Dec. 18. President Ford
and, therefore, the rules go on from one Congress to the
power structure by transferring the task of making com-
majority voted on the record and in public to close the
vetoed two previous congressional attempts to provide
mittee assignments from the Democrats on the Ways and
next.
session. Sponsors' purpose in submitting the change was to
quarterly milk price adjustments. (Weekly Report p. 2892)
This dispute gave rise to efforts by the Mondale-
Means Committee to the Steering and Policy Committee,
slow down caucus activity in taking positions on legislative
Pearson forces to get a key ruling from the Senate's
a party unit controlled by the Democratic leadership.
questions.
ACTION NOT COMPLETED
presiding officer-the Vice President-that the Senate
The caucus continued its efforts started in previous
Ended a long-standing caucus rule providing that by a
could in effect ignore the filibuster rule at the beginning of
years to make the committee chairmen more accountable
two-thirds vote it could bind its members on a floor vote on
a new Congress when it was changing its rules. Anti-
by providing the Steering and Policy Committee with
legislation. That change did not affect the rule that allowed
Rice Production. After an unsuccessful attempt in
1974, the House Dec. 16 passed a bill (HR 8529) suspending
filibuster proponents in the past had never succeeded in
authority to nominate the chairmen at the beginning of
the caucus to instruct Democratic committee members to
the marketing quota system for rice, establishing a target
getting and sustaining this key ruling. In 1975 they did and
each session of Congress. And it decided to make all
report legislation. (Weekly Report p. 1956)
they did not. At first, they did get such a ruling from Vice
nominees subject to automatic secret ballot election by the
In a related development, the caucus, and subsequently
price system and authorizing a rice research program.
Although the Senate reported a similar bill (S 2260) Dec. 15,
President Nelson A. Rockefeller, and it was sustained by
caucus. This paved the way for the defeat of three senior
the full House, in January voted to abolish the House Inter-
the full Senate. The ruling, however, provoked a bitter con-
chairmen and the end of the absolute seniority system for
nal Security Committee-until 1969 known as the House
there was no Senate vote on either bill by the end of the
session. (Weekly Report p. 2891)
servative outcry against Rockefeller.
selecting chairmen. The three deposed in 1975 were F.
Un-American Activities Committee. In doing so, the House
As the debate wore on, conservatives managed, they
Edward Hebert (La.) of the Armed Services Committee,
transferred its jurisdiction to the House Judiciary Com-
thought, to get the ruling changed. Whether in fact they did
Wright Patman (Texas) of the Banking, Currency and
mittee. (Weekly Report p. 117)
Beef Promotion. The House Dec. 15 recommitted the
probably will depend on how future Senates look upon the
Housing Committee and W. R. Poage (Texas) of the
New Hampshire Seat. The Senate disposed of a
Beef Research and Promotion Act (HR 7656) to conference
by a 263-112 vote. The bill, which would authorize cattle
actions that were taken in 1975.
Agriculture Committee.
major 1974 election dispute, the Wyman-Durkin contest in
producers to tax themselves in order to promote beef con-
The change in Rule 22 (S Res 4) was obtained through
Various reasons were given for their defeat, but there
New Hampshire, by declaring the seat vacant effective
was little doubt that the three had been poorly received by
Aug. 8 after a filibuster thwarted efforts to determine a
sumption through advertising, information programs and
two successful cloture votes. The first, on March 5, ended
research, was passed overwhelmingly by the House Oct. 2.
debate on the pending motion to bring S Res 4 before the
the 75 freshman Democrats. The freshmen had interviewed
winner. The Senate had been considering the issue since
Senate, the second ended debate on the resolution itself.
the committee chairmen in order to decide whom they
January. Durkin won in a rerun of the election Sept. 16 and
However, House members objected to a Senate
amendment, upheld in conference, which changed
Both succeeded by identical 73-21 votes. Then, S Res 4 was
would support. Each of the deposed chairmen was accused
took office two days later. The Senate voted Dec. 10 to
adopted March 7 by a 56-27 vote. (Weekly Report p. 545)
of autocratic actions that denied equal and fair treatment
award Durkin and Wyman over $293,000 to cover personal
provisions for the referendum by which cattle producers
Open Committee Sessions. Almost three years after
to other committee members. It was the first rejection of a
expenses and legal fees incurred by them during the Sen-
would vote on the program. House members claimed the
new voting formula was weighted too heavily in favor of
the House voted in March 1973 to open up its committee
committee chairman since 1967 when Adam Clayton Powell
ate's inconclusive seven-month investigation. (Weekly Re-
large cattle producers. (Weekly Report p. 2790)
bill-drafting sessions to the public and the press, the Senate
(D N.Y. 1945-71) was deposed. Before Powell, the last time
port p. 1710)
Nov. 5 adopted similar rules (S Res 9). At the same time,
the House dumped a committee chairman was in 1925.
Pay Raises. Members of Congress, military personnel
the Senate voted to require open conference committee
In a related action, the caucus decided to require all the
and top officials and white-collar employees of the federal
Congress and Government
sessions on bills unless a majority of conferees from either
subcommittee chairmen of the House Appropriations Com-
government received a 5 per cent pay raise Oct. 1 after
the House or the Senate voted to close them. The House had
mittee to stand for election along with the other House com-
Congress rejected attempts to replace it with a higher in-
ACTION COMPLETED
voted for the change in January. (Weekly Report p. 2413)
mittee chairmen.
crease. The House cleared the way for President Ford's
The victory was the culmination of a "Government in
In other actions, the caucus expanded the size of the
proposed 5 per cent pay raise when it voted to reject a
Filibuster Rule. An important change in Senate
the Sunshine" battle led by Lawton Chiles (D Fla.) and
Ways and Means Committee from 25 to 37 members, which
resolution (H Res 688) to disapprove Ford's salary proposal
procedures adopted in 1975-and the most sought
William V. Roth Jr. (R Del.).
resulted in the addition of several liberals to the panel, and
and replace it with an 8.66 per cent pay raise recommended
PAGE 2842-Dec. 27, 1975
COPYRIGHT 1975 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC.
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Reproduction prohibited in whole or in part except by editorial clients
Reproduction prohibited in whole or in part except by editorial clients
Dec. 27, 1975-PAGE 2843
Inside Congress 6
Inside Congress 7
by the Advisory Committee on Federal Pay. The Senate
Copyright Law Revision. Renewing a legislative ef-
Sept. 18 rejected S Res 239, a related resolution to dis-
fort that had been waged unsuccessfully since 1961, the
Consumer Product Safety. House and Senate con-
Crime and Justice
approve the President's pay plan. If either house had
Senate Judiciary Committee Nov. 20 reported unanimously
ferees were appointed but had not met by year's end to
adopted a disapproval resolution, the higher pay raise
a bill (S 22) to revise the U.S. copyright laws.
resolve differences between two bills (S 644, HR 6844)
ACTION COMPLETED
would have taken effect. (Weekly Report p. 2126)
The bill for the first time would require royalty
providing the first fine tuning of the 1972 law that created
Congress July 30 had cleared a bill (HR 2559-PL 94-
payments by operators of cable television systems and
the Consumer Product Safety Commission and reauthoriz-
jukeboxes, who previously had been exempted from
ing funds for the agency. Both measures would prohibit the
Voting Rights. Congress reaffirmed its guarantee of
82) granting members and other top government officials
copyright liability. Other controversial provisions would
commission from regulating firearms, ammunition and
the right to vote for blacks and expanded that guarantee to
an automatic cost-of-living pay increase every year similar
to that already in use for Civil Service employees. It went
limit the copying of copyrighted works by schools and
cigarettes. But the House voted for several amendments not
Spanish-speaking Americans and certain other language
into effect Oct. 1, with a 5 per cent raise the first year.
libraries.
in the Senate bill, including a provision that would allow
minorities when it extended the Voting Rights Act of 1965
Congress to review and veto every rule and regulation
for seven years (HR 6219-PL 94-73). Passage came after
Final action came only five days after the proposal first
The House Judiciary Subcommittee on Courts, Civil
surfaced publicly, when the Senate Post Office and Civil
proposed by the commission. (Weekly Report p. 2321)
the House turned back attempts to weaken the legislation
Liberties and the Administration of Justice completed
and the Senate overcame a filibuster attempt.
Service Committee attached it to a minor House-passed
hearings on its own copyright bill (HR 2223) Dec. 4. (Weekly
No-Fault Auto Insurance. Supporters of national no-
Under the extension legislation, covered jurisdictions,
postal service bill. The Senate passed the combined bill by a
Report p. 2659)
fault auto insurance legislation won an important victory in
including all or parts of seven deep South states, must still
58-29 vote July 29, and the House July 30 cleared the
Lobby Law Revision. The Senate Government
October when a House subcommittee narrowly approved a
submit any proposed changes in their election laws to the
measure by a one-vote margin, 214-213. The bill had strong
Operations Committee, the House Judiciary Subcommittee
bill (HR 9650) and sent it to the full Interstate and Foreign
attorney general who could veto those changes if he found
White House backing.
on Administrative Law and Governmental Relations, and
Commerce Committee. A similar measure (S 354) was
that they discriminated against blacks.
Those affected by the legislation had not had a pay
the House Committee on Standards of Official Conduct all
approved by the Senate Commerce Committee in July, but
The bill extended that same preclearance protection to
raise since March 1969, and advocates of the bill maintained
held hearings on proposed changes in the federal lobbying
Senate sponsors held off on bringing it to the floor until the
substantial numbers of Spanish-speaking Americans,
that an adjustment in top-level salaries was long overdue.
laws during 1975.
House moved and then decided the end-of-the year schedule
American Indians, Asian-Americans and Alaskan natives.
Opponents, however, charged that the measure would allow
The most progress was made by the Senate panel,
was too crowded to bring the bill up.
In addition, for the first time it required bilingual elections
members of Congress henceforth to receive regular pay
which held hearings in May and November and planned to
The legislation, which is likely to reach the full House
in areas with significant numbers of language minorities
raises tied to the cost of living without having to vote on the
begin markup of legislation early in 1976. (Weekly Report p.
and Senate in early 1976, would set up a nationwide in-
whose illiteracy rate was higher than the national average.
raises. (Weekly Report p. 1683)
2797)
surance system that would compensate auto accident vic-
(Weekly Report p. 1666)
Congressional Buildings. Congress in 1975 refused to
Hatch Act Revision. The House Oct. 21 passed a bill
tims regardless of fault. It is supported by consumer, labor
Rules of Criminal Procedure. Barely meeting a self-
go ahead with construction of a fourth House office
(HR 8617) that would give the nation's 2.8 million federal
and some insurance groups and opposed most vigorously by
imposed Aug. 1 deadline, Congress July 30 cleared HR 6799
building. Funds for acquisition of land and preliminary
government employees the right to participate in partisan
the Association of Trial Lawyers of America. The Senate
(PL 94-64), revising the Federal Rules of Criminal
planning were denied during consideration of the fiscal 1976
election campaigns and to run for office. The bill to amend
passed a no-fault bill in 1974 but it died in a House subcom-
Procedure. The rules set standards in federal criminal cases
legislative branch appropriations bill (HR 6950-PL
the Hatch Act, which had prohibited political activities
mittee. (Weekly Report p. 2403)
for pre-trial, trial and post-trial situations such as plea
For the first time in four year, there was no effort made by
by federal employees since 1939, also was reported Dec. 5 by
bargaining, summonses and arrest warrants.
the House to approve an extension of the west front of the
the Senate Post Office and Civil Service Committee. Senate
Antitrust Activities. The Senate in December
The Supreme Court had submitted proposed changes in
Capitol. The House leadership, which had fought hard for
action on the bill was expected early in 1976. The measure
approved a bill (S 1136) to increase funding authorizations
the rules of procedure to Congress in April 1974. Those
the project in the past in the face of Senate opposition, did
faced an almost certain presidential veto. (Weekly Report p.
for federal antitrust activities and establish a three-year
changes would have become effective automatically unless
not reintroduce its proposal because work could not have
2894)
grant program to help states improve their antitrust en-
Congress revised them.
been completed in time for the Bicentennial celebrations.
forcement efforts. (Weekly Report p. 2880)
The House passed HR 6799 June 23, making 35 changes
(Weekly Report p. 1625)
Consumer Affairs
A more comprehensive measure (S 1284) aimed at
in the court's revisions including a major change in a new
Metric Conversion. More than a century after it
strengthening the government's hand in prosecuting anti-
rule regulating defense of alibis. The Senate version, passed
legalized use of metric measurements in the United States,
trust cases was still awaiting action by the Senate
ACTION COMPLETED
July 17, retained many of the House modifications, in-
Congress Dec. 11 gave final approval to legislation (HR
Judiciary Committee at year's end. In July, the House
cluding the chief ones. (Weekly Report p. 1667)
8674-PL 94-168) establishing a national board to coordi-
Judiciary Committee approved one title of that measure as
nate voluntary conversion to the metric system. The final
Fair Trade. With almost no opposition, Congress
a separate bill (HR 8532) authorizing state attorneys
bill was considerably weaker than earlier proposals that
approved legislation (HR 6971-PL 94-145) repealing
general to bring antitrust suits to recover damages on
ACTION NOT COMPLETED
would have mandated national use of the metric system
federal exemptions that protected state "fair trade" laws
behalf of citizens. The House Rules Committee shelved the
from challenge under the antitrust laws. The laws allowed
bill in November after a flurry of business lobbying against
Criminal Code Revision. The Senate continued its
within 10 years. (Weekly Report p. 2759)
manufacturers to dictate minimum retail prices for their
it, but sponsors said they would try again to bring the bill to
five-year effort to revise and reform the federal criminal
ACTION NOT COMPLETED
products. President Ford and Congress agreed that this
the floor early in 1976. (Weekly Report p. 2542)
code as the Judiciary Subcommittee on Criminal Laws and
practice amounted to "legalized price fixing" that was
Procedures reported S 1 to the full committee Oct. 21. This
Voter Registration. Postcard voter registration
costing consumers about $2-billion a year. (Weekly Report
Food Labeling and Inspection. Subcommittees of the
750-page revised version of the bill was described by the
legislation failed to reach the House floor in 1975 but
p. 2642)
Senate Commerce and Labor and Public Welfare Com-
subcommittee as a consolidation of two bills (S 1 and S
appeared headed toward passage in 1976. The House Ad-
ACTION NOT COMPLETED
mittees completed joint hearings in June on a comprehen-
1400) that died at the end of the 93rd Congress. The draft
sive food safety and labeling proposal (S 641) similar to a
received major opposition from lawyers and civil liber-
ministration Committee Nov. 7 approved a bill (HR 1686) to
Consumer Protection Agency. The Senate broke a
bill passed by the Senate in 1974 and on a less stringent ver-
tarians who claimed the bill would weaken individual
establish a nationwide postcard voter registration system
for federal elections. The action revived legislation that was
filibuster in May to pass the long-debated consumer protec-
sion drafted by food industry groups (S 1168). No other ac-
freedoms. There was no House action on criminal code bills
killed in the House in 1974. (Weekly Report p. 2464)
tion agency bill (S 200). The House passed a similar version
tion was taken in the Senate or House. (Weekly Report p.
(HR 333, HR 3907, HR 10850) pending before the Judiciary
1181)
Subcommittee on Criminal Justice. (Weekly Report p. 2385)
Government in the Sunshine. Congress did not com-
(HR 7575) in November by a slim nine-vote margin that
Gun Control. Despite two apparent attempts to
plete action on legislation (S 5, HR 11007) to require that
surprised and disappointed supporters who were hoping for
Credit Cards. The House passed a bill (HR 10561) in
assassinate President Ford, the House Judiciary Subcom-
most meetings of independent federal agencies be open to
a margin sufficient to overcome an expected veto. Spon-
November that would prohibit retailers from adding a sur-
mittee on Crime Nov. 20 reported a relatively weak gun con-
the public. Under the bill, meetings could be closed for dis-
sors in both chambers, hoping for a change in the political
charge to items purchased with credit cards. It was in-
trol bill (HR 11193) to the full committee calling for man-
cussions of specified sensitive matters.
winds, decided not to convene a conference until 1976.
tended to clear up confusion about the intent of the 1974
datory sentencing for persons using firearms to commit
S 5, a companion bill to a Senate resolution dealing
They predicted a compromise bill would go to the White
Fair Credit Billing Act, but consumer advocates were
federal felonies and increased license fees for handgun
with open committee sessions, was passed by the Senate
House in early spring.
divided on the question of whether such surcharges are any
manufacturers and dealers.
Nov. 6, but the House did not act on its version before ad-
The legislation would create an independent consumer
different from discounts for cash-paying customers-which
The House bill did not ban the cheap, easily concealable
journment. The House Government Operations Subcom-
advocacy agency to represent consumer interests before
the law allowed for the first time. A bill to expressly
handguns known as "Saturday Night Specials" or require a
mittee on Government Information and Individual Rights
other federal agencies and the courts. President Ford said
authorize surcharges for credit card purchases was pending
waiting period for handgun sales. Those provisions were in-
held mark-up sessions on HR 11007 in December. It was ex-
such a new agency would be unnecessary and inflationary.
before a subcommittee of the Senate Banking, Housing and
cluded in draft legislation reported to the full committee by
pected to be reported in January. (Weekly Report p. 2464)
(Weekly Report p. 2451)
Urban Affairs Committee. (Weekly Report p. 2542)
the Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Juvenile Delin-
PAGE 2844-Dec. 27, 1975
COPYRIGHT 1975 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC
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COPYRIGHT 1975 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC.
Reproduction prohibited whole or in part except by editorial clients
Dec. 27, 1975-PAGE 2845
Inside Congress 8
Inside Congress 9
judicial districts was reported by the Senate Judiciary Com-
permanent exemption allowing small producers to keep
mittee Sept. 24 but never reached the floor. Reportedly, the
taking the depletion allowance. (Weekly Report p. 631)
Major Nominations in 1975
leadership did not call it up because several senators
Tax Cut Extension. After three months of maneuver-
planned to offer amendments to restrict the power of the
ing with President Ford over federal spending curbs,
court in busing cases. (Weekly Report p. 2130)
Congress Dec. 19 cleared a six-month tax cut extension (HR
The following major and controversial
George Bush, director, Central Intelligence Agen-
9968-PL 94-164) that continued 1975 reductions at an $8.4-
nominations were acted upon by the Senate during the
cy; approved in committee by a 12-4 vote Dec. 18.
session. Of a total 3,439 civilian nominations submitted
(Weekly Report p. 2816)
Economic Affairs
billion level through June 30, 1976.
Congress completed action on the tax cuts, however,
by President Ford, 234 were returned, six withdrawn
Joseph Coors, member of the board, Corporation
for various reasons and 178 remain pending for con-
ACTION COMPLETED
only after House and Senate Democrats agreed to a closely
for Public Broadcasting; tabled in committee by an 11-6
hedged commitment to cut fiscal 1977 outlays to offset
sideration in the second session of the 94th Congress.
vote Oct. 30. (Weekly Report p. 2342)
further revenue losses if the tax reductions were continued
Nathanial Davis, ambassador to Switzerland; con-
Tax Cuts. Moving quickly to counter a deep economic
beyond the first half of 1976. Ford accepted that com-
CABINET
firmed by voice vote Nov. 19.
recession, Congress March 26 cleared a $22.8-billion
promise, although Congress had refused his demand for a
Rogers C. B. Morton, commerce secretary; con-
Jack M. Eckerd, administrator, General Services
emergency tax cut to bolster consumer and business
flat $395-billion ceiling. (Spending ceiling, p. 2848)
firmed by voice vote April 25. (Weekly Report p. 935)
Administration; confirmed by voice vote Nov. 14.
purchasing power.
That commitment to restrain spending was accepted
Elliot L. Richardson, commerce secretary;
(Weekly Report p. 2545)
President Ford March 29 signed the measure (HR
after the House Dec. 18 by a 265-157 vote upheld Ford's veto
confirmed by voice vote Dec. (Weekly Report 2777)
William Kendrick, member, Equal Employment
2166-PL 94-12) into law, nonetheless protesting con-
of an earlier six-month tax cut extension (HR 5559) that
Donald Rumsfeld, defense secretary; confirmed
Opportunity Commission; returned to the President
gressional actions that went far beyond his own $16-billion
lacked any spending language.
95-2, Nov. 18. (Weekly Report p. 2575)
Dec. 19.
tax cut proposal in both size and scope.
The House Dec. 4 had passed a full-year, $15.5-billion
F. David Mathews, health, education and welfare
James T. Lynn, director, Office of Management
In its final form, HR 2166 put a Democratic stamp on
tax cut extension as part of comprehensive tax revision
secretary; confirmed by voice vote July 22. (Weekly
and Budget; confirmed by voice vote Feb. 5. (Weekly
the tax reduction program that was the federal
legislation (HR 10612). Deferring action on the bill, the
Report p. 1620)
Report p. 309)
government's primary response to a severe economic
Senate Finance Committee drew up an $8-billion, six-
Carla A. Hills, housing and urban development
Daniel P. Moynihan, ambassador to the United
decline. The measure accordingly shifted the tax cuts
month extension, through the rest of fiscal 1976, and
secretary; confirmed 85-5 March 5. (Weekly Report p.
Nations; confirmed by voice vote June 9. (Weekly
toward lower income levels, repealed the percentage deple-
offered that as a compromise with Ford.
482)
Report p. 1216)
tion allowance for major oil companies and carried several
The Senate passed that version, written into a minor
Stanley K. Hathaway, interior secretary; con-
Betty Southard Murphy, chairman, National
controversial provisions written in by the Senate.
House-passed bill (HR 5559), on Dec. 15. The House and
firmed 60-36, June 11; resigned July 25. (Weekly Report
Labor Relations Board; confirmed by voice vote Feb. 6.
As Congress pushed to enact the bill before its Easter
Senate Dec. 17 agreed to a conference report providing a
p. 1648)
James F. Hooper III, director, Tennessee Valley
recess, Senate Finance Committee Chairman Russell B.
modified six-month extension, but Ford promptly vetoed
Thomas S. Kleppe, interior secretary; confirmed
Authority; returned to the President Dec. 19. (Weekly
Long (D La.) forced House conferees to accept scaled-down
the bill. The House sustained the veto the next day.
by voice vote Oct. 9 (Weekly Report p. 2207)
Report p. 2789)
versions of several Senate amendments that had pushed the
Edward H. Levi, Attorney General; confirmed by
John E. Robson, chairman, Civil Aeronautics
The Finance Committee revived the compromise tax
bill's potential cost above $30-billion.
cuts, linked to the spending restraint language, as
voice vote Feb. 5. (Weekly Report p. 309)
Board; confirmed by voice vote April 18. (Weekly
The House Feb. 27 had passed a $19.9-billion version of
amendments to another minor House-passed bill (HR 9968).
John T. Dunlop, labor secretary; confirmed by
Report p. 980)
HR 2166 that would have cut individual income taxes by
The Senate passed it by a 72-7 vote, and the House
voice vote March 6. (Weekly Report p. 505)
Laurence Silberman, ambassador to Yugoslavia;
$16.2-billion and business taxes another $3.6-billion. Ford
followed suit by a 372-10 margin after rewriting the
William T. Coleman Jr., transportation secretary;
confirmed by voice vote May 7.
had proposed a one-shot $12-billion rebate of 1974 personal
spending provision. The Senate then concurred in that
confirmed by voice vote March 3. (Weekly Report p.
Earl J. Silbert, U.S. attorney for the District of
taxes, but the House accepted the Ways and Means Com-
modification, and cleared the bill. (Weekly Report p. 2763)
482)
Columbia; confirmed 84-12 Oct. 8. (Weekly Report p.
mittee's proposal coupling $8.1-billion in 1974 tax refunds
Budget Control. Congress completed the first use of
2174)
with another $8.1-billion in reduced 1975 tax withholding.
Neil O. Staebler, member, Federal Election Com-
its new budget procedures by enacting a spending ceiling
SUPREME COURT
While accepting the committee's proposals for cutting
and a tax floor for fiscal year 1976.
mission; confirmed by voice vote April 10; motion to
John Paul Stevens, associate justice; confirmed 98-
business taxes, the House overrode Chairman Al Ullman's
recommit nomination to committee for further con-
The second concurrent resolution on the budget (H Con
0, Dec. 17. (Weekly Report p. 2698)
(D Ore.) objections by tacking on a depletion repeal amend-
sideration previously defeated 24-58. (Weekly Report p.
Res 466) cleared Dec. 12, replaced targets set in May in the
ment offered by dissident Ways and Means members.
first concurrent resolution (H Con Res 218) with a ceiling of
EXECUTIVE BRANCH
765)
The issue was forced by the House Democratic Caucus,
$374.9-billion for outlays and a floor of $300.8-billion for
MISCELLANEOUS
which voted 153-98 to instruct the House Rules Committee
revenues, with a resulting $74.1-billion deficit.
Ben B. Blackburn, chairman, Federal Home Loan
to allow a floor vote on amendments repealing the depletion
Bank Board; rejected in committee by a 5-8 vote Nov.
Thomas J. Meskill, judge for the Second Circuit
The second resolution locked Congress into the
allowance, effective in 1975. In a long-sought victory for tax
prescribed amounts of spending and revenue for the rest of
12. (Weekly Report p. 2447)
Court of Appeals; confirmed 54-36 April 22. (Weekly
revision advocates, the full House accepted the amendment
the fiscal year. However, spending still could rise as a result
Isabel A. Burgess, member, National Transporta-
Report p. 893)
by a 248-163 vote.
of increases in "uncontrollable" items such as entitlement
tion Safety Board (renomination); rejected in com-
Alton D. Slay, promoted to Lieutenant General;
In the Senate, the Finance Committee restructured the
confirmed 49-42 Oct. 28. (Weekly Report p. 2332)
programs and possible revisions by Congress of the
mittee by a 7-11 vote Nov. 13. (Weekly Report p. 2550)
House bill's tax reductions and raised the total cut by $9.3-
spending totals.
billion. Under Long's guidance, the panel dropped depletion
Congress did not completely implement the new
repeal provisions but tacked on other controversial
budgetary procedures, mandated by the Congressional
quency Dec. 1. The Senate bill also restricted multiple gun
the Justice Department and to set standards for parole
measures, including a 5 per cent tax credit for buyers of un-
Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 (PL 93-344).
purchases and provided for an additional penalty of five to
procedures aimed at more definitive and equitable treat-
sold new homes.
As part of a "trial run," it skipped setting binding spending
15 years imprisonment for any person convicted of commis-
ment of prisoners bogged down in conference at the end of
After complicated floor maneuvering, the Senate
ceilings on the 16 functional categories of the budget, such
sion of a felony while armed with a firearm. The penalty
the session. The bill passed the House May 21 and the
passed HR 2166 with several additional provisions, in-
as defense and health. However, the House and Senate
would be mandatory for a second offense. (Weekly Report
Senate Sept. 16. Despite holding what one House subcom-
cluding $100 bonus payments to federal benefit recipients, a
Budget Committees did propose targets for each of these
p. 1599)
mittee aide described as "marathon" sessions, conferees
crackdown on foreign tax benefits for major oil companies
areas.
FBI Director's Tenure. For the second year in a row,
remained in disagreement. Chief differences between the
and depletion repeal with a permanent exemption for small
Predictably, the new procedure had rough sledding at
the Senate passed legislation (S 1172) limiting the director
House and Senate versions concerned whether to shift the
oil and gas producers.
several points during the year. House Republicans opposed
of the FBI to one 10-year term of office. The House again
burden of proof for determining suitability for parole from
Although the House-Senate conferees scaled the tax
the size of the deficit, while many liberals were unhappy
took no action. The bill was intended to avoid a repeat of a
the prisoner to the parole board and whether to give credit
cuts back down to $22.8-billion, Long allied with liberal
about cuts in social programs. In the Senate,
situation such as former FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover's 48-
for time spent outside of prison if a prisoner violated parole
Senate conferees to preserve most controversial Senate
Appropriations Committee Chairman John L. McClellan (D
year tenure. (Weekly Report p. 627)
and was re-incarcerated. (Weekly Report p. 2130)
provisions. In its final form, therefore, the bill included
Ark.) criticized the process as "confusing."
Parole Reorganization. A bill (HR 5727) to establish a
Federal District Judgeships. Legislation (S 287) to
scaled-down versions of both the home-buying credit and
Congress missed the deadline for adoption of the sec-
U.S. Parole Commission as an independent agency within
create 45 additional district court judgeships in 40 federal
federal bonus payments, as well as a more limited but still
ond resolution by three months. This raised questions as to
PAGE 2846-Dec. 27, 1975
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Reproduction prohibited in whole or in part except by editorial clients
Reproduction prohibited in whole or in part except by editorial clients
Dec. 27, 1975-PAGE 2847
Inside Congress 10
Inside Congress 11
whether work could be completed on schedule for the 1977
financial institutions and upheld the SEC order that
a separate bill that carried its version of extended tax cuts
Jobless Benefits Revision. The House Ways and
budget, when the procedures would be fully implemented.
abolished fixed commission rates on May 1, 1975.
to the Senate floor. (Tax cut action, p. 2847)
Means Committee Dec. 16 reported a bill (HR 10210) to
(Weekly Report p. 2795)
The measure was based on conclusions reached in 1972
The bill's most controversial tax revision components
revise the nation's unemployment compensation system,
Debt Limit. Congress three times extended the tem-
by separate studies of securities industry problems by the
would crack down on tax shelter investments, tighten the
but the House took no further action in the first session.
porary federal debt ceiling, although the House twice
House Interstate and Foreign Commerce Subcommittee on
minimum tax on preference income and curb exporting tax
defeated an initial measure before accepting a more limited
incentives.
As reported, the bill extended jobless benefits protec-
Commerce and Finance and by the Senate Banking, Hous-
tion to most farm workers, domestics and state and local
extension.
ing and Urban Affairs Subcommittee on Securities. (Week-
Other provisions would revise capital tains taxes,
government employees. To place the heavily indebted
On those occasions, House members used the debt limit
ly Report p. 1126)
es, end some foreign tax preferences, simplify various in-
system on firmer financial footing, the measure raised the
bill to cast token votes against federal deficits. In a more
Jobless Aid Extension. Congress June 26 cleared
dividual tax deductions, restrict some business deductions
taxable wage base to $8,000, from $4,200, annually and
serious debate, however, the House approved a final 1975
emergency legislation (HR 6900-PL 94-45) extending the
and make administrative and technical tax changes.
raised the federal tax rate to 0.7 per cent as of Jan. 1, 1976.
extension that Republicans were trying to use as a vehicle
period in which most of the nation's jobless workers could
To assure committee approval of HR 10612, Ways and
The rate would fall back to 0.5 per cent in 1982 or sooner if
for the $395-billion fiscal 1977 spending ceiling demanded
collect up to a year and three months of unemployment
Means Committee Democrats agreed on floor procedures
by President Ford. (Spending limit, see below)
benefits. The bill also increased the number of homes that
allowing their liberal members to offer floor amendments
loans from the general Treasury were repaid before then.
The bill also established a national commission to make an
In February, Congress enacted a $531-billion debt limit
could qualify for a special federal tax credit.
to tighten some provisions as written by the full panel. The
through June 30 (HR 2634-PL after the House aban-
House accepted three proposals, which further tightened
in-depth study and report on the unemployment compensa-
PL 94-45 continued through the end of 1975 a tem-
tion system.
doned its tentative plan to use the measure as a vehicle for
porary program that gave jobless workers covered under
the minimum tax provisions, deleted repeal of
a
withholding tax on foreigners' portfolio investments and
Not included was a provision, sought by labor and op-
blocking President Ford's $1 oil import fee. (Energy action,
the regular federal-state compensation system up to 65
posed by business, that would set minimum jobless benefit
p. 2850)
weeks of unemployment benefits. After Jan. 1, 1976, the
removed a controversial provision allowing capital loss
payments. The administration had also endorsed a
The House Ways and Means Committee had linked
duration of a jobless worker's benefits would depend on the
carrybacks worth $167-million to wealthy investors, in-
minimum benefit. Without that controversial provision, it
provisions suspending the President's import fee powers to
severity of unemployment in his state.
cluding industrialist H. Ross Perot. (Weekly Report p. 2626)
seemed sure that the bill would be approved when it came
the debt limit increase in hopes of avoiding a presidential
The bill extended through the end of 1976 a second tem-
veto. That strategy followed the Senate's long-standing tac-
porary compensation program which paid benefits to
Financial Institutions. The Senate took a first step
to the floor.
tic of adding controversial measures to debt limit bills that
workers not normally covered by the regular federal-state
toward revamping the U.S. financial system by passing
The bill would have made emergency fiscal 1975
wide-ranging legislation (S 1267) to make banks and thrift
program-mainly farm workers, domestics and state and
appropriations of $5.3-billion. Of that amount, $2.3-billion
must be enacted to allow the Treasury to keep funding
institutions more competitive.
government operations.
local government employees. Such jobless workers would be
was designated for direct job creation, including 180,000 ad-
As passed by the Senate Dec. 11, S 1267 would broaden
House leaders had second thoughts about that tactic,
eligible for 39 weeks of benefits. (Weekly Report p. 1425)
ditional public service jobs and 840,000 summer jobs for
the powers of commercial banks, savings and loans
youths.
however, and the Rules Committee split the initial measure
Jobs Funds. The House June 4 sustained President
(HR 1767) into two. Both the House and Senate then passed
Ford's veto of a Democratic-sponsored appropriations bill
associations and other financial institutions, allowing them
The remaining funds were earmarked for various
the debt limit bill without amendments.
to offer more diversified services and broaden their lending
public works programs and other federal construction
(HR 4481) aimed at creating more than one million jobs in
activities. Its basic purpose was to assure a steadier flow of
In June, the House rejected by a 175-225 vote the Ways
both the public and private sectors. Consideration of the bill
programs which were expected to generate additional jobs
and Means Committee proposals (HR 7545) for a $616.1-
came as the national unemployment level was climbing to
private savings into financial institutions, and through
in the private sector.
billion temporary debt limit through fiscal 1976. The com-
its May 1975 high of 9.2 per cent.
them to housing and other credit-needing purposes.
Ford said the bill came too late to aid the economy's
mittee came back with a $577-billion limit through Nov. 15
Key provisions extended federal interest rate ceilings,
recovery and would only contribute to inflation.
authorized interest on checking accounts and nationwide
(HR 8030-PL 94-47), which was accepted by a 223-196 vote
The House sustained his veto on a 277-145 vote, five
use of negotiable order of withdrawal (NOW) accounts and
in the House and a 72-21 vote in the Senate.
ACTION NOT COMPLETED
votes short of the two-thirds necessary to override. Twenty-
As that Nov. 15 expiration date neared, the House
allowed thrift institutions to hold checking accounts.
two Democrats voted to sustain. (Weekly Report p. 1159)
again balked at extension, this time defeating by a 178-217
Spending Ceiling. Congress refused President Ford's
Related provisions to be taken up as separate legislation
Congress subsequently enacted appropriations for
vote the committee's proposal for a $597-billion ceiling
demand for a $395-billion ceiling on fiscal 1977 spending as
would end tax preferences for savings and loan associations
public service and summer youth jobs. (Weekly Report p.
through March 31, 1976 (HR 10049). That set the stage for
a condition for extending 1975 tax reductions into 1976.
and introduce a tax credit for mortgage lending by financial
1390, 1234)
institutions.
Republican efforts to trade their support for a follow-up
After the House Dec. 18 sustained Ford's veto of a com-
The House deferred action on most of the bill's
Common-Site Picketing. Fulfilling a long-sought
$595-billion ceiling through March 15, 1976, for a House
promise six-month tax cut extension, Congress agreed to
provisions until 1976, pending completion of a massive
legislative goal of organized labor, Congress Dec. 15 cleared
floor vote on a spending ceiling.
compromise language making a conditional commitment to
The House blocked that maneuver, voting by a 221-185
hold down outlays if the tax reductions were extended
financial institutions study by its Banking, Currency and
a bill (HR 5900) that would allow a local union with a
grievance against one contractor to picket all of the other
margin against permitting the Republicans to offer a
again. Coupled with a substitute six-month extension, that
Housing Committee. (Weekly Report p. 2870)
contractors or subcontractors at the same construction site.
spending limit amendment to the debt ceiling bill. With
measure was cleared Dec. 19. (Tax bill, p. 2847)
Public Works. The House delayed until 1976 final ac-
The legislation would overturn a 1951 Supreme Court deci-
House leaders mustering Democratic votes, the House then
That closely hedged promise to curb spending fell far
tion on a controversial bill (HR 5247) that would authorize
passed the $595-billion debt ceiling by a 213-198 vote. The
$6.1-billion for job-creating public works projects and anti-
sion which ruled such picketing an illegal secondary
short of Ford's initial proposal for a $395-billion spending
boycott.
Senate quickly cleared the bill (HR 10585-PL 94-132) by
limit linked to a $28-billion tax cut proposal. It also skirted
recession aid to cities.
But the bill was adamantly opposed by contractors and
voice vote. (Weekly Report p. 2435, 1408, 354)
a firm commitment to cut spending a dollar for every dollar
Although the Senate had adopted the conference report
other businessmen, and as the first session closed, it was
Securities Overhaul. Congress May 22 completed a
in tax cuts.
on the bill in the final days of the session, House supporters
unclear whether President Ford would sign it into law.
four-year review of the nation's securities industry by
The final version carefully reserved the right of
decided to hold off action because some controversial parts
Congress to adjust total spending, moreover, after deter-
of the bill might need special clearance from the Rules Com-
Earlier in the year, Ford had publicly and privately
clearing legislation 249-PL to encourage develop-
ment of a national system for buying and selling stocks.
mining through its newly created budget procedures that
mittee.
agreed to sign the bill if certain conditions, including the es-
tablishment of a construction industry collective bargain-
Through far-reaching changes in federal securities
economic conditions or changed circumstances required
In addition, President Ford was expected to veto the
ing committee to hold down negotiation strife, were met.
regulatory laws, the measure was expected to clear the way
higher or lower outlays. (Weekly Report p. 2763)
bill and the House wanted an opportunity to attempt to
for integration of existing securities markets into a more
Tax Revision. The Senate Finance Committee put off
override.
Congress agreed with those conditions, but growing opposi-
tion to the bill prompted a filibuster in the Senate.
open and competitive system. Without spelling out the ex-
action on a massive tax revision measure (HR 10612) that
The final version of the bill authorized $2.5-billion to
act form of that system, the legislation removed federal
the House passed Dec. 4.
fully federally fund a variety of public works projects. It
Opponents, including many Republican politicians,
hoped to convince Ford to veto the bill by suggesting that he
regulations and industry practices that restricted investors'
The product of several years' study by the House Ways
authorized $1.5-billion in anti-recession aid to help finan-
access to the nation's 13 stock exchanges and the over-the-
and Means Committee, the 674-page omnibus bill included a
cially pressed cities sustain vital services and prevent
could lose valuable political support and campaign con-
tributions to Republican presidential contender Ronald
counter market in corporate stocks.
broad range of tax law changes, some simplifying existing
layoffs. Another $1.4-billion was authorized for wastewater
Reagan if he signed the bill.
The measure strengthened the Securities and Ex-
provisions but others cracking down on abuses.
treatment grants while $500-million was authorized to con-
change Commission's (SEC) oversight powers and man-
To bolster House floor support for those measures, the
tinue the Job Opportunities Program for an additional nine
Supporters of the bill, including Labor Secretary John
T. Dunlop, dismissed opponents' arguments that the
dated significant changes in the way stock exchanges
committee in reporting HR 10612 linked them to politically
months. Finally, the bill set aside $100-million for grants to
legislation would lead to more strikes. In fact, Dunlop said,
operate. Controversial provisions prohibited exchange
popular extension of 1975 tax reductions. While technically
urban areas to assist with job-creating redevelopment.
construction industry negotiations in 1976 would be "un-
members from buying and selling stocks for affiliated
never acting on HR 10612, the Finance Committee reported
plans. (Weekly Report p. 2792)
mitigated hell" without the legislation.
PAGE 2848-Dec. 27, 1975
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Reproduction prohibited whole or in part except by editorial clients
COPYRIGHT 1975 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC.
Reproduction prohibit whole or in part except by editorial clients
Dec. 27, 1975-PAGE 2849
Inside Congress 12
Inside Congress 13
Energy and Environment
which was expected to hear arguments in the case early in
automobiles, an excise tax on business use of oil and natural
deregulation of new natural gas (S 2310). The deregulation
1976. (Weekly Report p. 517)
gas, an energy trust fund and various tax incentives for
language was added to the measure on the floor, over the
ACTION COMPLETED
Pesticide Regulation. After months of delay and con-
home and business energy conservation.
objections of the leadership. S 2310 as introduced provided
troversy, Congress cleared legislation (HR 8841-PL 94-
The committee reported that package by a narrow 19-
only emergency relief to curtailed pipelines during the ex-
140) in late November extending the Environmental Protec-
16 margin, with all 12 Republicans opposing the measure
pected shortages of the winter of 1975-76. The emergency
Energy Policy. Congress Dec. 17 sent President Ford
tion Agency's (EPA) pesticide regulation program through
because it ignored Ford's demand for a windfall profits tax
provisions, retained in the bill passed by the Senate, tem-
an omnibus energy policy bill, the product of a year's work
March 1977.
keyed to oil price decontrol.
porarily exempted such pipelines from federal price con-
by a variety of congressional committees to reconcile the
Several interim extensions for the Federal Insecticide,
In sending HR 6860 to the floor, the panel un-
trols, allowing them to buy fuel in the unregulated in-
regional, jurisdictional, philosophical and political interests
Fungicide and Rodenticide Act were passed during the year
derestimated congressional resistence to raising gasoline
trastate market where federal price ceilings do not apply.
which clashed on the energy issue.
while Congress wrestled with the complaints of farm and
taxes, especially among new House members who cam-
The House did not debate a natural gas bill before the
A composite of four Senate bills approved in April and
chemical industry groups that the agency had been
paigned against such taxes in 1974. The House dismantled
recess. The Commerce Committee, refusing to consider the
July (S 622, S 1883, S 349, S 677) and an omnibus House
overzealous in protecting the environment and insensitive
the package on the floor, stripping out the 20 cents standby
long-range issue in tandem with emergency-relief
measure approved after marathon consideration in
to their needs. The final compromise, which satisfied
tax by a stunning 345-72 vote. After taking out a companion
measures, Dec. 15 reported out an emergency bill (HR
September (HR 7014), the final bill (S 622) set out a con-
neither environmentalists nor EPA critics, set up a formal
3 cents gasoline tax to finance the trust fund and then sub-
9464). A rule was granted for consideration of HR 9464,
gressional energy program to move the nation toward
procedure for Agriculture Department comment on EPA
stituting mandatory efficiency standards for the
making in order a substitute combining both issues, but the
energy independence.
pesticide actions and stretched out the timetable for the
automobile taxes, the House passed the remaining
House did not take up the bill before the end of the session.
Among its major provisions were those granting the
agency's new program of registration and classification of
provisions by a 291-130 vote. (Weekly Report p. 1638)
In reporting the bill, the committee conceded that the
President new powers to control the flow of energy supplies
pesticides. (Weekly Report p. 2551)
Land Use. Congress did not act on land use planning in
predicted shortfall of natural gas supplies was less severe
and materials; providing standby authorities to exercise in
Nuclear Insurance. Congress Dec. 17 cleared for the
1975. Consideration was blocked when the House Interior
than expected, reducing the impetus for congressional ac-
an energy emergency; creating a national strategic reserve
White House a 10-year extension of the federal program of
Committee refused to report such legislation to the full
tion. (Weekly Report p. 2768)
of oil for insulation against a future oil embargo; setting
insurance for the nuclear power industry in the event of a
House. After an intense lobbying campaign and a month of
Naval Petroleum Reserves. Congress recessed its
mandatory fuel efficiency standards for automobiles; con-
nuclear power accident. The bill (HR 8631-PL 94-000),
work drafting such a bill (HR 3510), the committee refused,
1975 session without completing action on the question of
tinuing federal controls on the price of domestic oil for at
approved by the House Dec. 8 and the Senate Dec. 16, ex-
in mid-July, to order the bill reported. The motion to report
whether or not oil and gas from reserves set aside decades
least three years; and authorizing government audits to
tended coverage of the combined federal/private insurance
the bill failed by a four-vote margin. HR 3510 would have
earlier for the exclusive use of the military should now be
verify information submitted to federal agencies by energy
program to all plants licensed before Aug. 1, 1987. The law
provided federal aid to states which were willing to set up
produced and used for more general purposes. The effort of
producers and distributors.
would otherwise have expired Aug. 1, 1977.
systematic procedures for classifying land according to in-
conferees to resolve the differences between House and
The oil industry, unhappy with the oil pricing sections
The major controversy during consideration of the bill
dustrial, agricultural, environmental or other uses. Par-
Senate versions of a bill (HR 49) authorizing some produc-
of the bill, mounted an intensive lobbying campaign to per-
focused on the industry liability limit contained in the law.
ticipation by states would have been voluntary, but op-
tion from these reserves was complicated by controversy
suade the President to veto the measure. But on Dec. 22
Under the limit, the industry could not be liable for more
ponents of the bill criticized it as the first step toward
over whether the Department of Defense or the Depart-
Ford ended weeks of suspense and announced that he would
than $560-million in damages, no matter how extensive the
federal zoning of private property. (Weekly Report p. 1520)
ment of Interior should oversee such development.
sign it. (Weekly Report p. 2766)
injuries caused by a nuclear accident. Efforts to eliminate
Energy Corporation. President Ford sent Congress in
The House in July approved HR 49, which transferred
Strip Mining. For the second consecutive year, a
this limit from the law were defeated in both chambers.
October his proposal (S 2532, HR 10267) for a $100-billion
this authority to the Interior Department and authorized
presidential veto halted enactment of a bill providing for
(Weekly Report p. 2773)
government corporation to stimulate commercial develop-
exploration and production from three of the four reserves,
ment of new energy sources such as solar energy and syn-
excluding the largest, the Alaskan reserve. Later in the
federal regulation of surface mining for coal and for
thetic fuels. The plan, which was developed by the staff of
month the Senate approved an amended bill which retained
reclamation of previously stripped and abandoned coal
ACTION NOT COMPLETED
Vice President Nelson A. Rockefeller, was received coolly
Pentagon control of such production and allowed more
lands. In 1974, President Ford pocket-vetoed such a bill (S
Energy Taxes. The Senate Finance Committee
by members of both parties and was expected to die in com-
limited production from the three reserves. Conferees met
425). In May 1975, Congress cleared a similar bill (HR 25)
sidetracked a stripped-down energy tax measure (HR 6860)
mittee. (Weekly Report p. 2237)
several times in December, but failed to reach agreement
for the White House, and President Ford vetoed it May 20,
that the House had passed June 19.
Clean Air. The Senate Public Works Committee and
before the end of the session. (Weekly Report p. 1658)
saying that it would cost too much in lost jobs and lost coal
As House Ways and Means Committee members
House Interstate and Foreign Commerce Committee were
Continental Shelf Development. Congress in 1975 did
production. The House June 10 failed by three votes to
acknowledged, the bill at best was only a start toward a
still wrestling at year's end with complex and controversial
not complete action on several measures intended to set
override the veto, 278-143.
national energy policy, especially after the House turned
legislation amending the 1970 Clean Air Act. The bills,
guidelines for the development of oil and gas resources
The Senate in July added provisions similar to those of
down the gasoline tax increase that was its toughest conser-
reported in draft form from subcommittees of the two pan-
located on the Outer Continental Shelf and to provide some
HR 25, but affecting only public lands, to its bill (S 391)
vation incentive.
els, would stretch out timetables for compliance with pollu-
form of aid to coastal states affected by this development.
revising federal coal leasing policies. The House Interior
The Finance Committee rewrote some provisions
tion limits on cars and industrial plants-but not to the ex-
The Senate in July approved two bills designed to
Committee in November refused to add similar language,
before Congress recessed in August, but Chairman Russell
tent requested by the Ford administration and many of the
achieve these purposes (S 521, S 586), one in the form of
affecting public and private lands, to its version of the coal
B. Long (D La.) let the matter lie thereafter as Congress
affected industries. (Weekly Report p. 2449)
amendments to the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act of
leasing bill (HR 6721), but in December did put the strip
debated oil price decontrol and other energy issues.
Toxic Substances. Legislation to set up a comprehen-
1953, the other as amendments to the Coastal Zone Manage-
mining measure back on its agenda for consideration early
When the Ways and Means panel started debating
sive regulatory scheme for screening and controlling toxic
ment Act of 1972. The House, earlier in the year, had set up
in 1976. (Weekly Report p. 1255, 964)
energy tax measures in March, their recommendations
chemicals entering the environment, first proposed in 1971
a new Ad Hoc Select Committee on the Outer Continental
Oil Import Fee Suspension. Congress did not attempt
were expected to form the basic congressional alternative to
and passed in differing versions by the House and Senate in
Shelf, to consider another similar measure (HR 6218). The
to override President Ford's veto of a bill (HR 1767)
President Ford's plan for promoting U.S. energy in-
the two previous Congresses, began to move again in 1975.
select committee held hearings but did not report that
suspending for 90 days his authority to impose increased
dependence by raising the price to consumers.
The House Interstate and Foreign Commerce Subcom-
measure before the end of the session. (Weekly Report p.
import fees on foreign oil. Ford imposed the first of three
Working from draft proposals drawn up by its
mittee on Consumer Protection and Finance approved a bill
1765)
planned $1-per-barrel increases in this import fee Feb. 1.
Democratic majority, the panel opted for a phased-in
(HR 10318) in December but the full committee did not have
Synthetic Fuel Loan Guarantees. Congress in 1975
Congress sent the suspension bill to the White House Feb.
approach to protect the nation's sinking economy from the
time to act. The Senate Commerce Committee began work
refused to approve an administration-backed program of
19. Ford vetoed the bill March 4, but congressional leaders
jolt that rising energy prices might deliver. Searching for
on its version (S 776) in July and then put off further action
federal loan guarantees to encourage the commercialization
postponed a vote to override the veto in exchange for Ford's
an energy-saving strategy, moreover, they settled on gas-
on the controversial bill until 1976, when it is expected to be
of synthetic fuels synthesized from wood, coal, oil shale and
extension of his deadline for Congress to come up with a
oline tax increases to discourage use of gasoline by private
a priority item.
other natural resources. The Senate in July included a $6-
comprehensive energy bill.
automobiles.
Environmentalists and labor groups support a strong
billion loan guarantee program in the bill (HR 3474)
Ford added a second $1 increase June 1, but never im-
After weeks of strenuous bargaining, the panel agreed
bill, while the chemical industry favors less stringent
authorizing funds for energy research and development
posed the third. Congress never voted on overriding the veto
to an omnibus measure built around a standby 20 cents per
regulation.
programs in fiscal 1976. But the House in December
of HR 1767, but a federal court in August ruled that Ford
gallon gasoline tax that would be automatically triggered as
Natural Gas. Congress in 1975 addressed the issue of
adopted a motion striking out the loan guarantee program
had overstepped the authority delegated to him by
gasoline consumption rose. The bill also established oil im-
natural gas deregulation for the first time in years, but
from the conference version of HR 3474, and sending the
Congress in imposing the import fees in the first place. The
port quotas and duties intended to replace President Ford's
recessed without resolving the long-running controversy. In
bill back to the Senate without this provision. In order to
administration appealed this ruling to the Supreme Court,
two $1 oil import fees, lenient taxes on inefficient
October, the Senate passed a bill providing for eventual
clear the authorization bill before the end of the session, the
PAGE 2850-Dec. 27, 1975
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Reproduction prohibited in whole part except by editorial clients
Reproduction prohibited whole or in part except by editorial clients
Dec. 27, 1975-PAGE 2851
Inside Congress 14
Inside Congress 15
Senate accepted the House action, killing the synthetic
Congress to lift it. Twice the Senate had passed
Besides authorizing spending for economic development
Reacting to news stories that the CIA had violated its
fuels loan guarantee program for 1975. (Weekly Report p.
legislation-both times by one-vote margins-to ease the
programs abroad, the bill provided for disaster assistance,
charter by spying on U.S. citizens during the Vietnam war
2770)
embargo, but the House had remained adamant in its op-
voluntary contributions to U.N. organizations and aid to
period, the Senate Jan. 27 established an 11-member select
position to any softening of the prohibition.
Cyprus and the former Portuguese colonies in Africa. A
committee to determine whether the CIA, FBI and other
As sent to the President, 2230 represented only a par-
ceiling on fiscal 1976 economic aid to Chile was imposed.
law enforcement and intelligence agencies had engaged in
Foreign Policy/National Security
tial lifting of the aid embargo. It permitted 1) the delivery
HR 9005 also barred development aid to countries that
"illegal, improper or unethical activities." (Weekly Report,
of about $185-million worth of equipment contracted for by
discriminated against U.S. employees and officers and es-
p. 240)
ACTION COMPLETED
the Turks before the embargo took effect; 2) commercial
tablished a procedure for cutting off aid to countries that
Creation of the select committee marked the first time
cash sales; and 3) U.S. government sales, guarantees and
violated their citizens' basic human rights. The bill made
Congress had approved a thorough probe of the activities
Indochina Aid. The last chapter of U.S. involvement in
credits for equipment considered necessary for Turkey's
policy changes in the PL 480 (Food for Peace) program and
of the intelligence community. Although the CIA was es-
Southeast Asia ended May 21 when Congress cleared for the
responsibilities to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
established a ratio between so-called "political" and
tablished by the National Security Act of 1947, Congress
President a bill (HR 6755-PL 94-23) authorizing $455-
(NATO). The latter would be permitted only after enact-
"humanitarian" food sales abroad. (Weekly Report p. 2705)
had either rejected or ignored over the years nearly 200
million for assistance programs for Vietnamese and Cam-
ment of the fiscal 1976 foreign military sales act authoriza-
legislative proposals to strengthen its oversight of the
bodian refugees who fled their countries before the Com-
tion bill. A number of conditions were attached to the
Panama Canal. Congress used the fiscal 1976
agency.
munist victories and resettled in the United States.
deliveries and future sales, and the President was directed
appropriations bill for the State, Justice and Commerce
On the Senate side, the select committee headed by
In an unusual procedure, Congress had cleared the
to consider the military and economic aid needs of Greece.
Departments (HR 8121-PL 94-121) as a legislative vehicle
Frank Church (D Idaho) investigated and held public
appropriations bill (HR 6894-PL 94-24), providing $405-
The bill also authorized $65,640,000 for fiscal 1976 for the
for expressing its concern over the direction of State
hearings on a long list of intelligence abuses: illegal sur-
million for the resettlement effort, in advance of the
Board for International Broadcasting, which oversees the
Department talks with Panama on a new treaty covering
veillance of U.S. citizens, drug experimentation on in-
authorization. The bill paid for the transportation of the
operations of Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty. (Status
canal ownership and operations.
dividuals, political spying, opening of the U.S. mails,
refugees from their home countries, their initial care and
of foreign military sales bill, see p. 2854)
It gave final approval to the bill Oct. 8 after resolving a
assassination plots, covert attempts to topple foreign
lodging in this country, and social services, medical care
The House passed the bill Oct. 2 by a vote of 237-176.
House-Senate disagreement over the use of State Depart-
governments and attempts to cover up many of these ac-
During floor debate, members explained they were
ment funds in the continuing negotiations over a treaty.
and welfare they might need later. (Weekly Report p. 1075)
tivities.
Congress took up the refugee aid bill after the House
switching from their earlier support for the total embargo
As cleared, the bill stated the sense of Congress that
The committee completed four months of public
May 1 rejected 162-246 the conference report on another bill
because of Turkey's takeover of U.S. and NATO bases in
"any new Panama Canal treaty or agreement must protect
hearings in December after issuing a series of preliminary
(HR 6096) that would have given belated congressional
August, the resulting chill in Washington-Ankara relations
the vital interests of the United States in the Canal Zone
reports on CIA covert activities in Chile, U.S. assassination
approval to President Ford's use of U.S. troops in the final
and the threat of permanent damage to the NATO alliance.
and in the operation, maintenance, property and defense of
plots against foreign leaders and FBI attempts to disrupt
the Panama Canal."
withdrawal of Americans and Vietnamese from Saigon
The Senate passed the House version the following day,
American protest groups and movements, in particular
before the Communist victory April 30. The bill also would
completing action.
The House had originally approved much stronger
civilian and veteran groups protesting the Vietnam war in
have authorized $327-million for the evacuation costs and
Before the October votes, the House and Senate had
language barring the use of funds for any negotiations that
the 1960s.
for humanitarian assistance for the thousands of refugees.
taken these actions in 1975: 1) The Senate May 19 passed 41-
would lead to the "relinquishment" of any U.S. rights in the
With a final report required after the committee's
40 a bill (S 846) to lift the embargo under certain conditions;
Canal Zone. (Weekly Report p. 2185)
House members objected that the provisions relating
authorization expires Feb. 29, 1976, the panel in mid-
to the use of troops were moot after the Communist victory
2) the House July 24 rejected 206-223 a revised version of S
Military Construction-Diego Garcia. A $3,585,014,-
December began considering the recommendations for
and might set a bad precedent for future troop com-
846; 3) the Senate July 31 passed 47-46 the bill (S 2230) con-
000 military construction bill (HR 10029-PL 94-138)
legislation it would present to the Senate to prevent future
mitments. They also complained that the refugee assistance
taining the partial lifting of the embargo and the broad-
cleared by Congress Nov. 19 included $13.8-million for con-
abuses by federal intelligence and law enforcement agen-
program was too vague and undefined, and that to
casting board's authorization; 4) efforts to bring the bill to a
struction of refueling facilities on Diego Garcia, a British-
cies.
authorize funds would be providing a "blank check" until
vote in the House before the Aug. 1 recess failed in a series
owned atoll in the Indian Ocean leased to the Defense
A parallel investigation also was underway in the
more definite plans were available. (Weekly Report p. 904)
of floor maneuvers, delaying House action until the Oct. 2
Department.
House, but that probe was beset with numerous
The rapid sequence of events in Cambodia and South
vote. (Weekly Report p. 2186)
The appropriations bill, however, prevented the expen-
organizational and procedural problems throughout the
Vietnam had generated congressional action on a number of
Sinai Accord. Congress gave final approval Oct. 9 to
diture of all but $250,000 of the Diego Garcia funds until
year. The investigation first was assigned to a 10-member
bills whose provisions reflected the changing military con-
the stationing of up to 200 American civilians in the Sinai
April 15, 1976, at which time the Ford administration was
select intelligence committee that was created on Feb. 19
ditions, with a variety of committees considering separate
as part of an Egyptian-Israeli peace accord negotiated in
required to submit a report to Congress on the results of
and chaired by Rep. Lucien N. Nedzi (D Mich.). (Weekly
bills dealing with Ford's military aid requests, refugee
September by Secretary of State Henry A. Kissinger. The
U.S. efforts to initiate negotiations with the Soviet Union to
Report p. 366)
assistance, troop authority and appropriations. As they
House and Senate had considered the ramifications of a
restrain the arms race in the Indian Ocean.
This panel, however, made little progress because of a
were overtaken by events, the bills were dropped or revised.
U.S. presence in the Middle East intermittently for more
Critics of the Pentagon's plans to expand the U.S. base
dispute between Nedzi and other committee Democrats. As
The refugee resettlement aid was the end result of
than a month before giving their approval to the resolution
at Diego Garcia have managed to hold off the project since
a result, the House July 17 dissolved the Nedzi panel and
Ford's April 10 request to Congress for $722-million in
(H J Res 683-PL 94-110) authorizing the President to im-
it was first proposed in 1970. On July 28, however, it ap-
transferred the job to a new committee with the same in-
military aid and $250-million in humanitarian assistance
plement that provision of the peace accord.
peared that construction would soon begin. At that time,
vestigating mandate, appointed a new chairman, Rep. Otis
for the then-tottering Saigon government. The House and
Some members were concerned that approval of the
the Senate voted down, 43-53, a resolution introduced by
G. Pike (D N.Y.), and three additional members.
Senate Armed Services Committees rejected the military
American monitors would commit the United States to a
Senate Majority Leader Mike Mansfield (D Mont.) to pre-
Beginning a series of public hearings in August, the
aid. In addition, Ford had asked for $222-million in ad-
more active role in the Middle East and imply acceptance of
vent the Pentagon from building a new 640,000-barrel fuel
committee focused on the cost of U.S. intelligence
ditional military assistance for Cambodia; Congress,
possible promises that Kissinger may have made to Egypt
storage facility that could supply an aircraft carrier task
operations; in September, the panel turned to evaluating
however, took no vote on the request before Cambodia fell
and Israel without the knowledge of Congress. Supporters
force for 28 days. (Weekly Report p. 1718)
the quality of intelligence provided U.S. leaders by the CIA
to the Communists April 16. (Weekly Report p. 835)
of the resolution argued, however, that the two countries
The construction bill also provided $1.2-billion for
and the other agencies.
Arms to Turkey. In a victory for President Ford,
had insisted on the presence of the Americans as a condi-
military housing projects, the largest item, and contained
Throughout the late summer and fall, however, the
Congress reversed itself Oct. 3 and cleared a bill (S
tion of their acceptance of the peace agreement and that re-
additional funds for dozens of new military facilities in the
committee often was thwarted in its attempts to obtain in-
2230-PL 94-104) partially ending an eight-month prohibi-
jection of the resolution by Congress would jeopardize the
United States and overseas. (Weekly Report p. 2571)
telligence data and reports from the executive branch.
tion on military aid and arms shipments to Turkey.
prospect for peace in the region.
Numerous subpoenas were issued by the committee, and in
A total ban, which had been approved by Congress in
The resolution was adopted overwhelmingly by both
Intelligence Committees. After almost three decades
late November the panel voted to hold Secretary of State
1974, took effect Feb. 5, 1975. It was in reaction to the
houses, but only after it was amended to include a number
of operating in closely guarded secrecy, the Central
Henry A. Kissinger in contempt of Congress. A last-minute
Turkish invasion of Cyprus in July 1974 in which U.S.-
of restrictions on the stationing of the Americans. (Weekly
Intelligence Agency came under unprecedented public and
compromise between the White House and the House panel
supplied armaments, intended for the defense of Turkey,
Report p. 2151)
congressional scrutiny in 1975. The Federal Bureau of
dissolved the contempt issue.
were employed in violation of U.S. foreign aid laws. The in-
Economic Aid. A two-year, $3.1-billion foreign
Investigation, the Defense Intelligence Agency, the
Like the Senate investigation, the House probe reached
vasion followed a Greek-inspired overthrow of the Cypriot
economic aid authorization (HR 9005-PL was sent
National Security Agency and other executive branch in-
the recommendation stage. The committee's mandate
government.
to President Ford Dec. 9. Final action on the bill marked the
telligence organizations also were subjected to critical ex-
would expire Jan. 31, and a final report was then expected.
The Ford administration had fought the embargo for
first time both houses had agreed to separating develop-
amination by the Senate and House Select Intelligence
Contempt Citations. Compromises between the ex-
more than a year and had tried several times to induce
ment assistance from military and security supporting aid.
Committees.
ecutive branch and two House committees prevented
COPYRIGHT 1975 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC.
COPYRIGHT 1975 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC.
PAGE 2852-Dec. 27, 1975
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Reproduction prohibited in whole or in part except by editorial clients
Dec. 27, 1975-PAGE 2853
Inside Congress 17
Inside Congress - 16
Required the Defense Department to begin disman-
desegregating schools is ordered by courts, and it appeared
contempt-of-Congress citations against two cabinet
three committees because of its broad impact if enacted.
tling the $6-billion Safeguard anti-ballistic missile (ABM)
the only way they could be prevented from ordering busing
secretaries from reaching the House floor in the closing
Commerce and Armed Services Committees reported it
system because the military determined that it was ob-
would be through a constitutional amendment barring the
days of the session. The controversy over congressional
favorably; Foreign Relations had reported it adversely.
solete.
practice. The Senate Judiciary Committee held hearings on
access to executive branch records involved Secretary of
Although the Senate had easily passed a similar bill in
Appropriated $87-million for acquisition of initial
several such amendments in 1975, but took no further ac-
State Henry A. Kissinger and the House Select Intelligence
1974 over administration objections, a closer vote was ex-
parts and materials needed to build the B-1 strategic
tion. In the House, a move to have the Democratic Caucus
Committee, and Commerce Secretary Rogers C.B. Morton
pected when the bill came up in 1976. A companion bill (HR
bomber, although Congress had not reached a decision on
instruct Democratic members of the House Judiciary Com-
and the House Interstate and Foreign Commerce Com-
200) was passed by the House Oct. 9. Supporters of the bill
whether the plane should go into production.
mittee to report out a constitutional amendment barring
mittee.
argued that it was necessary to protect the economically en-
Appropriated $132-million for continued research and
busing failed. (Weekly Report p. 2525)
The intelligence panel, headed by Rep. Otis G. Pike (D
dangered U.S. fishing industry; opponents countered that it
development of the Navy's F-18 combat fighter over the ob-
Sex Discrimination. Supporters of federal sex dis-
N.Y.), voted Nov. 14 to issue three contempt citations
would adversely affect U.S. foreign relations and violate in-
jections of congressional critics who wanted the Navy to
crimination regulations won the game when a House com-
against Kissinger. They were in response to his refusal to
ternational law. (p. 2895)
consider an alternative aircraft.
mittee refused to overturn several of the regulations, in-
hand over records on State Department requests to the
Rhodesian Chrome. An effort to stop the controversial
Appropriated $251.2-million in fiscal 1976 for construc-
cluding one that was intended to put women on an equal
Central Intelligence Agency for covert actions, and
importation of chromium ore from Rhodesia failed Sept. 25
tion of four aircraft (AWACS) equipped with sophisticated
footing with men in intercollegiate sports.
National Security Council documents dealing with Soviet
when the House rejected a bill (HR 1287) that would have
technological instruments to monitor and control any
It was the first test of a new procedure that gave
compliance with the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty
permitted the President to bring the United States back
future battlefield action in Europe.
Congress 45 days to review and disapprove any federal
(SALT) and with the NSC's Forty Committee's considera-
into compliance with U.N. economic sanctions against the
Cut $37-million from the Pentagon's fiscal 1976 $97-
regulations dealing with education programs. The sex bias
tion of covert activities abroad.
white minority government. A similar bill had failed in the
million advertising budget request because of the large
rules prohibited discrimination on the basis of sex in a wide
Pike announced Dec. 2 that the committee had received
93rd Congress when the House did not act on a Senate-
number of volunteers applying for military service caused
range of school practices-from admission policies to hous-
"substantial compliance" with its requests for the NSC
passed measure. The U.N. sanctions had been imposed in
by high unemployment levels.
ing and employment practices to sports.
records; the White House had made most of the Forty Com-
1966, but Congress passed the so-called Byrd amendment in
The House Education and Labor Committee referred
mittee papers available for inspection and had sent the
1971 that had the effect of permitting the Rhodesian ore im-
Health, Education and Welfare
back to subcommittee a resolution (H Con Res 330) that
SALT documents to the committee. Pike said the com-
ports in violation of the U.N. sanctions. The amendment
would have disapproved regulations dealing with grievance
mittee would not press those two citations. Finally, on Dec.
was named for its sponsor, Sen. Harry F. Byrd Jr. (Ind Va.).
ACTION COMPLETED
procedures and school evaluations. It also referred back to
10, he announced that substantial compliance also had been
The bulk of the opposition to HR 1287 came from a conser-
subcommittee a bill (HR 8395) that would have exempted
reached on access to the State Department records, making
vative coalition of southern Democrats and Republicans.
Education for the Handicapped. In the major educa-
revenue-producing intercollegiate sports from the
that citation "moot." President Ford claimed executive
(Weekly Report p. 2106)
tion legislation passed in 1975, Congress cleared a bill (S
regulations. Several male-dominated collegiate athletic
privilege in denying the records to the committee, but the
Defense Appropriations-Angola Aid. An 11th hour
6-PL 94-142) making an important new federal commit-
organizations had claimed that compliance with the
compromise allowed several committee members and staff
Senate battle aimed at shutting off U.S. military aid to two
ment to the education of handicapped children.
regulations would spell doom for revenue-producing sports,
aides to receive oral briefings on the contents. (Weekly
factions fighting a communist-backed group in the Angola
S 6 sought to assure the nation's eight million handi-
while women's organizations contended that women were
Report p. 2711)
civil war held up final congressional action on the $90.5-
capped children a free and appropriate public school
being excluded from opportunities to compete athletically.
The second clash was averted Dec. 8 when Morton
billion fiscal 1976 defense appropriations bill 9861) un-
education by expanding the authorization of appropriations
The House committee action killed both the resolution
agreed to turn over to a House Commerce subcommittee
til January.
and requiring school districts to educate or provide
and the bill. The Senate Labor and Public Welfare Subcom-
Commerce Department records on U.S. companies that had
The House Dec. 12 approved the conference report on
equivalent appropriate services to all handicapped children
mittee on Education held hearings on a similar bill 2106)
been asked to join the Arab boycott of Israel. Morton agreed
the bill, which the State Department said contained $28-
aged 3-21 by 1980. If the full authorization level were
regarding revenue-producing sports but took no further ac-
to deliver. the records to the Subcommittee on Oversight
million for the U.S.-backed Angolan forces, but when the
appropriated, the federal government by fiscal 1982 would
tion. (Weekly Report p. 1484)
and Investigations after its chairman, John E. Moss (D
bill reached the Senate floor Dec. 15, a coalition of senators
provide up to 20 per cent of the additional cost of educating
Health Services. After overriding a presidential veto
Calif.), assured him they would be treated "in consonance
led by John V. Tunney (D Calif.) insisted that an amend-
handicapped children, at an estimated cost of $3.2-billion a
by a wide margin, Congress in July renewed funding
with their asserted confidentiality." The action came on the
ment be added banning the use of any funds in HR 9861 for
year.
authority for a number of politically popular health ser-
eve of a full committee vote on the subcommittee's
the civil war in the African nation.
President Ford signed the bill reluctantly, saying it
vices and nurse training programs. President Ford, who
recommendation to cite Morton for his defiance of a July 28
This proposal was debated in open and secret sessions
raised false expectations since Congress could not
had pocket vetoed similar legislation in late 1974, argued
subpoena for the information. (Weekly Report p. 2708)
over a four-day period, filibustered by Republicans at the
appropriate the full amounts authorized and still expect to
that the bill was too expensive.
direction of the White House, but finally approved Dec. 19
bring federal spending under control. He said his ad-
As cleared, the measure PL 94-63) authorized a total of
on a 54-22 vote.
ministration would offer amendments to make the bill
ACTION NOT COMPLETED
$1.4-billion in fiscal 1976-77 for family planning, communi-
The amendment, which was attached to one of six in
more realistic. (Weekly Report p. 2591)
ty mental health centers and other health services
Foreign Military Aid. Neither the House Inter-
technical disagreement between House and Senate con-
Busing. A major congressional turnaround on the
programs. It also authorized $553-million in fiscal 1976-78
national Relations nor Senate Foreign Relations Com-
ferees, then was rushed to the House, but Speaker Carl
issue of forced busing occurred when several northern
for nurse training programs. The programs originally ex-
mittee completed markup of bills authorizing fiscal 1976
Albert (D Okla.) said there was no time to debate the
Senate Democrats, usually considered liberal on civil rights
pired in mid-1974. (Weekly Report p. 1668)
funding for foreign military and security supporting
Angola issue with adjournment only hours away.
issues, joined traditional opponents to fashion the toughest
Developmental Disabilities. Congress completed ac-
The fiscal 1976 defense bill, the largest in U.S. history,
assistance. Among other programs, the bills would
anti-busing language yet approved by Congress.
tion in late September on legislation (PL 94-103) expanding
authorize spending for military aid grants and training;
provided funds for Pentagon weapons programs, research
The final amendment, added to an appropriations bill
federal efforts to help the mentally retarded and others suf-
security supporting assistance for the Middle East
and development projects, maintenance and operations,
for the Departments of Labor and Health, Education and
fering from health problems known as developmental dis-
countries, including Israel, Egypt, Jordan and Syria, and
military and civilian salaries as well as retirement benefits.
Welfare (HR 8069), would bar HEW from ordering any
abilities. The final version dropped Senate-passed
for American civilians in the Sinai to monitor the Egyptian-
Although the bill fell $7.4-billion below the fiscal 1976
public school student bused beyond the school closest to his
provisions that would have set detailed requirements for in-
Israeli peace accord; U.S. government and commercial arms
funding level requested by the Ford administration, it was
home. The language was stiffer than that passed in 1974,
stitutions caring for the mentally retarded, but required
sales and proposed aid and sales to Greece and Turkey.
$7-billion larger than the amount appropriated by Congress
which barred busing beyond the school next closest to the
states to protect the rights of these individuals. (Weekly
for defense in fiscal 1975.
(Weekly Report p. 2817)
student's home. The House easily agreed to the Senate's
Report p. 2039)
As a result, action on the fiscal 1976 appropriations bill
Most of this amount, according to the Pentagon, was
amendment after defeating by a wide margin an attempt to
Older Americans Act. Rebuffing an administration
for both economic and military foreign aid was delayed
needed to keep pace with inflated costs of labor and
water it down.
proposal to end special employment programs for older
pending passage of the authorization measure. The fiscal
materials, but some "real growth" was also anticipated.
It was uncertain at year's end whether the amendment
workers, Congress cleared legislation (PL 94-135) in
1975 appropriations bill (HR 4592-PL 94-11) had not
As agreed to by a House-Senate conference committee
would take effect, however, since President Ford Dec. 19
November extending jobs, nutrition and other programs for
cleared until March 24, 1975, three-fourths of the way into
Dec. 11, HR 9861:
vetoed HR 8069 on grounds that it exceeded his budget re-
the elderly through fiscal 1978. The bill also banned un-
Reduced the administration's secret budget request for
the fiscal year. (Weekly Report p. 645)
quests. The House scheduled an override attempt for Jan.
reasonable discrimination on the basis of age in federally
intelligence activities by $168-million. This was the first
27.
funded programs and placed new emphasis on transpor-
Fishing Limits. A controversial bill (S 961) to extend
time that Congress had revealed any over-all funding deci-
Even if it becomes law, the amendment would have
tation, home health, counseling and housing repair
the U.S. fishing zone to 200 miles from the U.S. coastline
sion affecting the federal government's foreign intelligence
little real effect, since most busing for the purpose of
programs serving older Americans. (Weekly Report p. 2593)
FORD
awaited action in the Senate after it had been considered by
activities.
COPYRIGHT 1975 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC.
Reproduction prohibited in whole or in part except by aditorial clients
Dec. 27, 1975-PAGE 2855
COPYRIGHT 1975 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC.
PAGE 2854-Dec. 27, 1975
Reproduction prohibited in whole in part except by aditorial clients
Inside Congress 18
Inside Congress 19
Child Nutrition Programs. Congress Oct. 7 overrode
The House passed legislation (HR 5546) in July that
stantial bloc in Congress opposed the bill on grounds that
President's plan through Congress in five days. The
President Ford's veto of HR 4222, a bill to amend and ex-
would require medical students to repay some federal aid if
camp safety should be left to the states. (Weekly Report p.
President's position changed some minds, but opposition to
2641)
tend the school lunch and other child nutrition programs.
they did not practice in doctor-shortage areas after
any kind of aid remained strong in southern and farm
Social Security. The House Ways and Means Subcom-
The 397-18 House vote was the largest override margin of
graduation. The House rebuffed a drive by medical schools
states. (Weekly Report p. 2699)
and the American Medical Association to kill the repay-
mittee on Social Security held several hearings early in the
the year. The Senate vote was 79-13 to override.
Emergency Housing Aid. Congress scaled down
year on the financing of the nation's primary retirement
The bill (PL 94-105) extended existing non-school food
ment requirement.
legislation written to help the housing industry out of its
programs and expanded the school lunch and breakfast
After holding sporadic hearings on health manpower
program. Several studies have indicated that the system
slump after the House voted 268-157 in June to sustain
problems during the fall, the Senate Labor and Public
could go broke if changes in the financing or benefit pay-
programs. It increased the income eligibility level for
President Ford's veto of a broader aid measure backed by
Welfare Health Subcommittee was getting ready to draft
ment structure are not made within the next few years.
reduced-price lunches-those costing a maximum of 20
the Democratic congressional leadership. The final version
its version of the bill by the end of 1975.
The subcommittee plans to continue hearings in 1976.
cents-and made children of unemployed parents eligible
(Weekly Report p. 1302)
(PL 94-50), cleared right after the veto, allowed the Depart-
for free and reduced-price lunches.
A major administration policy shift cleared the way for
ment of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) to buy up
Ford wanted Congress to implement his block-grant
a possible compromise on the controversial legislation. The
Also early in 1975 Congress refused to act on a
$10-billion in mortgages carrying below-market interest
approach to child nutrition rather than extending the ex-
administration agreed in September to support a bill that
proposal by President Ford to put a 5 per cent ceiling on
rates, freeing private funds for mortgage lending at sub-
isting categorical programs. He said HR 4222 exceeded his
would cut off basic federal aid to medical schools that did
cost-of-living increases in Social Security benefits as an
sidized interest rates.
budget request by $1.2-billion and extended federal sub-
not reserve some of their first-year positions for students
economy measure. Benefits thus went up 8 per cent on July
Democrats argued that increasing housing production
who agreed voluntarily to practice in doctor-shortage areas.
1. (Weekly Report p. 439)
sidies to non-needy children. (Weekly Report p. 2161)
would help bring the country out of the recession and
Higher Education. Subcommittees in both the House
Food Stamps. The first legislative measure cleared by
(Weekly Report p. 2121)
reduce unemployment. The unemployment rate in the con-
and Senate began markups on legislation to amend and ex-
the 94th Congress (HR 1589-PL 94-4) barred the
Health Maintenance Organizations. The House
struction industry stood at almost 22 per cent in May, and
tend the federal higher education laws, including student
Agriculture Department from requiring users to pay more
passed a bill (HR 9019) in November that would ease re-
new housing starts fell to their lowest level in 28 years.
assistance programs. In the House, the Education and
toward the cost of food stamps. The bill became law without
quirements for federally funded health maintenance
The vetoed bill would have provided several types of
organizations (HMOs), alternative health care groups that
Labor Postsecondary Education Committee was working on
President Ford's signature. He had proposed the change in
assistance ranging from mortgage purchases to cash down
a bill (HR 3471) dealing solely with student grant and loan
the law to make it more equitable and to hold down federal
charge patients a set periodic fee paid in advance instead of
payment subsidies for middle-income homebuyers. Ford
programs. It also had completed hearings on a bill (HR
spending, but only 46 members of the House and Senate
a fee for each service actually provided. Sponsors argued
argued that the bill would cost too much and take too long
that the requirements made HMO plans too expensive to
3470) dealing with institutional aid and other programs.
voted to sustain his position, making a veto futile.
to put into effect. Key House members in the housing field
In the Senate, the Labor and Public Welfare Education
Congress did not complete the major overhaul of the
compete with traditional health insurance policies.
who opposed the original legislation put together the second
food stamp program it had planned in 1975. Although
The Senate Labor and Public Welfare Health Subcom-
Subcommittee had begun markup of an omnibus education
bill as a Ford-backed alternative to the leadership's
bill 2657) that also would extend the National Institute of
members agreed that reform was imperative, a $200,000
mittee started hearings on the bill in 1975, but took no
proposal. (Weekly Report p. 1435)
Education and the Vocational Education Act. Vocational
study of the program by the House Agriculture Committee
further action. Some observers believed that Edward M.
Kennedy (D Mass.), subcommittee chairman, would prefer
education in the House is under the jurisdiction of the
Variable Rate Mortgages. While it did not complete
was not complete and the Senate Agriculture Committee
had not begun to mark up legislation despite having held
giving HMOs subsidies to meet the requirements instead of
Education and Labor Elementary, Secondary and
any formal action, Congress effectively blocked a
Vocational Education Subcommittee, which held extensive
regulatory proposal to allow lenders to make mortgage
extensive hearings. Action from both committees had been
dropping the required standards. (Weekly Report p. 2471)
expected by the end of the year. (Weekly Report p. 305)
hearings on the program in 1975 and may hold more in 1976
loans carrying interest rates that would float up and down
Medical Malpractice. Congress briefly considered
before drafting a final bill. (Weekly Report p. 1035)
with the market over the life of the loan. Almost all
proposals that would have established federal programs to
mortgages carry fixed interest rates, and opponents of the
help doctors cope with the increasing unavailability and ris-
proposal argued that floating rates would hurt the con-
ACTION NOT COMPLETED
ing cost of medical malpractice insurance, but there was no
Housing/Community Development
sumer.
serious push for them. Insurers, doctors and lawyers all
The House passed a bill (HR 6209) to block the proposal
National Health Insurance. Political and financial
agreed that the problem should be addressed by the states.
ACTION COMPLETED
in May, and the Senate approved a similar, but non-
realities stalled congressional action on national health in-
(Weekly Report p. 771)
binding, resolution in June. Given congressional sentiment,
surance proposals again in 1975. Leery of the budget impact
Abortion. In a setback for abortion opponents, a
Aid to New York City. After one of the most heated
the Federal Home Loan Bank Board decided not to put its
of a major new social program, the administration
Senate Judiciary subcommittee Sept. 17 rejected proposed
legislative battles of the year, Congress Dec. 6 approved
proposal into effect without further discussion with
withdrew its support for health insurance legislation and
constitutional amendments to overturn a 1973 Supreme
federal loan assistance for financially ailing New York City.
Congress. (Weekly Report p. 1296)
major interest groups did not pressure Congress for speedy
Court decision striking down state restrictions on abortion.
action.
Although the city and New York state had taken drastic
Real Estate Settlement. Acting just before ad-
The subcommittee was not expected to reconsider the issue,
While neither panel made any substantive decisions,
steps to reduce the city's spending needs, New York had
journment, Congress Dec. 19 cleared legislation (S 2327)
shifting the spotlight to a House Judiciary subcommittee.
the Health Subcommittees of both the House Ways and
been expected to default without federal aid.
relaxing requirements of a 1974 law (PL 93-533) designed to
The House subcommittee may open hearings on the issue in
The final version of the bill (PL 94-143) allowed the
give consumers more information about the settlement
Means and House Interstate and Foreign Commerce Com-
early 1976. (Weekly Report p. 1988)
mittees held hearings on various health insurance
federal government to loan New York up to $2.3-billion a
charges connected to buying or selling a home.
proposals, staking out their conflicting jurisdictional claims
DES. Attempting to resolve a lingering public health
year through mid-1978 to cover the city's seasonal cash flow
The bill eliminated a provision of the 1974 law requir-
over the issue. The Ways and Means subcommittee held
controversy, the Senate in September passed a bill (S 963)
problems. New York would have to repay the loans each
ing mortgage lenders to give homebuyers a detailed list of
panel discussions with experts during the summer, asked
to suspend the use of diethylstilbestrol (DES) as a growth
year with interest.
settlement charges at least 12 days before actual
interest groups for their views during a month of hearings
stimulant in livestock until the government determined
Although city officials first sought federal help in May,
settlement. Instead, lenders simply would have to make
in November and planned more hearings in early 1976 in
that the drug does not pose a serious cancer threat to
Congress showed little interest in the subject until the fall,
available to homebuyers whatever cost information they
several cities across the country. Establishing its interest in
humans. The House Interstate and Foreign Commerce Sub-
after New York's near brushes with financial collapse
had on the day before settlement. Lenders, who had
the subject, the Commerce subcommittee held a short set of
committee on Health and the Environment began hearings
received widespread publicity. Congressional supporters of
flooded Congress with complaints about the law, had
hearings in December. (Weekly Report p. 2527)
on a similar bill (HR 9837) in December but did not com-
New York aid then began to argue that the national
argued that the 12-day advance disclosure requirement
Related legislation (HR 5970, S 625) to provide health
plete action. A second title of the Senate-passed measure,
economic impact of a city default might prove disastrous.
created unnecessary paperwork, increased lending costs
insurance for unemployed workers was approved by House
which was approved with little publicity, would increase
Opponents objected vehemently to the use of federal dollars
and caused moving delays. (Weekly Report p. 2779)
and Senate committees in early 1975, but sponsors never
the autonomy of the Food and Drug Administration within
to bail out a city that had spent with mismanaged abandon
"Redlining" Disclosure. Congress gave final
pushed for further action because of jurisdictional
the Department of Health, Education and Welfare. (Weekly
for years.
approval Dec. 18 to a bill (S 1281) requiring lenders to dis-
problems and administration opposition. (Weekly Report p.
Report p. 1955)
President Ford stood with the opponents until late
close how much mortgage money they provide urban areas.
1091)
Camp Safety. Long-debated legislation to require
November, when he decided to back limited federal
Disclosure was designed to prevent lenders from
Health Manpower. Congress postponed final decisions
states to adopt safety and health regulations for youth
assistance to maintain essential services. Ford argued that
"redlining," or discriminating arbitrarily against certain
on key health manpower issues until 1976 as debate con-
camps or submit to federally enforced standards was
the city and state had done all they could to bring New
city neighborhoods in their lending practices.
tinued over controversial proposals that would condition
passed by the House in April and reported in amended form
York's financial problems under control. Recognizing that
Community groups in some cities argued that
federal aid to medical schools on efforts to ease doctor
in November by the Senate Labor and Public Welfare Com-
other aid proposals they had prepared stood little chance of
"redlining" was a significant cause of urban decline.
shortages in rural and inner-city areas.
mittee (HR 46, S 422). The Ford administration and a sub-
becoming law, supporters of aid to New York rushed the
Lenders denied arbitrary discrimination, and Republican
COPYRIGHT 1975 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC.
PAGE 2856-Dec. 27, 1975
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Reproduction prohibited in whole or part except by editorial clients
Dec. 27, 1975-PAGE 2857
Reproduction prohibited in whole or in part except by aditorial clients
Inside Congress 20
Inside Congress 21
Included in S 2718 was $2.4-billion for high-speed
Airport Development-SST Flights. Having
passenger service in the Northeast corridor between
approved a six-month ban on U.S. landings by the British-
Presidential Vetoes, 94th Congress
Washington, D.C. and Boston.
French Concorde supersonic jet transport, the House Dec.
Earlier in the session, Congress approved legislation (S
18 passed legislation (HR 9771) authorizing $4-billion for
281-PL 94-5) authorizing $347-million in emergency
airport development and other aviation projects over a five-
(Through Dec. 23)
grants and loans for the bankrupt Penn Central and other
year period, fiscal 1976-80.
financially ailing Northeast and Midwest railroads un-
1. HR 1767 (Oil Import Fees)
House overrode Sept. 9; Senate overrode Sept. 10.
The narrow 199-188 vote adopting the anti-Concorde
dergoing reorganization. (Weekly Report p. 461)
amendment was the first successful attempt by either
Vetoed: March 4
(Weekly Report p. 1948)
Amtrak. The National Railroad Passenger Corporation
house of Congress to deny landing rights to the giant
No override attempt.
9. S 66 (Health Services)
(Amtrak) got its first multi-year authorization when
British-French airliner. The ban would not apply to Dulles
2. HR 4296 (Emergency Farm Bill)
Vetoed: July 26
Congress May 13 cleared a bill (HR 4975-PL 94-25) to
International Airport near Washington, D.C. The bill also
Vetoed: May 1
Senate overrode July 26; House overrode July 29.
authorize $1,118,000,000 through Sept. 30, 1977, for the cor-
opened the Airport and Airway Trust Fund for airport ter-
House sustained May 13. (Override attempt,
(Weekly Report p. 1668)
poration. The authorization included $63-million in
minal development and facilities servicing, revised the for-
Weekly Report p. 1045)
10. S 1849 (Oil Price Decontrol)
emergency supplemental funds for fiscal 1975. (Weekly
mula for distribution of trust fund monies and authorized
3. HR 25 (Strip Mining)
Vetoed: Sept. 9
Report p. 1046)
transportation department approval of long-term projects.
Vetoed: May 20
Senate sustained Sept. 10. (Override attempt,
Highway Jobs. Congress May 22 cleared legislation
Companion legislation was pending in the Senate
House sustained June 10. (Override attempt,
Weekly Report p. 1939)
(HR 3786-PL 94-30) to temporarily increase to 100 per cent
Commerce Aviation Subcommittee at adjournment. (Week-
ly Report p. 2900)
Weekly Report p. 1255)
11. HR 9497 (Tobacco Price Supports)
the federal support to states for certain highway and mass
transit programs. The bill was designed to reduce un-
Attempts in both houses to amend the transportation
4. HR 4481 (Emergency Employment Appropriations)
Vetoed: Sept. 30
employment and accelerate highway construction to ease
appropriations bill (HR 8365-PL 94-134) to prevent the
Vetoed: May 28
No override attempt.
the effects of the recession.
Concorde from landing at U.S. airports were narrowly
House sustained June 4. (Override attempt,
12. HR 4222 (School Lunch)
States could receive up to 100 per cent financing for
defeated. Unless HR 9771 were enacted within the six-
Weekly Report p. 1159)
Vetoed: Oct. 3
projects approved between Feb. 12, 1975, and Sept. 30, 1975.
month ban, a decision on a British-French application to be
5. HR 5537 (Tourism Promotion)
House overrode Oct. 7; Senate overrode Oct. 7.
(Weekly Report p. 1154)
allowed to make six flights daily to the United States would
Vetoed: May 28
(Weekly Report p. 2161)
Public Broadcasting. Giving public broadcasting a
be left to Transportation Secretary William T. Coleman Jr.,
No override attempt.
13. HR 12 (Foreign Missions)
prize sought since 1967, Congress Dec. 17 cleared for the
who had said he would make his decision by Feb. 4. (Weekly
Report p. 2682)
6. HR 4485 (Emergency Housing)
Vetoed: Nov. 29
President a bill (HR 6461-PL 94-000) authorizing long-
Vetoed: June 24
No override attempt.
range funding for the Corporation for Public Broadcasting
House sustained June 25. (Override attempt,
(CPB).
Postal Reorganization. In response to mounting com-
14. HR 5559 (Tax Cuts)
Weekly Report p. 1353)
Vetoed: Dec. 17
Designed to free public broadcasting from political
plaints about the inefficiency of the U.S. Postal Service, the
House Oct. 30 passed a bill (HR 8603) to return the financial
7. HR 4035 (Oil Pricing)
House sustained Dec. 18 (Override Attempt,
pressures, the bill authorized total funding of $634-million
Vetoed: July 21
Weekly Report p. 2763)
for the CPB over a four-year period (fiscal 1976-80).
control of the agency to Congress. In 1970 Congress
No override attempt.
Stations would receive funds under a matching formula un-
approved legislation reorganizing the postal service and giv-
15. HR 8069 (Labor-HEW Appropriations)
ing it independent financial status. The Senate did not act
der which the federal government would contribute $1 for
8. HR 5901 (Education Appropriations)
Vetoed: Dec. 19. Override attempt set for Jan.
on HR 8603 in 1975, but the Senate Post Office and Civil
each $2.50 raised by the public broadcasting stations.
Vetoed: July 25
27, 1976 (Weekly Report p. 2763)
House-Senate conferees rejected a controversial provi-
Service planned to hold hearings on the bill early in 1976.
(Weekly Report p. 2341)
sion added on the House floor that would have specified
that the anti-job discrimination portions of the 1964 Civil
Regulatory Reform. Congress failed to take action in
Rights Act applied to the CPB. (Weekly Report p. 2787)
opponents called the bill a step toward mandatory alloca-
tion on similar legislation in case a federal loan program did
1975 on the Ford administration's proposals to lessen
tion of credit. (Weekly Report p. 2779)
not prevent a New York default. (Weekly Report p. 2702)
federal regulation of the airline and trucking industries,
ACTION NOT COMPLETED
but did include some of the President's regulatory reform
proposals for the railroad industry in an omnibus rail bill (S
ACTION NOT COMPLETED
2718). (See action completed)
Transportation/Communications
Highway Program-Trust Fund. Dispute over the
Ford presented to Congress his plans to loosen federal
"Countercyclical" Aid. House conferees agreed in
Highway Trust Fund went unresolved in 1975 as the House
regulation of the railroads on May 19, his airline proposals
December to accept a Senate-passed proposal that would
ACTION COMPLETED
and Senate completed action on widely varying versions of
on Oct. 8 and his trucking and bus deregulation reforms on
authorize a new grant program of "countercyclical" aid to
legislation to extend the federal highway program for two
Nov. 13. His trucking and bus proposal, labeled the Motor
help state and local governments combat recession. Spon-
Rail Revitalization. Congress Dec. 19 cleared for the
years (fiscal 1977 and 1978).
Carrier Reform Act (HR 10909), would give the industries
sors of the proposal argued that state and local tax in-
President a bill (S 2718) authorizing up to $6.5-billion in
Critics of the trust fund, which in 1973 was opened for
broader rate-setting flexibility, end their antitrust exemp-
creases and service cutbacks would counteract federal ef-
financial assistance-grants and loans-for the nation's ail-
the first time to some mass transit funding, had hoped that
tions for ratesetting and price-fixing, and open the in-
forts to stimulate the economy.
ing railroads. Spokesmen for President Ford announced he
the 94th Congress would abolish the trust fund or
dustries to new competitors. Hearings were planned in 1976
The grants would go to state and local governments
would veto the measure.
reorganize it as part of a new national transportation
by the House Public Works and Transportation Subcom-
with unemployment rates higher than 6 per cent only when
The bill would lessen federal regulation of the rail
policy. But with warnings of nearly depleted funds for state
mittee on Surface Transportation and the Senate
the national unemployment rate exceeded 6 per cent. The
system, giving the railroads more flexibility in setting
highway programs, the highway lobby won an extension of
Commerce Subcommittee on Surface Transportation.
total cost of the 15-month program would be $1.9-billion if
freight rates.
the federal programs, and the trust fund, for two years.
the national rate stayed at its November level of 8.3 per
Although the legislation would provide funds for all
The Senate bill (S 2711), passed Dec. 12, featured a con-
Railroad Jobs. Although both the House and Senate
cent.
railroads, a large portion of the aid ($2.1-billion) would go to
solidation of existing narrow programs, increased flexibili-
passed legislation (S 1730) authorizing federal grants to put
The House held up final action on the proposal, part of
the Consolidated Rail Corporation (Conrail), the govern-
ty for urban highway programs and a new trust fund ap-
unemployed workers into jobs repairing and upgrading the
a local public works bill (HR 5247), until January. The bill
ment agency created to operate the bankrupt Penn Central
portionment formula to expedite completion of the Inter-
nation's railroads, the bill was not sent to a House-Senate
faces an almost certain veto. (Weekly Report p. 2792)
and other bankrupt Northeast and Midwest railroads
state Highway System. The interstate system received
conference committee to resolve differences before ad-
Municipal Bankruptcies. House-Senate conferees did
beginning in February 1976. (Weekly Report p. 2737)
priority attention in the House bill (HR 8235), which in-
journment.
not finish action before the end of the year on legislation
Congress gave the go-ahead to the reorganization of the
creased the existing funding levels for the system and ex-
The House-passed bill would provide $240-million in
(HR 10624) that would make it easier for cities like New
seven bankrupt Northeast and Midwest railroads by not
tended the authorization for interstate construction
federal grants, the Senate version authorized $700-million
York to adjust repayment of their debts through municipal
disapproving before a Nov. 10 deadline the final system
through 1988. Efforts to resolve the differing versions were
in grants and another $100-million in federally guaranteed
bankruptcy proceedings. President Ford had requested ac-
plan for Conrail. (Weekly Report p. 2469)
put off until the second session. (Weekly Report p. 2785)
loans.
PAGE 2858-Dec. 27, 1975
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Reproduction prohibited in whole or in part except by editorial clients
Reproduction prohibited in whole or in part except by editorial clients
Dec. 27, 1975-PAGE 2859
Energy and Environment 2
$1-billion for the operating expenses of the nuclear
was intended to consolidate these laws, remove the conflicts
Energy and Environment
materials research and development program, plus $25-
and fill in gaps in the authority they provide.
million for additional uranium enrichment production
facilities and $103-million for additional radioactive waste
Major Provisions
storage tanks.
As reported, S 507 gave the secretary of interior flex-
FORD ENDS STALEMATE, SIGNS ENERGY BILL
$985-million for national security programs operating
ible powers with which to manage the national resource
expenses, including $897-million for weapons systems,
lands. He was required to develop comprehensive land use
$71.4-million for laser fusion, and $16.6-million for nuclear
plans for the lands, to maintain an up-to-date inventory on
"This legislation. puts into place the first elements of a
within three years the rising prices allowed by PL 94-163
materials security.
them and their resources and to identify resource lands
comprehensive national energy policy," said President Ford
would result in the United States importing some 200,000
In addition, HR 3474:
with potential as wilderness sites. He was given authority
Dec. 22, announcing his decision to sign S 622 (PL 94-163),
barrels per day less than had been projected.
Authorized ERDA, for all nuclear programs and all
to acquire or sell resource lands, but was required to
the Energy Policy and Conservation Act. Congress had
non-nuclear programs except fossil fuel programs, to begin
reserve mineral interests.
cleared the omnibus energy bill for the White House Dec.
Final Provisions:
construction design work without specific congressional
The bill established a working capital fund of $3-
17. (Weekly Report p. 2766, 2689)
authorization: provided that funds provided by Congress
million to finance programs and services of the Bureau of
"The time has come to end the long debate over
would remain available until expended; authorized ERDA
Land Management. In addition, the bill authorized $40-
national energy policy," Ford said, explaining why he opted
ENERGY RESEARCH
to transfer funds to other agencies.
million for development of a comprehensive long-range land
for signing the bill in the face of intense opposition from
Allowed general reprogramming of funds for non-
use plan for the California desert national resource lands.
conservative Republicans, oil-state representatives and the
Congress late in December cleared legislation (HR
nuclear programs, with congressional notification, so long
S 507 also amended the Mineral Leasing Act of 1920 to
oil industry. The bill was "by no means perfect," Ford con-
3474) authorizing $5-billion in appropriations in fiscal 1976
as no major category was decreased by more than 10 per
increase to 60 per cent from 37.5 per cent the state share of
ceded, but it "provides a foundation upon which we can
for energy research and development. The bill authorized a
cent.
mineral leasing revenues paid under that law, reducing to
build a more comprehensive program." He urged Congress
proportional amount, totaling $1.27-billion, in the transi-
Amended the 1974 Federal Non-Nuclear Energy
30 per cent from 52.5 per cent the amount of revenues paid
to act in 1976 on other pending energy bills, including one
tion quarter, July through September 1976. (Weekly Report
Research and Development Act of 1974 to direct ERDA to
into the fund for reclamation of federal lands where
which would end federal price controls on new natural gas.
p. 2770)
set up a central source of information on all non-nuclear
minerals were under development. The bill authorized loans
(Weekly Report p. 2768, 2292)
As cleared by Congress, HR 3474 authorized for major
energy resources and technology.
to the states and their subdivisions to help them provide the
Most controversial of the provisions of S 622 were those
energy research and development programs in fiscal 1976:
Renamed the Holifield National Laboratory at Oak
public facilities needed to cope with the impact of mineral
which required Ford to continue federal controls on the
$498-million for fossil fuel research and development
Ridge, Tenn., as the Oak Ridge National Laboratory,
development.
price of domestic oil. In addition, the bill required an exten-
including: $117.6-million for work to produce liquid fuel
designating the heavy ion research facility there as the
sion of those controls to "new" oil, which is presently not
from coal (including $20-million for advance work on a
Holifield Heavy Ion Research Facility.
Final Action:
subject to federal price controls. This extension was re-
demonstration plant); $144-million for work to produce a
Forbade the air transport of plutonium by ERDA-ex-
quired by language setting $7.66 as the average maximum
gas-like fuel from coal (of which $35-million was for ad-
cept as required for medical application, national security,
per-barrel price for domestic oil, $1.09 below the present
vance work on two demonstration plants); $43-million for
public health and safety or emergency maintenance, or to
HELLS CANYON AREA
average. Administration officials indicated that this
research on the extraction and utilization of natural gas and
preserve the chemical, physical or isotopic properties of the
average would be attained initially by retaining the $5.25-
oil; $34.5-million for magnetohydrodynamics, and $19-
material-until ERDA certified to Congress that a safe con-
Congress Dec. 19 cleared for the White House a bill (S
per-barrel price ceiling for "old" oil-about two-thirds of
million for in situ processing of oil shale. (The House had
tainer had been developed and tested which would not rup-
322) to establish the Hells Canyon National Recreation
the oil produced in the United States-and by holding the
struck from the conference report on HR 3474 two con-
ture if the airplane crashed and exploded.
Area in Oregon, Idaho and Washington state to preserve
price of "new" oil to $11.28 per barrel. "New" oil sells at up
troversial sections: one authorizing loan guarantees for
Amended the Atomic Energy Community Act of 1955
the last free-flowing stretch of the Snake River.
to $14 per barrel.
commercial development of synthetic fuel-including liquid
to included Roane and Anderson counties, Tenn., in the
"This is the end of an almost quarter-of-a-century
By signing the bill, President Ford acknowledged
and gaseous fuels from coal; the other authorizing a
assistance payment programs authorized by that law.
battle to preserve Hells Canyon," said Sen. Robert W.
defeat-at least for the short term-of his effort to reduce
cooperative federal-private demonstration of in situ
(Congress and the Nation Vol. I p. 289)
Packwood (R Ore.) during final Senate consideration of the
consumption of oil and increase domestic production by
development of oil shale. Weekly Report p. 2770)
-By Elder Witt
bill Dec. 12. Passage of the bill, and its expected signing by
allowing the prices of this fuel to rise. This "conservation-
$173-million for solar energy research and
President Ford, ended a long effort by conservation and en-
by-price" philosophy had marked the major difference
development, including: $48-million for solar heating and
Committee Action:
vironmental groups to protect the last 101 miles of the river
between the administration approach to the energy
cooling, $32-million for solar thermal projects (including
from being dammed by electric utilities in order to increase
problem and that taken by congressional Democrats. Ford
$10-million for work on two test facilities), $36-million for
also said that he was removing, effective Dec. 22, the $2-
work on photovoltaic conversion, $22-million for wind
LAND MANAGEMENT
hydroelectric generating capacity for that area.
(Background, earlier action, Weekly Report p. 2602)
per-barrel oil import fee which he had imposed in two
energy conversion, and $11.5-million for ocean thermal
As sent to the White House, S 322 set up a 662,000-acre
stages earlier in the year to make imported oil more expen-
energy conversion.
The Senate Interior Committee Dec. 18 reported the
Hells Canyon National Recreation Area along 68 miles of
sive and thereby to reduce its volume and spur Congress
$56-million for research and development on geother-
National Resource Lands Management Act (S 507-S Rept
the Snake River on the Oregon-Idaho border. It included
into action. (Weekly Report p. 2400)
mal energy (including $10-million for advance work on two
94-583). The Senate did not act on S 507 before adjourning
this segment of the river in the Wild and Scenic Rivers
There had been estimates that the price rollback re-
geothermal power plants).
its 1975 session.
System, along with the headwaters of the nearby Rapid
quired by S 622 would result in a 2-3 cents per gallon drop in
$156-million for energy conservation research and
As reported, S 507 was virtually identical to S 424, a
River in Idaho. The bill also placed another 33 miles of the
consumer prices. But Federal Energy Administrator Frank
development, including: $55-million for end-use conser-
bill approved by the Senate in July 1974 which died at the
river under study for possible eventual inclusion in the
G. Zarb said Dec. 22 that consumers would see little, if any,
vation, $31-million for energy storage systems, $25-million
end of the 93rd Congress because the House took no action.
system, and provided that part of the national recreation
decrease in the price they paid for fuel due to increased
for advanced transportation storage systems, and $15-
(Detailed provisions, 1974 Almanac p. 806)
area would be set aside as wilderness.
costs, especially in imported oil, which producers can pass
million for urban waste conversion.
S 322 also expressly forbade the Federal Power Com-
through to consumers. If President Ford had not signed S
$158-million for fusion energy research and develop-
Background
mission (FPC) to license any new dams or water projects in
622, all federal price controls on domestic oil would have ex-
ment operating expenses, plus $23-million for the Tokamak
Sixty per cent of all federally owned property is ad-
the recreation area and deauthorized one dam already
pired, allowing fuel costs to rise rapidly. Under S 622, the
fusion test reactor and $27-million for intense neutron
ministered as "national resource lands" by the secretary of
approved for this stretch of the river. S 322 authorized
average per-barrel domestic oil price can rise up to 10 per
source facilities.
interior through the Bureau of Land Management (BLM).
$21.5-million for land acquisition and facility development.
cent a year. All price controls will expire after 40 months,
$506-million for fission energy research and develop-
Although this is the largest of several federal land systems,
Final action came when the House by voice vote Dec. 19
unless Congress acts to extend them.
ment operating expenses, including a $123-million ceiling
totalling 448 million acres, no single law sets out a state-
accepted two technical Senate amendments to the House
A White House fact sheet released Dec. 22 indicated
for work on the proposed Clinch River demonstration plant
ment of the purposes, goals and authority guiding its
version of S 322. The Senate had added the two
that the extension of price controls would produce an in-
in the liquid metal fast breeder reactor program.
management and use. Instead, more than 3,000 public land
amendments by voice vote Dec. 12. The Senate had first
crease, in the short term, of up to 150,000 barrels per day in
$222-million for the operating expenses of the naval
laws, often conflicting, incomplete and inadequate, set out
approved the bill June 2; the House had approved its ver-
the amount of oil imported into the United States, but that
reactor research and development program.
the statutory basis for administration of these lands. S 507
sion Nov. 18.
PAGE 2860-Dec. 27, 1975
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Dec. 27, 1975-PAGE 2861
Housing and Community Development
Economic Affairs
CONGRESS CLEARS REAL ESTATE SETTLEMENT BILL
NEW BUDGET SYSTEM SURVIVES FIRST YEAR INTACT
After House-Senate conferees worked out a last-
the range of charges likely to be paid when they applied in
The final score is not in, and probably will not be for
own goals. In 1975, House Republicans almost solidly op-
minute compromise, Congress Dec. 19 sent the President
writing for a mortgage loan.
at least a few years, but Congress' attempt to launch a
posed because they did not want to hold down social spend-
legislation (S 2327) that would repeal provisions of a 1974
Repealed provisions of a 1974 law 93-533) requiring
revolutionary new federal budgeting system appears to
ing. These same forces could emerge in the future to
law (PL 93-533) giving homebuyers the right to find out
lenders to disclose exact settlement costs at least 12 days
have succeeded.
the versions of the resolution.)
what real estate settlement charges they must pay at least
before actual settlement; instead, required the person con-
The effort in 1975 was the first serious one in decades
At various points, some liberal Democrats were op-
12 days before they complete the sale transaction. Common
ducting the settlement to make available for a homebuyer's
to coordinate all federal spending and taxing-the heart of
posed because they did not want to hold down social spend-
settlement charges, such as title insurance premiums, real
inspection whatever exact charge information he had on
federal government activities.
ing. These same forces could emerge in the future to
estate commissions and lawyers' fees, can add thousands
hand one business day before settlement.
Congress completed the first use of its new budget tools
plague the new system.
of dollars to the cost of buying a house.
Repealed provisions of the 1974 law barring lenders
Dec. 12 by placing a ceiling of $374.9-billion on spending and
The ceilings themselves contained a large hole.
While repealing the 12-day advance disclosure re-
from making a loan commitment if the seller did not inform
a floor of $300.8-billion under revenues in fiscal 1976.
Spending could exceed the limits because of unforeseen
quirement, the final version of S 2327 required lenders to
the buyer of the previous purchase price of a house bought
The resulting deficit of $74.1-billion was the largest in
rises in the "uncontrollable" parts of the federal budget
give homebuyers an estimated range of settlement charges
within the last two years that was not used as a place of
history. It astounded fiscal conservatives and displeased
such as Social Security and unemployment payments.
when they applied for a mortgage loan. Homebuyers also
residence by the seller.
some pro-spending liberals who believed Congress should
In 1975, Congress enacted the ceiling almost three
could find out whatever actual charges had been set at least
Clarified that provisions of the 1974 law prohibiting
do more to pump up the economy and reduce un-
months after the deadline that had been set for approval of
one business day before settlement.
kickbacks between those in the real estate industry did not
employment. In spite of these differences, key conser-
the resolution. That slippage raised doubts about whether
Other provisions of the bill killed requirements of the
apply to cooperative brokerage and referral arrangements
vatives and liberals in both houses came to the rescue of the
Congress could stay on schedule in 1976 when the entire
1974 law designed to disclose excessive profits by real estate
of real estate agents.
new budgeting system at critical points and prevented it
system will be in operation.
speculators and streamlined the paperwork involved in
Modified provisions of the 1974 law barring lenders
from being wrecked the first year in operation.
Nevertheless, participants in the process were pleased.
preparing a list of charges for use at settlement.
from collecting and holding in escrow more than one
The new tools were created by Congress in 1974 to halt
Muskie described the $300.8-billion ceiling as an "historic
Lenders had led a persuasive lobbying campaign
months' worth of advance property taxes and insurance
a long slide in congressional influence on government
leap forward.' He added, "This congressional budget con-
against the requirements of the 1974 bill. They argued that
premiums to allow two months' worth of escrow payments.
spending. There were many persons in Washington who
trol is in force a full year earlier than contemplated. What
the law created unnecessary paperwork, increased lending
Expanded the authority of the Department of Housing
thought the system would collapse under the weight of
was intended as a trial year has turned out to be a
costs and caused moving delays.
and Urban Development (HUD) to implement the 1974 act.
congressional power rivalries and political logrolling.
meaningful implementation of the Budget Act."
Opponents of the bill claimed that it would make it im-
Provided that the changes in the 1974 law would take
It appears, after the first year of operation, that the
possible for consumers to shop for the least expensive
effect upon enactment; allowed HUD to suspend the new
doubters misjudged the determination of key members of
disclosure requirements for up to six months.
New System Created
settlement services, the purpose of the original 12-day ad-
Congress to make the system work. Among those key
vance disclosure requirement. "This bill is an out-and-out
players were Sens. Edmund S. Muskie (D Maine) and Henry
Adoption of the second resolution in December was an
real estate industry triumph over the homebuying public,"
FLOOD AREA MORTGAGES
Bellmon (R Okla.) and Reps. Brock Adams (D Wash.) and
important milestone for Congress. The Senate and House
complained Rep. Leonor K. Sullivan (D Mo.).
Parren J. Mitchell (D Md.). Muskie and Adams are
had been plagued for years with a disjointed
The House ignored this argument and voted
Temporarily resolving a House-Senate dispute,
chairmen of the newly created Senate and House Budget
appropriations process that gave no over-all control of
overwhelmingly Nov. 17 to repeal the 12-day advance dis-
Congress Dec. 19 cleared a resolution (S J Res 157) to post-
Committees.
government funding to any unit on Capitol Hill or even to
closure requirement and simply require lenders to give
pone a ban on mortgage lending for existing property in
As a result of their determination, Congress in
the entire Congress itself. Unlike the executive branch,
homebuyers a range of possible charges when they applied
flood-prone communities that had not adopted land use
December cleared H Con Res 466, which specified for the
where the Office of Management and Budget had final over-
for a loan. The Senate insisted Dec. 8 that homebuyers
standards set by the Department of Housing and Urban
first time the total size of the federal budget. Passage of the
all control of federal spending, Congress dispersed the
should have the chance to find out exact charges at least one
Development under the national flood insurance program.
measure, called the second concurrent resolution on the
federal budget proposals to a variety of committees and
day before settlement. (Senate action, Weekly Report p.
The resolution would delay the mortgage lending ban,
budget, limited future congressional action on spending and
subcommittees-each power centers unto themselves.
2704, House action, Weekly Report p. 2524)
scheduled to take effect Jan. 1, to March 1, 1976.
revenue bills. Subsequent legislation that punctures the
As federal spending mushroomed in the 1950s and
House-Senate conferees resolved the stalemate Dec. 19
The House had maneuvered Dec. 16 to avoid going to
spending limits, creates new future spending authority
1960s, it became increasingly evident that Congress was
by deciding to give homebuyers the right to find out
conference before adjournment on a Senate committee
beyond that authorized in the resolution or violates the
whatever exact charges had been fixed by the day before
proposal (HR 9852) that would relax the mortgage lending
revenue requirements could be ruled out of order in either
settlement. The conference compromise did not require
ban. After the House acted, Senate opponents of the ban
chamber and thus be killed.
lenders, or others conducting a settlement, to make any
searched for a way to prevent it from taking effect on Jan.
The resolution was an act of self-discipline. It took
special effort to gather charge information by the day
1. (Background, Weekly Report p. 2780)
effect without the President's signature and could be
before settlement. The compromise also did not require
The Senate and then the House approved the com-
revised at any time Congress saw fit.
lenders to disclose any information in advance unless the
promise resolution to delay the ban by voice votes on Dec.
The resolution did not include use of all the budget con-
homebuyer requested it.
19, whisking the measure through Congress on the last day
trol devices Congress created in 1974. But it invoked the
The Senate and then the House adopted the report (H
of the session. The delay gave Congress time to consider the
basic ones. It put into effect binding spending and revenue
Rept 94-769) on the conference agreement by voice votes on
type of changes contained in HR 9852 in early 1976.
controls that had not been scheduled to take effect until a
Dec. 19, completing action before adjournment.
In an effort to hold down the federal cost of disaster
year later.
The President was expected to sign the bill.
aid, a 1973 flood insurance act (PL 93-234) required
designated flood-prone areas to participate in the federal
Problems Ahead
Provisions
flood insurance program and applied the mortgage lending
As cleared for the President, S 2327:
ban to non-participating communities that had not adopted
Although the system appeared to work the first year,
Allowed regional variations in the items included on a
land use standards designed to reduce flood damage. A 1975
there remained pitfalls for the future that could wreck it.
Sen. Edmund S. Muskie
Rep. Brock Adams
standard form setting forth settlement charges.
housing law (PL 94-50) had delayed the effective date of the
Probably the most serious was the reluctance of
Required lenders to give homebuyers a booklet describ-
ban for mortgages on existing property to Jan. 1. (1973 act,
ideological and political blocs in Congress to accept the dis-
Led fight for new budget system
ing common settlement charges and good faith estimates of
1973 A Imanac p. 667; housing bill, Weekly Report p. 1435) I
cipline of budget controls when that interfered with their
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Dec. 27, 1975-PAGE 2863
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Economic Affairs 2
Economic Affairs 3
The Budget Act also required members for the first
'Crosswalk' Problem
Muskie: 'You'll Have to Watch Us'
time to make choices and thereby set priorities. For ex-
ample, if Congress calls for more spending for health
The committees decided to omit the functional
Congressional Budget Deadlines
Washington lobbyists, who showed little interest
programs, it now must increase revenues through higher
category ceilings from the resolutions for practical as well
taxes, accept a larger deficit or balance the addition by
as political reasons. The budget process gave rise to a
October-December: Congressional Budget Office
in congressional budget reform in 1974, began paying
cutting other programs.
technical problem that Congress had never before had to
submits five-year projection of current spending as
more attention as the new system was readied for its
So Congress in 1975 began viewing the federal budget
concern itself with: the different ways in which the Presi-
soon as possible after Oct. 1.
first year of full operation in 1976.
as a balloon, which when squeezed in one place would pop
dent and Congress traditionally viewed the budget.
Nov. 10: President submits current services
"There weren't many people lobbying on (the 1974
up in another. "People are seeing for the first time where all
The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) groups
budget.
Budget Act) when it passed because there weren't too
the money is going, and I'm not sure they like it," said
government spending programs into the 16 functional
Dec. 31: Joint Economic Committee reports
many people who understood it," said Richard Warden,
House Budget Committee Chairman Adams.
categories. These include, for example, "Income Security,"
analysis of current services budget to budget com-
assistant legislative director for the United Auto
The Budget Act mandated a set of deadlines imposing
which comprises such programs as Social Security and un-
mittees.
Workers (UAW).
major changes in Congress' appropriations schedule. The
employment benefits; "Community and Regional
Late January: President submits budget (15 days
But nearly 100 lobbyists showed up for a budget
date for the beginning of the fiscal year-July 1-was
Development," including urban renewal, housing and some
after Congress convenes).
control conference organized by the labor-backed Coun-
pushed back to Oct. 1. This was to allow Congress time to
rural development programs; and "General Government," a
Late January-March: Budget committees hold
cil on National Priorities and Resources in early
complete the entire budget process before the fiscal year
catch-all category that contains the legislative and ex-
hearings and begin work on first budget resolution.
December 1975.
began. It had been decades since Congress enacted its
ecutive branch budgets.
March 15: All legislative committees submit es-
At one point a National Education Association lob-
appropriations by July 1. But the act also moved up action
Congress appropriates funds through 15 spending bills,
timates and views to budget committees.
byist complained to Senate Budget Committee
on appropriations and authorizations bills in order to make
most of which also cover a variety of programs. But the
April 15: Budget committees report first
Chairman Edmund S. Muskie (D Maine) that not
them conform to the deadlines for the two resolutions.
appropriations bills and the functional categories do not
resolution.
enough funds had been allowed for education
(Schedule, box p. 2865)
match. One of OMB's categories may include all or parts of
May 15: Committees must report authorization
programs. She asked if further reductions were likely.
four or five different appropriations bills, while any single
bills by this date.
"You'll have to watch us," Muskie replied.
1975 Plan
appropriations bill may comprise parts of six or seven of the
May 15: Congress completes action on first
OMB categories.
resolution. Before adoption of the first resolution,
The tedious job of matching bills with categories is
poorly equipped to handle almost infinite demands for
The Budget Act did not make the new process man-
neither house may consider new budget authority or
called "crosswalking." It is necessary if the targets and
datory until fiscal year 1977, beginning Oct. 1, 1976. But it
spending authority bills, revenue changes, or debt limit
federal spending with the finite resources of the Treasury.
ceilings Congress imposes on the categories are to be split
did permit earlier use of the mechanism for the fiscal 1976
changes.
The question was whether Congress could create and stick
into targets for individual bills.
budget.
May 15 through the 7th day after Labor Day:
to a system of establishing budget ceilings and spending
Budget Committee Chairmen Muskie and Adams
In order to acquaint Congress with the procedures, the
attributed their decision not to include the functional
Congress completes action on all budget and spending
priorities, and relate both in a rational manner to govern-
budget committees and the congressional leadership
authority bills.
ment revenues.
categories in the fiscal 1976 resolutions primarily to this
The attempt was made in the Congressional Budget
decided to implement major parts of the Budget Act for
Before reporting first regular appropriations bill,
crosswalk problem. They noted that the process would be
and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 93-344). The law
fiscal 1976. But they feared that the new timetable would be
the House Appropriations Committee, "to extent prac-
easier the following year, since they then would have a list
set up House and Senate Budget Committees to formulate
disruptive enough in itself, without the added burden of ex-
ticable," marks up all regular appropriations bills and
of how the bills fit into the functional categories.
over-all spending and tax goals, and a Congressional Budget
pected heated disputes over division of spending among
submits a summary report to House, comparing
Office (CBO) to provide Congress with technical informa-
various budget programs.
Other Handicaps
proposed outlays and budget authority levels with
Thus, the most significant part of the 1975 implemen-
first resolution targets.
tion about the economy and the budget. (1974 Almanac p.
In deciding to make 1975 more than just a trial run of
tation plan, announced March 3, involved the 16 individual
CBO issues periodic scorekeeping reports compar-
145)
the procedures, the budget committees began work on the
areas of the budget, called "functional categories." Under
ing congressional action with first resolution.
The law also created a complicated set of deadlines for
fiscal 1976 budget with several other big handicaps.
the plan, the first budget resolution, setting targets, was to
Reports on new budget authority and tax expen-
congressional action on the budget. The key dates each year
be enacted as provided in the law. But it was to contain only
The committees had to operate without benefit of a key
diture bills must contain comparisons with first
are May 15, when Congress is supposed to have completed
element called for by the Budget Act: a current services
action on a first concurrent resolution containing budget
the five total budget figures: outlays, budget authority,
resolution, and five-year projections.
budget. That is a projection by the Office of Management
revenue, deficit and the amount of the public debt.
"As possible," a CBO cost analysis and five-year
targets to guide committees as they process fiscal legisla-
tion during the summer months, and Sept. 15, when
Spending targets for the 16 individual categories, such as
and Budget of growth in the federal budget during the up-
projection will accompany all reported public bills, ex-
defense and health, were to be left out of the resolution.
coming fiscal year based on the current fiscal year, assum-
cept appropriation bills.
Congress is to replace the targets with spending ceilings
ing no changes in policy.
The March plan also called for adoption of the second
August: Budget committees prepare second
and a floor on revenues in the second concurrent resolution.
resolution no later than Sept. 15 "if practicable." The second
The object of the report is to give Congress a base line
budget resolution and report.
If the amounts adopted in the fall differ from those
measure was to replace the budget targets with binding
from which to measure proposed changes in spending and
Sept. 15: Congress completes action on second
adopted during the summer in actual spending and tax
tax law. It is due Nov. 10, about a month after the current
bills, Congress must reconcile the amounts before adjourn-
limits. But it was not to contain ceilings for the individual
resolution. Thereafter, neither house may consider any
categories. Later, in July, the budget committees an-
fiscal year begins and two months before the budget com-
bill or amendment, or conference report, that results in
ing. Once this reconciliation process is completed, the
limits in the second resolution become binding.
nounced that they had decided to proceed with the second
mittees each year are to begin hearings on the first resolu-
an increase over outlay or budget authority figures, or
tion for the next fiscal year.
resolution.
a reduction in revenues, beyond the amounts in the
Deadlines the committees decided to omit included the
Another impediment was the lack of a functioning
second resolution.
Sweeping Reform
April 1 CBO submission to the panels of a report on fiscal
Congressional Budget Office, the new agency that was to
Sept. 25: Congress completes action on reconcilia-
policy and budget alternatives; the May 15 deadline by
provide Congress with expert economic and budgetary
tion bill or another resolution. Congress may not ad-
guidance.
The process was a sweeping reform designed to focus
which time the legislative committees had to report all
journ until it completes action on the second resolution
program authorizations for the upcoming year; and the
It began operating in the late spring, but there was
Congress' attention in a systematic way on two broad
and reconciliation measure, if any.
budgetary concerns: national fiscal policy and national
deadline for Congress to complete action on all spending
delay in choosing a director and the agency did not begin
Oct. 1: Fiscal year begins.
bills seven days after Labor Day.
providing useful information until well into the year.
priorities.
All these deadlines were important to bringing
In the absence of a functioning CBO, the budget com-
The process requires members of Congress for the first
mittees relied on an interim task force headed by Samuel
time to vote on a deficit. Instead of treating spending and
appropriations and authorization activities in line with the
tioning without the budget committees-or the new budget
new budget mechanism. But the committees were afraid of
M. Cohn, former assistant director of the Office of Manage-
tax measures individually and separately, Congress is
process.
imposing too much reform too quickly. "We want flexibility
ment and Budget. The task force included budget experts in
forced to compare total spending with total receipts. In do-
The most threatening problem the process faced in
as we come to the first political crunch in this process, to
the General Accounting Office and the Library of Congress'
1975, however, and the one that nearly torpedoed it, was the
ing so, Congress must confront such fiscal policy issues as
Congressional Research Service.
the effect of the budget on inflation, unemployment and
avoid creating abrasions or brittleness," one Senate staffer
state of the economy. Congress had to vote on a budget
Still another problem was that by early spring the
said.
deficit while the nation was in a deep recession. "They were
economic growth.
traditional appropriations process had already begun func-
required to vote on the largest deficit in history," CBO
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Dec. 27, 1975-PAGE 2865
Economic Affairs 4
Economic Affairs 5
Director Alice M. Rivlin said. "They had never voted on a
nearly defeated the resolution. The vote was 200-196.
deficit before."
(Weekly Report p. 899)
The same forces came together again Dec. 12 for the
Impoundment Law Creates New Headaches in Congress
How It Worked
House vote on the final version of the second resolution
setting the spending ceiling. The margin of passage
One part of the new congressional budget law was a
The genesis of these disputes was in the various
As the year unfolded, it became apparent that the
narrowed to 189-187. (Weekly Report p. 2795)
direct product of former President Nixon's repeated
anti-impoundment proposals in Congress in 1973 and
process would face its most serious test in the House.
"The country desperately needs evidence that the
attempts to block federal programs he opposed by refus-
1974 that led to a hybrid compromise in Title X. The
House Budget Committee staffers attributed the
Congress is at least preparing to bring mounting federal
ing to spend money Congress had appropriated. That ef-
House asserted that Title X created new authority for
problems that arose in that chamber partly to the nature of
spending under control," Latta said just before the Dec. 12
fort-Title x of PL 93-344-may have produced even
fund withholding and allowed the President to propose
the House, where members stand for election every two
vote. "This resolution does nothing to provide such
more headaches for Congress.
deferrals for reasons other than administrative
years and thus are more closely attuned to such politically
evidence. It once again postpones the time when this
There is disagreement, even within Congress, about
housekeeping, but gave Congress the mechanisms to
sensitive issues as the size of the deficit and the unemploy-
Congress must accept such responsibility and get down to
exactly what Title X was intended to accomplish and did
overturn these actions. Deferring spending for purely
ment rate. House members generally seemed less willing
the necessary task of meaningful budget control."
accomplish. But there is considerable agreement that it
managerial reasons was allowed under the old govern-
than senators to bend their economic beliefs to compromise
However, the Budget Committee Chairman Adams had
created additional paperwork that often unnecessarily
ment budgeting procedures that PL 93-344 replaced.
for the sake of allowing the new budget procedures to
picked up important early support from committee member
consumes staff time. Congressional and executive
The Senate, on the other hand, argues that Title X
succeed.
Parren J. Mitchell (Md.), a liberal Democrat who had op-
branch employees who must deal with Title X generally
did not allow the President to defer spending for policy
Early in the process, Muskie gained the key support of
posed the first resolution on the original vote, saying the
agree that the compromise language in the title is vague
reasons. The new law gave the General Accounting Of-
the Senate Budget Committee's ranking Republican, Henry
targets did not provide enough economic stimulus. Mitchell
in many respects and is without sufficient legislative
fice, an arm of Congress, the power to review presiden-
Bellmon (Okla.), a fiscal conservative. Bellmon's continued
later changed his mind after serving on the Senate-House
history to explain Congress' intent.
tial proposals and rule on their appropriateness. After
support of the committee's recommendations for targets
conference to resolve differences between the versions
studying this dispute, the GAO's Comptroller General,
and ceilings, along with the support of most of the other
approved by the two chambers. "Despite the fact that I
Rescissions and Deferrals
Elmer B. Staats, in late 1974 supported the House view
committee Republicans, encouraged many Senate
think that there is not enough stimulus, I recognize that we
of the matter. The Senate, however, was unconvinced
Republicans to follow suit. This substantial minority
have preserved [the amount contained in the original House
Under current interpretation of the law, there are
and the issue continued.
backing, coupled with the overwhelming Democratic sup-
version]," Mitchell said. He added that he was "very happy"
two methods for Congress to review the President's
The alternative argument is that the President's
port for the resolutions, allowed the measures to pass the
to support the conference version.
proposal to delay or cancel spending-actions that were
basic budgetary powers are being whittled away. The
Senate by comfortable margins. (Weekly Report p. 2745,
Mitchell and another committee Democrat whose posi-
called impoundment during President Nixon's days but
criticism here is that under Title X previously hidden
2511, 899)
tion had been watched by House liberals, Elizabeth
were given other designations under the 1974 budget
budget juggling maneuvers of the executive branch are
In a September interview, Bellmon acknowledged that
Holtzman (N.Y.), continued to support the resolutions
law.
now exposed to public and congressional view and
his support in the committee was alienating some of his
through the rest of the year. Without their backing, it
If the President wants to withhold funds tem-
therefore to scrutiny. This exposure, along with
conservative constituents. "Most of them would like to see
seemed possible the resolutions would have been defeated,
porarily, perhaps because immediate expenditure would
Congress' power to block presidential anti-spending
the deficit reduced immediately,' he said. "But as you work
thus conceivably destroying the process.
be impractical, he can propose to defer their spending
proposals, worries some observers-generally officials
with the budget you begin to realize that the objective is to
until a later time. The President's deferral stands unless
in the executive branch. They fear that Title X, along
have the smallest budget we realistically can over the long
Functional Categories
overturned by a resolution of either the Senate or
with other new congressional authority provided in PL
haul, and by tightening down now, we wind up with a
While leaving the functional categories out of the
House.
93-344, may tip spending power toward Congress by
deeper recession and a larger total deficit."
resolutions on which Congress voted, the budget com-
If the President believes money should not be spent
destroying presidential control over the federal budget.
Bellmon added, "In my opinion this budget process is of
mittees decided to include targets for each category in the
at all, he may propose a rescission. In this case, both the
The changes, these critics argue, encourage executive
vital importance, and I was willing to give a little in order to
reports accompanying the resolutions. The category targets
House and Senate must approve the action within 45
agencies and departments to develop close ties with con-
hold the committee together and set the stage for effective
were not binding but showed how the committees arrived at
days. If the two houses do not act, the President must
gressional appropriations subcommittees that have the
work by the committee in future years."
the spending totals. They also were starting points for the
release the funds at the end of the 45 days. Some con-
power now to overturn presidential decisions on spend-
By contrast, substantial House GOP opposition to the
task of setting guidelines for individual spending bills.
gressional critics see this as one fault in Title x because
ing. "What we're talking about here is congressional
resolutions, led by the ranking minority member of the
After passage of the first resolution, the functional
the President can block spending for almost seven
government-and chaos," one executive branch budget
House Budget Committee, Delbert L. Latta (Ohio),
targets became a key element in the appropriations
weeks; Congress cannot force the expenditures to be
official said.
threatened enactment in that chamber. In the House vote
process. The House Appropriations Committee turned
made during that period.
Another criticism, probably the complaint most
on the first resolution May 1, an almost solid bloc of
repeatedly to the conference report on the first resolution
often heard in the first year of Title X operation, is that
Republicans and 35 southern Democrats, most of whom ob-
for guidance as it processed individual spending bills. "The
the requirements of the law were generating a mountain
jected to the size of the deficit target, coalesced with
Other Criticisms
question of whether a bill is above or below the resolution"
of paperwork. The complaint is that Title X requires for-
Democratic liberals who believed the targets did not
came up "all the time," according to Adams. "The chairmen
mal action on administrative matters and other
provide enough stimulus for the economy. Together they
call me up and ask me."
But the criticisms and the questions go far beyond
minutiae that were never brought through the system in
Muskie kept the report's figures constantly before the
that. A basic one is whether Title X created new
the past. For example, Title x requires executive branch
Senate when bills reached the floor for votes. "We treat the
authority-that is, gave the President new powers-to
budget officials to report to Congress many com-
resolution as if it did have functional categories," a Senate
withhold funds and cancel or greatly delay con-
paratively trivial amounts of money, some totaling only
aide said.
gressionally approved spending. The other side of this
a few thousand dollars, that are withheld purely for
issue is whether Title X and other parts of the new con-
reasons of managerial efficiency. A GAO spokesman es-
Styles
gressional budget law are eroding the President's fun-
timated that as much as 50 per cent of all deferrals fall
damental power to direct and control federal spending.
into this category.
As the year progressed, the two committees and their
chairmen developed contrasting styles. In the House,
Adams generally operated behind the scenes, meeting with
appropriations subcommittee chiefs to keep them aware of
As a result, Adams' work received less public notice.
The crosswalk procedure remained troublesome, par-
the targets.
Muskie became a steady presence on the floor of the
ticularly in the Senate. After the House would pass a bill
Because all spending bills originate in the House,
Senate whenever bills affecting spending came up. For each
and send it to the Senate, a Senate committee often would
Adams felt the critical point for influencing legislation was
bill he presented an analysis of how the measure fit into the
prepare its recommendations the same day. In some in-
in these subcommittees as the bills were being drafted. Sup-
targets and how passage might affect bills that remained to
stances the bill would go straight to the Senate floor for a
ported by intense Budget Committee staff work, Adams
be voted on in the same functional category. Although he
vote. In neither case would the Budget Committee have
Sen. Henry Bellmon
Rep. Delbert L. Latta
kept in close touch with the chairmen. "We've already done
rarely actively opposed a bill, he always made plain what
time to prepare its analysis of whether the measure con-
Conservatives who split on budget resolution
our work before the bills get to the floor," Adams said.
its impact would be on the over-all budget.
formed to the target. "It's something of a problem to get
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Dec. 27, 1975-PAGE 2867
Economic Affairs 6
Economic Affairs 7
people to think in terms of the categories instead of just the
The positions of the budget committees on bills also
deficit. But the budget committees insisted that their
key compromise between the House and Senate versions of
appropriations bills," said a Senate aide. When the time
helped the House and Senate override Ford's vetoes of the
higher deficit was due almost entirely to more realistic
the resolution, Congress agreed to replace these targets
came to vote, however, Muskie generally stepped in to pre-
child nutrition bill and the education appropriations bill
spending estimates.
with binding limits during the spring of 1976.
sent his analysis.
(HR 5901).
At one point during consideration of the resolution,
Muskie termed the final product of the process "a very
The complexities of crosswalking often dumbfounded
Ford had maintained that the nutrition bill still was
ranking Senate Budget Committee Republican Bellmon
tight budget." He said the $74.1-billion deficit was "the
some members nevertheless, including Senate
too expensive, despite House and Senate cuts resulting
declared that the $60-billion figure was "phony" and
lowest possible under the circumstances."
Appropriations Committee Chairman John L. McClellan (D
from budget committee pressures. The veto was overridden
charged a "lack of candor on the part of the Office of
Bellmon agreed. But he and others in the House and
Ark.). McClellan, who had been critical of the process from
397-18 in the House and 79-13 in the Senate. (Weekly Report
Management and Budget and the President."
Senate called for Congress in 1976 to review entitlement
the beginning because it infringed on his jurisdictional
p. 2161)
The narrow 200-196 vote in the House had come May 1
programs and other budget "uncontrollables" that had
authority, clashed with Muskie over the problem Sept. 17
Although spending in the education bill was well below
as that chamber adopted its original version of the
pushed spending estimates up so far above Congress' spring
during debate on the appropriations bill for the Departments
the first resolution target, it was higher than the amount
resolution. In a rare display of force moments before the
projections.
of Labor and Health, Education and Welfare (HR 8069).
Ford had requested. Adams and Muskie argued that allow-
vote, Speaker Carl Albert (D Okla.), Majority Leader
(Weekly Report p. 1984)
ing the veto to stand would repeal priorities Congress had
Thomas P. O'Neill Jr. (D Mass.) and Democratic Caucus
Outlook
Muskie had risen to give a 10-minute explanation of
set in the first resolution. The override vote was 379-41 in
Chairman Phillip Burton (D Calif.) had risen in rapid
crosswalking and to explain that the bill contained funds
the House and 88-12 in the Senate. (Weekly Report p. 1948)
succession to urge passage. They warned that defeat of the
It seemed likely that Congress would revise the budget
measure might destroy the whole budget process.
authority ceiling in 1976 to include the $2.3-billion in
spread over a half-dozen functional categories. He was
federal loans to New York that Ford signed into law Dec. 9
about to declare whether the bill complied with the targets
What It Accomplished
in the first budget resolution when McClellan interjected:
Interim
10481-PL 94-143). (Weekly Report p. 2699)
"Why did the Committee on the Budget find it
At several points during 1975 Rep. Holtzman and other
The budget mechanism's worst enemy in 1976 might be
The two budget committees, along with the
liberals complained that the new budget process was more
Congress itself. Political battles were sure to take place
necessary to make the process so confusing? I do not un-
Congressional Budget Office, spent the interim period
derstand how it works. Why could the committee not follow
an arithmetical exercise in toting up the requests of the
over setting budget priorities in the 16 functional
between the first and second resolutions tracking various
the appropriation bill so its analysis would be simple, un-
President and the actions of the appropriations committees
categories. And, having missed the Sept. 15 deadline for ac-
spending measures.
derstandable, and we would all know what we are doing and
than it was a congressional effort at setting national
tion on the second resolution in 1975 by three months,
CBO and the Senate Budget Committee issued separate
what we are expected to do?"
Congress seemed headed for trouble in meeting the full set
priorities.
scorekeeping reports showing how congressional action
"It is not quite that black and white," Muskie replied.
There was no question that the spending levels in the
of deadlines that will be operating in 1976.
compared with the first resolution. Most bills came in at or
"What we've got here is a kind of timetable that
second resolution were higher than those requested by the
below the targets.
nobody's ever lived by before, the kind of process that was
Inroads
President in almost every category, both in his original
During the same period, the budget committees divided
February budget proposal and in later re-estimates by the
never created before, and an attempt/to impose this on an
In the face of resistance from powerful senators such
into "task forces," which essentially served as subcom-
institution that's almost 200 years old and that's generated
as McClellan, the team of Muskie and Bellmon startled
Office of Management and Budget. Defense and foreign aid
mittees. The House's seven panels and the Senate's four
considerable momentum and habits over those years,"
many by their influence on floor action.
were the only categories that were lower.
reflected the larger House membership as well as the House
Muskie told Congressional Quarterly.
Muskie took the floor July 10 to state that an amend-
The second resolution's over-all outlay ceiling was $8.4-
committee's somewhat more detailed approach to func-
ment offered by George McGovern (D S.D.) to the school
billion higher than OMB's Oct. 21 projection of costs and
tional categories. Muskie had maintained that the com-
-By Donald Smith
lunch program (HR 4222) would add at least $150-million to
$25.5-billion higher than the President's original request.
mittees should not deal too explicitly with the categories so
the bill which, he said, already was $300-million over the
Much of the reason for the rising costs was inflation and
as not to preempt the appropriations subcommittees in
budget target. "The painful reality that led to the enact-
higher recession-related spending on such programs as un-
recommending individual pieces of legislation.
Final Action:
ment of the Budget Act is that we cannot meet all our
employment benefits and welfare.
The task force system produced some uncongressional
demands all at once all the time," said Muskie. "We must
Congress projected major net spending increases over
terminology and protocols, particularly in the Senate.
SMALL BUSINESS RELIEF ACT
establish priorities."
the President's budget in the education, manpower and
Instead of hearings, the Senate task forces called their
The Senate defeated the amendment, 29-61, prompting
social services category-$3-billion more than the $17.9-
sessions "seminars." In order to avoid the atmosphere of
Congress Dec. 17 cleared for the President a bill (HR
the bill's floor manager, James B. Allen (D Ala.), to declare
billion OMB Oct. 21 projection; health-$2-billion more
confrontation that often accompanies hearings, members of
5541) to help small businesses that sustained financial
that the Budget Committee "has earned its keep today."
than the $30.9-billion OMB estimate; and veterans benefits
the committee and witnesses shared long tables arranged
In another instance, the Senate Aug. 1 rejected on a 42-
and services-$900-million more than the OMB figure of
hardships because of inflation and energy shortages while
more like conferences. The members' regular platform
federal price controls were in effect from 1971 to 1974.
48 vote a conference report on the fiscal 1976 weapons
$19.1-billion.
seats were taken over by staff members and the press.
The defense category suffered a net loss of $400-million
The bill would allow a federal agency holding a fixed-
procurement bill (HR 6674) after Muskie declared that the
measure "will inevitably bust the budget target for national
from the $91.6-billion OMB estimate. Foreign aid was
Second Resolution
price contract with a small business to terminate the con-
tract without penalty if the business could show that it had
defense."
decreased by $200-million from $5.1-billion.
The Senate adopted the final version of the second
lost money or was likely to do so because of cost increases
Bellmon and other conservatives then joined Muskie in
The budget committees pointed out that the bulk of all
resolution containing the firm spending ceiling Dec. 11 by a
due to inflation.
an unusual alliance opposing a senator who usually gets his
the increases over the OMB projection reflected Congress'
comfortable 74-19 margin.
The agency could modify the contract to accommodate
way-Armed Services Committee Chairman John C. Sten-
determination that government programs would cost more
In the House, the coalition of Republicans, and conser-
higher prices if the modification would not cost as much as
nis (D Miss.). Bellmon declared that he supported a strong
than OMB estimated because of the recession.
vative Democrats opposed to the size of the deficit com-
The deficit projected by the second resolution, $5.6-
cancelling the contract and procuring the goods from
national defense. But, he added, "This country must be as
bined with liberal Democrats who wanted the budget to
another source.
prepared economically as it is militarily."
billion higher than the Oct. 21 OMB estimate, also hinged
reflect more stimulus to come within two votes of defeating
The bill also authorized agencies to extend contract
During the debate, Muskie also pledged to speak out
largely on the accuracy of forecasts. For example, OMB
the resolution, 189-187.
again against a conference version of the school lunch
assumed the government would earn $6-billion from leases
deadlines if energy shortages had caused delays. The bill
Spending in almost all categories in the second resolu-
to companies exploring the Outer Continental Shelf for new
applied only to contracts signed between Aug. 15, 1971, and
program, which contained some of the same elements of the
tion rose over the first-resolution targets, adding up to a
oil supplies. After much debate, Congress decided the most
Oct. 31, 1974, the period in which federal price controls
McGovern amendment. (Weekly Report p. 1737)
total increase of $7.9-billion in outlays. Again, the com-
the government would receive was $4.5-billion.
were in effect. HR 5541 was scheduled to expire Sept. 30,
The debate over the weapons bill brought into focus the
mittees attributed the rises almost entirely to re-estimates
1976.
effect of Congress' new budget approach. A Senate Budget
First Resolution
of "uncontrollable" budget items. "This is why we met all
The House passed the bill April 22 on a 402-0 vote. The
Committee aide noted, "Stennis was saying basically, 'Look,
the targets and the outlay figure went up,' Adams ex-
Senate did not take action until Oct. 30 when it passed an
the Senate bill was lower than the House bill, it went to con-
Congress adopted the first resolution May 14-one day
plained.
amended bill, 82-10, and requested a conference. (House ac-
ference, we (the Senate conferees) fought hard, we split the
ahead of schedule. The measure (H Con Res 218) set targets
As approved, the resolution contained non-binding
tion, Weekly Report p. 865)
difference, and that's what the process is all about.' Muskie
of $367-billion for total spending, and $298.2-billion for
targets for spending, revenue, budget authority, deficit and
House-Senate conferees filed their report (H Rept 94-
was saying, 'No, the process has been revised, the limits
revenues, with a resulting deficit of $68.8-billion.
the public debt for the transition quarter. That is the period
724) Dec. 12. The House adopted it by voice vote Dec. 15.
that we enacted in May are enforced both for the House and
On March 29, Ford had announced on nationwide
between July 1 and Sept. 30, 1976, when the government
The Senate adopted it by voice vote Dec. 17, clearing the
the Senate."
television that he was determined to adhere to a $60-billion
switches to a new fiscal year beginning Oct. 1. As part of a
bill for the President.
PAGE 2868-Dec. 27, 1975
COPYRIGHT 1975 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC.
COPYRIGHT 1975 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC.
Reproduction prohibited in whole or in part except by editorial clients
Reproduction prohibited in whole in part except by aditorial clients
Dec. 27, 1975-PAGE 2869
Economic Affairs 9
Economic Affairs 8
Senate Passage:
Proxmire's proposal was adopted as a substitute for
another amendment by John G. Tower (R Texas), top-
Tax Cut Passage:
FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
ranking Republican on the Financial Institutions Subcom-
mittee, and John Sparkman (D Ala.), the full panel's former
HOW THE 'GRINCH' FAILED TO STEAL CHRISTMAS
chairman. Their proposal would have deferred repeal of the
The Senate Dec. 11 endorsed a substantial broadening
checking account interest ban for five and one-half years
of bank and thrift institution powers to make the nation's
and required a Treasury study of the potential impact.
A lot of closed door negotiating-and a little bit of slap-
year he had been demanding. (Background, Weekly Report
financial system more efficient and competitive.
The Tower-Sparkman proposal would have delayed
stick-marked the maneuverings that led to the enactment
p. 2763, 2155)
By a 79-14 vote, the Senate sent the House its version
payment of interest on checking accounts at least until
Dec. 19 of a six-month tax cut extension combined with a
As House debate on the veto reached an end Dec. 18,
of wide-ranging federal regulatory revisions designed to
1982, compared to 1977 or 1978 under the committee bill.
non-binding congressional pledge to hold down federal
Majority Leader Thomas P. O'Neill Jr. (D Mass.) said: "Let
assure a steadier flow of private savings into financial in-
With Tower's and Sparkman's support, Proxmire's amend-
spending.
me tell this house the complete facts of life as they are right
stitutions-and through them to the nation's housing
ment split the difference by repealing the prohibition in
Senate Finance Committee Chairman Russell B. Long
now, Mr. Minority Leader and members on that side. I had
market.
1978 or in 1980.
(D La.) may have best summed up the prevailing mood
an idea that this was going to be a friendly veto and I think
The House, whose Banking, Currency and Housing
when he noted that neither the President nor Congress
many on the minority side did. I am kind of surprised at the
Committee was conducting a massive financial industry
NOW Accounts
wanted to be "accused of being the grinch that stole Christ-
opposition from the minority side to this. Let me just say
study, was expected to defer action on most of the
measure's complicated provisions until 1976.
After accepting that compromise, the Senate by a 37-55
mas."
this to the minority leader. There is no capitulation. This is
vote defeated Jesse A. Helms' N.C.) proposal to apply the
There were substantial differences of opinion as to
it."
While making some changes through floor
amendments, the Senate for the most part accepted its
same dates to repeal of the existing prohibition on
whether the President or Congress came off best in the ex-
Moments after the vote, an angry House Ways and
negotiable order of withdrawal accounts outside of New
change. And there was much dispute about whether the
Means Committee Chairman Al Ullman (D Ore.) said:
Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs Committee's
England states.
anti-spending language under consideration actually meant
"We're not going to take up this matter again" in 1975.
recommendations for allowing banks, savings and loan
Since NOW accounts essentially amounted to checking
anything.
associations and similar financial institutions to offer more
diversified services and expand their lending activities.
accounts that pay interest, Helms argued that they should
But it could not be contested that without some sort of
Not 'It'
go into nationwide use only at the same time that the
bill being passed by Congress and signed by the President,
But the Dec. 18 vote was not "it." Congress did take up
The panel's legislation in turn was based on the Ford
general ban on checking account interest was ended.
personal and corporate federal income taxes would rise Jan.
administration's sweeping proposals for revamping the
the matter again in 1975 and the Democratic leadership was
Subcommittee Chairman Thomas J. McIntyre (D N.H.)
1. And, as Sen. Long noted, no one wanted to be seen as the
forced to eat its words.
U.S. banking system along lines suggested by President
opposed Helms' amendment, arguing that NOW accounts
"grinch" who caused the tax increase.
Nixon's Commission on Financial Structure and Regulation
Members and lobbyists who worked on the issue told
in 1971. (Background, Senate committee bill, Weekly
were subject to regulatory requirements that allowed banks
Congressional Quarterly that a key part of the Democratic
to delay paying savings withdrawals for up to 30 days. But
Impasse
leadership's arguments before the override vote was that
Report p. 2630)
Key provisions of the measure accepted by the Senate
"while there is a technical difference between NOWs and
this was going to be Congress' last chance to extend the tax
would allow federally regulated thrift institutions to hold
checking accounts," Helms insisted, "there is no real
As late as midday Dec. 18, there seemed to be little
reductions. There were to be no more votes.
checking accounts, remove restrictions on negotiable order
difference."
chance of action in time to avoid a January tax increase.
Republican leaders, on the other hand, were reassuring
of withdrawal (NOW) accounts, broaden credit union
The House that day failed by 17 votes (265-157) to override
the members on their side of the aisle that if the veto was
lending powers and permit all financial institutions to pay
Other Changes
Ford's veto of a six-month extension of the tax reductions
sustained, there still was time to pass a compromise bill
interest on checking accounts.
The Senate stripped out two provisions of S 1267 to
(HR 5559). He had vetoed the measure because it did not
that extended the cuts and incorporated the sort of anti-
Other provisions would allow banks to hold corporate
protect the jurisdictions of other Senate committees.
contain the $395-billion spending ceiling for the 1977 fiscal
spending language the President was seeking.
savings accounts and make more real estate loans. The bill
With the banking committee's support, the Senate by
also would repeal interest rate ceilings on home mortgages
voice vote adopted:
backed by the Federal Housing Administration (FHA).
McIntyre's amendment to drop provisions repealing
The measure also extended for five and one-half years
tax preferences accorded savings and loan associations and
Individual Tax Cuts Under Final Bill
the existing Regulation Q authority for federal agencies to
substituting a new tax credit for mortgage loan interest
earnings. While allowing referral of those measures to the
(Full-Year Effect of Six-Month Tax Cut Extensions)
set interest rate ceilings on time deposits with a differential
giving thrift institutions a competitive advantage over
Senate Finance Committee, the amendment expressly
banks. (Interim extension, Weekly Report p. 2779)
made the bill's other provisions effective only upon enact-
Tax Liability
ment of the related tax law changes.
Richard (Dick) Stone's (D Fla.) amendment to delete
Married Couple,
Married Couple,
Married Couple,
Married Couple,
Senate Floor Action
provisions repealing interest rate limits on mortgage loans
Single Person
No Dependents
One Dependent
Two Dependents
Four Dependents
guaranteed by the Veterans Administration (VA). That left
Adjusted
The Senate agreed to several revisions in S 1267, all
the VA interest ceiling issue for study by the Senate
Gross
1974
Reduc-
1974
Reduc-
1974
Reduc-
1974
Reduc-
1974
Reduc-
proposed or endorsed by the top-ranking members of the
Veterans Affairs Committee.
Income
Law
tion
Law
tion
Law
tion
Law
tion
Law
tion
Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs Committee and its
Making other largely technical changes in S 1267, the
Subcommittee on Financial Institutions.
Senate by voice vote accepted Sparkman's amendments to
$ 3,000
$
138*
$ 95
$ 28*
$ 28
$300
$300
$300
Compromising differences among the panel's leaders,
specifically include loans for mobile homes and for home
5,000
491
127
322
192
$ 208
508
$
98
398
300
the Senate by voice vote accepted Chairman William Prox-
construction tied to long-term mortgages within the un-
6,000
681
147
484
200
362
429
245
445
$
28
228
8,000
1,087
182
837
229
694
239
limited residential lending category spelled out for savings
559
265
312
312
mire's (D Wis.) amendment to delay for at least an ad-
10,000
1,482
151
1,152
204
1,010
189
867
216
586
278
ditional year the repeal of an existing prohibition on
and loan associations.
12,500
1,996
180
1,573
177
1,408
163
1,261
147
976
210
interest-paying checking accounts.
To encourage savings and loan associations to broaden
15,000
2,549
180
2,029
180
1,864
180
1,699
180
1,371
210
their investment base-while retaining their traditional
17,500
3,145
180
2,516
180
2,329
180
2,156
180
1,826
210
Checking Account Interest
role as primary source of home mortgage loans-S 1267
20,000
3,784
180
3,035
180
2,848
180
2,660
180
2,285
210
would allow them to place up to 30 per cent of their assets in
25,000
5,230
180
4,170
180
Under Proxmire's proposal, financial institutions could
3,960
180
3,750
180
3,330
210
shorter term non-residential loans and investments.
30,000
6,850
180
5,468
180
5,228
180
4,988
180
4,508
210
start paying interest on checking accounts on Jan. 1, 1978,
Sparkman's amendments excluded from that 30 per cent
35,000
8,625
180
6,938
180
6,668
180
6,398
180
5,858
210
unless the Federal Reserve Board found reason to delay
limit mobile home loans and also construction loans for
40,000
10,515
180
8,543
180
8,251
180
7,958
180
7,373
210
their use for two additional years until 1980. As written by
the committee, the bill would have permitted interest-
homes on which an institution also held long-term
*Assuming Deductible Personal
paying checking accounts starting in 1977, with Federal
mortgages.
Expenses of 17 Per Cent of Income
SOURCE: Joint Committee on Internal Revenue Taxation.
Reserve authority to impose a one-year delay.
-By Tom Arrandale
COPYRIGHT 1975 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC.
COPYRIGHT 1975 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC.
Reproduction prohibited in whole or in part except by editorial clients
Dec. 27, 1975-PAGE 2871
PAGE 2870-Dec. 27, 1975
Reproduction prohibited in whole in part except by editorial clients
Economic Affairs 10
Economic Affairs - 11
With the failure of the override effort, the House
"escape clause" voiding the spending limitation in the event
appeared to be following through on the Democratic
of changing economic conditions or other unforeseen cir-
Amendment Text
Shortly thereafter, the anti-spending language was
leaders' vows. The House cancelled its formal recess and
cumstances."
adopted 82-0 and the package cleared for the House 73-7.
plans were made to hold pro-forma meetings until the
Sen. Walter F. Mondale (D Minn.) proposed some
(Vote 598 and 599, p. 2898)
beginning of the new session in January. This would have
minor wording changes suggested by Budget Committee
The following is the text of the "anti-spending"
prevented the President from calling the members back for
Chairman Edmund S. Muskie (D Maine). One change was
amendment to HR 9968 approved by the Senate
House Reaction
a special session to deal with a tax cut extension.
agreed to by the Finance Committee. However, Long balked
Finance Committee Dec. 19:
The House did not gree the measure with quite the
But, according to Rep. Barber B. Conable Jr. (R N.Y.),
at specifically mentioning the phrase "tax reform" as a
Congress shares the President's determination to
same good humor as the Senate.
second-ranking Republican on the Ways and Means Com-
way to increase revenues and thereby reduce the spending
reduce spending levels in order to reduce the national
Speaker Carl Albert (D Okla.) was upset. O'Neill was
mittee and chairman of the House Republican Policy Com-
cuts.
deficit.
upset. Ullman was upset. House Budget Committee
mittee, the Republicans felt certain that they held a suf-
"You mean 'tax increases' don't you?" Long said. "A
Congress affirms its commitments to the
Chairman Brock Adams (D Wash.) was upset. Democratic
ficient political advantage on the issue to force a com-
'tax reform' is a tax increase you approve of." The com-
procedures established by the Congressional Budget
freshmen who had hoped the leadership would show
promise.
mittee then decided to go along with the language as
and Impoundment Control Act of 1974.
firmness on the issue were upset.
proposed by Long (with the one change) and to tie up any
If the Congress recommends a continuation of the
Also unhappy were AFL-CIO lobbyists, who did not
Striking a Bargain
loose ends in floor debate.
tax reduction provided by this act for the remainder of
want to see the Republicans who voted to sustain the veto
That evening, work began on just such a compromise.
Roth moved to add the language to the tax cut and all
the calendar year 1976, Congress shall provide for
Long and Conable went to the White House to discuss the
12 committee members present voted "aye." After a brief
reductions in the level of spending which would
"get off the hook." The labor lobbyists were urging the
House to send the tax bill back to the White House with no
moment of procedural confusion, the panel voted on the
otherwise occur by $1.00 for each $1.00 of tax reduction
situation. They were accompanied by Sen. William V. Roth
(from the 1974 tax rate levels) provided in the fiscal
spending language.
Jr. (R Del.), a member of the Finance Committee, and by
question of linking the taxation-spending package to HR
year 1977, provided, however, That nothing shall
Ken Young, number-two man in the AFL-CIO's
Rep. Joe D. Waggonner Jr. (D La.), a member of the Ways
9968. This gave Sen. Carl T. Curtis (R Neb.) the opportunity
preclude the right of the Congress to pass a resolution
legislative department, worried that even a vague con-
and Means Committee. Waggonner is regarded as a leader of
he wanted to vote against the tax cut. The motion passed 11-
containing a higher or lower expenditure figure if the
cessiion on spending would give the Republicans a club to
the southern Democrats who back the administration on
1, with Curtis the lone dissenter.
Congress concludes that this is warranted by changing
use in next year's budget debate.
fiscal matters.
economic conditions or other unforeseen circum-
Ullman and Adams met with Albert and O'Neill to plot
As a result of that session, a move began to revive the
Floor Action
stances. [Emphasis in original]
strategy. Woodworth was put to work along with budget
tax cut extension by linking it with language that would call
About an hour later, the package was ready for Senate
This is the final text of the "anti-spending"
committee staff to draft another amendment. "Right now I
for spending reductions, but not set a specific ceiling.
floor debate. In general, the discussions centered on three
language as written by members of the House Ways
don't even know where the deal is being made," a senior
Senate Democrats had flatly rejected such a ceiling in a
points: 1) establishing legislative history that the spending
and Means and Budget Committees and approved by
Ways and Means Democrat observed that morning, "but I
lunchtime caucus that day. But, Long noted, "as far as I'm
limitation did not mean much, 2) establishing that the
the House and Senate later Dec. 19:
assume someone is making one."
concerned the rest of it is negotiable."
White House would sign the measure and 3) congratulating
Congress is determined to continue the tax reduc-
Eventually, the members of the Ways and Means and
Long said the White House did not draft his spending-
everyone concerned for having worked out the agreement.
tion for the first 6 months of 1976 in order to assure
Budget Committees were assembled behind the closed
reduction proposals. The language was put together, he
"We should keep in mind," Curtis said, "that a ceiling
continued economic recovery.
doors of one of the Speaker's rooms to go over the draft.
said, by Laurence N. Woodworth, the staff director for the
of a figure, or words committing us to restrain spending,
Congress is also determined to continue to control
"This isn't a meeting,' Ullman told a reporter, "we're just
Joint Committee on Internal Revenue Taxation.
are all about the same because none of them have any
spending levels in order to reduce the national deficit.
having an informal discussion."
Woodworth is the chief draftsman for Ways and Means and
authority beyond the statute and they are of limited
Congress reaffirms its commitments to the
Finance Committees' tax bills.
authority." Although Curtis was speaking against the bill,
procedures established by the Congressional Budget
White House aides apparently did indicate that Ford
his arguments were echoed by many of the measure's
and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 under which it
Republicans Pleased
would sign a compromise bill but the commitment was con-
has already established a binding spending ceiling for
proponents.
One of the participants who were happy with the turn
the fiscal year 1976.
tingent upon wording of the spending provision satisfactory
Muskie did much of the talking during the debate and
of events was Republican Conable. He noted that the
If the Congress adopts a continuation of the tax
to the President.
most of what he had to say was to point out why the Senate
reduction provided by this act beyond June 30, 1976,
Democrats might not be happy about the compromise but
and House Budget Committees did not have to pay a great
and if economic conditions warrant doing so, Congress
they were "boxed in." In any case, "the beauty of the
Committee Meeting
deal of attention to the spending language when they went
shall provide, through the procedures in the budget act,
arrangement," he added, "is that both sides can go away
The Senate Finance Committee assembled at 10:30 the
to work on the 1977 budget.
for reductions in the level of spending in the fiscal year
claiming a great victory."
next morning (Dec. 19) to consider a spending-taxation
Among other things, Muskie said that the nature of the
1977 below what would otherwise occur, equal to any
Confronted with a taxation-spending package, the
package. And it was pretty clear that a bargain was being
$28-billion budget cuts Ford plans to announce in connec-
additional reduction in taxes (from the 1974 tax rate
Democrats could vote against the spending ceiling without
struck.
tion with his 1977 budget would constitute one of the "un-
levels) provided for the fiscal year 1977: Provided,
also voting against the tax cut. Still, they could claim to
Long proposed that an anti-spending amendment be
foreseen circumstances" in the spending bill's escape clause,
however, That nothing shall preclude the right of the
have forced the President to abandon his $395-billion
added to the conference committee version of the six-month
because the President has not yet disclosed those cuts.
Congress to pass a budget resolution containing a
ceiling, while the Republicans could say the Democrats had
higher or lower expenditure figure if the Congress con-
extension. This, in turn, would be added as an amendment
cludes that this is warranted by economic conditions or
accepted the "$1 for $1" spending cut.
to yet another obscure House-passed bill pending in the
Starting Point
unforeseen circumstances. [Emphasis in original]
Some House Democrats caught the spirit immediately.
Senate. The chosen vehicle was a bill (HR 9968) to finance
Said Joseph E. Karth of Minnesota: "This represents a
Another point that emerged in the debate was that
the rebuilding of the American Falls Dam in Idaho. And,
terrible defeat for the President. He's had to back away
Congress was not committed to any specific starting point
Asked by Sen. Frank E. Moss (D Utah) whether the
from everything he's insisted on."
for good measure, Long had the Canadian railroad car
for calculating spending cuts. Ford's proposal is based on
legislation (vetoed along with the tax cut) thrown into the
language was "meaningless," Muskie replied: "I do not wish
Others, such as Abner J. Mikva of Illinois, were less
reducing projected budget increases so all calculations have
package.
to be made on the basis of estimates.
to overstress things. I do not wish to discourage the Presi-
pleased: "Of course the language is meaningless, but how
The three-paragraph spending amendment said that
OMB puts the 1977 fiscal year "current services
dent from signing the bill. But let me say that I think he
does it look if we said yesterday that we must not allow any
"Congress shares the President's determination" to hold
him." preserves all our prerogatives. It may mean something to
interference with the budget process but today we go ahead
budget" (what federal spending would be with no change in
down the national debt by reducing spending and affirmed
and do just that?" After about an hour, the committee
existing programs) at $423-billion. Subtracting the
Congress' commitment to the new congressional budget
members ended their "discussion" in the Speaker's rooms
President's $28-billion cut from $423-billion yields the $395-
process. (Amendment Text, box p. 2873)
Whimsical Note
by agreeing on substitute spending language.
billion ceiling.
However, the current tax reductions are at an annual
$1 for $1'
The Senate's tone in all this was occasionally whim-
White House Sounded Out
rate of approximately $16-billion, which would mean a
sical. For example, Sen. John 0. Pastore (D R.I.) rose after
The amendment also said that Congress would reduce
$407-billion ceiling. Further, Muskie challenges the $423-
the debate had been in progress for awhile to say: "I am
The draft was discussed with White House lobbyists
spending "$1 for each $1" of future tax cuts. Committee
billion base figure and says it could be as high as $430-
afraid that unless we stop complimenting one another and
and, apparently, with the President. Asked whether Ford
debate made clear that the "$1 for $1" phrase was the
billion. With a continuation of the existing cuts that means
get this bill to a vote, there will not be enough time for the
approved the new language, Ullman said only: "The Presi-
"equivalent" for the $395-billion ceiling. There also was an
a $414-billion ceiling.
House to join us in this venture."
dent hasn't said he wouldn't sign it."
The House version of the spending limitation said little
PAGE 2872-Dec. 27, 1975
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COPYRIGHT 1975 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC.
Reproduction prohibited in whole or part except by editorial clients
Dec. 27, 1975-PAGE 2873
Economic Affairs 12
Economic Affairs 13
more than the Senate text. There was a change in emphasis
"We're going to accept the House language," said Long.
As passed by the Senate, S 2498:
to suggest that if Congress acted in response to the measure
"They're trying to say the same thing as us but the tone
Established within the Small Business Administration
it would be because Congress wanted to. The "$1 for $1"
isn't nearly as much in the Christmas spirit as ours."
an office of export development, to be headed by an assis-
Common-Site Picketing Veto
phrase gave way to an "equal to" wording. But, by and
Roth and Scott said the President had not said outright
tant administrator, to promote small business interests in
large, the House version differed only in slightly more
that he would sign the bill. "The President made clear what
export markets.
Apparently heeding political warnings from his
awkward syntax.
he wanted," Scott went on to say. "If that is carried out,
Increased funds available for SBA's pollution control
own party, President Ford Dec. 22 announced that he
there is no obstacle to his signing it."
equipment lease program to $25-million from $10-million;
would veto HR 5900, the common-site picketing bill.
House Debate
On the floor, Roth, Long and Curtis dominated the
established a new program to let small business finance
Long sought by labor, the measure would have
House debate did not quite follow the same lines as the
proceedings, establishing the legislative history the White
pollution control equipment through sale of tax-exempt in-
allowed a local union with a grievance against one con-
Senate's. Ullman and Adams sought to demonstrate that
House requested. Muskie was present to listen but took no
dustrial revenue bonds.
tractor to picket all other contractors or subcontractors
the language would not interfere with the House's
active part. And Waggoner came over from the House to
Established a National Commission on Small Business
at the same construction site. Such picketing had been
prerogatives or the budget process. However, this was
keep an eye on the Senate proceedings.
to study factors affecting small business and to report to
ruled an illegal secondary boycott in 1951 by the
offset by the Republicans (and Waggonner) who sought to
With all that taken care of, the Senate agreed to the
Congress with legislative recommendations within two
Supreme Court; HR 5900 would effectively overturn
emphasize the measure's endorsement of spending reduc-
House version by voice vote. The President signed the bill
years; the commission would be composed of 11 members
that holding. (Final provisions, Weekly Report p. 2742)
tions.
Dec. 23.
appointed by the President.
As late as September, Ford had indicated publicly
The Republicans' efforts were impeded somewhat by
-By Al Gordon
Required the President to make a study of all federal
that he would sign the bill if certain conditions were
uncertainty as to whether the White House wanted the
disaster loan authorities and to report his recommen-
met. Those conditions, including the establishment of a
House language or the Senate language. Rhodes announced
dations to Congress by April 30, 1976.
Construction Industry Collective Bargaining Com-
finally that the White House preferred the Senate's draft.
Unfinished Business:
Increased the amount small business investment com-
mittee to bring stability to wage negotiations in the
However, the Republican leaders said they would go along
panies could borrow from the government to 300 per cent
building trades, were incorporated into the final bill.
with the House version.
from 200 per cent of private capital; increased the amount
But contractors and other businessmen opposed
Once again, O'Neill had a key statement to make. He
SBA AMENDMENTS
small business investment companies could borrow in "ven-
the bill, mounting an impressive mail campaign urging
noted that "I was determined yesterday that the final vote
ture capital" from the government to 400 per cent from 300
Ford to veto the bill. Perhaps more significant were
on the veto would be the final vote." However, he warned
Congress did not complete action in 1975 on a bill (S
per cent of private capital.
warnings from fellow Republicans that a decision to
the Democrats who were unhappy with the new bill that
2498) making several changes in the authority of the Small
Permitted small business investment companies to be
sign the bill could drive valuable political support and
the economic consequences of letting taxes increase would
Business Administration (SBA). The House and Senate
unincorporated entities; allowed banks to own 100 per cent
campaign contributions to Ronald Reagan.
be unacceptable. And he said the new draft enabled the
approved differing versions of the measure and the
of a small business' voting common stock.
In his message announcing his intention to veto
House to have "input" into the spending limitation.
differences were to be resolved in a conference in 1976.
Authorized SBA loans to local development companies
the bill, Ford acknowledged that he had said he would
HR 9968 then was adopted, 372-10. (Vote 611, p. 2898)
to acquire existing plant facilities.
sign HR 5900 if certain conditions were met, and that
But that did not settle the matter.
Senate Action
Increased the maximum amount of economic oppor-
those conditions had been fulfilled. Nonetheless, he
tunity loans to a small business to $100,000 from $50,000;
said, "after detailed study of the bill and after exten-
The Senate passed S 2498 Dec. 12 by a 69-5 vote. (Vote
One More Try
580, Weekly Report p. 2827)
increased the maximum amount of local development com-
sive consultations with others, I have most reluctantly
The White House made one more push to change the
The bill was reported Oct. 8 by the Banking, Housing
pany loans to $500,000 from $350,000; increased the max-
concluded that I must veto the bill. Unfortunately, my
and Urban Affairs Committee (S Rept 94-420), was referred
imum amount of regular SBA loans to $500,000 from
earlier optimism that this bill provided a resolution
language as the measure went back to the Senate for con-
$350,000.
currence in the House's amendment.
then to the Commerce Committee, and was reported by that
which would have the support of all parties was un-
House leaders had said they were presenting their
committee Nov. 26 (S Rept 94-501).
Made certain small farms and ranches eligible for
founded. As a result, I cannot in good conscience sign
assistance from the SBA.
As passed, the bill established an office of export
this measure, given the lack of agreement among the
language on a take-it-or-leave-it basis. They would not go to
conference on the matter, nor would they entertain another
development within the SBA, set up a National Commission
various parties to the historical dispute over the impact
House Action
vote. And the question of the House's willingness to deal
on Small Business, and eased funding for the acquisition of
of this bill on the construction industry."
further was rapidly becoming academic. Members were
pollution control equipment by small businesses.
The House passed S 2498 by voice vote Dec. 17 after
One potential consequence of Ford's action was the
leaving town for the Christmas recess. The possibility for a
Prior to passing the bill, the Senate adopted, 50-25, an
amending it to substitute the text of a narrower bill (HR
resignation of Labor Secretary John T. Dunlop, the
House quorum was rapidly vanishing and, indeed, an ad-
amendment by Jacob K. Javits (R N.Y.) and Gaylord Nelson
9056) that it had passed Oct. 6 by voice vote under suspen-
prime proponent of the collective bargaining com-
(D Wis.) that would enable certain small farms and ranches
sion of the rules.
mittee and the only Presidential adviser to urge Ford
journment resolution had been adopted and sent to the
Senate.
to qualify for assistance from the SBA. (Vote 577, Weekly
The House bill, reported from the Small Business Com-
to sign the bill. Dunlop told reporters Dec. 17 that
Nevertheless, Long, Roth, Muskie, Budget Committee
Report p. 2826)
mittee Sept. 26 (H Rept 94-519) contained only the
enactment of the bill would not lead to more strikes in
ranking minority member Henry Bellmon (R Okla.), Ma-
A second Javits-Nelson amendment that would have
provisions making small farms and ranches eligible for
the construction industry and that building trades
jority Leader Mike Mansfield (D Mont.), Majority Whip
provided aid to small businesses adversely affected by dis-
SBA assistance and authorizing sale of industrial revenue
negotiations in 1976 would be "unmitigated hell"
Robert C. Byrd (D W.Va.) and Minority Leader Hugh Scott
ruption of service from a utility such as telephones,
bonds to finance the cost of pollution control equipment for
without the legislation. When asked if he would resign
(R Pa.) were closeted behind the closed doors of one of the
small businesses.
if Ford vetoed the bill, Dunlop said, "That's a matter
electricity, natural gas or water was defeated, 28-46. (Vote
you think about after the fact, not before."
majority leader's offices.
578, Weekly Report p. 2826)
Joining in the two-hour discussion of the next move
The Senate adopted an amendment by Quentin N. Bur-
Although Ford vetoed the bill during the con-
Final Action:
gressional adjournment, his veto did not constitute a
were White House lobbyists John O. Marsh Jr. and Max L.
dick (D N.D.) that required the President to review all
Friedersdorf.
federal disaster loan authorities and report to Congress by
pocket veto and Congress in 1976 would have an oppor-
Finally, at approximately 7:30 p.m., a decision was
April 30, 1976, with legislative recommendations, including
RENEGOTIATION ACT EXTENDED
tunity to override it. An override, however, seemed
doubtful since neither the House nor the Senate
reached. Muskie and Bellmon emerged first, pausing
possible consolidation of some authorities. The amend-
momentarily to tell reporters: "Apparently we will accept
ment, adopted by a 64-10 vote, replaced a provision of
Congress Dec. 18 cleared for the President a bill (HR
approved the conference report on the bill with a
the House language along with legislative history to make it
the committee bill which would have transferred SBA's
11016) that would extend the Renegotiation Act of 1951 for
margin large enough to provide the two-thirds majori-
clear that it's the same as the Senate language." Muskie's
disaster loan authority to the Department of Housing and
nine months through Sept. 30, 1976. The act was scheduled
ty needed for an override. (House action, Weekly
tone of voice indicated a certain amusement at the idea.
Urban Development. (Vote 579, Weekly Report p. 2827)
to expire Dec. 31.
Report p. 2742, Senate action, Weekly Report p. 2796)
Long then came out of the room and confirmed the
By voice votes, the Senate also adopted two other
The act established a renegotiation board to review all
deal, adding that the floor debate would be supplemented
amendments: one to increase the authorization for SBA
defense and defense-related contracts to ensure that con-
siderable opposition from Republicans on the committee
with a statement from Ullman. In a news conference earlier
surety bond guarantees to $56.5-million from $35-million,
tractors were not receiving excessive profits. The House
and further consideration was postponed until 1976.
that evening, Ullman and Adams had agreed that there was
and one to allow SBA to make guarantee payments directly
Banking, Currency and Housing Committee Dec. 9 reported
Legislative Action
no "substantive" difference between the House and Senate
to the owner if the contractor and the surety company both
a bill (HR 10680-H Rept 94-699) making extensive reforms
in the Renegotiation Act but the measure encountered con-
The House passed HR 11016 Dec. 15 on a 395-5 vote un-
versions.
defaulted on their obligations.
der suspension of the rules. The bill would have extended
PAGE 2874-Dec. 27, 1975
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Dec. 27, 1975-PAGE 2875
Economic Affairs 14
the act for six months, through June 30, 1976. (Vote 577, p.
"It is incredible that the President of the United States
2820)
is willing to advocate policies which could lead to rising un-
Health/Education/Welfare
The Senate passed the bill by voice vote Dec. 17 after
employment at a time when the unemployment rate is
amending it to authorize the nine-month extension. Finance
already above 8 per cent," Humphrey said.
Committee Chairman Russell B. Long (D La.) said his com-
Ford's press secretary, Ron Nessen, said the JEC
mittee would need the additional time to develop reform
report was "brought to you by the same people who brought
legislation because it was committed to spending the first
you the recession of 1975." He said the report reflected "an
HOUSE REJECTS MEDICARE 'BUY-IN' PROPOSAL
half of 1976 on tax reform legislation. The House then
increasingly discredited philosophy" that larger deficits
agreed to the Senate amendment by voice vote Dec. 18,
lead to increased prosperity.
After throwing out a Senate proposal to allow in-
clearing the bill for the President.
I
Clarified provisions of a 1972 law (PL 92-603) so that
dividuals under age 65 to buy into the Medicare program for
OMB Report
they would not require medical peer review of the need for
the aged, Congress Dec. 19 cleared legislation (HR 10284)
the hospital admission of every Medicare and Medicaid
The OMB current services budget, released Nov. 10,
making a number of changes in the Medicare program.
patient.
Staff Report:
projected that spending in fiscal 1977 would rise to at least
Final action came when the Senate agreed to accept House
Corrected a technical error in existing law so that the
$410.7-billion and as much as $414.5-billion, with no
JOINT ECONOMIC COMMITTEE
changes in the heavily amended version of the bill passed by
monthly premium for physician services under Medicare
changes in policy.
the Senate Dec. 17. (Weekly Report p. 2783)
could increase to $7.20 from $6.70 on July 1, 1976.
Based on current law, the deficit could range from $31-
The House refused to accept the Senate provisions that
billion to $51-billion, according to the OMB report. The
would have allowed individuals aged 60 to 64 to buy into the
Stipulated that states need not comply with an existing
The Joint Economic Committee (JEC) staff warned
law requiring them to deduct, at the option of a welfare
Dec. 21 that President Ford's proposal to hold federal
variations were due to a range of assumptions about the
Medicare program at cost. Most individuals did not qualify
course the economy was likely to take.
for subsidized Medicare coverage until they reached age 65.
recipient, money needed to cover food stamp purchases
spending to $395-billion in fiscal year 1977 "could cause a
from welfare checks until Oct. 1, 1976.
severe setback to economic recovery."
The JEC evaluation praised the OMB report as
But the House agreed to two other key Senate
The staff report maintained that spending was more
"professional and competent." However, staff director John
amendments modifying an existing law (PL 92-603) requir-
likely to rise to $420.3-billion without any changes in
R. Stark said the JEC staff differed with OMB on some
ing local medical groups to set up professional standards
House Action
spending policy. And, it added, without major policy
economic assumptions and in some estimating techniques,
review organizations (PSROs) to monitor the quality of in-
changes, economic recovery "is likely to sputter out by 1977,
and that the JEC in some cases used more up-to-date infor-
patient care received by Medicare and Medicaid patients.
The House voted 371-16 under suspension of the rules
leaving unemployment on a very high plateau, probably
mation provided by the Congressional Budget Office.
These amendments would give physician groups that had
Dec. 19 to amend the broadened Senate version of the
about 7½ per cent."
Humphrey announced that he has asked OMB Director
not opposed the peer review program an extra two years to
original House bill. The amendment retained some of the
The 47-page report was an evaluation of the Office of
James T. Lynn to submit an updated current services
set up PSROs and enable doctors in a few states to place
new Senate provisions, reworked others and killed several
Management and Budget's (OMB) "current services
budget along with Ford's fiscal 1977 budget proposal in
control of a PSRO program under a state medical society.
altogether. (Vote 606, p. 2898)
budget," a forecast of fiscal 1977 federal spending based on
January 1976.
.
The original House version of the bill, approved Nov.
The more important Senate amendments rejected by
current policy.
-By Donald Smith
17, would have made only minor changes in the Medicare
the House would have set up the Medicare "buy-in"
Both the OMB and JEC documents were part of
program. (Weekly Report p. 2528)
program and restricted the medical malpractice liability of
Congress' budget-making procedures, which completed
PSROs. Dan Rostenkowski (D Ill.), chairman of the Ways
their first year of use in 1975. (Story, p. 2863)
and Means Health Subcommittee, argued that the House
According to the JEC report, the $395-billion spending
PUBLIC LAWS
Provisions
should limit the bill to non-controversial items or changes
ceiling, coupled with extension of the 1975 tax reduction
needed to extend deadlines under existing law. He said his
through 1977, could cause the unemployment rate to rise to
(Previous Public Laws, Weekly Report p. 2722)
As cleared for the President, HR 10284:
subcommittee would consider broader changes in the
an average of 8.7 per cent by the end of the calendar year,
Stipulated that federal reimbursements to physicians
Medicare program in early 1976.
with a higher inflation rate and a drop in the rate of real
PL 94-131 (S 24)-Provide the necessary statuiory authority for imple-
for care of Medicare patients in fiscal 1976 could not be any
The Senate-passed amendments accepted by the House
economic growth to below 2 per cent.
menting the Patent Cooperation Treaty. McCLELLAN (D
lower than comparable reimbursements in fiscal 1975.
included those changing implementation of the PSRO
However, an expansionary economic policy aimed at a
Ark.)-1/15/75-Senate Judiciary reported June 19, 1975 (S Rept
Extended to Jan. 1, 1979, from Jan. 1, 1976, the
program and making it clear that medical peer review com-
94-215). Senate passed June 21. House Judiciary reported Oct. 29
constant 4 per cent rate of unemployment would result in a
(H Rept 94-592). House passed Nov. 3. President signed Nov. 14, 1975.
authority of the Department of Health, Education and
mittees did not need to monitor the hospital admission of
full employment surplus of $66-billion by 1981, the report
PL 94-132 (HR 10585)-Increase by $195-billion the temporary public debt
Welfare (HEW) to waive a requirement that rural hospitals
every Medicare patient. The House also insisted on its
said. That amount would be available for new spending
limit until March 15, 1976. ULLMAN (D -11/5/75-House Ways
provide Medicare patients with the services of a registered
original version of provisions included in both the House-
programs, tax cuts and a budget surplus.
and Means reported Nov. 10, 1975 (H Rept 94-647). House passed Nov. 13.
nurse around the clock.
and Senate-passed measures.
Senate passed Nov. 13. President signed Nov. 14, 1975.
Contrary to Ford administration warnings that
PL 94-133 (S 2667)-Extend for one month until Dec. 15, 1975, the
Directed HEW to poll doctors in states where the
The House provisions reaffirmed Dec. 19 gave rural
income-support programs would take up increasingly
Emergency Petroleum Allocation Act. MANSFIELD (D Mont.) and
department had established more than one PSRO area as to
hospitals another three years before they would have to
larger chunks of the gross national product (GNP), the
JACKSON (D Wash.)-11/14/75-Senate passed Nov. 14, 1975. House
whether they preferred to establish a PSRO serving the en-
provide Medicare patients with round-the-clock care by a
report maintained that the ratio of entitlement programs to
passed Nov. 14. President signed Nov. 14, 1975.
tire state instead of several PSROs within the state; limited
registered nurse. The Senate voted to delay this require-
PL 94-134 (HR 8365)-Make appropriations for the Department of Trans-
the GNP was likely to decline between 1975 and 1981.
portation through Sept. 30, 1976 ALL (D Calif.)-6/26/75-House
the polling requirement to states where HEW had not
ment for only one year. The House also rejected a Senate
"The federal budget is not out of control," the report
Appropriations reported June 26, 1975 (H Rept 94-331). House passed
designated a group to serve as a conditional PSRO in any
move to require HEW to base increases in physician fees
declared.
July 10. Senate Appropriations reported July 22 Rept 94-291). Senate
PSRO area within the state.
under Medicare on regional economic indices instead of a
The report said improvement of government efficiency
passed, amended, July 25. Conference report filed in House Nov. 6 (H
If a majority of doctors responding to the poll in each
national index. Rostenkowski pointed out that HEW did not
and productivity, along with tax revisions, could produce
Rept 94-636). House agreed to conference report Nov. 11. Senate agreed
PSRO area within a state preferred the statewide approach,
have the data to develop regional indices in the near future.
to conference report Nov. 12. President signed Nov. 24, 1975.
from $30- to $35-billion by 1981.
PL 94-135 (HR 3922)-Enact Older Americans Amendments of 1975.
directed HEW to establish a statewide PSRO area.
While some House members grumbled that the Senate
While an expansionary federal budget would leave
BRADEMAS (D Ind.), PERKINS (D Ky.), QUIE (R Minn.), MEEDS (D
Authorized federal reimbursements for the cost of
had turned the bill into "Christmas tree" legislation, there
room for some increases in spending programs, full federal
Wash.), BELL (R Calif.), CHISHOLM (D N.Y.), PEYSER (R N.Y.),
PSRO activities carried out directly by a PSRO as well as
was little debate over the House amendment.
LEHMAN (D Fla.), JEFFORDS (R Vt.), CORNELL (D Wis.),
support of a national health insurance plan would require
PRESSLER (R S.D.), BEARD (R Tenn.), ERLENBORN (R Ill.),
those carried out by established hospital committees
additional tax support, the JEC staff declared.
ZEFERETTI (D N.Y.), ESCH (R Mich.), MILLER (D Calif.),
selected by a PSRO to carry out the required review.
Senate Action
ESHLEMAN (R Pa.), HALL (D Ill.), SARASIN Conn.), THOMPSON
Delayed the effective date of HEW's authority to
Reaction
(D N.J.), RISENHOOVER (D Okla.), DENT (D Pa.), GOODLING (R
designate a PSRO not controlled by a professional medical
Pa.), DANIELS (D N.J.) and HAWKINS (D Calif.)-2/27/75-House
JEC Chairman Sen. Hubert H. Humphrey (D Minn.)
group to Jan. 1, 1978, from Jan. 1, 1976; reaffirmed HEW's
The Senate cleared the bill by accepting the House
Education and Labor reported March 14, 1975 (H Rept 94-67). House
passed April 8, 1975. Senate Labor and Public Welfare reported June 25
authority to select a PSRO not controlled by physicians
amendment by voice vote later on Dec. 19, sending the bill
said the report's prediction of an ending of economic
(S Rept 94-254). Senate passed, amended, June 26. Conference report
after Jan. 1, 1976, in areas where the largest professional
to the President on the last day of the session.
recovery was "one of the most striking and disturbing con-
filed in House Nov. 17 (H Rept 94-670). House agreed to conference
clusions reached by this study." He called Ford's proposed
medical group or the state medical society had voted to
Finance Committee Chairman Russell B. Long (D La.)
report Nov. 19. Senate agreed to conference report Nov. 20. President
spending ceiling "a disaster."
signed Nov. 28, 1975.
oppose the program or had rejected a PSRO.
tried to soothe Senate sponsors of amendments rejected by
the House by pointing out that the Ways and Means Com-
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Dec. 27, 1975-PAGE 2877
Health/Education/Welfare 3
Health/Education/Welfare - 2
At adjournment, the House had approved a version
appropriate enough, grants to the states for reading
mittee had promised to review these proposals in 1976. I
persons who received welfare (Aid to Families with Depen-
which would have extended the act for two years, through
program leadership and training activities would have been
-By Elizabeth Bowman
dent Children). Long's amendment was adopted by voice
fiscal 1978, while the Senate version would extend the act
terminated unless HR 8304 was passed. (PL 93-380, 1974
vote.
for only one year, through Sept. 30, 1977. A quick resolution
A second amendment, by Mike Gravel (D Alaska),
Almanac p. 441)
of the issue was expected when Congress returned.
The bill also authorized $4-million in fiscal 1976 and
would exempt certain state payments to Alaskans from the
$18-million in fiscal 1977-78 for the Office of Education to
Bill Cleared:
definition of income so their Social Security payments
House Action
pay up to 50 per cent of the purchase price of inexpensive
SOCIAL SECURITY AMENDMENTS
would not be reduced. It was adopted by voice vote.
Finally, the Senate adopted by voice vote an amend-
The House passed HR 11045 Dec. 15 by voice vote under
books to be given to children to encourage them to read. The
ment by Frank Church (D Idaho) that would allow Idaho to
suspension of the rules. The bill authorized $740-million in
purchasing would be arranged through contract with a
Congress Dec. 19 cleared for the President a bill (HR
issue tax-free bonds to finance the reconstruction of
fiscal 1977 and $760-million in fiscal 1978 for matching
private organization such as Reading Is Fundamental Inc.
10727) aimed at reducing the backlog of cases appealing the
grants to the states to assist in vocational rehabilitation
The bill had been reported Dec. 12 by the House Education
American Falls Dam.
government's denial of Social Security benefits and making
programs for the physically and mentally handicapped.
and Labor Committee (H Rept 94-720).
other minor and technical changes in the Social Security
Final Action
Fiscal 1976 authorizations and appropriations totaled $720-
After House passage, the bill was not referred to a
million. The federal government provided 80 per cent of the
Senate committee but was amended directly on the Senate
laws.
A Senate-passed provision that would have amended
funds; the states, 20 per cent.
floor. The major Senate amendments provided for separate
the Work Incentive Program (WIN) was dropped from the
The bill then was returned to the House, which agreed
The bill also authorized $25-million in each of the two
authorizations for the two main grant programs under the
Dec. 19 to drop the WIN amendment and the American
fiscal years for innovation and such sums as Congress
National Reading Improvement Act and stipulated that
final version of the bill.
The House had passed HR 10727 Dec. 1 as emergency
Falls Dam amendment. (A House version of the latter
might appropriate for several other supporting programs,
only 1 per cent, rather than 3 per cent, of the state grants
legislation in hopes of providing some quick relief to the
amendment-HR 9968-became the vehicle for the tax cut
such as training, research and facilities construction.
could be used for administration. The Senate passed the bill
nearly 105,000 persons who were appealing the federal
legislation.) The House also postponed for one year, until Jan. 1,
There was no opposition to the bill voiced on the House
with those amendments by voice vote Dec. 17.
government's decision not to award them Social Security
floor. Its supporters said it was necessary to pass the bill
The House by voice vote then agreed to the Senate
retirement or disability benefits, Medicare payments,
1978, the Senate provision allowing employers to report
quickly so that states would know how much to allocate for
amendments Dec. 19, clearing the measure. There was little
Supplemental Security Income (SSI) payments or black
Social Security wages annually rather than quarterly.
matching funds.
debate on the bill in either chamber.
lung benefits. It often took months, even years, for the
The House then voted, 390-0, to suspend the rules and
According to the House Education and Labor Com-
The administration opposed authorization of the book
appeals process to be completed.
agree with the Senate amendments to HR 10727 as
mittee, which reported the bill Dec. 12 (H Rept 94-721), the
purchasing program, contending that the federal govern-
To ease the backlog, the House version authorized SSI
amended. (Vote 607, p. 2898)
act served 2,391,624 handicapped people and rehabilitated
ment should not fund a program that had received substan-
hearing examiners to hear Social Security and Medicare
Later in the day, the Senate agreed to the House
324,039 in fiscal 1975.
tial support from private contributors.
claims cases. It also gave applicants for SSI benefits the
amendments by voice vote, clearing the bill for the
same administrative and judicial rights enjoyed by
President.
Senate Action
applicants for Social Security and Medicare benefits.
The Senate passed the bill by voice vote Dec. 19 after
Provisions
HEW NOTES
Finally, it limited to 60 days the period of time in which
amending it to extend the act for only one year. The Senate
one could file an appeal of a denial of claim. (Story, Weekly
version also held authorizations at the fiscal 1976 levels, in-
Report p. 2734)
As cleared, HR 10727:
cluding $720-million for the state grant program, $42-
Gave applicants for SSI benefits the same ad-
Conference on Handicapped
million for innovation, $32-million each for research and
Senate Action
ministrative and judicial rights enjoyed by applicants for
training, $20-million for special projects and $1.5-million
The Senate Dec. 17 by voice vote passed S Res 154, ex-
Social Security and Medicare benefits.
for the Architectural and Transportation Barriers Com-
tending until December 1977 the time period in which the
Authorized hearing examiners for the Supplemental
pliance Board.
President could convene a White House Conference on
Committee
The Senate Finance Committee made several changes
Security Income and black lung benefits programs to hear
Jennings Randolph (D W.Va.), chairman of the Labor
Handicapped Individuals. The House, however, did not act
Social Security and Medicare claims cases.
and Public Welfare Subcommittee on the Handicapped,
and the resolution was not cleared before adjournment.
in the House version before reporting the bill (S Rept 94-
Decreased, after Feb. 29, 1976, to 60 days, from six
said his subcommittee would undertake a thorough review
The conference had been authorized in 1974 under a bill
550) on Dec. 12. It:
months, the amount of time an applicant had to appeal
of the rehabilitation act in late January. The House Educa-
(PL 93-516) extending the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. That
Postponed the effective date of the 60-day limitation
denial of a Social Security or Medicare benefits claim; in-
tion and Labor Committee also planned hearings.
I
bill gave the President two years to call a conference. But
for filing appeals until March 1, 1976.
creased to 60 days, from 30 days, the time period for appeal-
President Ford did not appoint the conference planning
Cut back on employers' tax reporting requirements by
allowing annual, rather than quarterly, reporting of Social
ing denial of a Supplemental Security Income claim.
Allowed annual, rather than quarterly, reporting of
Bill Cleared:
council for 10 months, giving it only 14 months at the most
to put together the conference, which also entailed smaller
Security wages.
Social Security wages after Jan. 1, 1978.
conferences at the state level. The council considered that
Required the Department of Health, Education and
Required the Department of Health, Education and
READING IMPROVEMENT
time period inadequate and recommended that the con-
Welfare (HEW) to give 18 months' advance notice before
Welfare to give 18 months' notice before making any
ference be postponed until September 1977.
making any changes in the way state and local governments
changes in the way state and local governments deposited
Congress Dec. 19 cleared for the President a bill (HR
deposited Social Security contributions.
Social Security contributions.
8304) that would continue federal funding for reading im-
Advertising by Doctors
Made technical changes regarding coverage for certain
Exempted certain state payments to Alaskans from the
provement programs and provide a new program of federal
The Federal Trade Commission's Bureau of Competi-
police and firemen in West Virginia.
definition of income to allow them to receive their full
subsidies to buy inexpensive books for distribution to
tion filed a complaint Dec. 22 accusing the American
Social Security benefits.
children.
Medical Association (AMA) of hindering competition il-
Floor Action
Made technical changes regarding Social Security
Final action came when the House agreed by voice vote
legally by barring its members from advertising their fees.
The Senate agreed to the Finance Committee
coverage for certain police and firemen in West Virginia.
to Senate amendments to the original House bill.
An administrative law hearing on the complaint was
amendments Dec. 17 by voice vote after adopting three
The House version, passed Dec. 15 by voice vote under
scheduled for Feb. 9, 1976.
amendments on the floor.
The most significant of the three was offered by
Action Not Completed:
suspension of the rules, made technical changes to
Because the AMA and state and local medical societies
authorize the U.S. Office of Education under the authority
prohibited their members from advertising under their
Russell B. Long (D La.), chairman of the Finance Com-
of the new National Reading Improvement Act to continue
codes of ethics, the complaint alleged that doctors' fees
mittee. It would direct persons required to register for the
Work Incentive Program to actively seek work and es-
REHABILITATION ACT
to fund the types of reading projects carried out under the
"have been stabilized, fixed or otherwise interfered with;
old Right to Read program. The National Reading Improve-
competition between medical doctors in the provision of
tablish an employment search program to assist them. The
Congress did not complete action on a bill (HR 11045)
ment Act, enacted as part of the Education Amendments of
such [medical] services has been hindered, restrained,
amendment would affect about 650,000 persons registered
that would extend the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. The act
1974 (PL 93-380), replaced the Right to Read program but
foreclosed and frustrated." The bureau also argued that
in the WIN program but not enrolled in any WIN
placement, training, or employment program. The WIN
had been extended through fiscal 1976 in 1974. (1974
only allowed certain state grants if a certain amount of
patients had been deprived of information that would help
money was appropriated. Since Congress did not
them choose a doctor.
program was designed to give job training and experience to
Almanac p. 428)
COPYRIGHT 1975 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC
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Dec. 27, 1975-PAGE 2879
COPYRIGHT 1975 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC.
PAGE 2878-Dec. 27, 1975
Reproduction prohibited in whole part except by editorial clients
Health/Education/Welfare 4
TEXT OF FORD VETO OF LABOR-HEW FUNDS BILL
Politics
Following is the White House text
billion total in this bill add significantly to
adopted. In addition, the increases provided
of President Ford's Dec. 19 veto of HR
the already burdensome Federal deficits
for this year would raise expectations for
8069, a bill making fiscal 1976
expected this year and next, but the in-
next year's budget and make the job of
appropriations for the Departments of
dividual increases themselves are un-
restraining spending that much more dif-
justified, unnecessary, and unwise. This
ficult. Thus, this bill would contribute to
LABOR AND THE DEMOCRATS: A TENUOUS ROMANCE
Labor and Health, Education and
bill is, therefore, inconsistent with fiscal
excessive deficits and needless inflationary
Welfare and related agencies. (Story,
discipline and with effective restraint on
pressures.
George Meany may have taken the AFL-CIO out of
Weekly Report p. 2731)
Furthermore, if this bill became law, it
The Road to New York
the growth of government.
Democratic Party politics, but much of organized labor is
I am not impressed by the argument
would increase permanent Federal employ-
that H.R. 8069 is in line with the Congress'
ment by 8,000 people. I find it most difficult
not leaving. Unions may be more important to the
TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESEN-
TATIVES:
to believe the majority of the American
nominating process in 1976 than they have been in any re-
The goals of the coalition are simple. Its members want
second concurrent resolution on the budget
to be part of the convention decisions in New York City next
I return without my approval H.R.
and is, therefore, in some sense proper.
people favor increasing the number of
cent election year.
8069, the Departments of Labor and
What this argument does not say is that the
Labor activity is obvious in nearly all the early
summer on the Democratic Party's platform and nominee.
employees on the Federal payroll, whether
"It makes no sense to us that we would go into a crucial
Health, Education, and Welfare Appropria-
resolution, which expresses the Congress'
by Congressional direction or by other
primary and caucus states-in Iowa, where unions are
tion Act, 1976.
view of appropriate budget restraint,
means. On the contrary, I believe the
dividing their support a half dozen ways to get as many
presidential year and have nobody on the convention floor
overwhelming majority agree with my view
labor-minded delegates to the national convention as
representing labor," said Girard Clark, political director of
As you know, I have just vetoed H.R.
approves a $50 billion, or 15 percent, in-
5559, which would have extended for six
crease in Federal spending in one year.
that there are already too many employees
possible; in Florida, where labor is coalescing around
the public employees' union. AFSCME is a key participant
months the temporary tax cut due to expire
Such an increase is not appropriate budget
in the Federal Government.
in the coalition.
former Democratic Gov. Jimmy Carter of Georgia in order
on New Year's Eve, because it was not ac-
restraint.
I am returning this bill without my
to deal Alabama Gov. George C. Wallace a serious setback;
Clark said the coalition's goal is 400 to 600 convention
companied by a limit on Federal spending
Effective restraint on the growth of
signature and renewing my request to the
the Federal Government requires effective
Congress to approve a ceiling on Federal
in New Hampshire, where Democratic Sen. Birch Bayh of
delegates friendly to labor-union members, spouses of
for the next fiscal year. H.R. 8069 is a
limits on the growth of Federal spending.
Indiana is gambling that labor endorsements will lift him to
union members, or persons who work closely with unions,
classic example of the unchecked spending
spending as the best possible Christmas
which I referred to in my earlier veto
This bill provides an opportunity for such
present for the American people.
the top of the liberal pack.
such as labor lawyers. It is a realistic goal, coalition leaders
think. There are six million members in the nine coalition
limitation. By itself, this bill would add
Many of these labor moves are local, the product of
message.
H.R. 8069 would provide nearly $1
$382 million to this year's deficit and would
GERALD R. FORD
decisions made as far down as the shop steward or business
unions. There are 200 congressional districts in which the
billion more in spending authority than I
make next year's deficit $372 million more
The White House,
agent level in the different states. But they also reflect a
unions have a combined average of 20,000 members.
had requested. Not only would the $45
than if my recommendations had been
December 19, 1975
national policy, made in Washington, D.C., by the
Union officials disagree about just what the target
leadership of nine unions working together as the Labor
number of labor delegates is, and some of them deny there
Coalition Clearinghouse.
is one. But they agree about one thing: It is more important
Senate Passage:
The unions in the coalition are the Communications
to get the labor people to New York than to get them to sup-
will remain an illusionary dream." (Justice Department
Workers of America (CWA), the United Auto Workers
port anyone in particular before they arrive.
appropriation, fiscal 1976, Weekly Report p. 2104)
ANTITRUST FUNDS
CON: Roman L. Hruska (Neb.), ranking Republican on
(UAW), the International Association of Machinists, the
"The whole theory we're working on," said Bill
the subcommittee, warned that the bill would undermine
Graphic Arts International Union, the American Federa-
Holayter, political director of the Machinists, "is it doesn't
The Senate Dec. 12 passed by voice vote a bill (S 1136)
appropriated funds" by creating a seaparate funding
tion of State, County and Municipal Employees (AFSCME),
matter who you're for-we want delegates to the conven-
tion."
designed to increase funding for federal and state antitrust
category for the Justice Department's antitrust division.
the International Union of Electrical, Radio and Machine
law enforcement.
And he said it would upset "the established division of
Workers, the Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers, the
Reported jointly by the Commerce and Judiciary Com-
responsibilities between the authorizing committees and
United Mine Workers (UMW) and the National Education
Conflicting Theories
mittees, the measure would set specific authorization levels
the appropriations committees of Congress by setting max-
Association (NEA). All but the UAW, UMW and NEA are
In some states, the coalition unions will cooperate in
in fiscal 1976-78 for the Justice Department's Antitrust
imum funding levels years in advance for relatively small
AFL-CIO affiliates.
supporting a variety of candidates, placing labor friends on
Division and the Federal Trade Commission's Bureau of
components of larger appropriations."
Nearly all the coalition unions played an active part in
several different slates in the same primary or caucus. If
Competition and permit the two agencies to increase their
The Ford administration opposed the bill for similar
the "Labor for McGovern" movement in 1972, even after
the convention deadlocks, according to theory, the labor
litigation staffs.
reasons.
Meany, the AFL-CIO president, refused to support South
delegates can shed their first-ballot commitments and par-
The bill also included a three-year grant program to
Hruska added that the state grant program, which
Dakota Sen. George McGovern, the Democratic nominee.
ticipate in a labor caucus that could determine the eventual
help states improve their antitrust efforts. A "declaration
would provide up to $10-million a year in fiscal 1976-78, was
Officials of these unions have remained in close contact
nominee.
of policy" section linking industrial overconcentration to
an unnecessary new aid program that would mushroom in
since, in battles over party reform and at the midterm
One top labor official, whose union is not a member of
unemployment, inflation and inefficiency was removed
Democratic conference in Kansas City, Mo., in late 1974.
the caucus, thinks the strategy is nonsense. "My own
future years.
from the bill on the Senate floor. (Committee report, Week-
Before the bill was passed, the Senate approved by
And when Meany announced in February 1974 that the
theory," he said, "is that we ought to stay the hell out of
ly Report p. 2642)
voice vote Hruska's amendment striking the policy sec-
AFL-CIO itself would not be involved in 1976 Democratic
partisan politics. I think it was stupid to go to Kansas City
tion. Hart said he agreed to the amendment only because
politics, the nine unions decided they would be.
in 1974. We ought to sit back in our pristine purity and be
Floor Debate
the session was almost over and he wanted the bill passed.
wooed So you get two spots out of 30 delegates, or four
spots out of 30-what does that mean? When you elect labor
PRO: Philip A. Hart (D Mich.), chairman of the
Provisions
delegates, they may or may not be willing to go the way
Judiciary Sbucommittee on Antitrust and Monopoly, ex-
plained the theory behind the bill. "Without adequate
As passed by the Senate, S 1136 would:
labor in Washington wants."
funding and staffing, it is unrealistic to expect effective en-
Authorize for the Justice Department's Antitrust Divi-
But that is a minority opinion. The people who formed
forcement of the antitrust laws," he said. "Continued
sion
and the Federal Trade Commission's Bureau of
the Labor Coalition Clearinghouse believe that in a
Competition up to $25-million each in fiscal 1976; $6.25-
brokered convention, any bloc that can keep its stability can
neglect will inexorably lead to ever increasing economic
million for the transition period; $35-million in fiscal 1977
be decisive. And they are convinced labor is as likely to keep
regulation, and possibly nationalization, of vast segments
of the economy."
and $45-million in fiscal 1978.
that stability as anyone else who will be at the convention.
Hart said that the $21.6-million appropriation
Authorize both agencies to hire an additional 25
But while they hope for that kind of role, the coalition's
Congress gave the antitrust division in fiscal 1976-an in-
"supergrade" employees to improve antitrust litigation ef-
leaders are careful to play down its influence. "It's not a
fight with George Meany," said Mikel K. Miller, political
crease of almost $5-million over the previous year's
forts.
total-was a result of the publicity generated by hearings
Authorize the attorney general to distribute to the
director of the Communications Workers. "We have no goal
states up to $10-million a year in fiscal 1976-78 to provide
of 500 delegates or 1,000 delegates. We don't have a can-
on S 1136. "If Congress does not provide appropriate input
George Meany
Alexander Barkan
seed money for improvement of antitrust enforcement
didate already picked. We don't intend to take our delegates
through the authorization process," he said, "it is clear to
Labor Leaders Watching and Waiting
and impose our will on the convention We feel it is very
me that adequate appropriations for antitrust enforcement
programs.
COPYRIGHT 1975 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC.
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COPYRIGHT 1975 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC.
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Dec. 27, 1975-PAGE 2881
Reproduction prohibited in whole or in part except by editorial clients
Politics 2
Politics 3
important to become involved in the internal affairs of the
willing to say he believed it. "It's nonsense," said one union
dividual. He has mobilized most of the vice presidents and
Democratic Party."
official, "and I'll tell you why it's nonsense. We're just not
other top officials of the Minnesota AFL-CIO in
that well-organized. It implies a discipline that we don't
Humphrey's behalf. "We're doing everything possible to get
"It doesn't matter
COPE's Stance
possess. Do you think it could be done and not kept secret?
Humphrey delegates to the convention," Roe told CQ.
who you're for-we
The AFL-CIO Committee on Political Education
How many hundreds of people would you have to silence to
Roe, whose background is in the building trades, said
(COPE), headed by Alexander Barkan, does not disown
do that? The labor movement is not the CIA."
he disagrees with Meany's attempt to take the federation
want delegates to the
what the coalition unions are doing. Meany himself con-
Somewhere between "grand design" and "personal pi-
out of the Democratic Party. "I don't think we should let up
convention.
que" is the theory that most of those interviewed by CQ said
at any time," he said. "You can't turn this on and off like a
doned some union activity at his traditional Labor Day
news conference. Asked whether individual unions could
they believe. This theory is that the AFL-CIO decision was
water faucet."
based on the pragmatic judgment that there is little the
Barkan made it clear in November that there would be
-Bill Holayter, political
encourage their members to run for delegate, the AFL-CIO
national federation can do at this point that the member
no attempt to discipline Roe-that he was free to do
director, International
president replied, "I'm quite sure that a good many of them
do. Yes. I don't see any reason why they wouldn't."
unions are not already doing. Could George Meany tell the
whatever he chose, even though COPE officially dis-
Association of Machinists
Whether that blessing extends to the coalition itself is
president of a strong affiliate union whom to support, or
approved. Some observers think this case of leniency, and
hard to say. "What they're doing is their business," a COPE
even whether to support anyone? The consensus is that he
Barkan's willingness to talk about it in public, indicate that
official told Congressional Quarterly. "They're autonomous
would find it difficult.
he and Meany are backing down.
"There's not a hell of a lot that the labor movement,
candidate weaknesses-and comparing that with our own
organizations. If they're all over the map, it minimizes
their input anyway. And the indication is they will be all
even united, could accomplish," the COPE official said. "It's
No Change-Maybe
strengths and weaknesses to see where our opportunities
lie."
over the map." He said there was hardly any contact
unlikely that the Democrats would nominate a candidate
Officials at COPE still say, however, that there will be
unacceptable to the labor movement anyway." In his view,
Beyond that, specifics of the coalition operation are
between COPE and the coalition office a few blocks away.
no change. "There's nothing on the horizon that indicates
COPE would be wasting its time, money and prestige if it
hard to obtain. Spokesmen declined to give the size of the
there'd be any change in this policy," one said. "It's as likely
staff or to show a visitor around the office.
Hands Off for AFL-CIO
spent the next six months trying to force the nomination of
that they'll call off the Bicentennial."
a contender only slightly better than his rivals.
"We're very leery of publicity," one spokesman ex-
Nevertheless, officials of unions within the coalition
plained. "We have been very cautious about responding to
The AFL-CIO has been officially out of party politics
continue to speculate about the conditions, if any, under
requests for information. We're not going to try to mislead
since Feb. 18, when the federation's executive council
A Little Brokering
which Meany might decide to come in. "My personal
anybody. The thing we're trying to avoid is this: We don't
adopted a resolution renouncing involvement in the
theory," said Clark of AFSCME, "is that if Wallace poses a
want to have anyone think we're some big red machine roll-
Democrats' affairs until after a candidate was chosen.
Meany has never been explicit about what the AFL-
serious threat, they will get in to stop Wallace. If Wallace
ing across the land scooping up delegates We're not try-
Meany said the convention is "not the business of the AFL-
CIO would do at a deadlocked convention. In fact, he has
does not go great guns in Florida and Massachusetts, and
ing to operate the way some labor people have done in the
CIO" and that the federation would take no part in it. The
implied that he would permit the federation to participate
starts to fade, they may very well keep their present
past, which is by press release."
stay-out resolution was passed after several unions, most of
in a labor caucus once the convention deadlocked. At his
stance."
One important thing the coalition does is guarantee
them now coalition members, sought to place the entire
Labor Day news conference, he said: "Naturally, if there is
Other coalition participants say they are not paying
that every union in it knows what the others are doing. No
delegate selection process on the executive council's agenda.
a large contingent of trade union members-members of
much attention to the issue. "I'm kind of unconcerned about
one union is likely to pull any surprises on another, even at
Why was the decision made? The simplest theory is
the AFL-CIO-at the Democratic national convention, we
it," said Miller of the Communications Workers. "If the
the local level. "If the UAW retiree group in Florida is
that Meany was just angry-angry at the Democrats for
will certainly try to have some influence on it."
AFL wants to reverse itself and get involved, that doesn't
getting ready to endorse Carter," Miller offered as an ex-
refusing to tone down some of their courting of minority
The COPE official went further than that. "I think
bother me. If they want to stay out, that doesn't bother me
ample, "the rest of us know about that in advance. It's
groups, angry at Chairman Robert S. Strauss for ignoring
they'd be glad to get whatever help we could provide," he
either."
basically a clearinghouse."
Meany-Barkan advice, angry at Sen. Henry M. Jackson (D
said of the nine coalition unions.
What the coalition wants to do, however, is to bring in
Beyond the clearinghouse level, though, there are basic
Wash.) for his views on trade with Communist nations.
In any case, the coalition is not only expecting a con-
as many individual AFL-CIO unions as it can. Some of the
decisions to be made. A primary or caucus is coming up:
The COPE official who talked with CQ conceded that
vention caucus, but planning for it. "The coalition will ob-
most important AFL-CIO affiliates, such as the United
Should the nine unions each throw their support to the
the Kansas City meeting had something to do with the
viously have a caucus," said Clark of the AFSCME, "more
Steelworkers of America, the Amalgamated Clothing
same candidate? Should they scatter five ways? Should
decision. "Kansas City isolated was not a hell of a lot," he
than one caucus. We'll have one on platform. And we'll stay
Workers and the American Federation of Teachers, started
they go with two candidates and leave the rest out?
said. "But it was the culmination of a general and continu-
in touch as the first and second ballots progress."
by doing just what Meany is doing-staying out. Some
The answer depends on the state. In the area around
ing repudiation of the labor movement by some elements
Some observers think the coalition would dominate any
coalition people think they now see these and other unions
Miami, the coalition is backing Carter to try to crush
that have gotten a foothold in the Democratic Party. We
such labor caucus, even if COPE decided to participate.
moving closer to participation. The Amalgamated Meat-
Wallace-even though Jackson is also in the primary. But
won with Strauss' victory for party chairman, for which we
"The nine unions will have an advantage over the others,"
cutters, who are not involved in the coalition nationally, are
in Montgomery County, Maryland, outside Washington,
were somewhat responsible. I think he'll concede that. It
said David Cohen, president of Common Cause and a
heavily involved in the delegate selection process in Iowa,
D.C., Jackson is thought to have the best organization, so
may have been Pyrrhic. He seemed to lean over backward
former AFL-CIO lobbyist. "They talk to one another all the
where they are influential.
the coalition is trying to get its people on the Jackson
to mollify the groups who had opposed his selection, at the
time. They build up a trust for one another. That gives them
"Meany's policy statement created a vacuum in labor
delegate slate. Not far away, in the city of Baltimore,
expense of those who had helped him."
a tremendous advantage. They may shape Barkan and
activity," Miller said. "What we have found in our organiz-
Jackson and Sargent Shriver are expected to qualify for
But in the wake of Kansas City, the labor official said,
Meany's agenda."
ing is that other labor unions outside the coalition want to
delegates. The coalition is working with both.
the federation acted rationally-not because of some per-
It is the possibility that the coalition might eclipse
work with us. They're interested in platform. They're in-
In Iowa, unions are active in virtually every campaign.
sonal quirk on Meany's part. "The personal pique theory is
COPE at the convention that leads some labor officials to
terested in who the nominee is."
The Communications Workers and Meatcutters are for
preposterous," he insisted. "It may or may not be true that
predict a change in the hands-off policy sometime before
Bayh. The influential head of the state UAW, Edris (Soap)
Meany is personally piqued at what happened. But he
next July. "I think Meany's an able, shrewd old guy," said
the political director of one coalition union. "He's not going
The 'Boiler Room'
Owens, is for Carter. There is support for Jackson among
doesn't act out of pique."
the building trades unions. Labor is traditionally active
to get himself into a position of powerlessness."
within the Democratic Party in Iowa; in 1972, about a third
The Deadlock Theory
Another union political director was even more
At the moment, however, the center of national labor
of the state's national convention delegates had labor con-
The opposite theory is that the AFL-CIO is not out of
specific. "My theory is that by February-which will be too
influence in the Democratic Party is the coalition, housed in
nections.
politics at all; that it knows perfectly well whom it wants
late-George Meany will want to be involved in the process.
the building in Washington, D.C., that also serves as head-
In some areas of the South, the way to stop Wallace
I perceive a softening of the position."
quarters of the Communications Workers. The coalition of-
for President, Democratic Sen. Hubert H. Humphrey of
may be to back Democratic Sen. Lloyd Bentsen of Texas.
fice is a. little like the "boiler room" operation of a national
Minnesota; and that the way to elect him is to see that the
The coalition will do that. "There'll be places where we'll be
Roe of Minnesota
presidential campaign. There are regional desks and staff
nomination process splinters badly, dictating a deadlocked
with Bentsen," Clark said. "Head on head against Wallace?
convention, According to this theory, even the nine-union
This official cited the COPE reaction to statements
assistants who spend their time gathering and updating in-
You bet we will."
made by David Roe, president of the Minnesota AFL-CIO,
telligence about primaries and caucuses around the nation.
coalition may fit in with the Meany-Barkan grand design.
"The strategy is complex," Clarke told Congressional
Many people around organized labor say they have
that he supports Humphrey and will work for him in the
"We discuss, almost on a daily basis," Miller said,
Quarterly, "in that each state and district is a different can
heard this theory discussed. But no one interviewed was
"what is happening in various states-candidate strengths,
of worms."
pre-convention process. And Roe is not only acting as an in-
PAGE 2882-Dec. 27, 1975
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Reproduction prohibited in whole or in part except by editorial clients
Reproduction prohibited in whole or in part except by editorial clients
Dec. 27, 1975-PAGE 2883
Politics 4
Politics 5
The Local Level
that there is no vacuum of political power." At year's end,
Bayh and Carter had the majority of regional UAW en-
dorsements. Bayh also had the support of a national UAW
For Attribution
There is no guarantee that the strategy worked out at
CANDIDATES '76
official, general counsel Steven Schlossberg.
coalition meetings in Washington will be the choice of union
The National Education Association, not generally
Sen. Hubert H. Humphrey (D Minn.), quoted in
people in the state or district involved. This limits what the
identified as a labor union, entered politics on a large scale
the Los Angeles Times on his decision to not be an ac-
coalition can do. "All of our organizations can tell staff
West Virginia
in 1974. It is at least as active in 1976, participating in the
tive candidate for President:
what to do," Miller said. "Staff can't tell locals what to do.
nine-union coalition. There are pockets of Bayh support in
"I wish I were 10 years younger and two campaigns
John Hutchinson, the mayor of Charleston, announced
There is no way any of us can go into Muskogee, Okla., and
the NEA, as in most unions, and they have shown up in
less. I'd go in there and chew them up."
Dec. 15 that he would seek the Democratic gubernatorial
order our membership there to support [Fred R.] Harris."
Iowa. One thing the NEA does not share with some of its
Alderman Vito Marzullo of Chicago, quoted in
nomination. Hutchinson emphasized his opposition to
Most observers interviewed agreed that the one sure
coalition colleagues is support for Carter. NEA members in
the Chicago Sun-Times on his reaction to the news that
public employee unions and promised to accelerate con-
way to increase the number of union delegates at the
Georgia have complained to members in other states about
nobody filed against him for 25th Ward com-
struction of the state highway system.
national convention is to excite union members locally.
what they considered inadequate support for education dur-
mitteeman.
Hutchinson was elected mayor in 1971 and re-elected to
"Labor is crucial whenever you have an individual union
ing Carter's years as governor of Georgia (1971-75). In
"This is the 19th time I've run for office without
a second four-year term in May 1975. His major com-
guy who's willing to work his ass off," said Alan Baron, who
Miami, where most coalition unions are settling on Carter
opposition. How can I get opposition. I try to be as nas-
petitors for the nomination are former Secretary of State
watches the unions and the presidential contest for Sen.
as the alternative to Wallace, the NEA prefers Jackson.
ty as I can."
John D. Rockefeller IV, who lost to Republican Gov. Arch
McGovern. "That one guy is worth 100 guys who go to a
There is a great deal of support for Bayh among
A. Moore Jr. in 1972, and former state party chairman
meeting."
Machinists in different parts of the country. "Bayh has
James M. Sprouse, whom Moore defeated in 1968.
Some coalition participants fear that the absence of
been very smart at making contacts," said Holayter. "He
Gallup vs. Harris:
Also in the race are Ezra Graley, a leader of
COPE from the delegate selection process will make it
knows as many of the machinists in the country as I do
demonstrations against the use of certain school textbooks;
harder for the unions who are in the coalition to find the
He can pick up the phone and call our leadership in almost
POLLS IN CONFLICT
H. John Rogers, a New Martinsville lawyer; Jess Shumate,
sort of people Baron is talking about. Without COPE
a general contractor; and Powell Layne, a construction
machinery, Holayter said, it is harder for the coalition to
any state."
worker.
Politicians in both parties found themselves more than
operate. "They have access to members in every damn
Active and Liberal
Moore, currently under indictment for extortion, is
a little confused Christmas week after learning that a
union," he said. "I don't have access to the Steelworkers
Gallup Poll contradicted nearly everything a Harris Survey
challenging constitutional provisions which bar him from
or any union except our own."
The unions that decided to join the coalition differ from
seeking a third term. (Weekly Report p. 2812)
I
had told them about the 1976 presidential contest a few
Unions seeking to scatter their support as part of a
other unions in more than their desire to play a role in the
days before.
deliberate strategy are also likely to find candidates less
1976 nomination process. For the most part, they are the
On Dec. 21, Gallup reported that both President Ford
than enthusiastic about it. While most of the Democratic
most active unions in lobbying as well as politics. Most have
Pennsylvania
and former Gov. Ronald Reagan of California held substan-
contenders have accepted the coalition's desire to move in
their own well-staffed lobbying operations, rather than
tial leads over Sen. Hubert H. Humphrey (D Minn.) in trial
Two potentially strong candidates for the Democratic
more than one direction at the state level, they have com-
depending on the AFL-CIO's legislative department to work
presidential heats. It had only been nine days since a Harris
Senate nomination in Pennsylvania have taken themselves
plained about such divisions at the local level. When it
for them on Capitol Hill.
poll offered the stunning news that Humphrey ran well
out of consideration for a 1976 campaign.
comes to small districts, candidates want the coalition to
The coalition unions are more issue-oriented than
ahead of both Ford and Reagan in similar trial heats he con-
Lt. Gov. Ernest P. Kline, 46, announced Dec. 16 that he
settle on one choice and stick with him.
others and usually more liberal. The rise of these unions
ducted. Gallup also reported that Reagan had surged ahead
did not feel that it would be appropriate for him to run for
"The candidates are not exactly excited about what
will have an important effect on Democratic politics for
of Ford among Republican and independent voters; Harris
another office while Gov. Milton J. Shapp (D) was running
we're trying to do," Miller conceded. "The candidates would
years to come.
had no results on that subject.
for President. Kline is thought to be interested in
rather deal with our locals than to deal with us nationally
"The whole situation puts the unions more and more to
But the gross differences in the two sets of findings left
succeeding Shapp when the governor's second term expires
The quickest way to nullify our strategy nationally is to go
the left in the Democratic Party," said Alan Baron. "The
pollsters and other political observers scrambling to explain
in 1979.
out and pick off our locals."
politically active unions are the most liberal ones. I've been
how two nationally known experts with similar methods
Auditor General Robert Casey, 43, took himself out of
The Harris campaign already is seeking to do that, us-
to a lot of political meetings, and I don't see any pipefitters
could come out so far apart.
the Senate race and also ruled out running for re-election to
ing the Service Employees, who have endorsed Harris.
or plumbers."
One explanation was timing. Harris did his survey of
his present office, saying he wanted to spend more time
Whenever a local official of that union comes out for
Instead, the unions most likely to be conspicuous at a
1,214 respondents during the last week of November,
with his family. Casey had run for governor in 1966 and
Harris, this undermines the national coalition's effort to in-
political caucus are ones whose work takes them beyond the
finding Humphrey ahead of Reagan, 50-43, and ahead of
1970, losing the Democratic primary each time to Shapp.
crease its delegate strength by spreading labor support
traditional industrial base of organized labor-government
Ford, 52-41.
Without Kline or Casey, the current leading contenders
around.
employees, service employees, communications workers
Gallup's survey was taken between Dec. 5 and Dec. 8.
for the Democratic nomination are Pittsburgh Mayor Pete
The Bayh campaign also has used this approach, es-
and teachers. But it is dangerous to carry this reasoning too
His sampling of 1,078 respondents showed Ford leading
Flaherty, 49, who lost to Republican Sen. Richard S.
pecially in New Hampshire, where officials of numerous
far. The Machinists and the Auto Workers are industrial
Humphrey, 51-39, and Reagan leading Humphrey, 50-
Schweiker in 1974, and Rep. William J. Green of
unions have agreed to join a Labor for Bayh Committee.
unions-and are among the most active politically. The
42-nearly an exact reversal.
Philadelphia. Both are known to be interested, but neither
Bayh aide Bill Wise said he had seen no effort so far by the
Machinists, in fact, bristle at the idea that they are joining
But about the only event of national significance that
has declared.
unions to manipulate the candidates through divided sup-
forces with "left-wing" unions.
happened between the two polls was Ford's trip to China,
port. But he warned that the tactic would not be successful
"I get angry at people who call us new politics unions,"
and few observers thought that was sufficient to make the
as a national strategy. "In some places," Wise said, "they're
said Holayter. "That's nonsense. The people we represent
difference.
North Carolina
going to be left holding an empty bag."
are no different from the people the Steelworkers
There was some discussion of the sample itself. Gallup
A black lawyer, Reginald L. Frazier, announced for the
represent."
used "registered voters," while Harris used a narrower
Democratic gubernatorial nomination Dec. 17. He promised
Nevertheless, some observers of labor are becoming
group he describes as "likely voters." The refinements used
a strong campaign against crime if elected, including
Being Careful
aware of a division between the old-style AFL-CIO unions,
by Harris could account for some of the difference,
"crime in high places" as well as street crime.
committed to bread-and-butter issues and New Deal poli-
although the two have differed in methodology before
Lt. Gov. James B. Hunt Jr. is thought to be the front-
Most of the coalition unions find it comfortable to avoid
tics, and other unions more sympathetic to newer currents
without arriving at opposite results.
runner for the Democratic nomination, but he faces poten-
a single commitment. The AFSCME was embarrassed in
in liberal Democratic thought. "These newer unions
The same week he presented his challenge to Harris,
tially serious challenges from Edward M. O'Herron Jr., a
1972 when it broke with other unions to give an early en-
are more tolerant and more willing to live with some of
Gallup offered results of another poll comparing Ford,
Charlotte drug executive, and Hargrove (Skipper) Bowles,
dorsement to Sen. Edmund S. Muskie (D Maine) and then
the post-New-Deal ideas," said David Cohen of Common
Reagan and Humphrey in tests of "charisma". Asked about
the 1972 nominee.
saw Muskie falter in the early primaries.
Cause. "They have worked with the new forces; they can live
the personalities of eight presidential possibilities,
Gov. James E. Holshouser, the Republican who
William Dodds, the UAW political education director,
with them and adjust to them and shape some of them.
respondents gave the three men nearly equal ratings.
defeated Bowles in 1972, is ineligible for a second con-
said the coalition has the full support of Leonard Woodcock,
They may or may not like some of these things, but I think
Humphrey and Reagan drew a "highly favorable" rating
secutive term. The most active contender for the
the union president. "He thinks we ought to be active with
they have a shot at shaping them."
from 23 per cent, Ford from 22 per cent. Sen. Edward M.
Republican nomination is David T. Flaherty, Holshouser's
as many friends as we can," Dodds said of Woodcock, "so
-By Alan Ehrenhalt
Kennedy (D Mass.) led with 33.
secretary of human resources.
PAGE 2884-Dec. 27, 1975
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Dec. 27, 1975-PAGE 2885
Politics 6
Politics 7
New York and Wisconsin primaries on April 6 and the
a $500 investment. The company initially employed two
Presidential Campaign:
Pennsylvania primary three weeks later. Reece also indi-
workers, but it expanded quickly and became profitable.
cated that Shapp is looking at the Oregon, California, New
In 1966, when Shapp made his first run for the gover-
Jersey and Ohio primaries (the last three on June 8), but
norship of Pennsylvania, he resigned as president and
SHAPP: STILL INSISTING THAT HE IS SERIOUS
that the Pennsylvania primary April 27 is viewed as the
chairman of the board of Jerrold and sold his 25 per cent
"watershed."
share. Jerrold then employed 2,100 workers in six plants in
Pennsylvania's 178 votes will make it the third-largest
the Philadelphia area, and Shapp's share sold for nearly
Milton J. Shapp is an unusual politician. He plays the
delegation at the 1976 convention. While Shapp may not
$10-million.
violin, writes poetry and songs and is the author of several
win the unbinding popularity vote in his home state, many
In 1971, during his first year as governor, Shapp listed
unproduced Broadway musicals. He is also the governor of
observers believe that he should win a plurality of the
his personal worth at nearly $4-million. At a press con-
the nation's third largest state, Pennsylvania.
SHA
delegates on the basis of his strong statewide organization.
ference in October 1975, Shapp revealed that his net worth
And soon, he expects to be the front-runner for the
An impressive showing in the Pennsylvania primary would
had been $7.5-million in 1966 when he first ran for governor
Democratic presidential nomination, although a
at least allow Shapp to go to the convention as a favorite
but had shrunk to $2.8-million by 1975.
son.
nationwide survey indicated that he was known by only
He first became involved in politics in 1960, when he
one-third of the country's Democratic voters in October
But the heart of any effective campaign is money, and
was statewide chairman of business and professional men
1975. With little visible support outside Pennsylvania, and
this is an enormous problem for Shapp. In his campaigns
for Kennedy and Johnson. After President Kennedy's elec-
with an aura of corruption surrounding his administration,
for governor, he was able to contribute millions from his
tion, Shapp became a consultant to the U.S. Commerce
the 63-year-old Shapp is regarded as one of the longest of
personal fortune. But under the new federal campaign
Department, concerned primarily with setting up the area
the long shots in the crowded Democratic field.
finance law, a candidate and his family can contribute a
redevelopment program. He also served as a consultant to
A millionaire electronics manufacturer elected gover-
total of only $50,000, a small fraction of the amount needed
the Peace Corps.
nor as an opponent of political bosses, Shapp is presenting
to run an effective presidential campaign. As of Sept. 30,
himself as an economic expert who can get the nation's
1975, the Shapp campaign had reported receiving a total of
1966 Campaign
stagnant economy moving. He discerns an anti-
$121,742. More than 80 per cent of the money came from
Washington sentiment-a growing dissatisfaction by
Pennsylvania, including a $15,000 contribution from his
Shapp showed an increasing interest in state
wife, Muriel.
government. In 1965, he undertook a detailed study of ma-
voters across the country with the federal government, es-
pecially Congress. As a governor, Shapp is counting on his
Much of the money came from Jewish and black voters
jor state issues, publishing reports on the Pennsylvania
ability to tap such a mood in competition with his
and liberal groups, which, along with labor and women's
economy, transportation and organization of the state
government.
challengers for the nomination, many of whom are
organizations, are expected to provide Shapp with his
members of Congress.
strongest support. Reece foresees his candidate as running
He made his first run for office the next year, when he
as an "independent Democrat," pulling some liberal voters
sought the Democratic gubernatorial nomination.
The Campaign
from Arizona Rep. Morris K. Udall, some labor support
Although party leaders appreciated Shapp's financial sup-
"I think in four to six months I'll be looked at as the
from Indiana Sen. Birch Bayh and some Jewish support
port, they did not take his candidacy seriously. They ig-
strongest contender in the race," Shapp declared Sept. 25
from Washington Sen. Henry M. Jackson. Shapp is Jewish.
nored him and endorsed State Sen. Robert P. Casey.
Little-known statewide, Shapp made his campaign a
when he made his official announcement of a presidential
candidacy that had been known for months. It was a brash
TATLER HILTON
Business Career
fight against the party bosses. His slogan: "Man against the
Machine."
statement for a man whose candidacy is considered by
Shapp was born in Cleveland, Ohio, in 1912, the son of
Shapp's extensive media campaign dramatically in-
most observers as, at best, a favorite-son effort-and not a
YASHINGTON
Aaron Shapiro, a hardware wholesaler and traveling
creased his voter recognition, and his reform candidacy
very strong one at that. Even among some Pennsylvania
salesman. Shapp graduated from the Case Institute of
attracted support from liberals, minority groups and large
Democrats, the response to Shapp's candidacy has not been
Technology with a degree in electrical engineering. As a
segments of the state's powerful organized labor
encouraging. Several Democratic legislators, including the
result of religious bigotry, in his mid-20s he legally changed
movement. He gained the endorsement of the Pennsylvania
state senate majority leader, have called for Shapp's
his name from Shapiro to Shapp.
AFL-CIO Executive Council.
resignation as governor, and public comments from mem-
didates] have studied or understand the economy as deeply
During World War II, Shapp served as an officer in the
Nearly all of Shapp's campaign money came out of his
bers of the state Democratic congressional delegation have
as I have," he said.
Army Signal Corps in Europe. After the war, he moved to
own pocket, and he reported spending $1.4-million. It was
been noncommittal.
Shapp alluded to his low-key rhetorical style and
the Philadelphia area, and, with his background in
money well spent. In an upset, Shapp defeated Casey in the
To this widespread skepticism, Shapp has responded:
lackluster appearance in his announcement speech: "The
engineering, became an entrepreneur in the fledgling cable
primary. He lost the November election to Republican Ray-
"That's the story of my life. People haven't taken me
last thing the American people need is another smiling
television industry. In 1948, he established the Jerrold
mond P. Shafer, despite spending another $2.4-million of
seriously." But if there is one personal trait that both
politician or spellbinding orator spewing political rhetoric."
Electronics Corporation (titled after his middle name) with
his fortune.
Shapp's friends and critics acknowledge that he possesses,
He hopes to portray himself as the skillful administrator,
it is persistence.
and his campaign manager, Norval D. Reece, although
Why he is running for President is a matter of
recognizing his candidate's limitations, feels he can be
1970 Election
speculation. Some political observers believe his candidacy
successful. "Shapp is creative, innovative and highly per-
Shapp Staff, Advisers
Shapp remained highly visible after his defeat, testify-
is an attempt to become a political power at the national
sonable," said Reece. "He's the best one-on-one I've
level, to gain either the vice presidential nomination or a
Campaign manager: Norval D. Reece, former special
ing on several occasions at congressional hearings. He
ever seen. He's more persuasive in a small group or one-on-
cabinet spot in a Democratic administration. Shapp denies
assistant to the governor for intergovernmental relations;
remained active in Pennsylvania politics, creating and
one situation than in mass meetings."
all this, claiming his only interest is in the presidency.
But before he can go anywhere, Shapp must become
candidate for the Democratic senatorial nomination in 1970.
becoming chairman of the Pennsylvania Democratic Study
Cochairman: Henry A. Satterwhite of Bradford, Pa.,
Group, an organization that analyzed and proposed
His bid for the White House, one Harrisburg reporter
better known. An October 1975 Gallup Poll ranked him
board chairman of Allegheny Airlines.
solutions to state problems. But he remained an adversary
observed, is consistent with Shapp's background. For the
10th on a list of 14 possible Democratic candidates. But,
Finance director: Bronson P. Clark Jr., of Vinal Haven,
of the state party establishment, attending the 1968
past decade he has been interested in national issues, fre-
because of the long list of Democratic candidates and the
Maine, and Washington, D.C., former executive vice president
Democratic convention as an anti-war delegate.
quently going to Washington to attend conferences and to
large number of undecided voters, he does not view his
of Gilford Instrument Laboratories Inc. of Oberlin, Ohio, and
testify before congressional committees. His experience as
lack of recognition as insurmountable.
former executive secretary of the American Friends Service
In 1970, Shapp again ran for the Democratic guber-
governor has indicated to him that some problems at the
Committee.
natorial nomination, with Casey as his primary opponent.
While Shapp is undertaking a national campaign, his
state level can only be solved by federal action.
efforts are focusing on a few key primary states where he
Treasurer: G. Thomas Miller, a Harrisburg attorney and
In a rematch of their 1966 race, Casey received the formal
hopes strong showings will ignite his campaign. He is
former judge of the state court of common pleas.
endorsement of party leaders, while Shapp stressed his in-
Shapp is offering a businesslike approach to the
Governor's executive assistant: Richard A. Doran, a
dependence of the state party organization. Organized
nation's economic problems as his chief qualification for
planning to compete for delegates in Massachusetts on
former assistant to Rep. William J. Green (D Pa.).
labor, which had been with Shapp four years earlier, was
the presidency. "I don't think others [Democratic can-
March 2, Florida on March 9, Illinois on March 16, the
officially neutral in the 1970 primary. In spite of the
COPYRIGHT 1975 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC.
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COPYRIGHT 1975 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC.
Reproduction prohibited in whole or in part except by editorial clients
Dec. 27, 1975-PAGE 2887
Politics 8
Politics 9
neutrality of the state labor leadership, many locals still
His political power was enhanced by a change in the
flation through the country greater than the one we had
supported Shapp.
state constitution in the late 1960s, allowing him to run for
when the Arabs lifted their embargo." He joined seven
Spending about $1-million of his own fortune, Shapp
Shapp's Background
re-election in 1974-the first Pennsylvania governor in the
other northeastern governors, 10 utilities and Rep. Robert
again launched a media blitz in the final days of the
20th century permitted to do so. Shapp's re-election effort
F. Drinan (D Mass.) in bringing suit against the Ford plan.
primary. It helped produce another narrow victory over
Profession: Electronics manufacturer.
was aided by the decisions of leading Democratic adver-
On Aug. 11, the plaintiffs received a favorable verdict from
Casey.
Born: June 25, 1912, Cleveland, Ohio.
saries, such as Philadelphia Mayor Frank Rizzo, not to run
the U.S. Court of Appeals in the District of Columbia,
Home: Merion, Pa.
He ran his general election campaign completely in-
against him. With minimal opposition, Shapp easily won
which ruled that Ford had exceeded his legal authority in
Religion: Jewish.
dependent of the party organization. Shapp's election drive
the primary. In the general election, he defeated
Education: Case Institute of Technology, B.S., 1933.
imposing the $2-a-barrel oil import fee. The White House
was assisted by the general unpopularity of the incumbent
Offices: Governor of Pennsylvania since 1971.
Republican Andrew L. Lewis Jr. by a margin of 53.8 per
appealed the decision to the Supreme Court.
administration. The state's faltering economy and ex-
Military: Army, 1942-46; discharged as captain.
cent to 45.2 per cent.
Shapp has opposed increasing the gasoline tax as a
panded budget had brought an increased sales tax, and the
Memberships: Jewish Community Relations Council,
method of fuel conservation, arguing that it is unnecessary
necessity of a state income tax loomed. With the help of
American Jewish Council, United World Federalists, National
The Corruption Issue
and penalizes people who need to drive. But in September,
another $1-million of his own money, he won in a landslide
Council on Aging, Philadelphia Association for Retarded
In spite of its reform rhetoric, the Shapp administra-
Shapp indicated his support for an increased gasoline tax in
over Republican Lt. Gov. Raymond J. Broderick.
Children Inc., VFW, Jewish War Veterans, B'nai B'rith,
tion has been labeled by some observers as the most cor-
Pennsylvania as a revenue-raising measure.
It was a memorable victory. He became the first
American Legion.
rupt in Pennsylvania history. By early October 1975, 23
In remarks Sept. 11, Shapp attacked natural gas com-
Jewish governor in Pennsylvania history. His margin of
Family: Wife, Muriel Matzkin; three children.
state officials had been convicted since Shapp took office,
panies for claiming there was a gas shortage and urged
victory, more than 500,000 votes, was the largest ever
and 29 others were under indictment. Among those con-
Ford to conduct an investigation. Shapp contended that the
achieved by any Democratic candidate for governor of
victed was Frank Hilton, Shapp's 1970 campaign manager
American public would "be ripped off to the tune of $36-
Pennsylvania.
In conjunction with the revenue bill, Shapp com-
and later the state secretary of property and supplies, and
billion" in 1975 by the natural gas companies.
missioned 85 business and professional experts to under-
Democratic State Treasurer William Casper-both con-
take an independent management review of the state's
victed of extortion. Among those under investigation for
Transportation
The Governorship
fiscal policy. The result was cutbacks in state spending and
allegedly soliciting kickbacks were the Democratic state
Shapp has advocated a national rail trust fund as a
"Shapp was elected as an independent Democrat, and
a tax cut of $360-million in 1974.
chairman, the secretary of revenue and officials in the
specific part of his national investment policy. Under this
he's viewed with some suspicion by the legislature. He's not
Although he dealt decisively with the economic chaos
Revenue Department, the Liquor Control Board and the
proposal, the nation's railroads would receive $13-billion in
a club member. His interests are not the same as a majority
that engulfed the state government early in his ad-
State Bureau of Professional and Occupational Affairs.
federal money over a six-year period. The money would be
of the legislature." So said Norval Reece in an interview
ministration, Shapp was faced with a budget deficit in
While there were signs of corruption in various parts
spent for needed improvements such as track construction
with Congressional Quarterly. Shapp's presidential cam-
1975-a significant problem, because he promised in his
of the state government, Shapp himself was not implicated
and repairs, electrification and new cars. Shapp estimates
paign has produced even cooler relations with the legisla-
1974 re-election campaign that he would not raise taxes.
until August, when Michael Baker Jr., head of a large
that this program would create about 120,000 new jobs in
ture. His critics in state government have complained that
While ruling out hikes in the income or sales taxes, the
engineering firm that does business with the state,
Shapp administration won increases in the auto registra-
railroad construction and about twice as many in the steel
his frequent absences from Harrisburg have severely
testified before a Pittsburgh grand jury. He said that
tion fees, although failing to gain desired jumps in the
industry. The federal government would apply a 4 per cent
hampered the passage of his legislative requests.
twice during the 1970 campaign he personally had given
cigarette and gasoline taxes.
surcharge on rail shipping bills, paying off the entire $13-
Except for one term of the general assembly (1973-
Shapp $10,000 in cash-money that did not show up in the
Expanded programs for the elderly rank with
billion in 20 to 25 years.
74), the Democrats have controlled both houses of the
financial records of the campaign. Shapp appeared volun-
legislature during the Shapp administration. But the
economic reform as the greatest achievements claimed by
-By Rhodes Cook
tarily before the grand jury on Oct. 9 and, while he ad-
Democratic majorities have frequently been narrow, with
the Shapp administration. All money raised in the state
mitted receiving the money from Baker, he denied any
the deciding votes cast by a group of conservative, rural
lottery goes into programs for the elderly. The state sub-
wrongdoing.
Democrats. "He's a loner," said one statehouse reporter,
sidizes free mass transportation for the aged, the first
Fannin to Retire
"who runs the state government close to his vest."
statewide program of its type in the nation. A tax break
Shapp's greatest problems have been with the state
for elderly property owners is also provided by the
Positions on Issues
The Senate will lose one of its conservative
senate, which frequently has blocked confirmation of
state.
backbenchers in 1977 with the retirement of Paul J.
Shapp appointees. Only four hours after Shapp was sworn
But one statehouse correspondent noted that Shapp
Following is a summary of Shapp's positions on var-
Fannin, two-term Republican from Arizona. Fannin,
in as governor in 1971, the senate rejected his 10 choices for
has "almost no record at all in the passage of major bills.
ious issues:
68, said he "could not continue for a third term the pace
cabinet positions, in a protest over Shapp's failure to con-
He has put in very little." Rather than initiating many ad-
of working more than 12 hours a day."
sult with them. Shapp's choices were subsequently con-
ministration bills, Shapp has tended to support bills that
Economy
A member of the Finance Committee, Fannin
firmed, but the incident set the tone for the chilliness that
have been introduced by legislators. As a consequence,
went to the Senate in 1965 after six years as governor
many of the most innovative aspects of his administration
"No other issues will really be solved unless we have a
has existed between the governor and the legislature.
of Arizona. His voting record and speeches marked him
have been made by executive decree rather than by work
healthy economic base," Shapp declared in his presidential
Confirmations have not been the only source of friction
from the beginning as one of a handful of conservative
between the governor and the legislature. Shapp has vetoed
with the legislature. Notable are a financial disclosure re-
announcement speech. "Unless we stimulate the economy,
ideologues in the chamber.
four major bills approved by the legislature in the past two
quirement for cabinet members, the establishment of a
you'll have a crisis in this country of such proportions that
It was organized labor that drew the loudest of
years. In 1974, he vetoed bills banning pornography,
bank delivery system to curtail welfare fraud, and the use
you'll have an unstable government."
Fannin's criticisms. The Arizona senator offered a
limiting abortions and restoring the death penalty. In 1975,
of independent management review commissions to
Shapp's plan to revive the nation's economy involves
steady stream of legislation and comments aimed at
he vetoed an anti-busing bill. The abortion and death penal-
analyze the efficiency of various parts of the state
revamping the federal budgetary system and establishing a
reducing what he saw as the excessive power of large
national investment policy. "The United States doesn't
ty bills were overridden by the legislature, and an attempt
government.
unions.
Reece describes his candidate as one who "goes where
have a true budget in the business sense," Shapp stated,
to override the anti-busing veto fell short by only three
Among the changes Fannin recommended are ones
votes in the Senate.
the action is." This penchant for involvement brought
"but a cash flow sheet." He advocates creation of a budget
that would revoke the tax-exempt status of any union
system that would separate government operating costs
The major achievement of the Shapp administration,
Shapp his first national exposure in February 1974, when
that uses membership dues for any political purpose,
from long-term capital investment funds. The latter would
mentioned by virtually all observers, has been restoration
he mediated negotiations between independent truckers
partisan or otherwise; make featherbedding illegal, ex-
be freed for investment in private sectors of the economy,
of fiscal stability in the state government. Pennsylvania
and the White House over fuel prices and allocation.
tend back-to-work injunctions imposed during strikes
according to Shapp, increasing jobs and stimulating about
was on the verge of bankruptcy when Shapp took office in
While Shapp has not made a further impact
under the Taft-Hartley Act; and create a new federal
$2.50 of private investment for each dollar invested by the
1971, with a state debt in excess of $500-million.
nationally, he has consolidated his political base in Penn-
court to hear labor disputes.
government.
By March of that year, the legislature had passed a
sylvania. Although he was an anti-organization candidate
Fannin was elected governor of Arizona in 1958,
1.5-billion revenue bill supported by Shapp; at the heart of
in 1966 and 1970, through his use of patronage and deals
when most of the state government was still in
Energy
the measure was the state's first income tax. Although
with individual leaders, he now is the dominant figure in
Democratic hands. He was re-elected twice, then went
Shapp pushed for a graduated tax, he had to settle for a
the state's diverse Democratic Party. One veteran reporter
Shapp has opposed President Ford's fee on imported
on to the Senate in 1964 when Barry Goldwater retired
flat-rate tax after the Pennsylvania Supreme Court
in Harrisburg described Shapp as a shrewd politician who
oil. In January 1975, he termed it a "blueprint for eco-
to run for President.
declared the graduated tax was unconstitutional.
"used the white knight image as long as he needed."
nomic disaster" that would create "a shock wave of in-
COPYRIGHT 1975 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC.
COPYRIGHT 1975 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC.
PAGE 2888-Dec. 27, 1975
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Reproduction prohibited in whole or in part except by aditorial clients
Dec. 27, 1975-PAGE 2889
Politics 10
Not So Many This Time:
Landrum Retires
Agriculture
RETIREMENT REPORT
Rep. Phil M. Landrum will leave the House after
the 94th Congress, having served 24 years and having
While an unusually large number of representatives
placed his name on a piece of legislation certain to be
will be running for the Senate in 1976, a smaller number
remembered long after he departs.
HOUSE VOTES TO OPEN UP RICE PRODUCTION
will be retiring voluntarily than in the last three con-
Landrum, now 68, was in his third term as a Geor-
gressional elections.
gia Democrat when he and then-Rep. Robert P. Griffin
Only 16 House members have so far announced their
(R Mich.) drafted their
The House Dec. 16, by a 311-104 vote, passed a bill (HR
The bill "would
intentions to leave at the end of the current Congress. Ten
bill to impose strict con-
8529) to remove limitations on the production of rice. The
of these are running for the Senate and six are retiring. In
bill, unchanged from the version reported by the
provide for un-
trols on labor elections
1974, 44 members chose to retire or run for other offices,
and union finances. The
Agriculture Committee Nov. 3, would suspend for two
necessary payments
compared to 35 in 1972 and 29 in 1970.
Landrum-Griffin bill
years the marketing quota system for rice, establish a
from an insufficient
What is lacking in 1976 is the large corps of elderly
became law in 1959 as
target price system for the 1976 and 1977 rice crops and
members leaving to escape unfavorable redistricting or
federal treasury to
Congress chose it in
authorize $1-million for a rice research program.
take advantage of sizeable pension benefits. None of the six
preference to the com-
(Provisions, Weekly Report p. 2473)
unwilling recipients
House members retiring this time will be over 70 when his
peting version drafted by
A similar bill (HR 15263) was defeated by the House in
to produce more of a
term ends.
Sen. John F. Kennedy (D
the waning days of the 93rd Congress. (1974 Almanac p.
commodity already in
In addition to the retirements, two House members
Mass.).
232)
will be leaving early in 1976. Rep. Bob Casey (D Texas), con-
The measure, bitter-
The purpose of the bill, according to supporters, was to
surplus."
firmed by the Senate in December as a member of the
ly opposed by unions,
establish for rice the same market-oriented policy set up by
Federal Maritime Commission, will leave the House on Jan.
the 1973 Agriculture Act (PL 93-86) for wheat, feed grains
-Rep. Robert L. Leggett
gave Landrum an in-
(D Calif.)
3. On Jan. 1, Rep. James F. Hastings (R N.Y.) will resign to
delible conservative
and cotton. (1973 Almanac p. 287)
return to private life as president of Associated Industries
reputation and cost him
Before passing HR 8529 the House defeated a sub-
of New York, a lobbying group based in Albany.
support he needed in 1963 to win the place he wanted
stitute bill and a motion to recommit.
government would either have to provide export subsidies
By Christmas, six senators had announced they would
on the House Ways and Means Committee. He finally
to move the rice in foreign trade or store any excess at its
retire at the end of the 94th Congress, including Republican
made it to Ways and Means in 1965, only after defusing
Floor Debate
own expense.
leader Hugh Scott of Pennsylvania. A seventh retirement,
liberal opposition by managing key parts of President
During debate Dec. 10 and 16, House members
CON: Opponents of HR 8529 complained that the bill
that of Sen. Hiram L. Fong (R Hawaii), is regarded as vir-
Johnson's anti-poverty legislation on the House floor.
repeated many of the arguments for and against the legisla-
would begin giving federal subsidy payments to an
tually certain. Fong, 68, has not made a formal announce-
In recent years, Landrum emerged as one of the
tion that appeared in the Agriculture Committee report (H
agricultural industry that had survived for years without
ment but has said privately he does not plan to run.
most influential of the southern Democrats in the
Rept 94-618). (Weekly Report p. 2483)
them.
Following is an up-to-date list of the announced depar-
House, taking good care of his state and sometimes
PRO: In addition to claims that continuing the ex-
Robert L. Leggett (D Calif.) said the bill "would provide
tures from both chambers, and the reasons for them:
providing the more liberal Democratic leadership with
isting rice policy would raise consumer prices and lower rice
for unnecessary payments from an insufficient federal
help on key issues at unexpected times.
exports because of artificially high price support levels
treasury to unwilling recipients to produce more of a com-
SENATE
As a member of Ways and Means, Landrum made
(making U.S. rice non-competitive in world markets), sup-
modity already in surplus."
a great effort protecting the southern textile interests,
porters charged that opponents of the legislation wanted to
W. R. Poage (D Texas) also warned House members
Paul J. Fannin (R Ariz.)
Retiring at 68
serving as chairman of the informal "textile group" of
protect the monopoly on rice production enjoyed by
that changing the rice program would ultimately affect the
Philip A. Hart (D Mich.)
Retiring at 63
members from textile producing states. He surprised
traditional growers. "It has been a bonanza for allotment
tobacco and peanut programs, the other remaining
Roman L. Hruska (R Neb.)
Retiring at 71
many of his southern colleagues in 1971 by calling for
holders," said David R. Bowen (D Miss.), "and I do not
agricultural commodities with production limitations.
John O. Pastore (D R.I.)
Retiring at 68
an immediate end to U.S. participation in the In-
blame them for trying to hold onto it."
.The very people who are going to vote today to destroy
Hugh Scott (R Pa.)
Retiring at 75
dochina war. He considered running for speaker
Bowen denied opponents' claims that the existing
the rice program are going to find that their peanut and
Stuart Symington (D Mo.)
Retiring at 74
against Carl Albert (Okla.) in 1973, but decided
program had cost the government nothing, citing $314-
their tobacco farmers are going to be destroyed in the same
not to.
million in export subsidies needed between 1959 and 1973
tidal wave...," he said.
HOUSE
because the cost of rice was not competitive in the world
Running for Senate
Court Approves:
market.
Amendments
Alphonzo Bell (R Calif.)
Bill Alexander (D Ark.) added that under the existing
House members adopted the Agriculture Committee
Bob Casey (D Texas)
Resigning Jan. 3, 1976
program, loan rates for 1976 would rise to $9.35 per
amendments en bloc Dec. 16. All other amendments were
Marvin L. Esch (R Mich.)
Running for Senate
ELECTION SUBSIDIES
hundredweight, as compared to the $6 per hundredweight
defeated, including a John B. Breaux (D La.) amendment in
Edwin D. Eshleman (R Pa.)
Retiring at 55
proposed in the bill. This would result in a tremendous cost
the nature of a substitute, which would have continued
James F. Hastings N.Y.)
Resigning Jan. 1, 1976
The Federal Election Commission announced its first
to the government, other opponents argued, since the
marketing quotas and acreage allotments, deleted the
H. John Heinz III (R Pa.)
Running for Senate
subsidy payments to presidential candidates Dec. 23, one
target price concept and lowered the loan level to 60 per
William L. Hungate (D Mo.)
Retiring at 53
day after the Supreme Court declined to issue an injunction
cent of parity, from 65 per cent, or $8 per hundredweight
John Jarman (R Okla.)
Retiring at 60
sought against the payments on the grounds that the con-
(whichever was higher).
Phil M. Landrum (D Ga.)
Retiring at 66
stitutionality of the law providing for such subsidies has
Running for Senate
not been determined.
The existing rice
Breaux defended his amendment as the "proper
John Y. McCollister (R Neb.)
approach," adding, "Let us not make the drastic experiment
Patsy T. Mink (D Hawaii)
Running for Senate
On or after Jan. 1, the commission will be free to give
program "has been a
of completely changing the program when we are getting
Charles A. Mosher (R Ohio)
Retiring at 69
$492,030 to Sen. Lloyd Bentsen (D Texas), $374,422 to Presi-
bonanza for allotment
more rice than we can possibly sell."
James G. O'Hara (D Mich.)
Running for Senate
dent Ford and $214,050 to former Gov. Terry Sanford (D
N.C.). Eight other candidates will only be eligible for $100,-
holders, and I do not
The Breaux amendment had been introduced earlier as
Peter A. Peyser (R N.Y.)
Running for Senate
HR 4741 and was rejected by the Agriculture Committee.
Donald W. Riegle Jr. (D Mich.)
Running for Senate
000 at first because final figures on their campaign receipts
blame them for trying
Termed the "Houston plan", it had resulted from a series of
Paul S. Sarbanes (D Md.)
Running for Senate
are not yet in.
to hold onto it.
meetings of U.S. rice producers held in Houston, Texas.
Herman T. Schneebeli (R Pa.)
Retiring at 68
The payments are authorized by the campaign law of
Opponents said Breaux's amendment would be only a
Alan Steelman (R Texas)
Running for Senate
1974, whose constitutionality the Supreme Court is ex-
-Rep. David R. Bowen
"token revision" of the existing rice program, and "a great
pected to rule on early in 1976.
(D Miss.)
blow" to consumers and taxpayers. "It simply provides for a
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COPYRIGHT 1975 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC.
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Reproduction prohibited in whole or in part except by aditorial clients
Dec. 27, 1975-PAGE 2891
Agriculture 2
continuation of the current program by which the
Final Action:
entrenched producers of rice in this country have a locked-
Government Operations
in monopoly on the production of rice," said Dawson Mathis
MILK PRICE SUPPORTS
(D Ga.).
The Breaux substitute was solidly defeated, 97-310.
Congress Dec. 18 cleared S J Res 121, requiring
(Vote 586, Weekly Report p. 2822)
quarterly adjustments of the support price for milk and an
Senate Passage:
need," such as special U.N. events or "international in-
Frederick Richmond N.Y.) offered an amendment to
increase in the support price to a minimum of 85 per cent of
cidents" requiring extra security measures.
limit the amount of deficiency payments (payments re-
parity. But it delayed sending the bill to the President
Authorize up to $3.5-million in any fiscal year in
ceived if the price of rice falls below the target price) to
because of a veto threat.
FOREIGN MISSIONS PROTECTION
federal reimbursement to local and state governments if
$20,000 instead of the $55,000 provided in the bill. Rich-
Two previous congressional attempts in the last year to
they chose to provide the protection themselves. The exact
mond argued that it was unfair to treat rice producers more
provide for quarterly adjustments of the support price were
The Senate Dec. 18 cleared for President Ford's
amount would be set in an appropriations bill.
favorably than producers of other commodities, such as
vetoed by President Ford. (Background, Weekly Report p.
signature a bill to authorize federal aid in certain cases to
Make the measure retroactive to July 1, 1974, thus
wheat and corn, who received only $20,000. He said $20,000
2612)
The Senate passed its version of S J Res 121, calling
cities having 20 or more foreign diplomatic missions.
allowing reimbursement of about $750,000 to New York
would amply cover rice production costs and the larger pay-
only for quarterly adjustments, on Sept. 29 by voice vote.
The bill (HR 11184) was a slightly altered version of a
City for the visit of Palestinian leader Yasir Arafat in the
ment would aid only large corporate rice growers, not small
similar measure (HR 12) that Ford had vetoed Nov. 29 on
fall of 1974.
farmers.
The House passed the bill Nov. 18, changing the termina-
the grounds that it would involve the federal government
Increase the authorized Executive Protective Service
Richmond's amendment was opposed by members who
tion date of the bill to March 31, 1978, and increasing the
too heavily in local law enforcement. (Weekly Report p.
force from 850 officers to 1,200.
argued that the other major commodity programs began
price support of milk to 85 per cent of parity.
2667, 2661)
HR 11184 did not include provisions in the original ver-
with a $55,000 limitation, which was later reduced to
Senate conferees agreed to the House changes and the
$20,000, and rice producers should be accorded the same
conference report (H Rept 94-723) was filed Dec. 12, paving
James T. Lynn, director of the Office of Management
sions of HR 12 for adding 10 high-level positions to the
and Budget (OMB), declared in a letter to Sen. James L.
Secret Service and creating statutory authority for the
privilege. They cited the high production costs of rice as an
the way for final action.
Buckley (Cons-R that the compromise was acceptable
director and deputy director of the Secret Service.
additional reason-$331 per acre, as compared to $127 for
to the administration. But the new version contained no
wheat and $183 for corn.
Provisions
direct reference to the problem of federal-state relations
Floor Action
Paul Findley (R Ill.) told House members he became
that Ford had raised in his veto message.
convinced in subcommittee that "if we did not [decrease
As cleared by Congress, S J Res 121 would:
Under the compromise, the bill made it more explicit
payment limitations] by stages.. this legislation would not
The House Dec. 17 adopted the measure by voice vote
Require the secretary of agriculture until March 31,
that federal aid would be limited to cases involving official
be enacted. If that happened," Findley continued, "the
after a brief explanation of the changes from HR 12 by Teno
1978, to adjust the support price of milk at the beginning of
diplomatic business at permanent missions such as the
great principle of freedom of planting would be lost,
Roncalio (D Wyo.), chairman of the House Public Works
each quarter, to reflect any change during the preceding
United Nations, rather than applying to unofficial visits of
perhaps for years."
Subcommittee on Public Buildings and Grounds.
quarter in the index of prices paid by farmers for produc-
foreign diplomats. It also required Congress to appropriate
The amendment was rejected by voice vote.
The Senate Public Works Committee Dec. 17 reported
tion items, interest, taxes and wage rates. Under existing
the aid funds, instead of allowing the money to be disbursed
The House also rejected by voice vote an amendment
the language of HR 11184 in an identical bill (S 2796-S
law, support price changes were keyed to a broader index of
immediately upon approval by the Treasury secretary of a
by W. Henson Moore (R La.) to allow new growers, as well
Rept 94-573) introduced by Buckley.
family living.
city's request.
as traditional ones, to be included in any set-aside program
The Senate cleared the bill by voice vote Dec. 18.
Require the secretary to announce the new support
"Ford's comments in the veto message didn't necessari-
imposed by the secretary of agriculture, thereby receiving
Buckley declared that HR 11184 "narrows the focus" of the
prices no later than 30 days before the beginning of each
ly jibe with OMB's position," said an amused congressional
set-aside payments.
original HR 12. He said OMB Director Lynn had assured
James P. Johnson (R Colo.) charged that under this
quarter.
staff member. "I guess when you veto legislation, you want
him that Ford would include in his forthcoming fiscal 1977
Increase the support price of milk to 85 per cent of
to put it in the highest philosophical terms possible."
amendment, "people in Colorado, who cannot grow rice
budget proposal a request for a $2-million appropriation to
parity.
The compromise version was worked out between OMB
because of the climate, will be paid not to grow rice."
finance reimbursements.
-
and two New York legislators described by sources as the
Johnson added, "This is the kind of amendment which is
-By Donald Smith
mischievous and does not really offer anything to the whole
Final Action
"prime movers" of the bill-Buckley and Rep. Bella S.
Abzug (D). The bill would primarily benefit New York
Final Action:
program, because, the set-aside program only applies to
House
City, the site of the United Nations.
allotment holders and those who participate in the program
According to congressional staff sources, the White
and have an incentive to participate in the program.'
The House adopted the conference report on S J Res
House apparently misunderstood the weight of Buckley's
WOMEN'S CONFERENCE
121 Dec. 17 by an overwhelming 307-111 vote. (Vote 595,
Recommittal Motion
support when Ford decided to veto the bill.
Weekly Report p. 2824)
Buckley acknowledged that the "Abzug-Buckley
Congress Dec. 11 cleared for the White House a bill
The House by a 102-311 vote defeated a motion by
Supporters of the bill reiterated earlier arguments that
approach may seem unusual to some." But he praised
(HR 9924) authorizing $5-million for the organization and
Moore to recommit HR 8529 to the Agriculture Committee,
U.S. dairy farmers needed the legislation to save them from
Abzug's efforts to clear the bill. Buckley, one of the most
convening of a National Women's Conference in 1976, to be
and then passed the bill 311-104. (Votes 587, 588, Weekly
the current cost-price squeeze, help them plan and organize
conservative members of Congress, and Abzug, one of
set up by the National Commission on the Observance of
Report p. 2822)
I
their production and keep them from going bankrupt. Sup-
the most liberal, usually find themselves on opposite
International Women's Year, 1975.
-By Mary Link
porters denied that the bill would raise milk prices to con-
sides of issues.
Final action came when the Senate by voice vote
sumers or result in large increases in support payments.
approved the bill which the House had passed Dec. 10, 252-
The Breaux amend-
Paul Findley (R Ill.) opposed the bill, citing govern-
162. (Vote 568, Weekly Report p. 2754)
ment estimates that the two-year cost to taxpayers would
Provisions
ment "simply pro-
be $530-million in support payments and the increased cost
Provisions
vides for a continua-
to consumers would be $1.4-billion in higher milk prices.
As cleared, HR 11184 would:
As sent to the White House, HR 9924:
tion of the current
Findley told House members that Office of Management
Allow the Treasury secretary to provide Executive
Extended the life of the National Commission on the
program by which
and Budget Director James T. Lynn and Secretary of
Protection Service details to metropolitan areas outside of
Observance of International Women's Year and directed it
Agriculture Earl L. Butz had promised to recommend a
Washington where there were 20 or more diplomatic mis-
to organize and convene a national women's conference in
the entrenched pro-
veto to President Ford should the bill pass.
sions. These areas included New York, Chicago, Los
1976, preceded by state or regional conferences.
ducers of rice have
Angeles, Houston, New Orleans, San Francisco and Miami.
Directed the conference to assess the progress to date
a locked-in monopoly
Senate
The service is the uniformed Secred Service force that
in the private and public sectors in promoting equality
The Senate adopted the conference report Dec. 18 by
provides protection for the White House and diplomatic
between men and women in all aspects of life; identify the
on the production of
voice vote with little debate. The bill was then held at the
missions in Washington.
barriers which prevent women from participating fully in
rice.'
desk until Congress reconvenes Jan. 19, in order to avoid a
Provide protection only at the request of the local
national life and recommend means for their removal as
-Rep. Dawson Mathis
Ford pocket veto.
government or in the event of "extraordinary protective
well as a timetable for achievement of such progress.
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Dec. 27, 1975-PAGE 2893
Reproduction prohibited in whole or in part except by editorial clients
Government Operations 2
Directed the conference to set up a committee as a
nearly identical measure Dec. 5. (House passage, Weekly
mechanism for calling a second national women's con-
Report p. 2270; veto outlook, Weekly Report p. 2470)
ference.
HR 8617 would give federal employees the right to par-
Foreign Policy/National Security
Required the conference to report to the President and
ticipate in partisan election campaigns and to run for office,
Congress within 120 days after the end of the conference;
while strengthening laws prohibiting abuse of authority
and provided for the termination of the commission 30 days
and coercion of federal employees into non-voluntary
later, in no case later than March 31, 1978.
political activity of any kind.
Authorized $5-million in funds for the conference;
Partisan political activity by federal employees had
SENATE To ACT ON 200-MILE FISHING LIMIT
specified that none of the funds should be used for lobbying.
been prohibited since 1939 when Congress passed the Hatch
Act. (Background, Weekly Report p. 1100)
The Senate laid the groundwork in the closing hours of
(Nev.), McIntyre (N.H.), Nunn (Ga.), Leahy (Vt.) and Byrd
Background
the first session for action in 1976 on a controversial bill (S
(Ind Va.), and Republicans Scott (Va.) and Taft (Ohio). Op-
HR 9924 became controversial when it was first
Senate Committee Action
961) that would extend U.S. fishing limits to 200 miles,
posing it were Democrats Stennis (Miss.), Culver (Iowa) and
brought to the House floor in October. It was criticized as a
from the present 12.
Hart (Colo.), and Republicans Thurmond (S.C.), Tower
vehicle for federal funding of lobbying activities in favor of
The Post Office and Civil Service Committee Nov. 19
After preliminary debate on the final day of the session
(Texas), Goldwater (Ariz.) and Bartlett (Okla.).
the Equal Rights Amendment. That amendment, approved
ordered HR 8617 reported by a vote of 7-2. Voting for the
Dec. 19, the bill was made the Senate's pending order of
The committee in its report argued that the United
by Congress in 1972, has been ratified by 34 of the 38 states
bill were: Chairman Gale W. McGee (D Wyo.), Jennings
business on its return Jan. 19.
States faced serious coastal fishing problems, making a
necessary to add it to the Constitution as the 27th
Randolph (D W.Va.), Quentin N. Burdick (D N.D.), Frank
comprehensive conservation program "sorely needed"; that
Amendment. (1972 Almanac p. 199)
E. Moss (D Utah), Ernest F. Hollings (D S.C.), Patrick J.
Background on Controversy
the bill related strictly to fishery jurisdiction and did not
Proposed by Bella S. Abzug (D N.Y.), HR 9924 was
Leahy (D Vt.) and Ted Stevens (R Alaska). Voting against
S 961 would extend the U.S. fishing limit, effective
affect other ocean interests; that it did not violate inter-
reported unanimously by the House Government
were: Hiram L. Fong (R Hawaii) and Henry Bellmon (R
Sept. 30, 1976, to protect the American fishing industry
national law and that it would not affect negotiations at the
Operations Committee (H Rept 94-562), but a move to sus-
Okla.).
which, the bill's backers said, had been hard hit in recent
United Nations Law of the Sea Conference. It concluded
pend the rules and pass the bill Oct. 20 fell short of the two-
In its report (S Rept 94-512), filed Dec. 5, the committee
years by massive foreign fishing off U.S. shores. Foreign
that the bill was needed to protect vital U.S. fisheries in-
thirds vote required. (Vote 457, Weekly Report p. 2284;
said it did not see "the continuance of a merit system in
fishing would be strictly regulated in the new U.S. zone,
terests and that national defense and security con-
story, Weekly Report p. 2401, 2267)
public employment as being dependent upon maintenance
with American ships having first option on available fish
siderations did not lessen the bill's "urgent desirability."
of the severe restrictions on employees' First Amendment
stocks. In addition to widening the fishing zone, the bill
Taft filed supplemental views deploring "misleading
House Passage
rights that now exist."
would establish a federal fishery management program to
information" that U.S. representatives had given to the in-
When HR 9924 was brought up Dec. 10, its opponents,
The committee agreed to one substantive amendment
protect and conserve U.S. fish stocks.
ternational community about the impact of the bill.
led by Sam Steiger (R Ariz.) and Robert E. Bauman (R
to the House-passed bill. The amendment provided that
A similar bill had easily passed the Senate in 1974 by a
In minority views, Stennis, Thurmond, Tower and
Md.), attempted to delay it further, charging that women
nothing in the bill would authorize any employee to use in-
68-27 vote. It died at the end of the session when the House
Bartlett explained their opposition to S 961. They
members supporting the bill had incorrectly represented
formation available to him because of his employment for
took no action. (1974 Almanac p. 563)
acknowledged that U.S. coastal fishing problems deserved
the Republican National Committee among its backers.
any purpose prohibited by law.
But the Senate vote in 1976 was expected to be much
"vigorous attention" but called unilateral action by
Millicent Fenwick N.J.) responded that the national com-
closer. The House Oct. 9 passed a companion bill (HR 200)
Congress contrary to both international law and the ongo-
mittee chairman was in favor of the conference.
Minority Views
by a lopsided margin of 208-101. (House action, Weekly
ing negotiations.
The rule under which the bill was considered was
adopted, 369-31. (Vote 566, Weekly Report p. 2750)
In minority views, Fong and Bellmon said HR 8617
Report p. 2153)
The bills were opposed by the Ford administration,
CON: Foreign Relations
During debate on HR 9924, opponents attempted to cut
would "open up the entire federal government to partisan
politics by federal employees and concentrate excessive
which argued that any action on fishery zones should be by
The Foreign Relations Committee filed its adverse
back severely on its provisions. In each case such efforts
political power in the hands of their leaders.
international agreement, rather than a unilateral decision
report (S Rept 94-459) on the bill Nov. 18. It voted 7-6 to
were countered by compromise amendments offered by
"It would cripple and emasculate the Hatch Act-the
by the United States. They also were opposed by segments
report the bill adversely. Opposing the bill were Democrats
supporters of the bill and adopted by the House.
Amendments adopted included those which:
cornerstone of the merit system-which has served this na-
of the fishing industry, including tuna and shrimp interests
McGee (Wyo.), Humphrey (Minn.) and Clark (Iowa), and
tion so well in banning partisan politics from the merit
who fish far off U.S. waters and feared that an extension of
Republicans Javits (N.Y.), Scott (Pa.), Percy (III.) and
Specified that no funds authorized by HR 9924 could be
system and in shielding Civil Service workers from the
the U.S. boundaries would provoke retaliatory action by
Griffin (Mich.). Democrats Mansfield (Mont.), Symington
used for lobbying activities. Proposed by Elliott H. Levitas
foreign countries.
(Mo.), Pell (R.I.), McGovern (S.D.) and Biden (Del.), and
(D Ga.), this amendment was adopted by voice vote.
pressures and threats of politicians."
The expansion was pushed primarily by members
Republican Pearson (Kan.) voted not to report the bill
Reduced the authorization to $5-million from $10-
representing coastal interests. Principal sponsors of the
adversely.
million. Proposed by Patsy T. Mink (D Hawaii) as a sub-
Final Action:
bills were Rep. Gerry E. Studds (D Mass.) and Sen. Warren
In opposing the bill, the committee set out the
stitute for a Steiger amendment cutting funds to $1-million,
G. Magnuson (D Wash.). But even among representatives of
arguments that Ford administration witnesses made dur-
this amendment was adopted by a 28-16 standing vote.
coastal states there was not always a consensus. The two
ing its hearings and concluded that a multilateral ocean
The bill was then passed, 252-162.
OVERSEAS VOTING RIGHTS
Alaska senators, for example, took opposite sides on the
treaty offered the best protection and most effective long-
issue, with Republican Ted Stevens supporting it and
term solution for U.S. fishing interests.
Senate Action
Congress Dec. 18 cleared for the President a bill (S 95)
Democrat Mike Gravel opposing it. A further indication of
The committee said it believed that passage of S 961
The Senate Dec. 11 approved HR 9924 without debate
to assure American citizens who live outside of the United
the controversy was the referral of S 961 to three com-
would be "inconsistent with the spirit" of existing U.S. legal
by voice vote, clearing the measure for the White House.
States the right to vote in federal elections.
mittees and the closeness of their votes on it. After the
obligations, particularly the 1958 Convention on the High
Final action came when the Senate by voice vote
Senate Commerce Committee reported S 961 Oct. 7, it was
Seas, which specifically mentioned fishing as an element of
accepted House changes in the bill. S 95 originally was
referred to the Foreign Relations Committee and the
high seas freedom. It also was concerned that the bill might
Action Deferred:
passed by the Senate May 15. It was passed by the House
Armed Services Committee. (Commerce committee action,
undermine the U.N. conference and cast doubt on U.S.
Dec. 10 with amendments. (House action, Weekly Report p.
Weekly Report p. 2241)
credibility abroad on other sea and fishing issues. Disagree-
HATCH ACT REVISION
2777)
ing with the bill's supporters, the committee said that
Under S 95, no U.S. citizen could be denied the right to
"should the [U.N.] conference fail, there will be more than
PRO: Armed Services
vote in a state even if he did not maintain a residence there
enough time to take unilateral action to protect our coastal
The Senate deferred action until 1976 on a House-
The Armed Services Committee filed its report (S Rept
and did not intend to return there. These persons would
resources."
passed bill (HR 8617) that would give the nation's 2.8
have to file an application to vote no later than 30 days
94-415) Dec. 8, after approving the bill 9-7. It had approved
Griffin and McGee added their strongly held view that
million federal employees new political rights.
before an election.
the 1974 version by a two-vote margin as well. In approving
it was "absolutely essential" that a solution be reached
Although President Ford was reported ready to veto
The bill included an anti-voting fraud provision that
it, the committee adopted an amendment offered by Robert
through international agreement rather than unilateral ac-
the version of the bill approved by the House Oct. 21, the
Taft Jr. (R Ohio) to delay the effective date of the bill until
provided for a $5,000 fine and a five-year prison term for
tion, which they contended contained a number of dangers,
Senate Post Office and Civil Service Committee reported a
Jan. 1, 1977. Voting to report the bill favorably were
providing false information.
including the threat of having to use military force.
I
Democrats Symington (Mo.), Jackson (Wash.), Cannon
-By Judy Gardner
PAGE 2894-Dec. 27, 1975
COPYRIGHT 1975 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC.
Reproduction prohibited in whole or part except by editorial clients
COPYRIGHT 1975 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC.
Reproduction prohibited whole or in part except by editorial clients
Dec. 27, 1975-PAGE 2895
Corresponding to Congressional Record Votes 818, 820, 821, 822, 823, 824, 827, 828
CQ House Votes 605-612
607
608
609
610
612
605
606
607
608
609
610
605
606
607
608
609
610
605
909
607
608
609
610
KEY
606
609
KANSAS
4 Randall
77777777
Martin
YYYNNNYN
7 Jones
YYYYYY YN
Sebellus
?YYNNN??
5 Bolling
YYYYYYYY
10 Broyhill
YYYYNNYN
8 Ford
Y Voted for (yea)
YYYYYYY?
605. HR 9771. Airport and Airway Development. Passage of
Paired for.
5 Armstrong
YNYNNYN
2 Keys
YYYYYYYY
6 Litton
YYYYYYYN
Taylor
YYYYYYYN
TEXAS
the bill to authorize $4.76-billion for airport development and other
f
Announced for.
CONNECTICUT
3 Winn
Taylor
YYYYNNYN
NORTH DAKOTA
1 Patman
?YYYYYYY
aviation activities for the five-year period, fiscal 1976-80. Passed
N Voted against (nay).
Cotter
YYYYYYY?
4 Shriver
YYYYNNYN
8 Ichord
Y ? Y Y Y Y Y ?
AL Andrews
YYYYNNY?
2 Wilson
????????
Dodd
YYYYYYYY
5 Skubitz
YYYNNNYN
368-16: R 127-7; D 241-9 (ND 166-7; SD 75-2), Dec. 18, 1975. (Story,
X Paired against.
9 Hungate
YYYYYYY?
OHIO
3 Collins
YYYNNNNN
Announced against.
3 Giaimo
YYYYYYNY
KENTUCKY
10 Burlison
YYYYYYYN
Gradison
YYYYNNYN
4 Roberts
YYYYYYYN
p.
2899)
P
Voted "present."
4 McKinney
YYYYNNYY
1 Hubbard
YYYYYYYY
MONTANA
Clancy
YNYYNNYN
5 Steelman
Y?YYNNNN
Voted "present" to avoid
Sarasin
YYYYNNYY
2 Natcher
YYYYYYYY
Baucus
YYYYYYYY
Whalen
YYYYNNYY
6 Teague
? Y Y N N Y ? X
606. HR 10824. Medicare Amendments. Rostenkowski (D Ill.)
possible conflict of Interest.
6 Moffett
YYYYYYYY
3 Mazzoli
YYYYYYYN
2 Melcher
YYYYYY?1
Guyer
YYYYNNYN
7 Archer
YNYNNNNN
?
Did not vote or otherwise
DELAWARE
4 Snyder
YYYYNNYN
NEBRASKA
Latta
YYYYNNYN
8 Eckhardt
YYYYYYYY
motion to suspend the rules and adopt the resolution (H Res 943)
make position known.
AL du Pont
YTTNNYYY
5 Carter
YYYYNNYN
1 Thone
YYYNNNYN
Harsha
Y2??777N
9 Brooks
YYYYYYYN
providing that the House concur, with further amendments, to the
FLORIDA
6 Breckinridge
YYYYYYYY
2 McCollister
YNYYNNYN
Brown
YYYNNNYY
10 Pickle
YYYYYYYY
Senate amendments to the bill to make changes in the Medicare
Sikes
? Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
7 Perkins
YY7YYYYY
3 Smith
YYYYNN??
8 Kindness
YYYNNNYN
11 Poage
YYYYYY?2
program for the aged and to modify medical peer review re-
2 Fuqua
Y?777777
LOUISIANA
NEVADA
9 Ashley
YYYYYYYY
12 Wright
YYYYYYYY
3 Bennett
YYYYYYYN
Hebert
2777777X
AL Santini
YYYYYYYY
10 Miller
YNYNNNYN
13 Hightower
YYYYYYYY
quirements under the Medicare program and Medicaid program for
607
609
610
Chappell
YYYYYYYN
2 Boggs
YYYYYYYY
NEW HAMPSHIRE
11 Stanton
YYYYNNYN
14 Young
YYYYYYYY
the poor (thus clearing the bill for the President). Motion agreed to
Kelly
NNYNNNYN
3 Treen
YNYNNNYN
1 D'Amours
YYYYYYYY
12 Devine
YYYNNNYN
15 de la Garza
YYYYYYYN
371-16: R 116-13; D 255-3 175-1; SD Dec. 19, 1975. A two-
6 Young
NNYNNNYN
4 Waggonner
YYYYYYYN
2 Cleveland
YYYYNNY?
13 Mosher
7Y?Y7NYY
16 White
YYYYYYYN
7 Gibbons
NYYYY???
5 Passman
YYYYYYYY
NEW JERSEY
14 Seiberling
YYYYYYYY
17 Burleson
YYYYYYYN
thirds majority vote (258 in this case) is required for adoption under
ALABAMA
Haley
YYYYYYY?
6 Moore
YYYNNNYN
Florio
YYYYYYYY
15 Wylle
YYYNNNYN
18 Jordan
YYYYYYYY
suspension of the rules. (Story, p. 2877)
1 Edwards
YYYYNNYN
Frey
YYYNNYN
7 Breaux
YYYYYYYY
2 Hughes
YYYYYYYY
16 Regula
YYYYNNYN
19 Mahon
YYYYYYYN
2 Dickinson
YYYNNNYN
10 Bafalls
YYYYNNYN
8 Long
YYYYYYYY
3 Howard
Y ? ? Y Y Y Y Y
17 Ashbrook
YYYNNNYN
20 Gonzalez
YY?YNYYY
607. HR 10727. Social Security Appeals. Burke (D Mass.) mo-
3 Nichols
YYYYYY? X
11 Rogers
YYYYYYYY
MAINE
4 Thompson
YYYYYYYY
18 Hays
NYYYYY??
21 Krueger
YYYYYYYY
? ? Y Y N N Y N
YYYNNNYY
5 Fenwick
YYYYNNYY
19 Carney
YYYYYY??
22 Casey
YYYYYYYN
tion to suspend the rules and adopt the resolution (H Res 944)
4 Bevill
YYYYYYYX
12 Burke
1 Emery
5
Y ? ? ? Y Y Y Y
13 Lehman
YYYYYYY?
2 Cohen
YYYNNNYY
6 Forsythe
YYYYNNYY
20 Stanton
YYYYYYYY
23 Kazen
YYYYYYYN
providing that the House concur, with further amendments, to the
6 Buchenan
YYYYNNYN
14 Pepper
YYYYYYYY
MARYLAND
7 Maguire
YYYYYYYY
21 Stokes
YYYYYYYN
24 Milford
YYYYNYYN
Senate amendments to the bill to reduce the backlog of cases
7 Flowers
YYYYYYYN
15 Fascell
YYYYYYYY
1 Bauman
YNYNNYY
8 Roe
7272777Y
22 Vanik
YYYYYYYY
UTAH
appealing the denial of Social Security and other benefits, and to
ALASKA
GEORGIA
2 Long
NYYYYYYY
9 Helstoski
YYYYYYYY
23 Motti
NYYNYN?X
1 McKay
YYYYYYYY
AL Young
Y ? Y Y N N Y Y
Ginn
YYYYYYYY
3 Sarbanes
?YYYYYYY
10 Rodino
YYYYYYYY
OKLAHOMA
Howe
YYY???YY
make other minor changes in Social Security laws (thus clearing
ARIZONA
Mathis
YYYYYYYN
4 Holt
YYYYNNYY
11 Minish
YYYYYYYY
Jones
YYYYYY?7
VERMONT
the bill for the President). Motion agreed to 390-0: R 132-0; D 258-0
Rhodes
YYYYNNYN
Brinkley
YYYYYYYY
5 Spellman
YYYYYYYY
12 Rinaldo
YYYYNNYY
2 Risenhoover
YYYYYYY?
AL Jeffords
YYYNNNYY
(ND 178-0; SD 80-0), Dec. 19, 1975. A two-thirds majority vote (260
Udall
YYY?YYY?
Levitas
YYYNNYYN
Byron
YYYYYYYY
13 Meyner
?YYYYYYY
3 Albert
VIRGINIA
Stelger
Y ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
Young
YYYYYYYN
7 Mitchell
YYYYYYYN
14 Daniels
7777777
Steed
YYYYYYYN
1 Downing
YYYYYYYN
in this case) is required for adoption under suspension of the rules.
Conlan
YYYNNNYN
Flynt
?YYYYYYN
8 Gude
YYYYNNYY
15 Patten
YYYYYYYY
Jarman
YYYYNNYN
2 Whitehurst
YYYYNNYN
(Story, p. 2878)
ARKANSAS
McDonald
NNYNNNNN
MASSACHUSETTS
NEW MEXICO
English
YYYYYYYN
3 Satterfield
YNYNYYYN
1 Alexander
? Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Stuckey
YYYYYNYN
1 Conte
YYYYNNYY
1 Lujan
YYYYNNYN
OREGON
4 Daniel
YYYNNYN
608. HR 8069. Labor-HEW Appropriations, Fiscal 1976. Flood
2 Mills
YYYYYYN
9 Landrum
????????
2 Boland
YYYYYYY?
2 Runnels
YYYYYYYN
AuCoin
YYYYYYYY
5 Daniel
YYYNNYYN
3 Hammerschmidt)
NYYNNYN
10 Stephens
Y ? ? ? ? ? ?
Early
YYYYYYYY
NEW YORK
Uliman
YYY??YY?
6 Butler
YYYYNNYN
(D Pa.) motion to postpone until Jan. 27, 1976, an override attempt
4 Thornton
7 Y Y Y ? Y Y N
HAWAII
Drinan
YYYYYYYY
1 Pike
YYYYYYYY
3 Duncan
YYYYYYYY
7 Robinson
YYYYNNYN
of President Ford's veto of the bill appropriating $45-billion for the
CALIFORNIA
1 Matsunaga
YYYYYYYY
5 Tsongas
YYYYYYYY
2 Downey
YYYYYYYY
Weaver
YYYYYYYY
8 Harris
YYYYYYYY
2 Mink
YYYYYYYY
YYYYYYYY
PENNSYLVANIA
Departments of Labor and Health, Education and Welfare and
1 Johnson
Y377777V
6 Harrington
777YYY??
3 Ambro
9 Wampler
YYYNNNYN
2 Clausen
YYYNNNYN
IDAHO
7 Macdonald
????????
Lent
YYYNNYN
Barrett
YYYYYYYY
10 Fisher
YYYYYYYY
related agencies for fiscal 1976 and the July-September 1976 transi-
3 Moss
????????
Symms
YYYNNNYN
O'Neill
YYYYYYYY
5 Wydler
YYYNNNYN
Nix
YYYYYYY
WASHINGTON
tion period. Motion agreed to 319-71: R 73-60; D 246-11 (ND 171-4;
4 Leggett
YY77777V
2 Hansen, G.
YYYYNNYN
9 Moakley
YYYYYYYY
6 Wolff
YYYNYYY
Green
YYYYYYYY
1 Pritchard
YYYYNNYN
SD 75-7), Dec. 19, 1975.
5 Burton,
?YYYYYPN
ILLINOIS
10 Heckler
YYYYNNYY
7 Addabbo
YYYYYYYY
Ellberg
YYYYYYYY
2 Meeds
YYYYYYYY
6 Burton, P.
YYYYYYY?
Metcalfe
YYYYYYYY
11 Burke
YYYYYYYY
8 Rosenthal
YYYY??YY
Schulze
YY YNNNYY
3 Bonker
YYYYYYYY
7 Miller
YYYYYYYN
2 Murphy
YYYYYYYY
12 Studds
YYYYYYYY
9 Delaney
YYYYYYYY
Yatron
YYYYYYYY
4 McCormack
YYYY?YYY
609. H Res 939. House Reports. Adoption of the resolution
8 Dellums
YYYYYYYN
3 Russo
NYYYYNYY
MICHIGAN
10 Biaggi
YYYYYYYY
Edgar
YYYYYYYY
5 Foley
YYYYYYYY
providing for consideration of reports from the Rules Committee
9 Stark
Y2722777
4 Derwinski
YYYYNNYN
Conyers
2777777X
11 Scheuer
YYYYYYYY
8 Blester
YYYYNNYY
6 Hicks
NYYYYY??
on the same day as reported and providing for adoption of such
10 Edwards
YYYYYYY?
5 Fary
YYYYYYYY
2 Esch
? YY?N?YY
12 Chisholm
YYYYYYYN
9 Shuster
YYYNNNYY
7 Adams
? Y Y ? ? Y Y Y
11 Ryan
Y7YYYYYY
6 Hyde
YYYNNNYN
3 Brown
YYYYNNNN
13 Solarz
YYYYYYYY
10 McDade
YYYYNNYY
WEST VIRGINIA
resolutions by a simple majority rather than a two-thirds majority
12 McCloskey
????????
7 Collins
YYYYYYYY
4 Hutchinson
YYYYNNYN
14 Richmond
YYYYYYYN
11 Flood
YYYYYYYY
1 Mollohan
YYYYYYYY
vote for the remainder of the first session of the 94th Congress.
13 Mineta
YYYYYYYY
8 Rostenkowski
YYYYYY??
5 Vander Veen
YYYYYYYY
15 Zeferetti
YYYYYYYW
12 Murtha
YYYYYYY?
2 Staggers
YYYYYYYY
Adopted 247-142: R 1-132; D 246-10 (ND 173-1; SD 73-9), Dec. 19,
14 McFall
YYYYYYYY
9 Yates
Y ? ? ? ? ? ?
6 Carr
YYYNYYYY
16 Holtzman
YYYYYYYY
13 Coughlin
YYYYNNYY
3 Slack
?YYYYYYY
15 Sisk
7 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
10 Mikva
NYYYYYYN
7 Riegle
?YYYYYYY
17 Murphy
YYYYYY?Y
14 Moorhead
YYYYYYYY
4 Hechler
YYYYYYYN
1975.
16 Talcott
7777777?
11 Annunzio
? Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
8 Traxier
YNYYYYYY
18 Koch
YYYYYYYY
15 Rooney
YYYYYNYY
WISCONSIN
17 Krebs
YYYYYYYN
12 Crane
YNYNNNNN
9 Vander Jagt
YYYYNNY?
19 Rangel
?YYYYYYN
16 Eshleman
77777777
Aspin
YYYYYYYY
610. H Res 945. Three-Day Recesses. Adoption of the resolu-
18 Ketchum
YYYNNNY?
13 McClory
YYYYNNYN
10 Cederberg
YYYYNNYN
20 Abzug
YYYYYYYY
17 Schneebell
NYYNNNYY
2 Kastenmeier
YYYYYYYY
tion providing for meetings of the House on Tuesdays and Fridays
19 Lagomarsino
YYYNNNYN
14 Erlenborn
NYYNNNYN
11 Ruppe
YYYYNN??
21 Badillo
??????YY
18 Heinz
YYYYNNYY
3 Baldus
YYYYYYYY
20 Goldwater
YYYYNNYN
15 Hall
YYYYYYYY
12 O'Hara
YYYYYYYY
22 Bingham
????????
19 Goodling,
W.
YYYNNNYY
4 Zablocki
YYYYYYYY
during the remainder of the first session of the 94th Congress.
21 Corman
YYYYYYY?
16 Anderson
YYYYNNYN
13 Diggs
?YY?YY7 N
23 Peyser
YYYYYNYY
20 Gaydos
27777722
5 Reuss
YYYYYYYY
Adopted 255-139: R 0-133; D 255-6 (ND 175-4; SD 80-2), Dec. 19,
22 Moorhead
YYYNNNYN
17 O'Brien
YYYNNNYN
14 Nedzi
YYYYYYYY
24 Ottinger
77777777
21 Dent
YYYYYYYY
6 Stelger
NYYNNNYN
1975.
23 Rees
YYY???YY
18 Michel
YYYYNNY?
15 Ford
25 Fish
YYYYNNYY
22 Morgan
YYYYYYYY
7 Obey
YYYYYYYN
24 Waxman
YYYYYYYY
19 Ralisback
YYYYNNYY
16 Dingell
Y?YYYYYY
26 Glimen
77777777
23 Johnson
YYYYNNYY
8 Cornell
YYYYYYYY
25 Roybal
YYYYYYY?
20 Findley
YYYNNNYN
17 Brodhead
NYYYYYYY
27 McHugh
YYYYYYYY
24 Vigorito
YYYYYYYY
9 Kasten
YYYNNNYN
611. HR 9968. Tax Reduction Extension. Ullman (D Ore.) mo-
26 Rousselot
YNYNNNNN
21 Madigan
YYYYNNYN
18 Blanchard
YYYYYYYY
28 Stratton
YYYYYYYY
25 Myers
YYYYNNYY
WYOMING
tion to suspend the rules and concur in the Senate amendment
27 Bell
Y2777777
22 Shipley
YYYYYYY?
19 Broomfield
YYYYNNYN
29 Pattison
YYYYYYYY
RHODE ISLAND
AL Roncalio
YYYYYYYY
23 Price
YYYYYYYY
with an amendment pledging Congress to attempt to cut fiscal 1977
28 Burke
YYYYYYY?
MINNESOTA
30 McEwen
YYYYNNYN
Germain
YYYYYYYY
29 Hawkins
Y ? ? ? ? Y Y ?
24 Simon
YY?YYYYY
1 Quie
YYYNNNYN
31 Mitchell
YYYNNNYY
Beard
YYYYYYYY
spending to equal any further extension of 1975 tax cuts beyond the
30 Danielson
YYYYYYY?
INDIANA
2 Hagedorn
YYYYNNYN
32 Hanley
YYYYYYYY
SOUTH CAROLINA
Jan. 1 to June 30 extension provided by HR 9968. Motion agreed to
31 Wilson
?YYY??Y?
1 Madden
YYYYYYYY
3 Frenzel
YYYYNNYN
33 Walsh
YYYYNNYY
1 Davis
YYYYYYY
372-10: R 125-7; D 247-3 171-2; SD 76-1), Dec. 19, 1975. (A two-
32 Anderson
YYYYYYY?
2 Fithian
YYYYYYYY
4 Karth
YYYYYYYY
34 Horton
77777777
2 Spence
YYYNNNYN
thirds majority vote (255 in this case) is required for passage
33 Clawson
YYYNNNYN
3 Brademas
YYYYYYYY
5 Fraser
YYYYYYYY
35 Conable
NYYNNNYN
3 Derrick
YYYNYYYN
34 Hannaford
YYYYYYYY
4 Roush
YYYYYYYY
6 Nolan
YYYYYYYY
36 LaFalce
YYYYYYY
Mann
YYYNNYYN
under suspension of the rules. (Story, p. 2871)
35 Lloyd
YYYYYYYY
5 Hillis
YYYYNNYY
7 Bergland
YYYYYYYY
37 Nowak
YYYYYYYY
5 Holland
YYYYNYYN
36 Brown
YY?YYY
6 Evans
YYYYYYYY
8 Oberstar
YYYYYYYY
38 Kemp
YYYNNNYY
6 Jenrette
YYYYYYYN
612. S 2718. Railroad Reorganization. Adoption of the con-
37 Pettis
YYYNNNYN
7 Myers
NYYNNNYN
MISSISSIPPI
39 Hastings
Y??777YN
SOUTH DAKOTA
38 Patterson
YYYYYYYY
8 Hayes
YYYYYYYY
1 Whitten
?YYYYYYN
NORTH CAROLINA
1 Pressier
YYYYNNYN
ference report on the bill to authorize $6.5-billion in financial
39 Wiggins
YYYYNNYN
9 Hamilton
YYYYYYYY
2 Bowen
YYYYYYYY
Jones
YYYYYYYN
2
YYYYNNYN
assistance to the nation's railroads and to lessen federal regulation
40 Hinshaw
77277272
10 Sharp
YYYYYYYY
3 Montgomery
2277777X
2 Fountain
YYYYYYYN
TENNESSEE
of the railroad industry by the Interstate Commerce Commission.
41 Wilson
YYYNNNYN
11 Jacobs
YYYNYYNN
4 Cochran
YYYNNNYY
3 Henderson
YYYYYYYN
1 Quilien
YYYNNNY?
Adopted 205-150: R 38-89; D 167-61 (ND 136-20; SD 31-41), Dec. 19,
42 Van Dearlin
YYYYYYYY
IOWA
5 Lott
YYYYNNYY
4 Andrews
YYYYYYYN
2 Duncan
YNYYNNYN
43 Burgener
YYYNNNYN
1 Mezvinsky
YYYYYYYY
MISSOURI
Neal
YYYYYYYN
3 Lloyd
YYYYNYYN
1975. A "nay" was a vote supporting the President's position.
COLORADO
2 Blouin
YYYYYYYY
Clay
Y7YYYYYN
Preyer
YYYYYYYY
4 Evins
22222222
1 Schroeder
YYYYYYYN
3 Grassley
YYYNNNYN
2 Symington
YYYYYYY?
Rose
YYYYYYYY
5 Allen
YYYYYYYN
Wirth
?YYYYYYY
4 Smith
YYYYYYYY
3 Sullivan
77777777
Hefner
YYYYYYYY
6 Beard
7?YNNNYN
3 Evans
?YYYYYYY
5 Harkin
Y?YYNNPN
4 Johnson
YYYYNNNN
6 Bedell
YYYYYYYY
Democrats
Republicans
Democrats
Republicans
COPYRIGHT 1975 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC.
Reproduction prohibited in whole or in part except by aditorial clients
Dec. 27, 1975-PAGE 2897
COPYRIGHT 1975 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC.
PAGE 2896-Dec. 27, 1975
Reproduction prohibited in whole or in part except by editorial clients
CQ Senate Votes 598-602
Corresponding to Congressional Record Votes 607, 608, 609, 610, 611
600
601
599
602
KEY
Transportation and Communications
ALABAMA
IOWA
NEW HAMPSHIRE
YYNNY
Durkin
YYYNY
Y Voted for (yea)
Clark
YYYNY
Allen
Paired for.
Sparkman
YYYNN
Culver
YYYNY
McIntyre
YTYNY
t
Announced for
KANSAS
NEW JERSEY
ALASKA
Gravel
Y ? Y N Y
tt???
Williams
YYYNY
N
Voted against (nay).
Dole
YYYYY
Case
YYYNY
X
Paired against.
HOUSE APPROVES $4.8-BILLION FOR AIRPORTS
Stevens
Pearson
YYYNY
Announced against.
KENTUCKY
NEW MEXICO
ARIZONA
P
?????
Voted "present."
YY???
Ford
YYYNY
Fannin
Montoya
Voted "present" to avoid
Goldwater
tt??-
Huddleston
YYYNY
Domenici
YYNYN
possible conflict of interest.
Approving a six-month ban on U.S. landings by the Con-
Federal Aviation Administration, which said that the craft
ARKANSAS
LOUISIANA
NEW YORK
?
Did not vote or otherwise
YYYNY
?????
Buckley*
YYYYN
corde supersonic jet transport, the House Dec. 18 by a 368-
could cause noise levels twice as loud as subsonic aircraft
Bumpers
Johnston
YYNYN
YYYYN
Javits
YYYNY
make position known.
Long
16 vote passed a bill (HR 9771) authorizing $4.76-billion for
and could deplete the earth's protective ozone shield enough
McClellan
MAINE
NORTH CAROLINA
CALIFORNIA
YYYNY
Hathaway
TTNYN
airport development and other aviation projects over a five-
to cause 200 additional cases of skin cancer a year. "The
Cranston
YYYNY
Morgan
YYYNY
Helms
YNNNY
year period, fiscal 1976-80. (Vote 605, p. 2896)
document is overwhelmingly persuasive," declared Norman
Tunney
YYYNY
Muskie
COLORADO
MARYLAND
NORTH DAKOTA
600
601
602
The narrow 199-188 vote for the anti-SST amendment
F. Lent (R N.Y.). "The thing speaks for itself, and what it
YYNNY
Beall
YYYYN
Burdick
YYYNY
Hart
Haskell
YYNNY
Mathias
?????
Young
YYNYN
marked the first successful attempt by either chamber to
tells us is clear. Keep the SST out."
MASSACHUSETTS
OHIO
TEXAS
CONNECTICUT
deny landing rights to the controversial British-French air-
Supporters also pointed to new findings by the En-
YYYNY
Kennedy
YYYNY
Glenn
YYYNY
Bentsen
tt???
Ribicoff
YYYNY
Brooke
YYYNY
Taff
ttnny
Tower
YYNYN
liner. Attempts to tie such a prohibition to the fiscal 1976
vironmental Protection Agency that Concorde landings at
Welcker
MICHIGAN
OKLAHOMA
UTAH
transportation appropriations bill (HR 8365) had failed by
Kennedy Airport would be "undesirable." Lent argued that
DELAWARE
YYYNY
Hart
YYYNY
Bartlett
YNNYN
Moss
YYYNY
Biden
Roth
YYYYY
Griffin
YYNYN
Bellmon
YYNYN
Garn
YYNNY
close margins in both the House and Senate. (Senate bill,
the SST presented a further safety hazard because its
MINNESOTA
OREGON
VERMONT
Weekly Report p. 1703; House bill, p. 1528)
limited fuel capacity would barely enable it to reach
FLORIDA
Chiles
?????
Humphrey
YYYNY
Hatfield
YNYNY
Leahy
YYYNY
Stone
YYYNY
Packwood
Stafford
YYYNY
Although the ban would not apply to Washington's
Washington from Paris.
ttx-t
Mondale
YYNNY
MISSISSIPPI
PENNSYLVANIA
VIRGINIA
Dulles International Airport, since it is federally owned and
Opponents of the amendment, maintaining that a ban
GEORGIA
Schwelker
YYYNY
Byrd**
YNNNN
Nunn
YYNNN
Eastland
YY???
would not come under the airport aid bill, James V. Stanton
would be premature with the Transportation Department
Talmadge
Y Y N N ?
Stennis
YY??N
Scott
YYYYN
Scott
YNNNY
MISSOURI
RHODE ISLAND
WASHINGTON
(D Ohio), sponsor of the amendment, claimed in debate he
investigation still pending, said such action could jeopardize
HAWAII
Inouye
YYYNY
Eagleton
?????
Pastore
YYYNT
Jackson
YYYNX
had assurances from Transportation Secretary William T.
U.S. relations with France and Great Britain. "To refuse to
Fong
?????
Symington
YYYNY
Pell
YYYNY
Magnuson
YYYNY
Coleman Jr. that Dulles would be included under the ban if
MONTANA
SOUTH CAROLINA
WEST VIRGINIA
accept a plane that meets internationally agreed upon stan-
IDAHO
Church
???-+
Mansfield
YYNNY
Hollings
YYYN?
Byrd
YYNNY
the House approved it. However, Coleman denied the next
dards," argued Dale Milford (D Texas), a member of the
YYYNY
YYNYN
Metcalf
YYY?Y
Thurmond
YNNYN
Randolph
McClure
day that he had made any such commitment. The Concorde
Public Works Aviation Subcommittee, "would invite
NEBRASKA
SOUTH DAKOTA
WISCONSIN
ILLINOIS
YYW??
Curtis
YNNYN
Abourezk
YY??Y
Nelson
YYYNY
owners in August had applied for landing rights at Dulles
retaliation." Milford warned of possible economic reprisals
Stevenson
Percy
YYNNY
Hruska
YYNYN
McGovern
YYYNY
Proxmire
YYNNY
and New York's John F. Kennedy International Airport.
by France and Britain against financially ailing U.S. air-
NEVADA
TENNESSEE
WYOMING
INDIANA
Cannon
?????
Baker
YYNYN
McGee
??YY'
(SST background, Weekly Report p. 2682)
lines.
Bayh
?????
YYYN?
Laxalt
?????
Brock
++???
Hansen
YYNYN
Milford and others also questioned the validity of the
Hartke
**Byrd elected as independent.
Airport Aid
noise and ozone issues raised against the SST. FAA noise
Democrats
Republicans
*Buckley elected as Conservative.
Designed to correct flaws in the program first es-
standards never were intended to apply to supersonic air-
tablished under the Airport and Airways Development Act
craft, they said, and any threat to the ozone was mitigated
of 1970 (PL 91-258), HR 9771 revised the formula for dis-
by the fact that only six flights a day to the United States
tribution of money from the Airport and Airway Trust
were planned for Concorde. Wayne L. Hays (D Ohio) added
Fund to place new emphasis on development of medium
that there already were "at least 500 supersonic flights in
and small airports. And for the first time trust fund money
this country" by military aircraft.
would be available for terminal development and to allow
The Stanton amendment, as amended by Snyder, was
airports to buy surrounding land for noise buffer zones.
passed, 199-188. It won strong support from northern
598. HR 9968. Tax Reduction Extension. Long (D La.) amend-
assistance for the nation's railroads and to lessen federal regula-
The only floor change in the funding levels approved by
Democrats, 134-42, and was opposed by southern
ment binding Congress to pledge, should it decide to extend the
tion of the railroad industry by the Interstate Commerce Com-
the Public Works and Transportation Committee was the
Democrats, 28-49, and Republicans, 37-97. (Vote 604, Week-
1975 tax cut beyond June 30, 1976, to cut fiscal 1977 federal
mission. Adopted 51-29: R 13-18; 38-11 32-5; SD 6-6), Dec. 19,
1975. A "nay" was a vote supporting the President's position.
elimination of $72-million that had been slated for airport-
ly Report p. 2830)
spending dollar-for-dollar to match reductions below what they
mass transit demonstration projects. (Committee action,
would be under 1974 tax levels, provided, however, that Congress
601. HR 9861. Defense Department Appropriations, Fiscal
Weekly Report p. 2467)
Airport Trust Fund
could make other spending decisions based on "changing economic
conditions or other unforeseen circumstances." Adopted 82-0: 31-
1976. Mansfield (D Mont.) motion to table, and thus kill, the
Jurisdictional tangles and dispute over the purpose of
0; D 51-0 (ND 38-0; SD 13-0), Dec. 19, 1975. A "yea" was a vote sup-
Tunney (D Calif.) amendment limiting U.S. activities in Angola to
Floor Action
the trust fund prompted a bitter debate about opening the
porting the President's position. (Story, p. 2871)
intelligence gathering. Rejected 21-58: 17-14; D 4-44 (ND 1-35; SD
fund for airport terminal development. Previously, money
3-9), Dec. 19, 1975. A "yea" was a vote supporting the President's
from the Airport and Airway Trust Fund had been reserved
599. HR 9968. Tax Reduction Extension. Passage of the bill to
position. (Story, Weekly Report p. 2832)
SST
for use only on runways and airport features having to do
cut tax liabilities by $8.4-billion by extending 1975 tax reductions
The anti-Concorde amendment as originally offered by
with safety. As reported by the Public Works Committee,
through June 30, 1976, and to pledge fiscal 1977 spending reduc-
tions to match any tax cuts that later were extended beyond June
602. HR 9861. Defense Department Appropriations, Fiscal
James V. Stanton (D Ohio) would have banned all such com-
HR 9771 would permit use of trust fund money for public
30 (see vote 598, above). Passed 73-7: R 25-6; D 48-1 (ND 36-0; SD
1976. Tunney (D Calif.) amendment to the amendment reported in
mercial supersonic aircraft from U.S. airports (except
portions of airport terminals-that is, sections that produce
12-1), Dec. 19, 1975. A "yea" was a vote supporting the President's
disagreement by House-Senate conferees limiting U.S. activities in
Dulles) for a full year. However, noting that Coleman had
no revenue. Previously, all parts of terminals have been
position. (Story, p. 2871)
Angola to intelligence gathering. Adopted 54-22: R 16-15; D 38-7
promised to render a final decision on the Concorde applica-
the responsibility of state and local governments.
600. S 2718. Railroad Reorganization. Adoption of the con-
(ND 34-0; SD 4-7), Dec. 19, 1975. A "nay" was a vote supporting the
tion by mid-February, Stanton agreed to accept another
Since the trust fund is supported from taxes on airport
ference report on the bill to authorize $6.5-billion in financial
President's position. (Story, p. 2832)
amendment by M.G. (Gene) Snyder (R Ky.) that would cut
users, however, any change in the fund must have the
the length of the ban to six months. "I think the flat
approval of the tax-writing Ways and Means Committee.
prohibition for six months is a reasonable position,"
And that committee, in a floor amendment to the bill, op-
Stanton said, "because the Department of Transportation
posed the change proposed by Public Works. "We set up this
would then report back to us on what their findings are."
trust fund for air safety, not to build terminals," declared
Supporters of the SST ban cited new findings in a final
Sam Gibbons (D Fla.), a Ways and Means Committee
environmental impact statement, released Nov. 13 by the
member. "We have not yet gotten the air safety we sought."
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PAGE 2899-Dec. 27, 1975
PAGE 2898-Dec. 27, 1975
Reproduction prohibited in whole or in part except by editorial clients
Transportation and Communications - 2
Transportation and Communications - 3
The Ways and Means amendment would have continued the
bill (S 2711) passed Dec. 12 by the Senate, which had not
said were the excessively high spending levels of the bill and
Interstate Highways. Extending authorization for in-
existing trust fund, without new authority for terminal
considered interstate authorizations.
undue concern for urban mass transit alternatives.
terstate construction through fiscal 1988, the committee
development.
Passage of the two-year extensions of the highway
Emphasis in the bill was on completion of the inter-
authorized a total of $36.09-billion from the trust fund for
To that amendment Public Works Aviation Subcom-
program and the trust fund meant further postponement of
state system, which was first authorized in 1954 with a
completion of the system. The bill would increase to $4-
mittee Chairman Glenn M. Anderson (D Calif.) proposed
a decision on the future of the fund. Opened in 1973 to
completion target of 1972. Although the current authoriza-
billion annually the previously authorized levels of $3.25-
his own amendment that would open the trust fund for ter-
limited funding for mass transit, the 20-year-old trust fund
tion for interstate construction was not due to expire until
billion annually for fiscal 1977 and 1978. To keep levels for
minal development. Safety still would receive priority un-
increasingly had become the target of critics who wanted to
the end of fiscal 1979, the committee boosted that
those two years under the congressional budget ceilings,
der the bill, Anderson pointed out, since it would require
see it ended or adapted to a comprehensive national trans-
authorization level and added new funds for interstate con-
$750-million would be set aside each year for discretionary
that an airport be certified safe before it could receive
portation policy. Acknowledging those concerns, the bill's
struction through fiscal 1988. And for the first time, an in-
use by the transportation secretary for completion of inter-
money for terminal development. Noting that the Public
sponsors promised to hold hearings in 1976 on the trust
flation escalator was included in the funding levels to ac-
state gaps and for unusually expensive, long-term projects.
Works proposal had the support of the Air Line Pilots
fund proposals, including one by the Ford administration.
count for rising construction costs.
The bill would retain an existing provision that allowed
Association, whose first concern should be safety,
Relaxing a provision of the 1973 highway bill 93-87)
states that had completed their interstate construction to
Anderson argued that better airports would promote safety
Highlights
that allowed urban areas to use their interstate money from
receive a minimum of 0.5 per cent of the total annual inter-
by relieving congestion and accident-causing delays.
The emphasis of HR 8235 was on the interstate system,
the Highway Trust Fund for mass transit, HR 8235 would
state apportionment. But in a departure from earlier
Public Works Committee members expressed resent-
which sponsors said could be completed by 1988 at the new
permit those funds to be used for other urban highways as
authorizations, the committee stipulated that the minimum
ment that the Ways and Means Committee had taken it
funding levels. The increased levels, they said, ultimately
well.
apportionment could not exceed the total cost to complete
upon itself, without hearings, to change HR 9771. "I am
would be economical since they would expedite completion
Noting increasing pressure to end or reduce the
construction in any state. The effect would be to cut off ex-
wondering," Public Works member Barry M. Goldwater Jr.
of the system and save it the costs of delay, uncertainty and
Highway Trust Fund in favor of other transportation
cess funds that in the past had been used by states for other
(R Calif.) said, "what brought about this knowledgeable
inflation.
modes, the committee said the two-year extension under
highway nees. Retention of that provision, the committee
position on the part of the Ways and Means Committee that
Republicans were turned back in a floor attempt to
HR 8235 would "permit flexibility" for Congress in deciding
said, "would unduly inflate the already considerable cost to
would justify the overriding of hours and days of testimony
reduce the funding levels.
future transportation policy. Since the trust fund is fed
complete the interstate system."
and effort put in by this committee?" The Anderson amend-
The bill also featured new flexibility for urban areas
from highway-user taxes, Title III of the bill extending the
Another change in the existing law was the inclusion of
ment to the Ways and Means amendment was adopted 246-
that reject an interstate segment and transfer the funds to
trust fund was considered and approved, 27-7, by the tax-
"a built-in inflation factor" of 7 per cent to account for ris-
138, with Henry B. Gonzalez (D Texas) voting "present."
alternative transportation modes. Supporters said it would
writing Ways and Means Committee.
ing construction costs in the future. Computing past infla-
(Vote 603, Weekly Report p. 2830)
promote more efficient urban transportation planning;
HR 8235 would authorize $8.86-billion for fiscal 1977,
tion rates in the construction industry, the committee pro-
critics charged that the provision was a "pork-barrel" ploy
$8.86-billion for fiscal 1978 and $2.22-billion for the budget
jected the rate into the future and included the estimated
Other Amendments
specifically tailored to the needs of financially desperate
transition period, July-September 1976. The figures include
increased costs in the total authorization for each year.
Elimination of the $72-million for airport-mass transit
New York City.
$4-billion for each of the fiscal years and $1-billion for the
Transferability. Enlarging upon existing law that per-
The House rejected efforts to roll back new interstate
transition period for new interstate authorizations. The
mited shifting of up to 40 per cent of funds for between the
demonstration projects came after adoption by voice vote of
highway truck weights that had been approved in an in-
committee in addition authorized $4-billion annually for in-
two rural categories (rural primary and rural secondary)
an earlier amendment rejecting the earmarking of those
funds for such a project at California's Oakland Inter-
terim 1974 highway bill (PL 93-643).
terstate construction through fiscal 1988.
and between the urban categories (urban extension and ur-
Notable for its absence from the House bill was a
ban) HR 8235 would also allow transfer of up to 40 per cent
national Airport. The earlier amendment, offered by
William H. Harsha (R Ohio), instead would authorize the
proposal to consolidate some of the existing 38 categorical
Provisions
of funds between the following categories: 1) rural primary
and primary extensions in urban areas, 2) rural primary
transportation secretary to choose a demonstration site,
highway programs. Such a provision, pushed by the ad-
thus, Harsha said, ensuring that the money would be used
ministration, urban liberals and state and local
As reported by the committee, HR 8235 (H Rept 94-716)
and priority primary (rural or urban), and 3) urban exten-
for the most feasible demonstration project.
governments, had been a prominent feature of the Senate
contained the following major provisions:
sions and priority primary.
But after the Harsha amendment was passed, Robert
bill. (Senate action, Weekly Report p. 2785)
Noninterstate Highways. Unlike the Senate bill, HR
To prevent any one category from being used simply as
W. Edgar (D Pa.) offered an amendment to strike the
The only reduction in the funding level approved by the
8235 would retain the existing major highway
a funnel for funds to other categories, the bill would
authorization altogether, saying it duplicated existing
Public Works and Transportation Committee was the
categories-rural primary, rural secondary, urban and
stipulate that 1) no category could be increased or reduced
authority under the Urban Mass Transportation Act of 1964
elimination of $67.5-million for incentives for states to
primary extensions of urban-with total funding levels
by more than 40 per cent in a year, and 2) no category could
(PL 88-365). The House agreed, accepting the amendment
enact seat belt laws. As passed by the House, HR 8235
about equal for urban and rural. Existing law permitted a
be both increased and reduced in a year.
would authorize $4.86-billion a year for federal highway
state to transfer up to 40 per cent of its funds between rural
Interstate Transfer. The bill contained a controversial
by voice vote.
The House adopted by voice vote a noncontroversial
programs in fiscal 1977 and 1978 and $1.23-billion for the
primary and rural secondary or between urban and urban
provision, added as an amendment in full committee mark-
amendment by Ronald V. Dellums (D Calif.) clarifying that
budget transition period, July-September 1976. In addition,
primary extensions.
up by Bella S. Abzug (D N.Y.), that was intended to further
minorities are entitled to participate in programs funded by
the bill would authorize for interstate construction $4-
To increase flexibility in the use of funds, the com-
benefit urban areas which rejected completion of an inter-
the bill.
billion annually through fiscal 1987, $1-billion for the tran-
mittee said, the bill would permit similar transfers among
state segment in favor of a highway or mass transit. It
-By Ted Vaden
sition period and $840-million for fiscal 1988.
rural primary, urban primary extensions and priority
would:
The House and Senate versions now go to conference,
primary systems.
Enable an area to use funds transferred from an inter-
House Passage:
which sponsors had indicated would be lengthy.
For priority primary routes, the bill would authorize
state account for another highway as well as for mass tran-
$300-million annually, with $50-million of that each year to
sit.
Committee Action
be held in a discretionary fund by the transportation
Instead of reducing a state's interstate allotment in a
FEDERAL HIGHWAY PROGRAM
secretary for unusually expensive, long-term projects. For
year by the cost of a segment rejected by an area, reduce it
Approving new long-range funding to expedite comple-
primary extensions in urban areas, the bill would guarantee
by the proportion of the cost of the withdrawn segment to
Approving spending levels that Republicans said would
tion of the Interstate Highway System, the House Public
each state a minimum 0.5 per cent of the total annual ap-
the total cost of the state system-thus minimizing the im-
subject the bill to a presidential veto, the House Dec. 18 by a
Works and Transportation Committee Dec. 11 reported a
portionment.
pact of a withdrawal upon the state system.
vote of 410-7 passed legislation (HR 8235) authorizing
bill (HR 8235) to extend for two years, through fiscal 1978,
Definitions. The committee amended the definition of
Allow areas to compute the cost of a transferred seg-
$10.94-billion for federal-aid highway programs in fiscal
the federal-aid highway program and the Highway Trust
the word "construction" to include "resurfacing." The
ment based on the most recent cost estimate, rather than
1977-78 and extending the Highway Trust Fund for two
Fund.
change would make clear that federal funds could be used
upon a pre-1972 estimate, as in existing law.
years, through fiscal 1979.
The bill was reported on a 16-2 vote by a bitterly split
to "assure adequate structural support" for existing roads,
Clarify that states would not have to repay federal
The bill also increased the authorization for the Inter-
committee. Although they voted for the report, six com-
the committee said, but responsibility for normal
funds previously spent on a withdrawn interstate system.
state Highway System to a level of $4-billion a year and ex-
mittee Democrats filed strongly worded additional views
maintenance of roads would remain with the state.
Clarify that a state's account under the Urban Mass
tended the authorization through fiscal 1988. Interstate
criticizing the committee's refusal to provide more flexible
The committee specified that the definition of urban
Transportation Act shall not be reduced by the amount
construction through fiscal 1978 had been authorized by the
funding for urban highways and to combine the "myriad"
area would not apply to New Hampshire since the unique
transferred from interstate to mass transit.
1973 highway act (PL 93-87) at a level of $3.25-billion a
existing highway categories into more pliable programs. At
political subdivision of that state had in the past dis-
Make the amended transfer provisions retroactive for
year. HR 8235 differed considerably from the highway-aid
the same time, committee Republicans attacked what they
qualified it for rural funds.
those states that had already implemented transfers.
PAGE 2900-Dec. 27, 1975
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Dec. 27, 1975-PAGE 2901
Transportation and Communications 4
Transportation and Communications 5
Certification Procedures. Declaring an intent to
Transportation Committee rose to express support for the
To preclude that possibility, Harsha's amendments
The most controversial, offered by Gary A. Myers (R Pa.),
"simplify highway procedures," the committee would relax
bill but disappointment over its final form. William H.
would have 1) restored the interstate estimate base to the
would have rolled back to 73,280 pounds the truck weight of
requirements for states to participate in noninterstate
Harsha (R Ohio), ranking minority member of the com-
1972 level, as in existing law, 2) stipulated that withdrawn
80,000 pounds allowed on interstate highways by the
programs. A requirement in existing law that states es-
mittee, warned that if the spending levels were approved by
interstate mileage could be redesignated only in another
Federal-Aid Highway Act Amendments of 1974 (PL 93-
tablish program requirements equivalent to federal stan-
Congress, "the President will have nohesitancy in vetoing
state and 3) stricken the "payback" element of the Abzug
643). During hasty consideration of that bill on the eve of
dards, the committee said, had been mistakenly interpreted
this bill." (Vote 602, Weekly Report p. 2830)
provision that would allow areas to use for other purposes
adjournment in 1974, Edward I. Koch (D N.Y.) had been un-
by some states to require state laws identical to the federal
While noting that HR 8235 emphasized the interstate
rights-of-way purchased with interstate funds without
successful in repeated attempts to win a House vote to
law. HR 8234 would require only that states have the ability
system and provided new flexibility for other programs,
having to pay back the federal government.
delete the Senate-added truck weight increase. (1974
to accomplish the policies and objectives of federal law.
committee chairman Robert E. Jones (D Ala.) stressed that
Opponents of the Harsha amendments denied that the
Almanac, p. 707)
Another change would eliminate requirements for fed-
it represented little departure from previous highway bills.
provision was written for New York, citing other cities that
Supporters of the Myers amendment argued that the
eral approval of detailed steps of a secondary road project.
"All in all," he said, "this act continues the tradition of the
would benefit. They insisted the increased flexibility was
heavier trucks presented a safety risk, caused deterioration
Such approval requirements would|be|retained for projects
long series of Federal-Aid Highway Acts that have been
needed to make the interstate transfer program
of highways and drained financially weak railroads of bad-
on the primary, urban and urban extension systems.
presented to this body by the former Committee on Public
meaningful. The amendment was defeated, 122-294. The en-
ly needed business. They insisted on a floor vote so that
Highway Safety. The committee expressed concern
Works."
tire New York City delegation, with the exception of John
members would be publicly recorded for or against the sen-
that many states had chosen to carry out highway safety
But it was just that adherence to tradition that
M. Murphy (D), voted against it. (Vote 599, Weekly Report
sitive issue, which pitted consumer groups against the
programs under the Highway Safety Act of 1973 through
bothered some members. Committee member Robert W.
p. 2830).
trucking lobby.
state agencies other than state highway departments. "This
Edgar (D Pa.), who had supported an alternative proposal
No one argued against the amendment. But it was re-
has raised problems in coordinating implementation of the
in committee, complained that the reported bill ignored the
City Control
jected, 139-275. (Vote 600, Weekly Report p. 2830)
highway-related safety standards with the state's
issues of the trust fund, program consolidation and local
With minimal debate, the House rejected an amend-
The other two truck safety amendments were rejected
highway safety construction program," the report said. It
control over local programs. "I think before us today should
ment by James V. Stanton (D Ohio) to allow cities of more
by voice vote. They would have limited the weight
stressed that provisions of the 1973 law should not preclude
be the Federal Aid to Transportation Act of 1975," he said.
than 200,000 population that paid at least half the non-
that could be placed on the front axles of truck tractors
state highway departments from administering highway-
"It is unfortunate that a majority of the committee chose to
federal costs of projects in their area to select projects
and required states to enact legislation banning open-top
related safety standards.
report a Federal Aid Highway Act of 1975."
without state concurrence. If concurrence were required
trucks from federally aided highways.
To assure a balanced safety program, the committee
In approving the bill, the House accepted only two non-
and the state did not submit to the federal government for
declared its intention that safety funds authorized
controversial amendments. It rejected attempts to cut
funding a plan within a year after it had been approved,
Other Amendments
separately for the Federal Highway Administration and
funding, tighten the interstate transfer provisions,
then the city would be allowed to submit the plan directly.
The House rejected by voice vote an amendment
the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
strengthen local control over funds and roll back truck
Stanton said the amendment was necessary to break
offered by E. G. Shuster (R Pa.) to delete a provision ex-
should likewise be apportioned separately to the states.
weights.
the "logjam" of urban programs being held up by state red
tending for two years the deadline for states to repay their
In contrast to the Senate bill, which provided no
tape. Opponents argued in response that it would require
shares of emergency highway funding approved earlier in
funding for the incentive grant programs under the 1973
Spending Level
duplicative state and local planning capabilities, discourage
1975. Shuster contended the extension benefitted a handful
law, HR 8235 would authorize additional incentive grants to
Harsha, who ended up voting against the bill, offered
state incentives to participate in the federal highway
of states at the expense of others. Subcommittee Chairman
states that had reduced the number of traffic fatalities in a
an unsuccessful amendment to restore the fiscal 1977-78 in-
program and promote factionalism. Don H. Clausen (R
Howard replied that the extension was necessary to con-
calendar year.
terstate authorizations to $3.25-billion annually by remov-
Calif.) said that the House should await the results of an
tinue programs and said it would cost neither the federal
Other safety provisions would:
ing a provision placing a $750-million annual discretionary
urban system study proposed in the bill before making
government nor the other states.
Prohibit the transportation secretary from requiring
fund in the office of the transportation secretary. Besides
"such far-reaching changes."
The House adopted by voice vote two amendments:
states to pass laws requiring motorcyclists 18 years of age
being too expensive, Harsha complained, the discretionary
The amendment was defeated, 121-290. (Vote 601,
By Richard H. Ichord (D Mo.), to delete an authoriza-
or older to wear safety helmets.
fund was an unsatisfactory substitute for an administra-
Weekly Report p. 2830)
tion of $67.5-million as an incentive for states to enact
Eliminate the penalty for failure of states to imple-
tion proposal, approved in the Senate, to channel funding
seat belt laws.
ment
federal highway safety programs.
directly to interstate segments deemed by the secretary to
Truck Weights
By William S. Cohen (R Maine), to exempt Maine from
Give the transportation secretary broad discretionary
be of national importance.
The House rejected three amendments aimed at reduc-
the definition of "urban area" in the bill.
authority for approval of state safety programs.
James J. Howard (D N.Y.), chairman of the Public
ing potential safety hazards posed by trucks on highways.
-By Ted Vaden
Direct the transportation secretary, with the states, to
Works Subcommittee on Surface Transportation, countered
conduct an evaluation of "the adequacy and appropri-
that the increased funds were necessary as part of the plan
ateness of all existing highway safety standards" and
to complete the system by 1988. He said the discretionary
submit a report to Congress by Dec. 31, 1976. Until then,
fund contained safeguards to ensure that the money was
no state could be denied funds for failure to implement
spent and used for priority purposes. The amendment was
Patricia Ann O'Connor
Elizabeth Wehr
Art Department
a federal highway safety program.
defeated, 103-309. (Vote 598, Weekly Report p. 2830)
Weekly
Donald Smith
Laura Weiss
Howard Chapman (Director)
Highway Trust Fund. Title III of the bill would extend
Elder Witt
Research Staff
Richard A. Pottern
the Highway Trust Fund, due to expire Sept. 30, 1977, for
Report
Editorial Staff
Wayne Walker
Transfer Funds
two more years. Likewise, highway-user excise tax rates,
Thomas J. Arrandale
Edna Frazier (Librarian)
Chairman of the Board
Elizabeth Bowman
James R. Berger
General Manager
which support the fund and were scheduled to be reduced
Harsha next offered a raft of amendments designed to
Rhodes Cook
Paul P. Massa
restrict the use of funds transferred by a city from a re-
Nelson Poynter
Mary Cohn
upon the fund's expiration, would be maintained for two
jected interstate project to either mass transit or highway
Prudence Crewdson
Harrison H. Donnelly
more years. Although it acknowledged that "many would
President and Editor
Walter E. Eling
Sales Manager
Susan Henry Davis
like to see substantial modifications made in the trust
alternatives. HR 8235 contained a provision, offered by
Eugene C. Patterson
Bruce F. Freed
Gary C. Hong
Robert C. Hur
Bella S. Abzug (D N.Y.), that would allow a city to receive
Diane Huffman
fund," the Ways and Means Committee said the fund had to
Executive Editor
Judy Gardner
Susan B. Jenkins
Promotion Director
be extended to meet the advance funding needs of highway
transfer funds based on the most recent cost estimate of the
Wayne Kelley
AI Gordon
Diantha Johnson
James V. Bullard
Martha V. Gottron
programs and to finance the extended programs under HR
withdrawn project.
Senior Editors
Robert E. Healy
Hillary Johnson
8235.
Harsha maintained that the provision had been
Mercer Cross (Administration)
David Loomis
Controller
Karen Landis
tailored to allow New York City to design an expensive
Robert E. Cuthriell (Research)
Warden Moxley
Jonathan C. Angier IV
Mary Link
Robert A. Diamond (Books)
Carol J. Ott
West Side Highway interstate project that, when approved,
Margaret Hurst Lowe
Floor Action
Alan Ehrenhalt (Politics)
Bob Rankin
Production
Carolyn Mathiasen
would be withdrawn for a transfer project.
Peter A. Harkness (Managing Editor)
I.D. Fuller (Manager)
Mary Neumann
Proofreaders
The Abzug provision, Harsha contended, "would allow
John L. Moore (Asst. Managing Editor)
Kathleen E. Walsh (Asst. Manager)
Peg O'Hara
Eugene J. Gabler
The overwhelming 410-7 vote for passage of HR 8235
a state to fatten up the turkey for the kill redesigning an
Michael D. Wormser (Asst. Managing Editor)
Matt Pinkus
Sumie Kinoshita
obscured the underlying sentiment about it, which among
interstate highway project for the sole purpose of increas-
Associate Editors
Michael L. Pleasants
Robert J. Moore
David M. Maxfield
Ted Vaden
David Speights
supporters was largely tepid and among opponents was
ing the cost, then withdrawing the segment and walking
bitter. Member after member of the Public Works and
away with an artificially escalated federal share."
COPYRIGHT 1975 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC
PAGE 2902-Dec. 27, 1975
COPYRIGHT 1975 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC.
Reproduction prohibited in whole or in part except by aditorial clients
Dec. 27, 1975-PAGE 2903
Reproduction prohibited In whole or in part except by editorial clients
o
CONGRESSIONAL
QUARTERLY
Weekly Report
Dec. 27, 1975
Pages 2837-2904
Inside Congress
Health/Education/Welfare
Congressional Finale
2839
Medicare 'Buy-In' Proposal
2877
The first session of the 94th Congress ended
Social Security Amendments
2878
on the same note of conflict that had typified
Rehabilitation Act
2878
its relations with the Ford administration
Reading Improvement
2879
throughout 1975.
HEW Notes
2879
Recorded Vote Totals
2841
Ford Labor-HEW Funds Veto Text
2880
Major Legislation of 1975
2842
Antitrust Authorizations
2880
Agriculture
2842
Politics
Congress and Government
2842
Consumer Affairs
2844
Labor and the Democrats
2881
Crime and Justice
2845
George Meany may have taken the AFL-CIO
Economic Affairs
2847
out of Democratic Party politics, but unions
Energy and Environment
2850
may be more important to the nominating
Foreign Policy/National Security
2852
process in 1976 than they have been in any re-
Health, Education and Welfare
2855
cent election year.
Housing/Community Development
2857
For Attribution
2885
Transportation/Communications
2858
Polls in Conflict
2885
Major Nominations in 1975
2846
Candidates '76
2885
Presidential Vetoes, 94th Congress
2858
Shapp Profile
2886
Energy and Environment
Pennsylvania Governor Milton J. Shapp still
expects to be a front-runner for the
Energy Policy Bill
2860
Democratic nomination, even though most
Calling it "the first elements of a comprehen-
registered Democrats still know very little
sive national energy policy," President Ford
about him.
announced his decision Dec. 22 to sign the
Fannin Retirement
2889
Energy Policy and Conservation Act.
Retirement Report
2890
Energy Research Authorizations
2860
Landrum Retires
2890
Land Management Act
2861
Federal Election Subsidies
2890
Hells Canyon Area
2861
Agriculture
Housing and Community Development
Rice Production Bill
2891
Real Estate Settlement Bill
2862
Milk Price Supports
2892
Flood Area Mortgages
2862
Government Operations
Economic Affairs
Foreign Missions Protection
2893
Congressional Budget System
2863
National Women's Conference
2893
The final score is not in, and probably will not
Hatch Act Revision
2894
be for at least a few years, but Congress'
Overseas Voting Rights
2894
attempt to launch a revolutionary new federal
budgeting system appears to have
Foreign Policy/National Security
succeeded.
200-Mile Fishing Limit
2895
Small Business Relief Act
2869
Financial Institutions
2870
Transportation and Communications
Tax Cut Passage
2871
Airport Aid Authorizations
2899
Some hectic maneuvering preceded the last-
Highway Trust Fund
2900
minute compromise on taxes.
SBA Amendments
2875
Status of Appropriations
2838
Renegotiation Act
2876
Final House Votes (605-612)
2896
Common-Site Picketing
2876
Joint Economic Committee
2876
Final Senate Votes (598-602)
2898
PAGE 2904-Dec. 27, 1975
CO
C
CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY
Weekly Report
Vol. XXXIV No. 4
Pages 109-200
Jan. 24, 1976
CONGRESS
CONVENES
The Budget (111)
State of the Union (140)
Voting Studies:
Presidential Support (156)
Voting Participation (164)
Conservative Coalition (169)
North-South Split (175)
Party Unity (179)
Bipartisan Support (184)
LIBRARY GERALD
COPYRIGHT 1976 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC.
1414 22nd Street, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20037
(202) 296-6800
Major Legislation Expiring in 1976
Economic Affairs
Economy
under the Higher Education Act of 1965 as
Tax Cut. Six-month extension of 1975 federal
amended expire June 30. Also expiring June 30
tax reductions (HR 9968-PL 94-164) will ex-
are the Vocational Education Act and the
pire after June 30, 1976. The extended tax cuts
authorization for the National Institute of
FISCAL 1977 BUDGET: FORD ASKS $394.2-BILLION
amounted to $8.4-billion during the first six
Education.
months of 1976.
Technically, the authorizations for all of those
Rejecting an election-year "policy of the quick fix," Presi-
General Revenue Sharing. The five-year
programs, expired June 30, 1975, but a provi-
dent Ford sent Congress a fiscal 1977 budget that he said
general revenue sharing program enacted in
sion adopted as part of the Education
would put the nation on the path toward reduced inflation
In This Section
1972 (HR 14370-PL 92-512) will expire at the
Amendments of 1974 (PL 93-380) automatically
and unemployment.
end of 1976. Under the program, the federal
extends education programs for one year if
"The combination of tax and spending changes I
Budget Terminology
112
Congress has not completed action on new
propose will set us on a course that not only leads to a
Congressional Reaction
113
government gave $30.2-billion of its tax
revenues to state and local governments for
authorizations.
balanced budget within three years, but also improves the
Ford Budget Cuts
114
Budget Dollar
115
various purposes.
prospects for the economy to stay on a growth path that we
Crime and Justice
Budget in Brief by Agency
116
Debt Ceiling. The temporary $595-billion
can sustain," Ford said in his Jan. 21 budget message. (Text
Economic Assumptions
118
federal debt ceiling will expire after March 15.
LEAA. The authorization for the Law Enforce-
of message, p. 138)
Budget 'Roadmap'
119
Without action extending that limit, set by
ment Assistance Administration, created by
Ford acknowledged the "hard choices" involved in that
Budget by Function
120
Congress Nov. 13, 1975 (HR 10585-PL 94-132),
the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets
course. His decisions called for restraints in federal spend-
National Security
122
the ceiling on outstanding federal debt will fall
Act of 1968 and extended in 1970 and 1973 (PL
ing, with cuts and consolidations proposed in a variety of
International Affairs
123
to its permanent $400-billion level.
93-83), expires June 30. Congress will consider a
social programs popular with Congress. At the same time,
Science, Space and Technology
124
the budget called for "significant" increases in defense
Energy, Environment, Resources
124
five-year extension of the authorization and
Energy
funding for LEAA, as proposed by the ad-
spending, a decision in priorities that came under im-
Agriculture
126
Commerce and Transportation
126
ministration, as well as program changes. (1973
mediate attack on Capitol Hill.
Federal Energy Administration. The law (PL
Consumer Protection
127
93-275) establishing a temporary Federal
Almanac, p. 359)
In outlining his specific proposals, Ford told Congress
Community and Regional Development
128
that "we must not continue drifting in the direction of
Energy Administration to manage federal
Housing
129
Transportation
bigger and bigger government." To stop that flow, his
Education, Labor, Social Services
130
programs dealing with short-term fuel shor-
budget called for cutting the rate of federal spending
Health
132
tages will expire June 30, 1976. Approved in
Airport Aid. The Airport Development
growth to about 5.5 per cent, less than half the average
Income Security
134
1974, the law replaced the Federal Energy Of-
Acceleration Act of 1973 (PL 93-44) expires
fice set up late in 1973 by executive order, with
growth rate over the last 10 years and considerably less
Veterans
135
June 30. The House Dec. 18 passed a five-year
than the 7 per cent inflation rate in 1975. That would mean
Law Enforcement and Justice
135
the Federal Energy Administration, headed by
airport aid authorization (HR 9771) that in-
reductions in "real" spending after inflation was accounted
General Government
136
an administrator subject to Senate confir-
cluded a six-month ban on U.S. landings by the
for.
Revenue Sharing, Fiscal Aid
136
mation.
British-French Concorde supersonic jetliner.
Allowances
137
The ban is not expected to stick in the Senate,
Undistributed Offsetting Receipts
137
which planned hearings early in the year.
Specifics of Budget
Housing
Economy Notes
137
(House passage, 1975 Weekly Report p. 2899)
Ford stuck to his intention, first outlined in October
Ford Budget Message Text
138
Emergency Mortgage Aid. Authority to buy
1975, to propose spending of less than $395-billion in fiscal
up mortgages at subsidized rates under a 1975
law (PL 94-50) expires on July 1, 1976. (1975
Sports Broadcasting
1977, calling for outlays of $394.2-billion. Receipts were es-
The sports anti-blackout law (PL 93-107), which
timated at $351.3-billion, resulting in a deficit of nearly $43-
respond, it will lead only to a future whirlwind of inflation
Weekly Report p. 1435)
billion. That deficit was less than those of the past two
and unemployment."
Homeownership Subsidies (Section 235).
forbids broadcasters to black out a home tele-
Authority to commit available funds under the
cast of a professional sports event if it is
fiscal years, but still the third largest since 1945.
Budget documents estimated that approximately one-
sold out 72 hours in advance, expired Dec. 31,
By holding spending to that level, and predicting a
fourth of the proposed fiscal 1977 outlays were committed
1974 housing law (PL 93-383) expires June 30,
deficit of that magnitude, Ford was seeking to prevent
to pay for programs and contracts approved in earlier
1976. (1974 Almanac p. 346)
1975. The House and Senate both passed bills in
1975, but conferees were deadlocked over
another round of inflation, while at the same time keeping
years.
differences. Conferees allowed the law to expire
the nation's economic recovery on course. Anticipating
Similarly, the budget called for new spending authori-
Health
charges that more spending was necessary to ensure the
ty in fiscal 1977 of $433.4-billion, of which $281.3-billion
Alcoholism Treatment Programs. Expire at
on the assurance from National Football
League Commissioner Pete Rozelle that the
nation's economic health, Ford said in his budget message,
would be spent in fiscal 1977 and $152.1-billion, about 35 per
the end of fiscal 1976. Last extended 93-281)
league would abide by the law for the
"If we try to stimulate the economy beyond its capacity to
cent, would be spent in future years. Budget authority ex-
in 1974. (1974 Almanac p. 434)
Emergency Medical Services Programs. Ex-
remainder of the season. (1975 Weekly Report
ceeds outlays because it covers the full cost of such things
as construction and procurement programs, subsidy con-
pire at the end of fiscal 1976. Last extended (PL
p. 2789)
tracts and long-term financing costs, in which payments ac-
93-154) in 1973. (1973 Almanac p. 494)
The Budget Totals
tually are made over a period of at least several years.
Health Manpower Programs. Most expired on
(Authority-outlays relationship, p. 119)
June 30, 1974. (1975 Weekly Report p. 2856)
(In billions of dollars)
The administration's long-range economic outlook,
Drug Abuse Prevention. Expired June 30,
based on Ford's philosophy of restraint, anticipated modest
1975. Both the House and Senate have passed
Congressional Lineup
Transition
but steady improvement in unemployment and inflation
extension legislation, but it is not out of con-
1975
1976
quarter
1977
levels, but no dramatic short-term improvements.
ference. (1975 Weekly Report p. 1988)
House
Senate
Description
actual
estimate
estimate
estimate
Unemployment was expected to average 7.7 per cent in
calendar 1976, with consumer prices rising about 6.3 per
Education
Democrats
289
62
Budget receipts
281.0
297.5
81.9
351.3
cent.
Republicans
144
38
Budget outlays
324.6
373.5
Higher Education. Authorizations for most
98.0
394.2
programs, including student assistance, funded
Vacancies
2
Deficit (-)
-43.6
-76.0
-16.1
-43.0
Fiscal 1976 Estimates
Budget authority
412.1
408.4
88.1
433.4
The budget also gave revised estimates for fiscal 1976
Published weekly by Congressional Quarterly, Inc., 1414 22nd Street, N.W.,
photocopy, recording or any information storage and retrieval system. Second rights
spending and receipts. Outlays were predicted to reach
Washington, D.C. 20037. All reproduction rights, quotations, broadcasting, publication,
are reserved. including use of Congressional Quarterly material in campaign
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transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including
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COPYRIGHT 1976 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC.
Reproduction prohibited whole or part except by editorial clients
Jan. 24, 1976-PAGE 111
Economic Affairs 3
Economic Affairs 2
plained, or it could decide "to restrain the growth of the
federal economy."
Budget Terminology
Restraint was the key to Ford's budget proposal, and
Reaction Signals Another Year of Confrontation
critical to it was the proposal for outlays of less than $395-
The federal budget is a plan of expected receipts
billion.
Capitol Hill reaction to President Ford's budget and
Senior Democrats in both houses attacked Ford's
and expenditures, a statement of priorities, an ac-
In a speech Oct. 6, 1975, Ford had indicated that federal
State of the Union address indicated that 1976 was shap-
proposals. In the Senate, Democratic presidential can-
counting of how funds have been and will be spent and
spending, if permitted to grow at its normal rate, could
ing up as another year of confrontation and veto.
didate Birch Bayh (D Ind.) called the address "political
a request for authority to spend public money.
reach $423-billion in fiscal 1977. He proposed then that it be
Democrats, some of whose statements were rolling
hypocrisy at its worst" and labeled the President's
The 1977 budget covers the government's fiscal
held down by $28-billion, to be matched by $28-billion in tax
off mimeograph machines within minutes after Ford
budget as "phony."
year beginning Oct. 1, 1976, and ending Sept. 30, 1977.
cuts. (Ford proposal, 1975 Weekly Report p. 2155)
had finished his Jan. 19 address to Congress, attacked
"President Ford knows Congress will not permit the
The federal expenditures reported are most fre-
He produced that $28-billion reduction in his budget
the President's program as unimaginative, unrealistic
economy to stagnate," Bayh said. "He knows Congress
quently outlays: amounts actually paid out by the
proposal through revised estimates, proposed program
and harmful to the economy.
will not permit him to increase burdens on the poor and
government in cash or checks during the year. Ex-
revisions, changed expectations of the economy and other
Many Republicans greeted the program with am-
the elderly. Yet he presents an unrealistic budget in
amples are funds spent to buy equipment or property,
unspecified plans aimed at saving money and increasing
bivalence. Some said they approved of the spirit of the
order that he can flail away at Congress as a big
to meet the government's liability under a contract or
productivity. (Cuts, box p. 114)
President's program but doubted that much of it would
spending strawman when it meets its responsibilities.'
to pay the salary of an employee. Outlays also include
In return for holding down growth in spending, Ford
survive.
Bayh said Ford's plan to provide catastrophic illness
net lending-the difference between disbursements
renewed his proposal for equivalent tax cuts, proposing $10-
"If this country is to be saved from disaster, it will
aid for Medicare beneficiaries while raising their short-
and repayments under government lending programs.
billion in tax reductions effective July 1, 1976. When added
require Presidents with the courage and far-sightedness
term medical costs was part of a "cruel political hoax."
The administration's request to Congress,
to the six-month tax cut extension cleared by Congress in
of Gerald Ford," said Sen. Barry Goldwater (R Ariz.).
By asking for an additional tax cut at the same time
presented in the form of the budget, is for authority to
December 1975 (PL 94-164), the total would be about $28-
"His stand [against big government] is in strict contrast
as he proposed a rise in Social Security taxes, Bayh said,
obligate or lend funds.
billion, assuming the extension was continued through
to the utterances of the Democratic presidential can-
"Mr. Ford pretends to be giving with one hand, [while]
Budget authority determines the scope of
1976. The six-month extension was scheduled to expire June
didates, all of whom promise more, not less,
his other is reaching into the wallets of those who are in
operations of the government. Congress confers budget
30. (Action on taxes, 1975 Weekly Report p. 2763)
government."
the most need of cash."
authority on a federal agency in general in the form of
Senate Minority Leader Hugh Scott (R Pa.) singled
appropriations.
Plans for Savings
out for praise Ford's plans to strengthen the private sec-
'Retrenchment and Retreat'
Appropriations may be for a single year, a
Ford's proposals for savings were certain to generate
tor of the economy, his tax incentives aimed toward en-
Sen. Hubert H. Humphrey (D Minn.), chairman of
specified period of years, or an indefinite number of
controversy in Congress. In some cases, they were revivals
couraging middle-income people to invest in industry
the Joint Economic Committee, said Ford's budget "will
years, according to the restrictions Congress wishes to
or modifications of ideas that Congress had rejected or ig-
and his block grant proposals, which Scott said were "a
create neither private nor public jobs" and will not
place on spending for particular purposes.
nored in the past.
responsible way to insure the carrying out of these
reduce inflation. In the area of jobs, Humphrey said, the
Congress also restricts itself in the appropriation
The major proposals included:
programs to reduce federal regulation and increase state
President "proposes nothing but retrenchment and
process by requiring that an appropriation be preceded
and local discretion and flexibility."
by an authorization to appropriate a certain or an in-
Consolidation of 27 education programs into one block
retreat."
As for Ford's $394.2-billion budget, Scott said, "The
definite amount of money for a certain purpose over a
grant program in which $3.3-billion in fiscal 1977 would be
Humphrey called Ford's proposal to consolidate 59
holding of the line is going to be extremely difficult. It is
distributed to the states. Three-fourths would be targeted
federal programs into four block grants a "cruel shell
period of time.
going to require discipline."
for the disadvantaged and the handicapped.
game in which vital programs in the areas of health,
Usually an authorization establishes the scope of a
Sen. Henry Bellmon (R Okla.), the ranking minority
particular program, and Congress appropriates funds
Consolidation of 16 health programs, including
education, social services and child nutrition are
member of the Senate Budget Committee, told
Medicaid, into a block grant of $10-billion to the states.
significantly cut back." He said total outlays would be
within the limits it has previously approved. In the
Congressional Quarterly he "would tend to want to sup-
case of authority to enter contract obligations,
Changes in the Medicare program that would limit in-
slashed from $21-billion in fiscal 1976 to $18-billion.
port" Ford's budget but he was "not sure some cuts can
creases in rates, increase the cost paid by patients up to a
House Speaker Carl Albert (D Okla.) called Ford's
however, Congress authorizes the administration to
be made. It's a more forthright budget than we've had,
$500-maximum, and provide catastrophic-illness protection
spending restraint-tax reduction plan unworkable.
make firm commitments for which funds must be
but I would not want to be committed to support each
appropriated later. Congress also occasionally includes
for aged and disabled persons.
"After the rhetoric has faded we find that the tough
part of it."
mandatory spending requirements in an authorization,
Consolidation of 15 federal child nutrition programs
questions remain unanswered by this President," he
Sen. Pete V. Domenici (R N.M.), another Budget
into a block grant for states that would be directed at needy
said.
designed to ensure spending at a certain level.
Committee member, questioned Ford's proposed .3 per
children, eliminating food subsidies for children in families
Brock Adams (D Wash.), chairman of the House
Budget authority often differs from actual out-
cent increase in Social Security tax withholding, saying
lays. This is because, in practice, funds actually spent
above the federal poverty line.
it already was "the most regressive, burdensome tax on
Budget Committee, called Ford's budget a "status quo"
or obligated during a year may be drawn partly from
A block grant of $2.5-billion for states for social ser-
working people."
plan that would not encourage economic recovery and
the budget authority conferred in the year in question
vices programs for low-income persons.
Sen. John Tower of Texas, chairman of the Senate
growth. He said the benefits "go instead to an already
and partly from budget authority conferred in previous
Reductions in major unemployment programs in the
Republican Policy Committee, said he supported Ford's
bloated defense structure and the business community."
expectation of improvements in the economy that would
George Mahon (D Texas), chairman of the House
years.
proposed increases for the defense budget but that he ex-
result in lower unemployment levels.
pected Congress would trim them. Tower predicted Ford
Appropriations Committee, questioned Ford's proposed
Anticipating congressional hostility, Ford told
$10-billion tax cut. "As the economy continues to im-
would veto any tax reduction if Congress exceeded the
$373.5-billion and receipts $297.5-billion, resulting in a
reporters he would seek the support of state and local of-
prove, it would seem desirable to me to reduce the level
President's $394.2-billion spending goal.
deficit of $76-billion, by far the largest in U.S. history. It ex-
ficials for his proposals in the hope that they could then in-
of the federal deficit rather than reducing taxes," he
ceeded the administration's Oct. 21, 1975, estimate by $7.5-
said.
fluence Congress.
'Cancel the Year'
billion.
"We, of course, will rearrange many of the budget's
The revised estimates also differed considerably from
Payroll Taxes
Rep. Bella S. Abzug (D N.Y.) said Ford's references
priorities," Mahon added.
the levels adopted by Congress in December under its new
to Tom Paine, the Revolutionary War radical
In addition to his proposals for personal and corporate
Many members said they needed more time to study
budget procedures, which set outlays of $374.9-billion,
pamphleteer, were "ludicrous and totally out of
income tax changes, Ford called for revisions in the payroll
the President's program.
revenues of $300.8-billion and a deficit of $74.1-billion for
character." She said if Paine were "around today, he
taxes that fund unemployment and Social Security
"The first thing we have to do is dig hard into it,"
fiscal 1976. (December action, 1975 Weekly Report p. 2739)
would be hounded and spied on by the CIA, FBI and
benefits, in an effort to put them on a more secure footing.
Alan Cranston (D Calif.), a member of the Senate
other government snoopers."
Budget Committee, told Congressional Quarterly.
(Tax proposals, p. 115)
"Instead of Tom Paine's Common Sense, he gave us
Theme of Restraint
Ford proposed an increase of .6 per cent, to be divided
Cranston said there "wasn't much imagination" in
a patriotic pep talk and reactionary programs," Abzug
Ford's State of the Union Address. "The President
equally between employer and employee, in the payroll tax
said. "If this is a sample of Bicentennial rhetoric that is
that finances the Social Security system, effective Jan. 1,
seemed tense," Cranston said, "as if Ronald Reagan were
"We are at a critical point in our history," Ford told
in store for us, maybe we should cancel the whole year."
1977. That would raise the tax rate to 12.3 per cent from
looking over his shoulder as he spoke."
reporters at a briefing on the budget he conducted Jan. 20.
The nation could allow spending to "mushroom," he ex-
11.7 per cent. Ford said the increase would solve the im-
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Jan. 24, 1976-PAGE 113
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Reproduction prohibited in whole or in part except by editorial clients
Economic Affairs 4
Economic Affairs 5
mediate financial problems of the trust fund, which had
been distributing funds faster than it was taking them in.
Fiscal Policy
$28.9-Billion in Budget Cuts
The Budget Dollar
It was estimated that the increase for the average in-
Early reaction from Capitol Hill indicated skepticism
dividual worker would amount to $22.50 in 1977, and would
that spending could-or should-be held to that low level.
Fiscal Year 1977 Estimate
increase trust fund revenues by $3.3-billion in fiscal 1977.
The chart below shows where changes and cuts
The major concern was that the combination of outlays
Without the increase, budget documents said, the trust
were made to reduce the estimate for fiscal 1977 out-
at that level and Ford's tax proposals would result in a
Where it comes from
fund would be depleted by the early 1980s. Critics said a
lays to $394.2-billion, from the $423.1-billion estimate
dampening effect on the nation's recovery from recession,
Where it goes
Excise Taxes
Other
tax rate increase would be regressive, affecting poor per-
upon which President Ford based his call for a $395-
and that the stimulus of more spending was needed to en-
sons the most, and it faced some difficulty in Congress.
billion spending ceiling in 1977. Ford proposed on Oct.
sure that recovery, and to keep unemployment from rising
40:4c
Borrowing
Ford also proposed an increase in the federal un-
6, 1975, that 1977 outlays be reduced by approximately
back to the record levels of 1975.
Committee staff analysts suggested, for example, that
11c
National
employment insurance tax rate paid by employers to .65 per
$28-billion, to be matched by personal and business tax
Corporation
Direct
Defense
cent from .5 per cent and in the wage base to $6,000 from
cuts.
Ford's figures of $10-billion in new tax breaks were mis-
Income
Benefit
Individual
13€
$4,200, effective Jan. 1, 1977, increasing fiscal 1977 receipts
leading because of his proposals for higher unemployment
Taxes
Payments
26c
Income Taxes
(billions)
to Individuals
by $2.1-billion.
and Social Security payroll taxes. Those increases would
39€
Oct. 6, 1975, estimates of 1977 outlays
$423.1
Social
40€
8c
In his budget message, Ford acknowledged reforms
offset much of the stimulus to the economy of the tax
Insurance
would be "controversial", but added, "They are the right
reductions, they said.
Receipts
11c
Revised estimates for entitlement and
15
thing to do. The American people understand that we must
Critics offered differing figures on the net impact of
29€
open-ended programs, including
Net
pay for the things we want. I know that those who are
food stamps, Social Security, Medi-
the tax proposals. House Budget Committee Chairman
Grants
Interest
working now want to be sure that the money will be there to
care¹
Brock Adams (D Wash.) said Jan. 22 that the net tax reduc-
to States
Other Federal
pay their benefits when their working days are over."
Net change:
2.7
tion was only $1.7-billion, and not the $10-billion cited by
and Localities
Operations
Revised estimates for other programs,
Ford. Adams also called the budget's economic forecasts
Winners, Losers
including offshore oil land receipts,
unrealistically optimistic and said the over-all effect of the
EPA construction, community devel-
In addition to those major revisions and consolidations,
budget was to make recovery slower than necessary.
ministration's recommendations would deepen and restruc-
opment, and an increase in health
spending below fiscal 1976 levels was the message for
programs¹,
Economic analysts also pointed to the restraint im-
ture the $7.8-billion reduction in calendar 1976 that
several federal departments and government functional
Net change:
2.1
plicit in the budget when it was examined on a "full-
Congress provided by extending 1975 tax cuts through June
areas. Agencies hardest hit included the Agriculture and
employment" basis. That is an estimate of receipts and out-
30, 1976. (Tax cut extension, 1975 Weekly Report p. 2763;
Additional reductions:3
lays if the economy were operating at its capacity with full
Ford program, p. 2155)
Labor Departments and the Veterans Administration. On a
National defense
functional basis, reductions in outlays from fiscal 1976 were
Changes in federal pay increases
2.5
employment, conventionally set at 4 per cent. On that basis,
The budget maintained that the President's recommen-
proposed in agriculture, commerce and transportation,
Other non-combat changes
1.5
Ford's budget estimated outlays in fiscal 1977 of $386-
dations would give individual and corporate taxpayers
community and regional development, education and
Disposal of surplus stockpile
0.7
billion and receipts of $389-billion, yielding a surplus of $3-
about $10-billion more a year in tax cuts than they would
employment and veterans benefits. A clear winner was
Civilian agencies-changes In
billion, interpreted by some as a damper on the economy.
receive if the six-month tax cut extension were applied on a
defense spending. Proposed outlays for fiscal 1977 for the
federal pay increases
1.1
Ford, however, defended the $394.2-billion spending
full-year basis.
Defense Department were set at $99.6-billion, compared to
Medicare reform
2.2
goal, telling reporters it was a "realistic and attainable
If put into full effect on July 1, Ford's program would
$89.8-billion in fiscal 1976.
Health programs²
1.4
figure."
provide an additional $6-billion in calendar 1976 tax liabili-
Education programs
1.3
On a functional basis, national defense was to rise $8.4-
"I would not hesitate to veto any legislation or
ty reductions, according to Treasury estimates, beyond the
Food stamp program
1.2
billion in fiscal 1977 to $101-billion, about 9 per cent. Inter-
Temporary employment assistance
1.2
appropriations that take the budget over $394.2-billion," he
full-year $16.8-billion impact of the extended 1976 tax cuts
national affairs spending, which includes foreign aid, also
1.1
continued.
already in effect.
Federal housing insurance program
was to rise. The U.S. national security "dictates" the in-
Veterans programs
1.0
He also repeated his earlier statement that "if we
The administration's proposals would increase full-
crease, Ford told reporters, saying the nation had been
restrain federal spending, we can have tax reductions on a
year 1976 individual income tax cuts by $4.1-billion, ac-
Social Security and disability
"pinching" on defense spending for 10 years. (Details on
insurance
0.9
dollar-for-dollar basis."
cording to those estimates. Corporate tax liability would be
proposals in functional areas, p. 122)
Child nutrition program revision
0.9
Ford conceded, however, that there were "uncertain-
cut by an additional $1.9-billion, again below the level that
Special unemployment assistance
ties" that could take place in the economy that would re-
would be reached by simply extending the six-month con-
Current Services
and federal supplemental benefits
0.8
quire "some flexibility" and perhaps changes by July when
gressional tax cuts through the rest of 1976.
Public assistance
0.3
the present extension of tax cuts expired.
The net benefit to individuals would be only $3.6-
The extent of the restraints proposed for fiscal 1977
Urban mass transit
0.2
billion, however, because the administration's program
was made even more evident when Ford's budget proposal
Highway program
0.2
was compared to the "current services" estimate submitted
Space programs
0.1
Ford Tax Program
would allow a refundable 10 per cent earned income tax
credit for families with children to expire after June 30. If
to Congress Nov. 10, 1975, by the Office of Management and
Federal employee retirement
Budget (OMB). That document estimated the cost of con-
payments
0.1
In projecting $351.3-billion in fiscal 1977 federal
extended through the end of 1976, that credit would provide
tinuing existing programs and services without change at a
State Employment Security Agency
revenues, Ford's budget assumed congressional approval of
about $500-million in direct Treasury cash payments to
administrative expenses
0.1
the President's $27.5-billion federal income tax cut
eligible families who paid little or no taxes.
maximum of $414.5-billion, or $20.3-billion more than
Other actions
1.3
proposal.
Ford's budget. On the basis of different estimating
Subtotal:
-20.1
Coupled with various additional investment tax incen-
Tax Cut Proposals
procedures and economic assumptions, the Congressional
Potential congressional increases
4.0
tives-and offset by proposed payroll tax increases-the
Budget Office (CBO) set current services outlays at $420.3-
Following the format of Ford's Oct. 6, 1975, tax cut
billion.
TOTAL
-28.9
budget program would cut potential fiscal 1977 revenues by
proposals, the budget program would permanently reduce
On that basis, only outlays in the functional category
January 1976 outlay estimate
$394.2
an estimated $22.8-billion.
individual income taxes by raising the existing $750 per-
Those tax incentive proposals altogether would reduce
of international affairs showed any significant increase
sonal exemption to $1,000, by replacing the percentage stan-
fiscal 1977 receipts by only $800-million. But potential
over OMB's current services estimate.
1. Changes due to congressional action, later information or changes in
dard deduction with a flat dollar deduction of $2,500 for
economic assumptions.
revenue losses in following fiscal years were greater.
joint returns and $1,800 for single persons and by cutting
2. The increase in health programs is due to add-ons by Congress in the 1976
In addition to the Social Security tax rate increase,
Labor-HEW appropriations bill. The reduction of $1.4-billion under Additional
individual tax rates in lower brackets. Taken together,
Reductions reflects the President's veto of that bill.
which would produce an estimated $3.3-billion in additional
those proposals would cut fiscal 1977 revenues by an es-
Challenge to Congress
3. Other reductions, including those due to proposed program reforms and
fiscal 1977 trust fund revenues, the budget projected
timated $21.9-billion.
others intended to moderate budget growth. It is virtually impossible to distinguish
with precision the difference between changes due to later information or
another $2.1-billion increase in unemployment compensa-
In his call for spending of $394.2-billion, Ford was
economic assumptions and other reductions in all cases.
tion taxes.
For corporations, the budget program would provide
tax reductions by making permanent the 10 per cent invest-
renewing his challenge to Congress to limit the growth of
1976 Reductions
ment credit provided for 1975-76, cutting the top 48 per cent
federal outlays in return for a tax cut of an equivalent
SOURCE: Office of Management and Budget
amount.
The budget essentially renewed Ford's 1975 proposals
corporate tax rate to 46 per cent making permanent the cor-
for permanent tax cuts that Congress had ignored. The ad-
porate surcharge structure adjustments provided for 1975
and the first half of the 1976, and by allowing electric
PAGE 114-Jan. 24, 1976
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Jan. 24, 1976-PAGE 115
Economic Affairs 7
Economic Affairs . 6
Budget Authority and Outlays by Agency
1975, would end existing tax preferences for thrift in-
Individual Income Taxes
stitutions and create a variable tax credit for interest
(in millions of dollars)t
earned by holders of residential mortgages. (Financial in-
Despite 1975 tax cuts and even with Ford's proposed
stitutions, 1975 Weekly Report p. 2630)
permanent reductions, the budget assumed that individual
BUDGET AUTHORITY
OUTLAYS
The budget included two Ford tax change proposals
income taxes would rise by 17.4 per cent during fiscal 1977
Transition
Transition
that would have little or no effect on fiscal 1977 revenues:
as income rose through economic expansion and inflation.
1975
1976
quarter
1977
1975
1976
quarter
1977
The administration's 1975 program to encourage
That would follow an estimated 6.9 per cent increase in
DEPARTMENT OR OTHER UNIT
actual
estimate
estimate
estimate
actual
estimate
estimate
estimate
stepped up capital investment by integrating corporate and
fiscal 1976 individual income taxes. The fiscal 1976 projec-
Legislative branch
$
767
$
887
$
218
$
936
$
726
$
902
$
223
$
959
individual income taxes to eliminate double taxation of
tion was $130.8-billion, up from fiscal 1975 receipts of
The judiciary
313
347
87
394
284
342
dividends. (1975 Weekly Report p. 1757)
$122.4-billion and well above the $106.3-billion fiscal 1976
94
391
Executive Office of the President
76
70
18
73
93
89
19
73
Ford's Jan. 5 proposal to allow persons who inherited
budget projection that assumed enactment of $32.8-billion
Funds appropriated to the President
8,726
9,055
214
6,447
3,988
5,142
825
3,958
family farms or closely held businesses to stretch out
in tax cuts Ford proposed in submitting that budget.
Agriculture
15,210
14,680
2,388
11,822
9,722
14,213
3,261
10,753
Commerce
1,793
2,282
480
1,659
1,583
1,989
553
2,162
federal estate tax payments.
In fiscal 1977, the new budget projected individual in-
Defense-Military*
85,812
96,202
22,980
111,250
85,020
89,763
99,561
The estate tax revision was expected to have little im-
come tax revenues of $153.6-billion, accounting for 43.7 per
24,471
2,151
710
2,175
pact on federal revenues. The capital formation program,
cent of total budget receipts, roughly the same proportion
Defense-Civil
1,798
2,141
658
2,191
2,051
Health, Education and Welfare
116,729
125,297
34,495
145,029
112,411
127,709
33,678
140,066
which would go into effect in calendar 1978, would have no
as in fiscal 1975 and 1976 but down from 44.9 per cent in
Housing and Urban Development
53,934
27,675
431
21,714
7,488
7,204
1,927
7,174
fiscal 1974.
Interior
3,818
2,520
833
2,566
2,139
2,582
847
2,594
fiscal 1977 impact but would cost the Treasury $13-billion
Justice
2,118
2,161
561
2,143
2,067
2,281
618
2,250
by fiscal 1981.
Labor
19,785
20,586
3,199
20,717
17,649
26,350
5,796
22,080
Corporate Taxes
State
1,186
951
395
1,137
829
1,247
382
1,034
Revenues
Assuming large profit increases during economic
Transportation
19,119
8,314
1,015
11,734
9,247
12,253
3,363
12,867
Treasury
41,365
47,588
12,175
51,394
41,177
45,308
12,207
51,369
recovery, the budget projected a 23.4 per cent increase in
In combination with previously enacted tax law
corporate income tax revenues during fiscal 1977 following
Energy Research and Development
Administration
3,512
5,021
1,302
6,047
3,165
4,078
1,192
5,311
changes, Ford's income and payroll tax proposals would
a slight drop in fiscal 1976.
Environmental Protection Agency
8,516
771
189
718
2,530
3,193
838
4,500
General Services Administration
-747
207
47
-575
-624
186
45
hold fiscal 1977 outlays $20-billion below potential levels
Corporate tax receipts were estimated at $40.1-billion
-605
that tax base expansion would have produced under the tax
in fiscal 1976 and $49.5-billion in fiscal 1977. Without
National Aeronautics and Space
909
3,676
rates and structure that was in effect on Jan. 1, 1974.
approval of the administration's tax cut proposals, cor-
Administration
3,229
3,553
932
3,695
3,267
3,517
Veterans Administration
16,725
19,872
4,514
17,654
16,575
19,016
4,358
17,179
Under 1974 tax laws, federal receipts would have risen
porate taxes would be $2.7-billion higher in fiscal 1976 and
Other independent agencies
22,390
33,168
4,374
30,915
17,291
19,027
5,072
21,290
$19.4-billion during the ongoing fiscal 1976 according to
$5.5-billion higher in fiscal 1977. Estimated fiscal 1977 cor-
Allowances for:
Civilian agency pay raises
0
0
0
790
0
0
0
760
budget estimates, and another $61.1-billion in fiscal 1977 to
porate tax revenues would represent nearly 14.1 per cent
Contingencies
0
225
150
1,800
0
200
175
1,500
a total of $371.3-billion. Enacted and proposed changes in
of total budget receipts, up from 13.5 per cent in fiscal 1976.
Undistributed offsetting receipts:
the 1974 tax structure would reduce the projected revenue
Employer share, employee retirement
-3,980
-4,193
-979
-4,468
-3,980
-4,193
-979
-4,468
Payroll Taxes
Interest received by trust funds
-7,667
-8,015
-2,110
-8,373
-7,667
-8,015
-2,110
-8,373
growth by $2.9-billion in fiscal 1976 and by $7.4-billion in
fiscal 1977.
Rents and royalties on the Outer
The budget estimated that federal payroll taxes would
Continental Shelf
-2,428
-3,000
-500
-6,000
-2,428
-3,000
-500
-6,000
As the result of enacted tax changes-including 1975
rise $20.5-billion in fiscal 1977, a 22.1 per cent increase, with
TOTAL
$412,099
$408,365
$88,066
$433,409
$324,601
$373,535
$97,971
$394,237
and 1976 tax cuts, automatic payroll tax increases and
the proposed Social Security and unemployment tax in-
Ford's oil import fees-federal receipts were expected to
creases accounting for $5.4-billion.
Figures may not add to totals due to rounding.
rise to $297.3-billion in fiscal 1976 and $374.1-billion in
The budget accounted for a Social Security wage base
*Includes allowances for civilian and military pay raises for Department of Defense.
fiscal 1977.
increase to $15,300 from $14,100 in 1976 and assumed a
Ford's payroll tax and income tax proposals, combined
further automatic increase to $16,500 on Jan. 1, 1977.
SOURCE: 1977 Budget
with the lifting of the oil import fees, would raise fiscal 1976
Altogether, those increases would push payroll taxes to
receipts by roughly $200-million to $297.5-billion. Potential
$113.1-billion, nearly 32.2 per cent of budget receipts. Fiscal
utilities a series of tax benefits for expanding generating
centrated in half the normal useful life; for equipment the
fiscal 1977 receipts, however, would be cut to $351.3-billion,
1976 payroll taxes were estimated at $92.6-billion, 31.1 per
capacity.
benefits could all be used in five years.
about $22.8-billion below levels revenues would reach under
cent of total receipts. In fiscal 1975, payroll taxes amounted
Taken together, that corporate relief would reduce es-
That preferential treatment would be available only
the tax laws as they stood when the budget was submitted.
to $86.4-billion, 30.7 per cent of receipts.
timated fiscal 1977 revenues by $5.7-billion.
for investments undertaken after Jan. 20, 1975, and before
Jan. 19, 1976. The projects must be completed, moreover,
BUDGET RECEIPTS BY SOURCE
Excise Taxes
Other Proposals
within three years.
(In billions of dollars)
The budget estimated that federal excise taxes would
The income tax reduction proposals were accompanied
Although available only for a limited time, the
produce $17.8-billion in revenues during fiscal 1977, up
by three other tax-cutting proposals, two of them new ini-
proposal was expected to cost the Treasury $1-billion a year
Transition
from $16.9-billion in fiscal 1976. Both figures accounted for
by fiscal 1980. The Office of Management and Budget
1975
1976
quarter
1977
tiatives to encourage productive investments. The new
calendar 1976 and 1977 reductions in the federal telephone
proposals would:
(OMB) estimated the total revenue loss in fiscal 1977
Source
actual
estimate
estimate
estimate
tax, which was being phased out.
Allow rapid tax write-offs for business investments
through fiscal 1981 at $3.8-billion.
Individual In-
during the next year in buildings and capital equipment in
The stock purchase incentive plan would defer federal
come taxes
$ 122.4
$ 130.8
$ 40.0
$ 153.6
Other Receipts
areas where local unemployment topped 7 per cent.
income taxes on funds that were invested for at least seven
Corporation In-
While revenues from estate and gift taxes and from
Allow tax deferrals for funds invested in stock-
years. The money would be subject to tax at time of
come taxes
40.6
40.1
8.4
49.5
customs duties were expected to rise in fiscal 1977, the
purchase plans set up by employers or by individuals.
withdrawal.
Social insurance
budget projected a reduction in miscellaneous receipts due
Each proposal would cost the Treasury about $300-
Available for calendar 1976, that deduction would cut
taxes and con-
to elimination of petroleum import fees. The fiscal 1976 es-
Treasury revenues by an estimated $700-million by fiscal
tributions
86.4
92.6
25.2
113.1
million during fiscal 1977 and substantially more
1981. The projected total revenue loss in fiscal 1977-81 was
Excise taxes
16.6
16.9
4.4
17.8
timate assumed that the federal government would retain
thereafter.
Estate and gift
those import fees collected after Aug. 11, 1975, during a
To encourage investment to create jobs in high-
$2.5-billion.
taxes
4.6
5.1
1.4
5.8
pending court action challenging Ford's use of executive
unemployment areas during the next few years, the ad-
Budget estimates also incorporated a projected $265-
Customs duties
3.7
3.8
1.0
4.3
authority to impose the levies.
ministration proposed to allow businesses to accelerate
million fiscal 1977 revenue loss from enactment of tax law
Miscellaneous
As customary, the budget treated federal government
depreciation deductions that normally would be spread out
changes proposed by the administration as part of a wide-
receipts
6.7
8.3
1.5
7.2
income from rents, royalties and other payments from the
over the useful lives of the buildings and equipment built or
ranging restructuring of U.S. financial institutions. Those
Total budget
public for various services as offsets to related outlays and
purchased. For buildings, the deductions could be con-
proposals, which accompanied a bill passed by the Senate in
receipts
$ 281.0
$ 297.5
$ 81.9
$ 351.3
appropriations rather than as receipts.
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Jan. 24, 1976-PAGE 117
Economic Affairs 8
Economic Affairs 9
Economic Goals
Long-Range Projections
operations by discounting the surplus that trust funds
Relation of Budget Authority to Outlays-1977 Budget
Longer-range figures were based on the basic budget
generally run in transactions with general-purpose federal
funds.
Figures in brackets represent Federal funds only
$ Billions
Even with the all-out effort to hold down the growth of
philosophy enunciated by Ford-a gradual move toward a
federal outlays in 1977, the budget offered no hope for
In fiscal 1977, the trust funds were expected to run a
To be spent 1977
relatively stable price level and a higher level of
New Authority
$12.5-billion surplus, offsetting that amount of a $55.5-
281.3
Recommended
Outlays
dramatic economic improvements in the next two years.
employment.
2318
The calendar-year estimates forecast steady, if modest,
billion deficit in general purpose federal funds transactions.
for 1977
in 1977
A budget deficit of nearly $23-billion was anticipated in
433.4
394.2
The difference accounted for the $43-billion total deficit.
gains. The gròss national product (GNP) was anticipated to
fiscal 1978, for the ninth straight year. The first surplus
[286.2]
[311.9]
grow 12.4 per cent in 1976 and 12.2 per cent the following
since fiscal 1969 was expected in fiscal 1979-nearly $10-
In budget jargon, federal funds are government
revenues raised chiefly from taxes and borrowing for all
Future
spent
year, nearly double the growth in 1975. In real terms,
billion-a figure that would grow steadily through fiscal
Unspent Authority
government purposes. Trust funds, on the other hand, are
Years
1977
[54.5]
Transferred from
growth was anticipated at 6.2 per cent in 1976 and 5.7 per
1981. By that year, according to the mechanical projections,
revenues collected separately from special taxes and kept
Budget Agencies
state
cent in 1977, well above the 2 per cent decline in 1975.
federal outlays would climb to $510-billion, against receipts
Unemployment, which averaged a record 8.5 per cent
distinct for specific uses. They include such things as the
9.1
of $585-billion.
[9.1]
1331
in 1975, was forecast to decline to an average of 7.7 per cent
Based on those fiscal trends, unemployment would con-
Social Security and unemployment compensation trust
4.0
Authority
funds, financed by payroll taxes, and the Highway Trust
[4.0] written and
in 1976 and 6.9 per cent by 1977, still high by historical stan-
tinue to decline through calendar 1981, falling to an average
Fund, financed by the federal gasoline tax and other user
Unspent Authority
expired
Unspent Authority
dards and far above the full-employment level, conven-
4.9 per cent in 1981, while inflation would be running about
Enacted in
for Outlays in
levies.
To spent in
tionally defined as 4 per cent. When asked about the effect
4 per cent. The gross national product measured in constant
Prior Years
Future Years
of that continuing high level on his prospects for re-election
dollars would continue to grow in about the same range as
Federal funds and trust funds are not completely
Future Years
510.5
554.8
402.7
separated, however, because the federal government as an
[344.9]
(375.7)
(295.6)
in November, President Ford said he thought unemploy-
1976 and 1977, falling to a 4.9 per cent growth in 1981.
employer makes contributions from its federal funds to
ment would be "something less" than 7.7 per cent by then.
(Fiscal 1975-81 assumptions, below)
NOTE: The difference between the total budget figures and federal funds shown in brackets
The figure, he told reporters Jan. 20, was a yearly average.
social insurance trust funds. And trust fund surpluses are
consists of trust funds and interfund transactions between fund groups.
invested in securities sold by the Treasury.
The important point, he continued, was that the trend of
the unemployment rate was downward through the year.
Federal Funds Deficit
In the transactions between trust funds and federal
funds, the trust funds generally run a healthy surplus, ac-
Besides the federal funds deficit, the debt increase
Inflation too was expected to decline throughout 1976
counting for a substantial part of the federal funds deficit.
primarily reflected an expected $11.1-billion in outlays dur-
and 1977. Inflation as measured by the GNP deflator was
The $43-billion deficit projected by the fiscal 1977
That surplus in turn enables the trust funds to show an
ing fiscal 1977 by off-budget federal agencies. Those seven
expected to be 5.9 per cent in 1976, rising again in 1977 to 6.2
budget was calculated on the unified budget basis used
over-all surplus despite substantial deficits in their
agencies-including the Postal Service and the Federal
per cent, also high by earlier standards, but significantly
since fiscal 1969. By combining general purpose federal
dealings with the public.
Financing Bank-operated outside the federal budget and
better than the 9.7 and 8.7 per cent increases in 1974 and
operations with transactions by federal trust funds, the uni-
In fiscal 1977, trust funds were expected to accumulate
their spending was not included in the budget total. The
1975. Price increases as measured by the rise in the con-
fied budget concept gives a comprehensive look at the
a surplus of $30.3-billion in transactions with federal funds,
Export-Import Bank in 1971 was the first agency to be ex-
sumer price index were set at 6.3 and 6 per cent for 1976 and
budget's over-all fiscal impact on the economy.
more than offsetting a $17.8-billion deficit with the public.
cluded from the unified budget. It was to be returned to the
1977, respectively, compared to 11 and 9.1 per cent averages
The concept obscures, however, the total that the
In federal funds transactions, that converse $30.3-billion
budget as of Oct. 1, 1976, and so its outlays were reflected in
in 1974 and 1975.
Treasury must borrow to finance its governmental
deficit would combine with a $25.1-billion deficit in transac-
the $394.2-billion budget outlay total.
tions with the public.
Most of the off-budget agencies operate loan programs,
The fiscal 1977 budget gave this accounting for federal
and their outlays amount to the excess of new loans over
funds and trust funds in fiscal 1975-77 and the transition
repayments on old loans. Those outlays have risen quickly
Economic Assumptions
quarter (TQ):
in recent years, mainly because of new off-budget agencies.
In fiscal 1974, they were $2.7-billion; in fiscal 1976 they
[Calendar years; dollar amounts in billions]
(Fiscal years, billions of dollars)
were estimated to be $9.3-billion, rising to $11.1-billion in
fiscal 1977.
Actual
Forecast
Assumptions
1975
1976
TQ
1977
When added to the federal fund deficits, the effect of
(actual)
(est.)
(est.)
(est.)
the off-budget outlays was to increase the amount that the
Item
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
Federal funds:
federal government must finance to $87.4-billion in fiscal
Transactions with the public
-32.4
-49.6
-10.1
-25.1
Gross national product:
1976 and $66.6-billion in fiscal 1977.
Transactions with trust funds
-18.6
-28.9
-4.9
-30.3
Current dollars:
After adjustments for changes in cash, monetary
Amount
$1,407
$1,499
$1,684
$1,890
$2,124
$2,376
$2,636
$2,877
Total
-51.0
-78.5
-15.0
-55.5
assets and other means of financing, that left federal
Per cent change
7.7
6.5
12.4
12.2
12.4
11.9
10.9
9.1
borrowing requirements at $90-billion in fiscal 1976 and
Constant (1972) dollars:
Trust funds:
Amount
$1,211
$1,187
$1,260
$1,332
$1,411
$1,503
$1,600
$1,679
Transactions with the public
-11.2
-26.4
-6.0
$67.3-billion in 1977. Those amounts plus $18.9-billion for
-17.8
Per cent change
-1.8
-2.0
6.2
5.7
5.9
6.5
6.5
4.9
Transactions with
the budget transition quarter represented the increase in
federal funds
18.6
28.9
4.9
30.3
the federal debt subject to limit. The federal debt limit was
Incomes (current dollars):
Personal Income
$1,155
$1,246
$1,386
$1,538
$1,727
$1,930
$2,138
$2,331
Total
7.4
2.5
-1.1
12.5
set at a permanent level of $400-billion, with further tem-
Wages and salaries
763
802
892
1,001
1,126
1,259
1,397
1,525
porary increases approved by Congress. The existing tem-
Corporate profits
132
118
156
181
201
223
247
271
Budget total:
porary ceiling of $595-billion was to expire March 15, 1976.
Price level (per cent change):
Federal funds
-51.0
-78.5
-15.0
-55.5
GNP deflator:
Trust funds
7.4
2.5
-1.1
-2.5
Interest
Year over year
9.7
8.7
5.9
6.2
6.1
5.0
4.2
4.0
Total, unified budget deficit
-43.6
-76.0
-16.1
43.0
Outlays for interest payments by the federal govern-
Fourth quarter over fourth quarter
11.4
6.3
5.9
6.3
5.7
4.7
4.0
4.0
ment on the public debt were estimated at $45-billion in
Consumer price index:
Year over year
11.0
9.1
6.3
6.0
5.9
5.0
4.2
4.0
fiscal 1977, an increase of $7.3-billion over the fiscal 1976 es-
December over December
12.2
6.9
5.9
5.9
5.6
4.6
4.0
4.0
Federal Borrowing
timate. The increase, the budget explained, was largely due
Unemployment rates (per cent):
to financing of the large budget deficits of $76-billion in
Total
5.6
8.5
7.7
6.9
6.4
5.8
5.2
4.9
Due largely to the projected $55.5-billion federal funds
fiscal 1976 and the estimated $43-billion in 1977. In an-
Insured¹
3.8
7.2
6.3
5.4
4.9
4.2
3.6
3.3
deficit, the over-all federal debt subject to limit was ex-
ticipation of further deficits, interest costs were estimated
Average Federal pay raise, October (per cent)
5.5
5.0
4.7
8.6
7.0
6.5
5.75
5.5
pected to rise by $67.3-billion during fiscal 1977, the budget
to grow to $44.8-billion in fiscal 1978.
Interest rate, 91-day Treasury bills (per cent)2
7.9
5.8
5.5
5.5
5.5
5.5
5.0
5.0
estimated. That fiscal 1977 increase would come on top of
Offsetting the interest-cost outlays were interest
an estimated $90-billion debt increase during fiscal 1976,
payments received by the government, reducing total
1. Insured unemployment as a percentage of covered employment.
making the total debt subject to limit $624.2-billion at the
2. Average rate on new issues within period; the rate shown for 1976 was the current
federal outlays for interest to $34.8-billion in fiscal 1976 and
market rate at the time the estimates were made.
end of fiscal 1976 and $710.4-billion at the end of fiscal 1977.
$41.3-billion in fiscal 1977.
PAGE 118-Jan. 24, 1976
COPYRIGHT 1976 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC.
COPYRIGHT 1976 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC.
Reproduction prohibited in whole or in part except by editorial clients
Reproduction prohibited in whole or in part except by editorial clients.
Jan. 24, 1976-PAGE 119
Economic Affairs 10
Economic Affairs 11
FISCAL 1977 BUDGET BY FUNCTION: $394.2-BILLION IN
EXPENDITURES, $433.4-BILLION IN SPENDING AUTHORITY
(in millions of dollars)t
(in millions of dollars)t
BUDGET AUTHORITY
OUTLAYS
BUDGET AUTHORITY#
OUTLAYS
Transition
Transition
Transition
Transition
1975
1976 est.
1977 est.
1975
1976 est.
Quarter
1977 est.
1975
Quarter
1976 est.
Quarter 1977 est.
1975
1976 est.
Quarter
1977 est.
HEALTH
NATIONAL DEFENSE
Health Care Services
Military Defense
$85,812
96,202
$22,980
$111,250
$85,020
$89,763
$24,471
$ 99,561
$ 25,784
$ 28,702
$ 7,732
24,255
$ 23,405
$ 27,637
$ 7,268
$ 21,252
Health Research and Education
539
2,882
2,562
576
2,712
Military Assistance
5,656
4,502
-22
2,516
999
1,437
129
2,677
2,998
652
2,798
Atomic Energy Defense Activities
1,484
1,661
452
1,943
1,506
1,621
443
1,833
Prevention and Control of Health Problems
891
919
226
911
883
983
260
936
-1,024
-63
-14
-59
-14
-801
Health Planning and Construction
-802
-936
382
195
52
201
Defense-related Activities
687
559
113
448
Deductions for Offsetting Receipts
-1
-3
-4
-3
-1
-3
General Health Financing Assistance
0
0
0
-4
-3
10,002
0
0
0
9,001
Deductions for Offsetting Receipts
-5
-39
-1
-41
-5
-39
-1
-41
TOTAL
$91,925
$102,299
$23,394
$114,905
$86,585
$92,759
$25,028
$101,129
TOTAL
$29,935
$32,339
8,584
$ 38,038
27,647
$ 32,137
$ 8,291
$ 34,393
INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS
INCOME SECURITY
Foreign Economic and Financial Assistance
3,704
$ 5,744
$ 554
5,461
$ 3,665
$ 4,953
$ 964
$ 4,736
Conduct of Foreign Affairs
674
781
362
985
658
814
339
910
General Retirement and Disability Insurance
$ 71,165
$73,998
$19,599
$88,247
$ 69,383
$ 77,241
$21,061
$ 87,357
424
104
386
348
398
108
385
Federal Employee Retirement and Disability
11,595
354
13,302
2,196
Foreign Information and Exchange Activities
16,217
6,980
8,336
2,309
9,988
-50
-50
0
3,298
-50
-50
0
1,256
Unemployment Insurance
15,006
13,126
2,285
16,572
International Financial Programs
13,459
19,378
3,980
16,872
Deductions for Offsetting Receipts
-263
-449
-77
-464
-263
-449
-77
-464
Public Assistance and Other Income Supplements
61,528
39,951
4,723
36,676
18,783
23,588
5,392
22,931
Deductions for Offsetting Receipts
-1
-35
:
-35
-1
-35
-35
TOTAL
4,420
$ 6,450
$ 944
$ 9,666
4,358
5,665
1,334
6,824
TOTAL
$159,294
$140,342
$28,803
$157,678
$108,605
$128,509
$32,742
$137,115
GENERAL SCIENCE, SPACE AND TECHNOLOGY
General Science and Basic Research
1,103
1,145
$
274
$ 1,288
$ 1,038
$ 1,124
$ 1,170
VETERANS BENEFITS AND SERVICES
$ 328
Manned Space Flight
1,510
1,790
468
1,891
1,535
1,735
469
1,865
Income Security
$ 7,947
$ 8,681
2,238
$ 8,536
$ 7,860
$ 8,383
2,111
$ 8,258
Education, Training and Rehabilitation
4,551
6,215
Space Science, Applications and Technology
1,077
1,120
297
1,087
1,084
1,118
281
1,125
1,091
4,160
4,593
6,023
1,075
4,245
Supporting Space Activities
330
321
88
355
334
337
80
349
Hospital and Medical Care
3,771
4,448
1,063
4,437
3,665
4,142
1,026
4,521
Deductions for Offsetting Receipts
-2
-3
-1
-2
-2
-3
-1
-2
Housing
2
0
0
0
24
-103
29
-380
Other Benefits and Services
476
558
129
550
458
591
121
555
TOTAL
$ 4,018
4,374
1,126
$ 4,618
3,989
4,311
1,157
4,507
Deductions for Offsetting Receipts
-2
-2
-1
-2
-2
-2
-1
-2
NATURAL RESOURCES, ENVIRONMENT, ENERGY
TOTAL
$ 16,745
$ 19,898
4,520
17,681
$16,597
$ 19,035
4,362
$ 17,196
Water Resources and Power
$ 3,554
$12,899
$ 866
$ 2,986
3,274
$ 3,827
1,151
$ 3,908
LAW ENFORCEMENT AND JUSTICE
Conservation and Land Management
1,287
1,117
435
995
1,300
1,333
546
1,027
Recreational Resources
861
230
919
825
900
248
959
Federal Law Enforcement and Prosecution
$ 1,626
965
$ 1,892
$ 500
$ 1,933
$ 1,593
$ 1,885
$ 496
$ 1,933
Federal Judicial Activities
8,391
631
2,522
3,087
816
4,388
305
683
169
332
83
380
Pollution Control and Abatement
279
338
91
378
Energy
2,166
3,522
769
3,981
1,611
2,592
629
3,375
Federal Correctional and Rehabilitative
Activities
Other Natural Resources
878
921
243
1,010
762
871
232
934
222
237
63
299
226
267
75
279
-333
-819
Law Enforcement Assistance
887
811
205
Deductions for Offsetting Receipts
-756
-814
-333
-819
-756
-814
713
853
919
255
844
Deductions for Offsetting Receipts
-9
-7
-3
-7
-9
-7
-3
-7
TOTAL
$16,484
$19,189
2,380
$ 9,702
$ 9,537
$11,796
$ 3,289
$13,772
TOTAL
$ 3,031
$ 3,264
$ 849
$ 3,318
$ 2,942
$ 3,402
$
914
$ 3,426
AGRICULTURE
Farm Income Stabilization
4,923
$ 3,158
$
63
$ 1,259
$ 785
$ 1,896
$ 492
$ 717
GENERAL GOVERNMENT
Legislative Functions
$
630
$ 740
$
181
$ 747
Agricultural Research and Services
951
979
245
1,005
877
981
250
1,014
$
588
$
767
$ 190
$
789
Deductions for Offsetting Receipts
-2
-2
_*
-2
-2
-2
_*
-2
Executive Direction and Management
65
71
18
75
63
72
19
75
Central Fiscal Operations
1,748
1,862
472
1,865
1,752
1,863
472
1,856
TOTAL
5,873
$ 4,135
$ 308
$ 2,262
1,660
$ 2,875
$ 742
$ 1,729
General Property and Records Management
295
352
80
313
418
328
78
284
Central Personnel Management
94
99
COMMERCE AND TRANSPORTATION
25
104
88
104
25
104
$
241
$ 1,160
2,810
1,278
Other General Government
$ 303
$ -647
536
$ 9,439
$ 6,189
651
173
551
Mortgage Credit and Thrift Insurance
472
640
217
520
Postal Service
1,875
1,690
431
1,459
1,877
1,690
431
1,459
Deductions for Offsetting Receipts
-292
-228
-39
-195
-292
-228
-39
-195
Other Advancement and Regulation of Commerce
843
875
153
1,136
939
895
209
910
TOTAL
$ 3,075
$ 3,546
909
$ 3,460
$ 3,089
$ 3,547
$
961
$ 3,433
Ground Transportation
16,575
5,487
550
9,725
6,501
9,519
2,737
10,146
Air Transportation
2,137
2,678
624
2,838
2,408
694
REVENUE SHARING AND GENERAL
2,695
2,781
PURPOSE FISCAL ASSISTANCE
Water Transportation
1,546
1,667
413
1,616
1,459
1,703
448
1,868
Other Transportation
75
74
19
80
74
77
19
71
General Revenue Sharing
$ 6,197
$ 6,358
$ 1,627
$ 6,546
$ 6,130
$ 6,275
$ 1,627
$ 6,552
Other General Purpose Fiscal Assistance
856
3,181
416
801
Deductions for Offsetting Receipts
-60
-55
-22
-89
-60
-55
-22
-89
875
894
419
799
TOTAL
TOTAL
$32,431
$18,605
$ 2,410
17,925
$16,010
$17,801
$ 4,819
$16,498
$ 7,052
$ 9,538
$ 2,043
$ 7,347
$ 7,005
7,169
$ 2,046
7,351
INTEREST
COMMUNITY AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT
On the Public Debt
Community Development
3,730
$ 3,015
$ 184
$ 4,110
$ 3,149
$ 3,892
1,021
3,667
$ 32,665
$ 37,700
10,400
$ 45,000
32,665
37,700
$10,400
45,000
Other Interest
912
385
-1,691
-2,864
-631
Area and Regional Development
1,336
1,473
284
1,432
1,368
1,335
-3,704
-1,691
-2,865
-631
-3,703
Disaster Relief and Insurance
352
336
59
309
398
572
127
562
TOTAL
$ 30,974
$ 34,836
$ 9,769
$ 41,296
$ 30,974
34,835
9,769
$ 41,297
Deductions for Offsetting Receipts
-27
-30
-4
-32
-27
-30
-4
-32
CIVILIAN AGENCY PAY RAISES
$
0
$
0
$
0
$ 790
$
0
$
0
$
0
$
760
TOTAL
$ 5,391
$ 4,794
$ 523
$ 5,819
$ 4,431
$ 5,802
$ 1,529
$ 5,532
CONTINGENCIES
$
0
$
225
$ 150
$ 1,800
$
0
$
200
$ 175
$ 1,500
EDUCATION, TRAINING, EMPLOYMENT
UNDISTRIBUTED OFFSETTING RECEIPTS
$-14,076
$-15,208
AND SOCIAL SERVICES
$-3,589
$-18,841
$-14,076
$-15,208
$-3,589
$-18,841
Elementary, Secondary and Vocational Education
4,775
$ 4,687
$ 2,647
$ 5,335
4,634
4,636
$ 996
$ 4,428
GRAND TOTAL
Higher Education
1,876
2,491
186
2,145
2,050
2,681
411
2,298
$412,099
$408,365
$88,066
$433,409
$324,601
$373,535
$97,971
$394,237
Research and General Education Alds
754
749
313
786
947
824
233
847
Training and Employment
4,645
7,582
825
3,693
4,063
6,874
1,804
4,984
Other Labor Services
280
328
83
366
259
326
81
362
tFigures may not add to totals due to rounding.
Primarily appropriations.
*Less than $500 thousand.
Social Services
3,199
3,939
890
3,655
3,301
3,596
880
3,735
Deductions for Offsetting Receipts
-5
-38
-1
-38
-5
-38
-1
-38
TOTAL
$15,526
$19,738
$ 4,942
$ 15,943
$15,248
$18,900
$ 4,403
$16,615
SOURCE: 1977 BUDGET
COPYRIGHT 1976 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC.
PAGE 120-Jan. 24, 1976
COPYRIGHT 1976 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC
Reproduction prohibited in whole or in part except by editorial clients
Reproduction prohibited in whole or in part except by editorial clients
Jan. 24, 1976-PAGE 121
Economic Affairs - 12
Economic Affairs 13
New budget authority for tactical air forces included
Details of the Budget by Functional Area
Outlays of slightly over $5-billion in foreign aid were
$2.2-billion for 144 new F-14 and F-15 fighter planes and
planned for 1977.
$617.8-million for 100 A-10 ground attack planes. For initial
Following are details of the administration's fiscal 1977
requirement that all persons must register for the draft
procurement of the Air Force's lightweight F-16 fighter, the
Foreign Affairs Administration
federal budget by the functional areas used by the Office of
through the Selective Service System, thereby permitting a
budget requested $619.7-million, and $346.9-million was
In the international affairs section of the budget, $985-
Management and Budget:
substantial reduction in the Selective Service staff at an es-
sought for development of the corresponding Navy plane,
million was recommended in new budget authority for
the F-18.
timated savings of $20-million.
foreign affairs operations, including the administration of
National Security
(Not included in the Defense Department's new budget
The number of Air Force, Navy and Marine tactical air
foreign policy, international organizations and conferences,
authority was $1.9-billion for defense-related nuclear work
wings remained at 42. A 13,000-man decline in Air Force
the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency and other ac-
funded through the Energy Research and Development Ad-
personnel was due largely to consolidations of headquarters
The administration requested $112.7-billion in new
tivities, and $386-million was budgeted for foreign informa-
ministration. See Energy and Natural Resources section.)
units and reductions in non-combat, support manpower.
budget authority for the Defense Department in fiscal 1977,
tion and exchange activities, including those of Radio Free
up $8-billion from the fiscal 1976 request and $14.4-billion
Outlays for the Defense Department were set at $100.1-
Europe and Radio Liberty and the U.S. Information
billion for fiscal 1977, an increase of $8.9-billion over the
Mobility Forces
more than the projected fiscal 1976 appropriations provided
Agency.
by Congress. Allowing for inflation, this represented a $7.2-
previous year's appropriation.
Airlift and sealift capability accounted for $1.6-billion
billion increase in real growth for military programs, ac-
of the budget request. This amount included funds to
Military Aid
cording to administration spokesmen. The fiscal 1976
Strategic Programs
strengthen the wings of the giant C-5A transport aircraft
The administration requested a total of $785-million in
appropriation included $2-billion in real growth over 1975,
The budget recommended $9.4-billion for continued
to extend its useful life, and to lengthen the fuselage of the
military assistance, which is administered by the Defense
halting a 7-year decline in defense purchasing power. But
modernization of the U.S. nuclear deterrent weapons, and
medium C-141 transport. Additional funds were sought to
Department but authorized by the foreign relations com-
Office of Management and Budget spokesmen conceded
stressed the importance of preparing options for expansion
modify civilian jetliners in the Civil Reserve Air Fleet for
mittees rather than the Armed Services Committees. The
that approximately $1.5-billion of that amount was due to
of the nuclear force should the current strategic arms limi-
easy adaptation to military duty in time of war.
total was about $445-million less than the amount budgeted
an overestimate of inflation in the fiscal 1976 budget re-
tation (SALT) talks with the Soviet Union fail. Funds were
for fiscal 1976, reflecting in part a de-emphasis on grant
quest. The said that an increased rate of real growth in
sought for a third Trident submarine ($1.3-billion) and ini-
Military Construction
military assistance in favor of foreign military sales
fiscal 1977 was necessary to keep pace with the steady rise
tial purchase of the missiles for the Trident ($1.7-billion)
The budget included $2.3-billion for military construc-
credits.
in Soviet military spending.
and for three B-1 bombers ($1.5-billion). While no funds
tion, including $437-million for an aircraft engine test
New budget authority for military assistance grants
Proportionally, the greatest increase in the Pentagon's
were requested for continued production of the Minuteman
facility at Tullahoma, Tenn. The administration insisted
was set at $279-million, compared to $394-million requested
fiscal 1977 budget request was for new weapons to
III missile, Pentagon officials announced that the National
that only projects essential to performance of military mis-
in the fiscal year 1976 budget. To support a military credit
strengthen U.S. military capability without increasing
Security Council was contemplating additional purchases
sions had been included in the request, which was $100-
sales program of $2.1-billion in fiscal 1977-of which $1-
defense manpower. Included in the $29.3-billion weapons
to keep that production line operating.
million under last year's appropriation.
billion was earmarked for Israel-$840-million was re-
procurement request-almost $9-billion over fiscal
Research and development funds were requested for
Reflecting a policy of increasing reliance on local hous-
quested; this was $225-million below the fiscal 1976 level.
1976-were funds for 244 F-14, F-15 and A-10 aircraft, 16
the air and sea-launched versions of the cruise missile
ing markets to house military families, the budget re-
Outlays for all military assistance programs in 1977
ships, nearly 1,000 tanks and 105 attack helicopters. Funds
($261.7-million) and for the M-X, a large, land-based ICBM
quested only $1.2-billion for family housing in 1977, $100-
were set at $739-million, down $1.3-billion from fiscal 1976.
were sought to begin purchases of several new weapons, in-
($84-million). New budget authority for research on
million less than was appropriated for fiscal 1976.
"The geographic focus of the military assistance program
cluding the B-1 bomber, the Trident missile and the F-16
ballistic missile defense came to $224.9-billion.
has shifted rapidly from Southeast Asia to the Middle
fighter plane.
Personnel
East," the administration said.
Research and development funds totaling $10.9-
General Purpose Forces
Civilian personnel would be reduced by 26,000, prin-
billion-$400-million over fiscal 1976-were requested for
cipally through consolidation of headquarters and support
Economic Aid
By far the largest functional component of the defense
various weapons projects including the M-X intercontinen-
budget was $40.2-billion recommended for conventional
units, under the Pentagon's recommendations. It was
For foreign economic and financial assistance, the ad-
tal ballistics missile (ICBM), the strategic cruise missile
combat forces.
planned to use uniformed manpower more efficiently
ministration requested $5-billion in new budget author-
and the XM-1 tank.
Tanks, armored personnel carriers and helicopters
through less frequent transfers and shorter training
ity, about $317-million below the 1976 level. Of this
To offset these increases, the President proposed to
were requested to 1) complete equipping three new Army
periods. On the ground that military and civilian pay scales
amount, $1.8-million was expected to be allocated to vari-
reduce manpower costs by changing personnel policy,
divisions, 2) begin upgrading two light infantry divisions
were comparable at existing levels, the President intended
ous Middle Eastern countries in the form of security-
restraining pay increases (including retirement pay) and
and 3) rebuild stockpiles in Europe that were depleted by
to seek legislation to eliminate enlistment bonuses, remove
supporting assistance to encourage "progress toward a last-
reducing civilian personnel. He also proposed to eliminate a
arms supplied to Israel during and after the November 1973
subsidies for commissary staffs and institute major
ing negotiated settlement" in the region. The funds were
Middle East war.
changes in the military retirement system.
recommended for reconstruction and economic support for
Defense Outlays
Research and development funds were sought for the
Presently, in both the military and Civil Service retire-
Israel, Egypt, Jordan and Syria. Some security-supporting
$ Billions
Billions
XM-1 tank ($141-million), the MICV troop carrier ($29.9-
ment systems, cost-of-living increases are 1 per cent higher
funds also were earmarked for Portugal, Malta and Cyprus.
120
120
million), the advanced attack helicopter ($112.1-million)
than the rise in the Consumer Price Index. Legislation was
In addition to these funds, $35-million was budgeted
and the improved Pershing II missile ($36.3-million).
requested to eliminate this bonus. The administration
under the economic aid category to defray the cost of the
Total
100
100
The Army remains at 16 divisions (790,000 men) and
warned that failure of Congress to approve the changes
U.S. Sinai peacekeeping mission and "to allow an additional
the Marine Corps at three divisions (191,000 men).
would increase outlays in fiscal 1977 by $2.8-billion.
measure of flexibility in responding to unforeseen events"
New combat ships requested included: three attack
in the Middle East.
80
80
submarines ($1.3-billion) and eight escort frigates ($1.3-
International Affairs
The administration also proposed $1.2-billion in new
Procurement,
billion). New budget authority also was requested for the
budget authority for multilateral development assistance in
R & D
60
Construction. and Other DOD
first of a new class of strike cruisers ($203.3-million) and
fiscal 1977. This assistance is provided through U.S. con-
60
the first of a new class of ships equipped with the Aegis
The administration's overall budget request for foreign
tributions to international financial institutions, such as
missile system for air defense ($859.5-million). No funds
aid-both economic and military-amounted to $5.8-billion
the World Bank. Part of this amount also is directed to
Operation and Maintenance
were sought for a new nuclear-powered aircraft carrier.
in new budget authority for fiscal 1977, $763-million less
40
40
development programs of international organizations, prin-
That request, which was announced in the 1975 annual
than that recommended for 1976. (The amounts ultimately
cipally the United Nations. Although the $1.2-billion re-
report of the Defense Department, has been deferred until
appropriated for fiscal 1976 for military and economic aid
quest represented a $300-million decline from fiscal 1976,
20
Military Personnel
20
agreement is reached on a new ship to replace the aging
cannot be determined because Congress has not yet com-
the budget included a statement that multilateral
Retired Military Pay
Other*
Forrestal-class of carriers in the mid-1980s.
pleted action on the appropriations legislation.)
assistance "has become an increasingly important com-
0
The Navy is budgeted for 544,000 men, up 12,000 from
About $1.8-billion of the fiscal 1977 request was for
ponent" of the foreign aid program.
0
security-supporting assistance to nations in the Middle
1967
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
fiscal year 1976. The increase was explained in terms of a
Bilateral development assistance, which is ad-
Fiscal Years
small addition in the number of ships in service and in the
East. But specific allocations by country have not been
Estimate
ministered by the U.S. Agency for International Develop-
*Military Assistance, Atomic Energy Defense, and Defense Related Activities
finalized by the Ford administration.
size of ships' crews.
ment (AID) and directed to the "neediest people in poorer"
COPYRIGHT 1976 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC.
PAGE 122-Jan. 24, 1976
COPYRIGHT 1976 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC
Reproduction prohibited in whole or in part except by editorial clients.
Jan. 24, 1976-PAGE 123
Reproduction prohibited whole or in part except by aditorial clients
Economic Affairs 14
Economic Affairs 15
countries, was budgeted at a level of $1.1-billion for fiscal
Energy
Nuclear Regulatory Commission-for which budget
Outlays For Energy*
1977. This amount was nearly $100-million larger than the
authority of $249-million was requested, an increase of $34-
Billions
$ Billions
Ford's fiscal 1977 energy program did not break new
million over fiscal 1976 funds. This total included $122-
4
4
fiscal 1976 request.
ground in energy policy. The President repeated a number
Other economic assistance programs included in the
million for nuclear regulatory research, $39-million for
R & D
of requests which were not granted in fiscal 1976 and
1977 budget were:
nuclear reactor regulation, and $18-million for nuclear
3.38
proposed increases in a number of existing research
materials safety and safeguards.
General Operating Programs
Food for Peace (PL 480), $1.2-billion in new budget
aúthority;
programs.
The budget reflected President Ford's intention to
3
Regulatory
3
Most of the $3.4-billion in fiscal 1977 energy outlays
press Congress to approve his energy-related proposals
Programs
2.59
International narcotics control, $34-million;
would be expended by the Energy Research and Develop-
Migration and refugee assistance, $10-million;
which it had ignored or rejected during the 1975 session.
ment Administration (ERDA). The overall estimated out-
Peace Corps, $67-million.
These included his desire to allow private enterprise to
lays for ERDA were $5.4-billion; the balance was allocated
move into the uranium enrichment field, to provide federal
2
2
General Science,
to national security programs for nuclear weapons develop-
financial backing for private industry's production of syn-
1.61
ment which were not included within the energy outlays
thetic fuels on a commercial basis, and to set up a $100-
Space and Technology
category.
billion Energy Independence Authority to provide federal
For its second full year of operation, ERDA requested
stimulus for expansion of the nation's energy capabilities.
1
1
NASA
total budget authority of $6.1-billion, an increase of $1.5-
Amendments to ERDA authorization legislation would
billion over fiscal 1976. This included $4.6-billion for
be proposed, stated the budget, to provide for $2-billion in
The budget requested a $142-million increase in budget
operating expenses and $1.5-billion for plant and capital
federal loan guarantees in 1976 for commercial demonstra-
authority for the U.S. space program in fiscal 1977, but the
equipment; outlays for these two subcategories were ex-
tion of synthetic fuel production. The fiscal 1977 budget in-
0
0
proposed funding boost would not keep pace with inflation.
pected to amount to $4.3-billion and $1.1-billion, respec-
cluded $503-million for the loan program. Congress late in
1975
1976
1977
The total budget request for the National Aeronautics and
Fiscal Years
Estimate
tively.
1975 had refused to approve a $6-billion loan guarantee
Space Administration was $3.7-billion.
The increases in ERDA appropriations requests were
Excludes Full Effect of Energy Policy and Conservation Act
program, but the administration said that amount would
The proposed budget would force NASA to delay
spread across the board among its programs. Among the
still be needed during the period from 1976-78 in order to
development of a third orbiting vehicle for the re-usable
programs for which increased funding was requested were:
attain the goal of producing the equivalent of 350,000
billion of the $18-billion authorized in the 1972 act still
space shuttle, a probe of the planet Jupiter and renovation
barrels per day of synthetic fuel by 1985.
would be unobligated at the beginning of fiscal 1977. Actual
of a wind tunnel used for aeronautical testing. The budget
Fission power reactor development-$545-million,
included $1.29-billion, an $82-million increase, for con-
$160-million more than in fiscal 1976, with an additional
The proposed Energy Independence Authority would
grant outlays for the year were put at $3.8-billion, an in-
$160-million requested for plant and capital spending.
be a government corporation funded in part by selling stock
crease of $1.4-billion over expected fiscal 1976 outlays
tinued work on the space shuttle, still scheduled for its first
manned orbital flight in 1979. No other manned space mis-
Uranium nt-$907-million, $200-million over
and, to a larger extent, by issuing notes, debentures, bonds,
for sewer grants.
fiscal 1976 funds, plus $536-million for plant and capital
and other obligations. The authorized capital stock, to total
In an effort to direct federal water pollution grant
sions were planned before then, but shuttle approach and
equipment. Some of these funds would be used to assist the
$25-billion, would be subject to appropriations requests.
money to the most important projects, the EPA said it
landing tests were scheduled to begin in 1977.
Unlike the fiscal 1976 budget, the proposed funding
proposed entry of private industry into the field of uranium
For fiscal 1977, the administration would request $8-billion
would send Congress proposed amendments to the 1972
also would allow work to begin on some new programs, in-
enrichment, as of early 1976 a government monopoly. Presi-
in appropriations for this new corporation. Also for fiscal
water act that would result in reduced funding of sewer
dent Ford had proposed allowing private industry to enter
1977, Congress would be asked to authorize $75-billion in
projects not considered of the highest priority-such as
cluding development of a spacecraft to study sunspots and
the field; Congress in 1975 took no action on the proposal.
borrowing authority, allowing it to issue up to that amount
storm sewers and facilities to accommodate future popula-
other solar phenomena in 1970-80 and a third satellite to
National security and weapons programs-$1.3-billion,
in obligations.
tion growth. The amendments also would allow the agency
map information on the earth's magnetic field.
NASA's construction budget, cut back to $82-million in
up from $1.1-billion in 1976, plus $376.5-million for plant
The concept of the corporation had been attacked by
to extend for up to six years the July 1, 1977, deadline set by
and capital expenditures.
liberals and conservatives and Congress was considered un-
the 1972 act for compliance with municipal water quality
fiscal 1976, would rise to $124-million in fiscal 1977 under
Fusion power research-$225-million, a $46-million in-
likely to act.
standards. The EPA said such postponements on a case-by-
the proposed budget. The budget would reserve $25-million
of this amount for construction of a new aeronautical
crease over 1976, plus $153-million, almost triple 1976
Ford also repeated 1975 requests for price deregulation
case basis were realistic because about half of all com-
research center.
funds, for plant and capital equipment.
of new domestic natural gas and to open up production from
munities would be unable to meet the 1977 deadline.
Fuel cycle research, including treatment of nuclear
the naval petroleum reserves. A naval petroleum reserves
The most significant increase in its fiscal 1977 budget,
the EPA said, was an addition $10.6-million for the water
National Science Foundation
wastes and investigation of recycling nuclear fuel, in-
bill (HR 49) was expected to emerge from conference early
cluding plutonium-$139-million, $82-million more than in
in 1976. A natural gas bill (S 2310) had passed the Senate
supply program, which funds state efforts to eliminate
Increasing fiscal 1976 appropriations by about $88-
1976, plus $15.8-million-four times the 1976 figure-for
but faced an uncertain future in the House. (1975 Weekly
pollution from drinking water supplies. The program would
million, the budget asked for $802-million for the National
plant and capital equipment.
Report p. 2851)
get a total of $42.8-million in fiscal 1977 budget authority.
Science Foundation in fiscal 1977. Most of the new funding
Coal research-$358-million, an $87-million increase,
The administration proposed a total of $143.4-million
would be devoted to basic research programs in a number of
plus $55.2-million for plant and capital equipment, twice
in fiscal 1977 budget authority for EPA air pollution control
scientific fields. Spending for science education programs
Environmental Programs
the 1976 amount.
activities, a reduction of $2.3-million from fiscal 1976. The
under the proposed budget would stay at the fiscal 1976
Solar energy research-$110.5-million, a $30-million
The administration proposed fiscal 1977 outlays of
President repeated his 1975 request for postponement of
spending level of about $65-million, while funds for
increase, plus $18-million for plant and capital equipment,
$4.4-billion for federal pollution control programs, an in-
deadlines for compliance with air pollution limits.
research programs targeted on specific problems would
triple the 1976 amount.
crease of $1.3-billion over estimated fiscal 1976 outlays.
Solid waste program funds would be increased slightly
drop by about $8.7-million. The foundation said that the
Naval reactor development-$202-million, $16-million
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), which
to $15.7-million, while noise control programs would be
reduction reflected the continuing transfer of energy-
more than in 1976.
administers most of the programs, would take an overall
trimmed slightly to $10.3-million in fiscal 1977.
related programs to other agencies.
Other energy-related items in the budget included:
funding cut under the administration's budget, however. A
The pesticide regulation program would be cut by $4.5-
Federal Energy Administration-for which $101-
total of $718-million in fiscal 1977 budget authority was re-
million, to $39.8-million in fiscal 1977, largely because of a
Energy, Environment, Resources
million was requested for 1977, a drop of $42-million from
quested for the agency, a reduction of $53-million in the
phase-out of an EPA-Agriculture Department training
the 1976 amount, reflecting, among other factors, an ex-
fiscal 1976 estimate.
program for pesticide use. The request included an ad-
Outlays for this entire category would reach a net total
pected decrease in personnel positions at FEA from 3,200 to
The biggest reduction, $59.7-million, would be made in
ditional $1-million to help states enforce the greatly
of $13.8-billion, estimated the 1977 budget-a grand total of
1,791. The budget also indicated that appropriations of $55-
the water quality program administered under the 1972
strengthened pesticide control law enacted in 1972. (Details,
$14.6-billion offset by $800-million in receipts. The largest
million would be requested later if Congress approved the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments (PL 92-
1975 Weekly Report p. 2551)
items within this category were pollution control, for which
administration's 1975 proposal to provide grants to states to
500). Grants to states for water quality management plan-
spending was estimated at $4.4-billion; water resources and
subsidize the installation of insulation by low-income
ning would be cut to $15-million, a reduction of $38-million
in the fiscal 1976 level.
Natural Resources
power, $3.9-billion; and energy, $3.4-billion.
homeowners.
Total outlays would amount to $2-billion more than in
Federal Power Commission-for which $41.6-million
In addition, the administration recommended no new
Federal outlays for water resources and power
fiscal 1976. The largest increases were for pollution control,
was requested in budget authority, a $6-million increase
contract authority for grants to states and localities for con-
programs in 1977 were estimated at $3.9-billion. The largest
up $1.3-billion, and for energy, up almost $800-million.
over 1975 funds.
struction of sewage plants. The EPA said that about $6-
single item within this category was the civil water control
PAGE 124-Jan. 24, 1976
COPYRIGHT 1976 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC.
COPYRIGHT 1976 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC.
Reproduction prohibited in whole or in part except by editorial clients
Reproduction prohibited whole or in part except by editorial clients.
Jan. 24, 1976-PAGE 125
Economic Affairs 16
Economic Affairs 17
and development projects of the Army Corps of Engineers,
construction of facilities, to be offset by reductions in
into) for the Federal Highway Administration, for instance,
for which appropriations of $2.2-billion were requested,
grants for road construction and historic preservation proj-
which regularly accounts for about half the transportation
only $50-million more than in 1976.
ects. The department said it was particularly pleased with
budget, would be reduced by $1.08-billion in fiscal 1977 un-
Consumer Protection
Other programs within this outlay total were those of
the requested increases of $20-million for park operations,
der the administration's recommendation.
the Interior Department's Bureau of Reclamation, for which
noting that the extra funds would help the park service cope
With Congress and the administration nearing agree-
Budget requests for the government's consumer
budget authority of $760-million was sought; of the
with the expected bicentennial crowds. An extra 400
ment on a final omnibus railroad revitalization bill, the
protection activities in fiscal 1977 included increases
Agriculture Department's soil conservation service, of the
positions were budgeted for the park service staff.
budget contained substantial new funding for rail
for several agencies and a cut for one. The Federal
Tennessee Valley Authority, for which a total of $121-
The administration requested fiscal 1977 budget
programs. But spending for other programs, such as federal
Trade Commission (FTC) and Food and Drug Ad-
million in budget authority was requested, and of the
authority of $300-million for the Land and Water Conserva-
highway traffic safety and airport aid, would be held essen-
ministration (FDA) would get bigger budgets under the
regional power administrations.
tion Fund, a total slightly under the fiscal 1976 level. The
tially to the fiscal 1976 levels. Moderate increases were
administration's proposal, while funds for the Con-
The administration proposed fiscal 1977 outlays of $1-
fund provides grants to states and federal agencies for
proposed for the Coast Guard and for the Office of the
sumer Product Safety Commission would be reduced
billion for conservation and land management programs of
purchase of recreation areas and wildlife refuges.
Transportation Secretary, which conducts research and ad-
slightly.
the federal government, about $306-million less than es-
The administration did not propose to appropriate
ministers programs that do not fit elsewhere in the Trans-
The administration requested $223.1-million in
timated fiscal 1976 outlays for the category. The bulk of the
money for the Fish and Wildlife Service special fund for ac-
portation Department.
fiscal 1977 budget authority for the FDA, an increase
conservation and land management programs are ad-
quisition of land for migratory bird refuges. Congress had
While placing a tight lid on spending on most transpor-
of $15.3-million over estimated fiscal 1976
ministered by the Interior and Agriculture Departments.
provided $7.5-million in fiscal 1976 funds for the fund over
tation programs, the budget recommended major changes
appropriations for the agency, which is a division
For Interior's Bureau of Land Management, the ad-
administration objections. (1975 Weekly Report p. 2773)
in financing, proposing to shift part of the burden for air-
within the Department of Health, Education and
ministration requested $385-million in fiscal 1977 budget
The proposed fiscal 1977 budget for the Interior
port and inland waterway maintenance from taxpayers to
Welfare (HEW). That increase included an additional
authority. Increases over fiscal 1976 levels were proposed to
Department also included:
users of those facilities.
$7.3-million for regulation of drugs and devices. The
fund an accelerated program of oil and gas leasing onshore
$284.3-million in budget authority for the Geological
Total budget authority in fiscal 1977 would increase to
agency had been beefing up its medical devices
and on the Outer Continental Shelf. The department an-
Survey, an increase of $11.8-million over fiscal 1976.
$11.7-billion, from $8.3-billion in fiscal 1976. The two
program in anticipation of new legislation authorizing
ticipated fiscal 1977 revenues of $6-billion from the leases,
Increases would go to research and survey projects related
figures were not directly comparable, however, since the
it for the first time to review these products before
double the fiscal 1976 level. The funds would be disbursed to
to energy, such as assessments of coal and uranium
department had not requested contract authority for some
they are marketed. (1975 Weekly Report p. 883)
the states and used for federal reclamation, range improve-
resources.
major programs in fiscal 1976; instead, it funded them with
For the FTC, the administration requested $52.8-
ment and similar programs.
$90.1-million for the Mining Enforcement and Safety
contract authority carried over from previous years. A
million in fiscal 1977 budget authority, an increase of
For the second year in a row, the administration did
Administration, an increase of $6.5-million over fiscal 1976.
more telling measure for comparison was estimated
$5.7-million over estimated fiscal 1976 appropriations
not request any funds under the Agricultural Stabilization
Increases would include funds for the hiring of additional
obligations-the amount of money the department would
for the agency. The major increase was to be used for
and Conservation Service for the forestry incentives and
mine inspectors to accommodate the growing number of
commit for projects in a fiscal year-which under the
antitrust activities. The commission said these would
the water bank programs. In addition, rescissions were
coal mines and improve inspection of old mines. The ad-
proposed budget would drop by more than $1-billion in
focus on encouraging competition in the energy; food
proposed for the $25-million appropriated by Congress for
ministration requested fiscal 1977 budget authority of
fiscal 1977, primarily because of a reduction in obligations
and health care industries, "which exhibit high con-
these two programs for fiscal 1976.
$202.5-million for the Bureau of Mines, a net decrease of
for federal highway programs.
centration and rapid price rises."
The administration did include a request of $90-million
$4.5-million from fiscal 1976. An increase of about $5-
The administration requested appropriations of
for a revision of the controversial agricultural conservation
million was requested for research programs to improve
Federal Highway Administration
$4.2-million for the FTC's fiscal 1977 economic
program, for which it requested no funds in fiscal 1976. The
coal mining and processing technology.
New budget authority for federal aid to highways un-
programs, a total comparable to the fiscal 1976 es-
administration planned to submit legislation eliminating
der the proposed budget would jump to $6.5-billion in fiscal
timate. The commission said its most important activi-
payments to farmers for carrying out farming practices
Agriculture
1977, from $3.08-billion in fiscal 1976. The increase was ac-
ty in this area would continue to be its "line-of-
which are a normal part of their operations.
counted for by the fact that the department had requested
business" survey, begun in 1974 in an attempt to
Budget requests for the Agriculture Department's Soil
contract authority for only the Interstate Highway System
analyze industry profits by product. Underlining the
Conservation Service were down $26.3-million for fiscal
Although total funds requested by the Department of
in fiscal 1976, funding other highway programs with
controversial nature of the project, the budget request
1977 for a total of $401.5-million. (The department in-
Agriculture for fiscal 1977 were $11.8-billion, down from
previously existing authority.
stipulated that no funds could be used to pay salaries of
cluded in its 1976 totals $53-million in unbudgeted disaster
$14.7-billion for fiscal 1976, division of the budget into func-
Obligations for federal highway programs, however,
FTC employees who violated strict limits on the use
relief funds.) The major decrease in this area was $15.2-
tions resulted in an agriculture program budget of only
would fall in fiscal 1977 by $690-million from the previous
and disclosure of the information gathered.
million for the Great Plains conservation program. No
$2.3-billion, down from $4.1-billion in fiscal 1976. Food
year's level. The administration justified the reduction,
The administration requested $18.7-million in
funds were requested to enter into new contracts and the
programs accounted for about two-thirds of the
which included a cutback of $1.2-billion in interstate
fiscal 1977 appropriations for the FTC's consumer
administration indicated that the Great Plains program
department's spending. (Food programs, p. 135)
highway construction funds, on the ground that highway
protection activities, a slight decrease from estimated
would be part of the proposed legislation reforming the
The largest agriculture program drop was for funds for
construction the previous two years had been pushed
fiscal 1976 appropriations.
agricultural conservation program. Soil Conservation Ser-
the Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC). Only $944-
deliberately to "unusually high levels" to stimulate the
The Consumer Product Safety Commission, an in-
vice funds requested for watershed and flood prevention
million was requested by the department for fiscal 1977, as
economy.
dependent agency that establishes and enforces safety
operations were $11.1-million less than fiscal 1976, with no
compared to $2.8-billion for fiscal 1976. CCC outlays were
In proposing new budget authority for federal highway
standards for commercial products, did not fare as well
new construction starts budgeted for fiscal 1977.
expected to decline because of a reduction in short-term ex-
aid of $6.5-billion for fiscal 1977, the administration
in the administration's fiscal 1977 budget request.
The administration requested $42-million more in
port credit needs and lower commodity loan costs. A 15 per
withdrew its proposal to turn over $1-billion in revenues
Appropriations of $37-million were requested for the
funds for the Agriculture Department's Forest Service
cent reduction in flue-cured tobacco marketing quotas was
from the Highway Trust Fund to the states. In 1975 Presi-
commission, down $4.8-million from estimated fiscal
national resource programs than in fiscal 1976. According
expected to reduce tobacco price support loans by $255-
dent Ford had submitted legislation to use monies from the
1976 appropriations. The reductions, which would be
to the department, the 1977 budget reflected the first
million. However, direct payments to farmers were ex-
trust fund, which is financed by highway user taxes and
spread relatively evenly among the agency's programs,
attempt to meet the long-range planning requirements un-
pected to rise $11-million, largely due to increased dis-
supports all federal highway programs, only for interstate
were made because there were "substantial" funding
der the Forest and Range Renewable Resources Planning
aster payments.
highway construction and to allow states to pre-empt part
increases in 1975, the administration said.
Act of 1974. Of the $42-million increase in Forest Service
of the user taxes for other highway needs. Both the House
Among other government consumer programs, the
funds, $30-million would be for recreation, wildlife,
and the Senate in 1975 passed highway legislation rejecting
administration requested $1.6-million for HEW's Of-
rangeland management and other programs.
Commerce/Transportation
that plan, however, prompting Ford to drop it for the time
fice of Consumer Affairs, a figure comparable to the
The administration proposed fiscal 1977 outlays of
being and recommend in the new budget a continuation of
estimated fiscal 1976 appropriations. The office is
$959-million for federal programs dealing with recreation,
Although the administration's $11.7-billion budget re-
the existing program.
headed by Virginia H. Knauer, special assistant to the
an increase of $59-million over fiscal 1976 estimates. Most
quest for fiscal 1977 Transportation Department programs
President on consumer affairs. The General Services
of these programs are run by the Interior Department.
represented a substantial increase over the $8.3-billion
Federal Aviation Administration
Administration requested $1.1-million for its Con-
For the National Park Service, the budget proposed
budgeted the previous year, the transportation budget as a
sumer Information Center, which publishes and dis-
fiscal 1977 budget authority of $340.9-million. This included
whole reflected President Ford's determination to hold
The administration recommended $2.4-billion in
tributes documents on federal consumer services.
increases over fiscal 1976 totals for park operations and
down federal spending. Obligations (new contracts entered
budget authority for the Federal Aviation Administration
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Jan. 24, 1976-PAGE 127
Economic Affairs 18
Economic Affairs 19
(FAA) in fiscal 1977, an increase of $99-million over the
use the federally maintained inland waterways for com-
previous year. The slightly higher level was accounted for
mercial transportation. Noting that water carriers were the
primarily by proposed increased spending for air traffic
only major commercial transporters who did not have to
Housing: Continuation of Existing Programs
control and air navigation, reflecting growing national con-
pay user costs, Transportation Department officials said
cern over the rash of aircraft near-collisions in 1975. Budget
the legislation would recover $80-million of the $300-million
The administration proposed no major new efforts
HUD estimated that federal payments for the
authority for federal aid to airports would remain at the
cost of waterway maintenance in fiscal 1977.
in the housing areas, asking instead for continued and
operation of existing public and other subsidized housing
$350-million provided in fiscal 1976.
fairly steady funding for existing programs. In all, the
programs would reach $3-billion in fiscal 1977, up about
To correct what it said were inequities in federal avia-
Transportation Regulatory Agencies
Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)
$750-million from fiscal 1976. Under the provisions of
tion program funding, the administration proposed legisla-
To promote modernization and streamlining of trans-
estimated that it would approve federal subsidies for
the 1974 budget reform act, however, this amount did
tion to place a greater share of the funding burden on users
portation regulation, the budget provided increases in the
about 506,000 units of housing in fiscal 1977, about 50,-
not show up as a line item in the budget because it con-
of air facilities. Where currently the FAA's operation and
operational authority of the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB)
000 less than it planned to approve in fiscal 1976 and the
stituted appropriations to liquidate previously approved
maintenance of FAA air traffic control and navigation ser-
and the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC). The
transition quarter between the two fiscal years.
contract authority.
vices are paid two-thirds from general revenues and one-
proposed $21.7-million budget authority for the CAB-$1.8-
HUD said it would ask Congress to approve $850-
Another program (Section 202) excluded from the
third from such user taxes as an 8 per cent airline ticket
million more than in fiscal 1976-would permit new hiring
million in new contract authority for the rental subsidy
budget totals by law would provide up to $375-million in
tax, the proposed legislation would change the ratio to 50-
and provide for new emphasis on cutting procedural delays,
program (Section 8) for lower-income families created by
fiscal 1977 for loans to developers of low-cost subsidized
50.
changing rate-making criteria and analysis of agency pol-
the 1974 housing act (PL 93-383). When combined with
housing for the elderly and handicapped. The fiscal 1976
icy. Similar reform initiatives would be promoted through
authority carried over from fiscal 1976, this amount
loan limit also was $375-million.
Railroads
$54.7-million in ICC budget authority, although staff would
would allow HUD to reserve contracts to subsidize rents
Arguing that the housing industry would continue
Excluding appropriations for one-time obligations in
be reduced under the proposal. The fiscal 1976 ICC budget
on about 400,000 units of housing. About 165,000 of these
to recover gradually from a slump that began in mid-
fiscal 1976, budget authority for railroad programs in fiscal
authority had been $50.8-million.
units would be in existing housing.
1973, the administration proposed no extension of a 1975
1977 would increase over last year's level by $165-million.
Because contracts for the subsidized rental
emergency housing program indirectly subsidizing
Most of the added spending would go to finance upgrad-
Postal Service
programs ran for 15 to 40 years, the requested contract
mortgage interest rates. The program will expire July 1.
ing of passenger service in the Northeast corridor from
For mail delivery, subsidized mail and personnel costs
authority would translate into total budget authority to
The 1975 act (PL 94-50) allowed HUD to buy up to
Washington to Boston ($125-million) and to subsidize light-
of the U.S. Postal Service, the administration proposed
spend about $16.6-billion. These funds were included in
$10-billion in mortgages at subsidized interest rates. On
density freight lines that were not included in the new
$1.5-billion in new budget authority for fiscal 1977, a reduc-
the budget under the functional category of income
Jan. 6, HUD agreed to release $3-billion of $5-billion
Conrail system ($70-million). Start-up funds for Conrail,
tion of $128-million from the previous fiscal year. The Of-
security.
appropriated by Congress for the program for purchases
the quasi-governmental system that in 1976 was to take
fice of Management and Budget rejected a Postal Service
Using money remaining from $264-million in
of federally insured, multi-family housing. The budget
over operations of seven bankrupt lines, would be
request for $307-million to continue subsidizing the mailing
available funds for a homeownership subsidy program
indicated that HUD would decide whether to release
authorized in the pending omnibus rail legislation and
costs of magazines, newspapers and other publications, say-
(Section 235) it released in October 1975, HUD also
remaining funds "should economic conditions
appropriated in a later measure.
ing those costs would have to be absorbed through higher
planned to subsidize mortgage payments for about 100,-
deteriorate to the point where the housing industry is
The administration recommended $483.7-million in
000 moderate-income families in fiscal 1977. The ad-
rates. Because the Postal Service is an independent cor-
severely affected."
operating and capital subsidies for the National Railroad
poration, its subsidy was treated as an off-budget item and
ministration did not ask for any additional funding
The administration asked for budget authority of
Passenger Corporation (Amtrak), but, in a recommendation
was not reflected in the administration's total budget
authority to continue the program after available funds
$975.5-million in fiscal 1977 to finance the operation of
certain to be controversial, called for a $378-million ceiling
figures.
were exhausted. HUD also proposed to keep rent supple-
housing insurance programs run by the Federal Housing
on operating grants. Although the total represented an in-
ment and rental subsidy (Section 236) programs
Administration (included in the budget under the func-
crease of $43.7-million over fiscal 1976, the administration
suspended in early 1973 in a dormant state. (Funds
tional category of commerce and transportation).
pointed out that operating grants would not be enough to
Community and
released, 1975 Weekly Report p. 2259)
In other housing activities, HUD requested $15.8-
meet estimated costs and said Amtrak would have to weed
out its most inefficient routes.
Regional Development
The only other proposed program that would
million to continue an experimental program providing
provide any new housing assistance in fiscal 1977 would
cash housing allowances to the poor. The total request
subsidize production of 6,000 units of conventional
for all research and policy development programs (in the
Urban Mass Transportation Administration
Proposing to channel most of the extra money to
public housing for Indians.
functional budget category of community and regional
metropolitan areas, the Department of Housing and Urban
Since contract authority for mass transportation
The department also indicated that it would propose
development) was $71-million. HUD also indicated that
Development (HUD) asked for a $450-million increase for
programs had been authorized in previous legislation
legislation allowing it to compute tenant income the
it would continue a moratorium on new commitments
the community development block grant program created
through fiscal 1980, the administration proposed no new
same way in both the Section 8 programs and conven-
under the new communities program subsidizing
by Congress in 1974. HUD requested a total of $3.25-billion
budget authority. For mass transportation capital and
tional low-income public housing programs.
development of model towns.
for the program in fiscal 1977.
operating expenses authorized under the earlier legislation,
Communities used the funds to carry out activities
the budget estimated total obligations at $2.5-billion, in-
funded before 1974 under categorical programs like urban
cluding $575-million in funds expected to be transferred by
renewal. HUD estimated that $2.5-billion of the requested
Community Services Administration
funding costs for state and local governments. (1975 Weekly
cities from their accounts for interstate highway projects.
fiscal 1977 would be distributed to metropolitan areas and
The administration proposed to kill recreation and food
Report p. 2595)
Appropriations to liquidate the contract authority would
$578-million would go to rural areas. The administration
programs for the poor established by the Office of
The budget requested $93.9-million for volunteer
have to be acted on as the obligations became due.
asked for another $100-million to make special grants to
Economic Opportunity (OEO), arguing that they duplicated
programs serving the needy run by ACTION, a $7.5-million
To promote long-term capital investment and to limit
communities having trouble meeting urgent development
other federal efforts. In all, requested funding for the Com-
reduction.
spending, the administration proposed that the amount of
needs.
munity Services Administration, which took over OEO
mass transit funds that localities could use for operating
Following congressional directions, HUD planned to
programs in 1974, dropped to $334-million, a $92-million
Other Development Programs
expenses be limited to 50 per cent. Administration officials
set aside about $200-million for the total amount for grants
reduction in fiscal 1976 funding requested by the ad-
The administration requested almost $249-million for
charged that transit operators had abused the 1974 law per-
to small towns within metropolitan areas that received
ministration and about $160-million less than Congress
the Economic Development Administration, the bureau
mitting them to use mass transit money for operating ex-
little funding during the first year of the program because
approved in an appropriations bill (HR 8069) for the
within the Department of Commerce that coordinated
penses. Up to 90 per cent of funds primarily intended for
of higher-priority requests from urban counties.
program vetoed by the President in late 1975.
development in economically depressed areas of the
capital needs had been diverted to run existing systems, ac-
In a move likely to face opposition in Congress, HUD
Because existing law required state and local sources to
country. The amount was about $136-million less than the
cording to the administration. The change would require
also proposed to reduce funding for comprehensive plan-
pick up a larger share of program costs in fiscal 1977, the
amount appropriated in fiscal 1976. The administration
legislation and was expected to meet stiff resistance.
ning of community development activities to $25-million
administration proposed to cut funding for basic local com-
said the cut reflected "primarily the need for budget
from $75-million in fiscal 1976. It also proposed to end a
munity action programs for the poor to about $260-million,
restraint and recognition that although each project helps
Waterways
loan program (Section 312) for the rehabilitation of urban
about $100-million less than funding obligated for the
the particular community that receives it..., the program
The administration said it was preparing legislation to
housing. The administration argued that block grant funds
programs in fiscal 1976. The House passed legislation (HR
will have limited effect in stimulating long-term economic
impose user charges on water barges and other carriers who
were available for these activities.
8578) on Nov. 19, 1975, that would block the increase in
development
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Jan. 24, 1976-PAGE 129
Economic Affairs 20
Economic Affairs 21
The proposed cut runs counter to the sentiment ex-
nation as a whole must contribute to the national commit-
the fiscal 1976 appropriation and almost $150-million over
EMPLOYMENT AND TRAINING
pressed by Congress in a bill (HR 5247) awaiting final ac-
ment to provide equal education opportunity."
the $101.7-million Ford requested in fiscal 1976. The entire
tion which would step up funding for a working capital
The 27 programs were grouped under four main
increase would go for technical assistance to schools im-
The fiscal 1977 budget requests for the Department of
loan program administered by the administration and set
headings: education to the disadvantaged, education for the
plementing desegregation plans.
Labor totaled $11.1-billion, including a $5-billion advance
up a demonstration program giving economic development
handicapped, vocational education and library resources.
aid to cities. (1975 Weekly Report p. 2793)
Other Programs
from general revenues to the unemployment trust fund ac-
Although the legislative proposal had not been finalized,
counts. A similar $5-billion appropriation was made in
Under the Farmers Home Administration, the ad-
the Office of Education said the funds would be allocated to
As he had in 1975, Ford again asked for termination of
fiscal 1976 to provide loans to states that exhausted their
ministration did not request fiscal 1977 funds for rural
the states on a formula basis that would ensure that they
the drug abuse education and environmental education
own unemployment fund reserves, to help pay extended
water and sewer grants, rural development grants or rural
would receive no less money in fiscal 1977 than in fiscal
programs. He also requested cuts in aid for bilingual
benefits to persons permanently covered under the system
community fire protection grants. In addition, a rescission
1976. Three-fourths of the money would have to be spent on
education, Right to Read, Followthrough and educational
was requested for $125-million in fiscal 1976 water and
education programs to aid the economically disadvantaged
broadcasting facilities.
and to pay benefits to those persons only temporarily
covered under legislation passed in 1974 (PL 93-567).
sewer grants.
and the handicapped. Three-fourths of the money also
Student Assistance
The administration estimated that the national un-
would have to be passed through to the local school dis-
The budget request again emphasized the ad-
employment rate for fiscal 1976 would average 8.1 per cent
Disaster Assistance
tricts. Office of Education officials said they hoped to sub-
ministration's determination to place reliance for student
and that unemployment compensation outlays in the fiscal
The budget asked for a $100-million appropriation in
mit consolidation legislation to Congress by Feb. 1.
assistance on the basic educational opportunities program
year would be $18.4-billion. In fiscal 1977, the average un-
fiscal 1977 for disaster relief assistance, down $50-million
Line item requests for the programs folded into the
(BEOG), the college work-study program and the
employment rate was estimated at 7.1 per cent with outlays
from fiscal 1976. HUD also asked for $100-million in fiscal
block grant, submitted in the event that Congress did not
projected at $15.9-billion.
1977 to carry out studies and surveys needed to implement
approve the consolidation, totaled $3,037,000,000-$260-
guaranteed student loan program. As in previous years the
Because the administration was supporting legislation
million less than the amount appropriated for the same 27
administration requested no funds for the supplemental op-
the national flood insurance program.
it proposed in 1975 reforming the jobless benefit system, it
programs in fiscal 1976. If the consolidation were enacted,
portunity grant program or for capital contributions to the
did not ask for an extension of either PL 93-567 or a second
the administration would request another $263-million to
national direct student loan program. It also asked that
Indian Programs
bill that awarded a total of 65 weeks of benefits to un-
be distributed to the states. Among the line items, the ad-
fiscal 1976 appropriations for the two programs be
The administration requested $32.9-million in new
rescinded.
employed workers in areas with extremely high jobless
ministration requested a $150-million cut in aid to the dis-
rates. Both laws were scheduled to expire at the end of 1976.
funds to implement the Indian Self Determination Act (PL
advantaged and a discontinuation of aid to public and
For the BEOG program, the administration requested
$1.1-billion for grants to almost 1,300,000 students in the
(Jobless benefit reform legislation, Weekly Report p. 45)
93-638), which took effect in 1975 and would become fully
college libraries.
operational in fiscal 1977. The money would be used to help
The budget also requested an additional $539-million
1977-78 school year. The average grant was expected to be
Public Service Jobs
strengthen tribal governments so they could assume
$854.
appropriation for vocational education so that the program
responsibility for many Indian programs administered by
would be forward funded-that is, the appropriation would
For college work study, the administration requested
The administration requested a supplemental
the Bureau of Indian Affairs.
be made in one year but not actually obligated until the
$250-million, compared to $509.8-million available in fiscal
appropriation of $1.7-billion in fiscal 1976 to maintain
The administration also proposed doubling the funds
1976. The appropriation had been increased in fiscal 1976 to
about 260,000 temporary public service jobs (also
following year. Most education programs were forward
available for the Indian Loan Guaranty program in fiscal
help students affected by the nation's economic downturn,
authorized under PL 93-567) through the end of 1976 and to
funded to give school administrators an opportunity to
1977-to $20-million. But it proposed deferring until fiscal
but the fiscal 1977 request was still $50-million lower than
begin a phase-out of that program in January 1977 that
work federal aid into their school budgets.
1978 further spending on public school construction grants
the fiscal 1975 appropriation.
would be completed by October 1977.
It would appear that Congress would not approve the
for Indian areas.
consolidation in 1976. It was very cool to a Nixon ad-
Ford also proposed that the federal share of wages paid
The Labor Department said the phase-out was "consis-
under the program be dropped to 70 per cent, from 80 per
tent with general expectations as to the pace and direction
ministration education revenue sharing proposal and Office
of Education officials acknowledged that Ford's proposed
cent, in fiscal 1977 and to 50 per cent by fiscal 1979.
of economic recovery," but it was likely to be unpopular
Education/Labor/Social Services
For interest subsidies on the guaranteed student loan
with congressional Democrats who were poised to push
consolidation was a larger version of that earlier program.
Furthermore, Congress will be involved in extending
program, the administration requested $400-million.
legislation extending the temporary public service jobs
and amending higher education programs which expire
Another $52-million would be available from unused fiscal
program.
EDUCATION
1975-76 funds. Ford said he would propose legislation rais-
Under the Ford phase-out proposal, most of the funds
June 30. Although authorizations for some library aid and
ing the maximum interest rate on guaranteed student loans
would be concentrated in areas where the jobless rate was
President Ford's budget requests for federal education
for vocational education assistance also expire June 30,
to 11 per cent, from 10 per cent, and the interest the student
above 6.5 per cent. The federal contribution toward a public
programs totaled $6,916,000,000. If the fiscal 1976
Congress was unlikely to review the entire gamut of federal
appropriations were adjusted downward by the $1.3-billion
education aid in a single legislative session.
must pay on a subsidized loan to 8 per cent, from 7 per cent.
service employee's salary would be limited to $7,000, com-
Because of money left over from previous fiscal years,
pared to the existing $10,000 limit.
he also requested in rescissions, that $6.9-billion figure
Impact Aid
the administration requested no additional funds to pay for
In fiscal 1976, Ford agreed to a $1.6-billion appropria-
would be $465-million more than the funds available in
student defaults on loans. The Office of Education said it
tion for 260,000 temporary public jobs slots after vetoing a
fiscal 1976.
Once again Ford proposed a revision of the impact aid
expected default claims to total $142-million in 1977, com-
bill that contained that appropriation and funding for
However, if the rescissions were not enacted-and few
program that would provide payments to school districts
pared to $132-million in 1976. It also said that 200 ad-
several other job-creating programs. Also available was
observers believe they would be-the fiscal 1977 request
only in behalf of those students whose parents both lived
ditional positions would be opened in 1977 to monitor the
$400-million for Title II of the Comprehensive Employment
was about $500-million less than the fiscal 1976
and worked on federal property. Payments would not be
student loan and other student assistance programs to
and Training Act (CETA), the permanent public service
appropriation. Further, if additional funding for the educa-
made for students whose parents worked for the federal
reduce abuses.
jobs program designed to serve as a transition between
tion program consolidation and for forward funding of
government but lived on private property or in public
training and permanent employment.
vocational education were not included, the fiscal 1977 re-
housing, categories which were eligible for the payments
Institutional Aid
In fiscal 1977, Ford again requested $400-million for
quest would be $1.3-billion below the fiscal 1976 appropria-
under existing law. The program was designed to lessen the
The administration requested funding for only three
that program. He also asked for $1.6-billion for training
tion and about the same amount as requested in fiscal 1976.
impact of the federal government's presence in a com-
institutional aid programs: developing institutions ($110-
assistance, the same amount requested in fiscal 1976.
munity.
million), language training and area studies ($10-million)
Congress appropriated that amount but Ford vetoed the
Education Block Grants
In line with that proposal, Ford requested only $325-
and cooperative education ($8-million). No requests were
Labor-HEW appropriations bill (HR 8009) as too expensive;
Almost half of the total education request-$3.3-
million for impact aid, compared to the $680-million
made for aid to land-grant colleges, university community
the House has scheduled an override vote for Jan. 27.
billion-was earmarked for Ford's major proposal to con-
appropriated in fiscal 1976. Although every President since
services, veterans cost-of-instruction payments or state
Meanwhile, labor, health and welfare programs were being
solidate 27 categorical grant elementary and secondary
Truman had attempted to cut back impact aid, Congress
postsecondary education commissions.
funded under a continuing appropriations resolution.
education programs into one single block grant to the
had insisted that it continue. The program affects almost
states. The third of a troika of consolidations which in-
every school district in the nation.
National Institute of Education
Summer Jobs
cluded health and nutrition programs, the education con-
The administration requested $90-million for the
The administration said it would request supplemental
solidation, in the words of Virginia Y. Trotter, assistant
Emergency School Aid
National Institute of Education, the basic federal education
fiscal 1976 and fiscal 1977 funds for summer youth jobs as
secretary of health, education and welfare (HEW) for
Ford requested $249.7-million for emergency school aid
research arm. The institute had a $70-million appropriation
soon as projection figures became available. It estimated
education, represented the administration's belief that "the
to desegregating school systems, an $8-million increase over
in fiscal 1976.
that the fiscal 1976 request would be $440,300,000 to fund
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Jan. 24, 1976-PAGE 131
Economic Affairs 22
Economic Affairs 23
some 740,000 nine-week part-time jobs for youngsters aged
Under existing law, states must pay 25 per cent of the
venereal disease prevention, immunization, rat control,
The administration estimated that the fiscal 1977 cost
14 to 21 and that the fiscal 1977 request would be $400-mil-
cost of social services programs supported by federal funds
lead-based paint poisoning prevention, developmental dis-
of the program to protect Medicare beneficiaries against the
lion for 672,000 jobs. For the summer of 1975, Congress
and observe restrictions on the use of funds. Funded ac-
abilities, health planning, medical facilities construction,
cost of a "catastrophic" illness would be $538-million. But
appropriated $473,350,000 for 840,000 jobs. The administra-
tivities also must comply with federal rules for program
community health centers for the poor, maternal and child
the new cost-sharing proposals would reduce expected
tion said its fiscal 1976 request was "approximately
operation. The block grant proposal would eliminate the
health, family planning, migrant health, emergency
Medicare spending by $1.86-billion. In a move certain to
equivalent" to the 1975 level, "allowing for an improvement
matching requirement and drop most of the federal restric-
medical services and general health services grants to the
arouse the opposition of the medical community, the
in the unemployment rate for youth."
tions on use of funds. But states still would have to target
states.
proposal also would restrict annual increases in bills reim-
most of the assistance on families with incomes below the
The Department of Health, Education and Welfare
bursed under Medicare to 7 per cent for hospitals and 4 per
Work Incentive Program
poverty line.
(HEW) spent about $1.27-billion on the 15 categorical
cent for physicians. This move would save $909-million in
The administration promised to propose a major
programs in fiscal 1975, so over-all federal funding
fiscal 1977.
redirection in the Work Incentive Program (WIN), managed
Other Assistance Programs
available in previous years for these programs would be
If approved, the proposal would cut $2.2-billion from
jointly by the Departments of Labor and HEW. That
The budget requested a $40-million increase over fiscal
reduced.
estimated outlays of $21.9-billion for Medicare in fiscal
proposal would eliminate job training for employable
1976 funding of $736-million for rehabilitation programs
The proposal also would drop rules for the existing
1977. Spending for Medicare in fiscal 1976 was expected to
recipients of Aid to Families with Dependent Children
for the handicapped. Funding proposed for programs serv-
programs that required state and local governments to
reach $17.7-billion.
(AFDC) and would shift the focus of the program entirely
ing children and the elderly would remain relatively stable.
match some federal funds with their own money, so total
But congressional approval was unlikely. Congress did
to placing such persons in jobs. WIN participants needing
spending on the programs also could drop.
not even consider similar cost-sharing proposals first
job training would be referred to the appropriate CETA
HEW would distribute the funds according to a for-
Health
promoted by former President Nixon in early 1973. Ford
mula giving the most weight to a state's low-income pop-
program.
ulation. No state would lose funds in fiscal 1977 and the for-
tried in 1975 to couple the cost-sharing proposal with a
To ensure a smooth transition, the administration re-
"catastrophic" plan similar to the one proposed in the fiscal
quested $315-million for the existing program, compared to
In keeping with his general budget goals, President
mula would be phased in, but eventually the proposal would
1977 budget, but Congress again showed no interest in the
$400-million in actual and pending fiscal 1976
Ford opposed immediate action on national health in-
reduce funding to some northern, wealthier states and in-
idea.
appropriations. If legislation enacting the proposal were
surance legislation and asked Congress to approve a
crease funding to poorer states.
passed, the administration said it would request that the
proposal to consolidate 16 health programs including
In general, states would be free to spend the money
$315-million be reduced by $55-million to reflect the
Medicaid into a state-run block grant program. Ford also
as they wished, but they would have to devote at least 90
Health Research
elimination of job training services.
proposed to protect elderly Medicare patients against the
per cent of the funds to activities financed under Med-
The administration requested budget authority of
cost of a long-term illness, but asked them to pay a larger
icaid and the 15 existing programs.
$2.16-billion in fiscal 1977 for the National Institutes of
Occupational Safety and Health
share of bills for short-term care.
They also must spend at least 5 per cent of the fed-
Health, HEW's biomedical research arm. The proposed
Excluding Medicare and Medicaid, the administration
eral funds on community-based health services and pro-
The administration asked for $127,970,000 for the Oc-
funding was about $185-million above the administration's
requested $4.96-billion for health programs in fiscal 1977.
grams aiding the developmentally disabled, including the
cupational Safety and Health Administration. An
budget request for the institutes in fiscal 1976, but only
This amount was $222-million above the President's fiscal
mentally retarded.
slightly above the fiscal 1975 funding level.
appropriation of $116,221,000 was pending in the vetoed
1976 budget request for health, but $432-million below
Community-based drug abuse treatment and preven-
Labor-HEW bill. The request increased funding for health
For the first time in many years, the budget did not
fiscal 1975 funding. The fiscal 1976 health appropriations
tion programs were excluded from the block grant proposal,
standards development and enforcement by $2-million,
propose a major increase in funding for the National Cancer
bill (HR 8069) vetoed by the President in December 1975
primarily because continued federal control would allow
reflecting, the Labor Department said, "a growing national
Institute. Requested funding would keep the cancer
also increased some of the administration's budget re-
the administration to coordinate these efforts with
research program relatively stable. The administration
concern with occupational health programs." The request
quests. An override attempt was scheduled for Jan. 27.
proposed changes in drug enforcement activities.
also contained $19.7-million for educational and consulta-
asked for a $38-million increase in the fiscal 1976 budget re-
(1975 Weekly Report p. 2732)
HEW also would continue to run programs aiding
tion services, a $7-million increase over the pending fiscal
quest for the National Heart and Lung Institute and
development of health maintenance organizations (HMOs),
1976 appropriation.
smaller across-the-board boosts in funding for the other
National Health Insurance
at a requested spending level of about $20-million in fiscal
research institutes.
Older Americans Employment
Dashing already dim prospects for creation of a health
1977.
insurance program in 1976, Ford argued in his Jan. 19 State
Congress was likely to oppose the proposal, given the
Health Manpower
As he had the previous year, Ford requested no funds
of the Union message that "we cannot realistically afford
political popularity of and lobby support for the various
for Community Service Employment for Older Americans.
categorical programs. Sen. Edward M. Kennedy (D Mass.),
In line with health manpower legislation (S 2748) it
federally dictated national health insurance providing full
Congress appropriated $30-million for the program in fiscal
coverage for all 215 million Americans." (Prospects, Weekly
chairman of the Labor and Public Welfare Health Subcom-
proposed in late 1975, the administration requested cut-
1976.
Report p. 103)
mittee, called the plan "ill-conceived, ill-advised and un-
backs in funding for assistance to medical schools and
Leaving himself some leeway in an election year,
workable." Congress may not even consider the proposal in
students in the health professions. The proposed manpower
Job Opportunities
however, Ford did not rule out future support for some sort
1976, because it completed action in 1975 on legislation (PL
program would provide $120-million for basic support to
The President asked for termination of the Job Oppor-
94-63) overhauling and extending many of the programs in-
medical and dental schools that agreed to set aside 20 per
of national health insurance. do envision the day when
tunities program enacted in 1974 to channel federal funds
cluded in the block grant plan. (1975 Weekly Report p. 1668)
cent of the positions in their 1978-79 first-year class for
we may use the private health insurance system to offer
students who agreed voluntarily to practice in areas with
quickly to labor-intensive public works projects. Ford had
more middle-income families high quality health services at
physician shortages.
opposed the program since its inception. In fiscal 1976,
prices they can afford and shield them also from
Medicare
The budget requested another $128-million for special
$374-million was available for the program. Pending in
catastrophic illness," he said. (Text, p. 144)
Ford proposed to limit out-of-pocket payments under
projects in the health manpower area, $36-million for aid to
Congress was a bill (HR 5247) to extend the program, which
Medicare to $500 per benefit period for hospital costs and
nursing students and $35-million for scholarships for
expired at the end of 1975, through the end of September
Health Block Grant Program
$250 per year for physician services. But in exchange, he
students agreeing to practice in medically underserved
1976 and to authorize $500-million for its operation. (1975
Arguing that many health programs overlapped,
asked the elderly to pay more for initial coverage under
areas.
Weekly Report p. 2792)
divided health dollars unevenly among the states and
Medicare.
The proposal would eliminate any federal support for
prevented states from setting their own funding priorities,
The proposal would require Medicare patients to pay
the construction of medical teaching facilities.
SOCIAL SERVICES
the administration proposed to give the states block grants
$104 for their first day of hospital care and 10 per cent of
In a move to loosen federal control of tax dollars, the
to replace spending on Medicaid and 15 smaller categorical
the costs for each succeeding day up to the $500 limit.
Public Health Service Hospitals
administration proposed to replace social services programs
health programs.
Under existing law, patients paid the $104 for the first day
Setting the stage for another battle with Congress, the
for welfare recipients and lower-income families with a
The budget requested $10-billion for the block grant
and nothing for the second through 60th day of care. The
administration proposed legislation that would allow it to
$2.5-billion block grant program run by the states. The ex-
program in fiscal 1977. If it had not proposed the new
proposal also would boost the initial deductible under the
shut down or transfer control of eight Public Health Service
isting programs, expected to cost the federal government
program, the administration indicated that it would have
part of the Medicare program covering physician services to
(PHS) hospitals primarily serving merchant seamen.
$2.3-billion in fiscal 1976, provided training for those ad-
requested funding of $9.3-billion for Medicaid and about
$77 from $60 and then require patients to pay 10 per cent of
President Nixon lost a bid to close the hospitals in 1973
ministering welfare programs, and day care and other ser-
$900-million for the other 15 programs: community mental
bills for hospital-based physician care and home health ser-
after Congress blocked a similar proposal. (1973 Almanac p.
vices for the poor.
health centers, alcoholism and alcohol abuse prevention,
vices up to the $250 limit.
494)
COPYRIGHT 1976 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC.
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Reproduction prohibited in whole or in part except by editorial clients
Jan. 24, 1976-PAGE 133
Economic Affairs 24
Economic Affairs 25
Income Security
receive aid under federal student assistance programs, the
As an intermediate step, the administration proposed
states, with the intention of reducing program overlap and
administration said.
an Income Assistance Simplification Act. The legislation
eliminating aid to non-needy children. Although legislation
Social Security
To balance the long-term deficit projected for the
would give the administration the authority to change
had not yet been forwarded to Congress, the budget request
Social Security system, the administration said it would
eligibility requirements, income computation rules, benefit
for the revised block grant program was $2-billion, com-
Heeding warnings that the Social Security system
also propose a formula that would stabilize the relationship
structures and other organizational aspects of welfare
pared to an expected $3-billion under existing law. A
would deplete its reserves by the early 1980s without new
of benefits to the wages earned immediately prior to
programs. Congress could disapprove any proposed change.
similar proposal was rejected by Congress in 1975.
financing, President Ford proposed that the tax paid by
retirement. Under existing law, benefits could eventually
The administration could use the authority to alter
employers and employees to finance the retirement system
exceed wages earned before retirement. The administration
programs providing cash or in-kind benefits on the basis of
Veterans
be increased by .6 per cent, from a rate of 11.7 per cent to a
said this change would eliminate about half of the an-
income, but it could not alter Social Security, unemploy-
rate of 12.3 per cent.
ticipated long-range deficit.
ment compensation or other "earned" benefit programs.
The employer and the employee would each pay half,
Ford did not reintroduce his 1975 proposal to hold cost-
Food stamps and subsidized housing were examples of in-
The administration requested $17.7-billion in new
or 6.15 per cent. The increased tax rate would be effec-
of-living increases in Social Security benefits to 5 per cent.
kind benefit programs.
budget authority for the Veterans Administration (VA) for
tive Jan. 1, 1977, when the maximum taxable wage
Even though the administration could not reduce the
fiscal year 1977, up $1.5-billion from its fiscal 1976 request.
The limitation was so unpopular in 1975 that the President
base already was scheduled by law to increase to an es-
could not find any member of Congress to introduce it as
total amount of funding devoted to income assistance
Outlays of $17.2-billion were projected.
timated $16,500 from $15,300.
legislation.
programs, White House officials argued that the proposal
The largest amount in this category was $8.5-billion
The increased tax rate would add $22.54 to the average
would result in administrative savings. Authority to make
earmarked for compensation and pension programs. The
The President requested $6.7-billion for the Social
worker's tax bill in 1977, the administration said. The in-
changes in the programs would expire after five years. Ford
largest increase was in proposed funding for medical
Security Administration in fiscal 1977. All of those funds,
crease in the tax rate, together with the already mandated
including $5.1-billion for the part of the Medicare program
said Jan. 20 that he might consider appointing a welfare
programs, up $274.2-million from the fiscal 1976 appropria-
increase in the wage base, would mean that a worker earn-
that covered physician's costs, were required to be appro-
"czar" to coordinate changes.
tion to $4.4-billion. With these funds, the VA would be able
ing $16,500 or more would pay a total of $1,014.75 in Social
priated annually under law. (Medicare, p. 133)
While certain to support the objectives of the ad-
to complete increases in medical staff and improvements in
Security taxes in 1977, compared to a maximum tax of
ministration proposal, Congress definitely will think
facilities recommended by a 1974 survey. Education and
$895.05 in 1976. Of the $119.70 increase, $49.56 would be
twice about relinquishing that much control to the ex-
training funds in the request totaled $4.2-billion.
attributable to the proposed tax rate increase. The .6-per-
Arguing that the education benefits of the GI Bill were
Supplemental Security Income
ecutive branch. Congress also was not expected to give
cent tax increase was expected to increase revenues for the
For the Supplemental Security Income program (SSI),
much serious consideration to broad welfare revision
incompatible with the philosophy of the all-volunteer
Social Security trust fund by $3.5-billion.
the budget request was $5.9-billion, compared to a pending
proposals in an election year.
armed forces, the President urged that the Senate approve
Although House Ways and Means Committee
While seeking authority to coordinate all income
HR 9576, passed by the House Oct. 11, 1975, which would
fiscal 1976 appropriation of $5.5-billion. SSI, which replaced
Chairman Al Ullman (D Ore.) said Jan. 17 that there was
assistance programs, the administration also requested
terminate that program. Ford also proposed a program of
"no alternative" to enacting the tax increase, there could be
state programs for the aged, blind and disabled, had been
a debate in Congress over it. During 1975 hearings on the
plagued by overpayments, estimated at $547-million in the
specific legislative changes in the largest welfare program,
grants to the states to construct and operate veterans
cemeteries.
first two years of operation. Most of the overpayments
aid to families with dependent children (AFDC). Estimated
fiscal soundness of the Social Security system, several
could not be recovered, the Social Security Administration
fiscal 1977 federal spending for the AFDC program was
witnesses opposed a tax increase in favor of a larger in-
has said. HEW estimated that case error rates would fall to
$6.2-billion, up from $5.9-billion in fiscal 1976. The budget
Law Enforcement and Justice
crease in the taxable wage base or an infusion of general
revenues. Ford flatly rejected the use of general revenues in
15 per cent in fiscal 1977, compared to 25 per cent in 1975.
estimated that 11.3 million individuals would receive
benefits in fiscal 1977 under the AFDC program, which
As in fiscal 1976, budget requests for the Law Enforce-
his budget briefing Jan. 20. The proposed tax increase also
Black Lung Benefits
was partially funded by state and local governments.
ment Assistance Administration (LEAA) represented the
was likely to be politically unpopular in an election year.
The federal government projected a downturn in black
The requested legislation would cut expected spending
largest budget cut of any Justice Department agency.
The administration made three other proposals aimed
by an estimated $256-million. It would establish a standard
lung (pneumoconiosis) benefit claims, requesting
LEAA is due to expire June 30, 1976, unless Congress acts
at reducing Social Security expenditures by $826-million in
formula for federal AFDC payments to the states, set uni-
$913,897,000, compared to $999,778,000 in fiscal 1976. The
to extend it. Funds were cut $102.7-million, for a total of
fiscal 1977. These proposals would 1) prohibit the payment
form rules for the treatment of income and work-related
$707.9-million in fiscal 1977.
of retroactive benefits in a lump sum if that payment would
number of recipients was expected to decline from an es-
timated 493,000 in fiscal 1976 to 470,000 in fiscal 1977.
expenses considered when determining eligibility for
Although an additional $50-million was requested to
permanently reduce the amount of the recipient's monthly
benefits, and require states to revise eligibility regulations
fund a new high-crime area program, $59.7-million was
benefits, 2) apply the retirement test (under which benefits
Welfare
to take income from a stepparent into account. The first
cut from LEAA block grants to states and $24.7-million
are reduced by a certain amount for extra income earned)
two proposals, carried over from the fiscal 1976 budget
from discretionary grants for law enforcement and correc-
on an annual rather than a monthly basis, and 3) phase out
President Ford asked Congress for authority to pave
because of congressional inaction, would reduce federal
tions programs. The budget proposed to reduce funding for
benefits paid to students aged 18 to 22. Such students could
the way for coordinated administration of welfare
AFDC subsidy levels in about a dozen states and set
education and training by $38.3-million. This reflected a
programs, but did not support any major overhaul of the
tougher eligibility requirements for families not in the
Income Security Outlays
nation's welfare system in the coming year. However, tak-
lowest-income bracket.
Outlays for Law Enforcement and Justice
$ Billions
$ Billions
ing a dig at a plan pushed by Republican presidential con-
Even without legislative action, the Department of
140
140
tender Ronald Reagan, Ford also insisted that the federal
Health, Education and Welfare predicted that continued ef-
$ Billions
Billions
government could not turn welfare programs over to the
forts to reduce payment and ineligibility errors would save
3.5
3.5
Total
states.
120
120
$240-million in AFDC program costs in fiscal 1977.
"Complex welfare programs cannot be reformed over-
3.0
Total
3.0
night. Surely we cannot simply dump welfare into the laps
Food Programs
100
100
of the 50 states, their local taxpayers or private charities
Food Stamps. The administration requested a reduc-
2.5
2.5
and just walk away from it," he argued in his Jan. 19 State
80
Unemployment
80
of the Union message. "Nor is it the right time for massive
tion in funds for the food stamp program for fiscal 1977.
Law Enforcement
Insurance
The $4.7-billion request, based on proposed reforms of the
2.0
Assistance
and sweeping changes while we are still recovering from a
2.0
program pending before both House and Senate
60
60
recession."
Social Security
Agriculture Committees, was almost $1-billion less than
Administration officials recognized that the existing
1.5
1.5
the $5.6-billion expected to be expended in fiscal 1976. The
40
40
welfare system treated families in similar circumstances
inequitably, provided no coordination of eligibility stan-
administration had proposed legislation aimed at reducing
1.0
Judicial and
Other Retirement
dards and created disincentives to work. But they argued
the eligibility of middle-income persons and concentrating
Correctional
1.0
20
and Disability
20
the food stamp program on the neediest.
Activities
that piecemeal efforts to correct problems in certain
0.5
Public Assistance
programs ignored the interrelationship of welfare
Federal Enforcement
0.5
Child Nutrition Programs. For the second year in a
and Prosecution
0
0
programs, while massive reform measures had little hope
row, the administration proposed eliminating the special
1967
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
0
Estimate
of winning congressional approval because of their com-
milk program and consolidating the existing categorical
0
Fiscal Years
1967
68
69
70
71
child nutrition programs into a block grant program to the
72
73
74
75
76
77
Includes Other Income Assistance Such as Food Stamps and SSI
plexity.
Fiscal Years
Estimate
PAGE 134-Jan. 24, 1976
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COPYRIGHT 1976 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC.
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Jan. 24, 1976-PAGE 135
Economic Affairs 26
Economic Affairs 27
decision to eliminate the Law Enforcement Education
The budget request included sizeable boosts in the
In addition to that fiscal 1977 appropriation, Congress
in weighing renewal of the program would consider the ad-
employees due to take effect in October 1976. The $2.6-
Program (LEEP) after the 1976-77 academic year.
appropriations for two of Congress' support agencies, the
ministration's request for permanent appropriation of
billion request included $790-million for federal pay raises.
Justice Department budget requests also included a
Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) and the
$15-million cut for the Federal Bureau of Investigation
shared revenues for the following five fiscal years. In all,
The President said that federal salary increases would
Congressional Budget Office (CBO). The OTA proposed
have to be limited in fiscal 1977. The budget assumed that
(FBI), the first substantial cut for that agency in many
budget for fiscal 1977 was $8.5-million, up from its es-
the requested appropriation was $39,877,500,000.
the October 1976 pay increases for white-collar federal
years. The reduction included $7.9-million for training state
timated fiscal 1976 budget of $6.6-million. The increase
Other Assistance
employees would be limited to 5 per cent, the same increase
and local law enforcement officials; in the future, state and
reflected a proposed expansion of its staff from 89 in fiscal
they received in October 1975.
local authorities would be required to provide 50 per cent of
1976 to 114 in fiscal 1977. The CBO's proposed budget for
The budget's $7.4-billion projection for general purpose
In addition, the President said he planned to submit
the cost of that program.
fiscal 1977 was $10.2-million, an increase from its estimated
financial assistance also included a host of other functions,
legislation that would change the way pay scales for federal
The largest increase requested by the administration in
fiscal 1976 budget of $4.9-million. The higher budget
mostly to return to state and local governments, Puerto
blue-collar employees were determined. The aim would be
the law enforcement area was to continue the federal
reflected a proposed increase in staff from 193 in fiscal 1976
Rico and the Virgin Islands part of the revenues or special
to prevent federal blue-collar workers from earning more
prison system building plan to relieve overcrowding in
to 259 in fiscal 1977.
taxes that the federal government collects within their
than their counterparts in the private sector.
federal prisons. Of the $67.5-million increase over fiscal
jurisdictions.
1976, $62.2-million was requested for planning and con-
Internal Revenue Service
Within that category, the budget recommended
struction of four new facilities and opening of three others.
The budget proposed $2.8-billion in budget authority
appropriation of $282,707,000 in fiscal 1977 for the federal
Budget increases were also requested for these Justice
for the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) for fiscal 1977, a
government's payment to the District of Columbia to
Undistributed Offsetting Receipts
Department agencies: $8.0-million for the Immigration and
$558-million decrease from the agency's estimated budget
defray the burdens on the District from the federal
Naturalization Service to strengthen detention and depor-
for fiscal 1976.
government's presence.
Offsetting receipts are funds from the public and
tation activities and further develop the alien documenta-
The lower budget reflected a proposed cutback in the
government agencies that are not counted as revenue, but
tion system; $6.3-million for the Drug Enforcement Ad-
IRS staff from 84,164 in fiscal 1976 to 81,559 in fiscal 1977.
New York Loans
instead are deducted from budget authority and outlays.
ministration (DEA) to disrupt narcotics distribution chan-
Anticipated productivity increases by IRS employees were
In addition to its normal assistance to state and local
They include payments from the public due to the
nels by capturing "high level offenders" and to prevent
expected to make up for the loss of staff, although the
governments, the federal government during fiscal 1977
government's market-oriented activities, such as loan
diversion of legal substances to the illicit market by retail
budget acknowledged that the manpower cuts would result
will be lending Treasury funds to New York City to meet its
repayments, interest, sale of property and rents and
pharmacists and physicians.
in a slight reduction in tax compliance coverage.
seasonal financing needs. That lending was not counted in
royalties. They also include payments from other federal
Within the Justice Department, $11.4-million was re-
the budget totals, however.
accounts. In most instances, the payments are deducted
quested for additional U.S. attorneys and $2.8-million for
Federal Election Commission
Under the New York aid plan created by Congress in
from the budget authority and outlays of the agency receiv-
additional U.S. marshals. The administration did not re-
The Federal Election Commission's proposed budget
1975, the Treasury secretary was authorized to make loans
ing them.
quest any funds for the continuation of the 90 positions in
authority for fiscal 1977 was $6.9-million, a 20 per cent in-
to the city out of a New York City Seasonal Financing
In three cases, however, the offsetting receipts are
the Office of Watergate Special Prosecution Force.
crease over its estimated fiscal 1976 budget of $5-million.
Fund. Outstanding loans were limited to $2.3-billion at a
deducted from the federal budget as a whole. The amount of
The administration requested an additional $15.6-
The commission proposed that its travel budget be doubled
time, covered by a $2.3-billion fiscal 1976 supplemental
those deducted receipts was estimated to rise in fiscal 1977
million for the Treasury Department's Bureau of Alcohol,
appropriation. (1975 Weekly Report p. 2775, 2699)
to $18.8-billion, up from $15.2-billion in fiscal 1976.
and that its staff be expanded from 160 in fiscal 1976 to 197
Tobacco and Firearms for a total of $125.3-million. The in-
in fiscal 1977.
No further appropriation was needed for fiscal 1977.
The bulk of the increase was due to estimated receipts
creased funds would expand the illegal firearm control
And since New York City must repay all loans from the
of $6-billion from rents and royalties on the leasing and sale
program, funded in 1976 in Washington, D.C., and two
Revenue Sharing, Fiscal Aid
fund with interest within the city's annual fiscal year, there
of Outer Continental Shelf lands, up from $3-billion in
other cities with 180 agents, to eight other cities and an ad-
would be no net outlay of Treasury funds during that
fiscal 1976. Additional sales were planned in fiscal 1977 of
ditional 320 agents. Other Treasury budget increases were
The President's budget included $7.4-billion in fiscal
period. The city's fiscal year runs from July 1 to June 30,
lands off the west and Gulf coasts, the Gulf of Alaska and
requested for the U.S. Customs Service and U.S. Secret Ser-
however, so outstanding loans still could show up as
mid-Atlantic tracts off the east coast. The estimate of $3-
vice.
1977 outlays for general purpose assistance for state and
local governments, most in the form of general revenue
Treasury outlays in the federal government's accounting at
billion in receipts for fiscal 1976 represented yet another es-
The President repeated support for legislation to
reform and codify the U.S. criminal code and to ban cheap
sharing.
the end of its fiscal year, which is moving to an Oct. 1-Sept.
timate downward by OMB; initial estimates had ranged as
30 basis.
high as $8-billion and had fallen to $6-billion by October
easily concealed handguns known as "Saturday night
But according to the administration's budget, out-
1975. The second congressional budget resolution for fiscal
Revenue Sharing
specials."
Assuming congressional action to extend general
standing New York loans would have no impact on federal
1976 (H Con Res 466) assumed receipts of $4.5-billion, with
outlays because the Treasury-administered Federal Financ-
some members warning that figure was too high. (H Con
revenue sharing past the end of calendar 1976, the budget
General Government
ing Bank would buy up all outstanding loans at the end of
Res 466, 1975 Weekly Report p. 2739)
projected $6,548,504,000 in payments to state and local
the federal fiscal year. Although owned by the government,
Additionally, the payments by federal agencies into the
governments from the general revenue sharing trust fund
the Federal Financing Bank's finances are excluded from
retirement funds of their employees was predicted to rise to
Executive Office of the President
during fiscal 1977.
The 1972 law that established general revenue sharing
the over-all federal budget.
$4.5-billion in fiscal 1977, up from $4.2-billion in fiscal 1976.
The budget requested $73-million in budget authority
and made permanent appropriations for its five-year life
The federal budget accordingly listed New York loan
About two-thirds of the payments are to the Civil Service
for the Executive Office of the President, $3-million more
was due to expire after Dec. 30, 1976. Ford in 1975 proposed
obligations of $2.1-billion for fiscal 1977. During the year,
retirement fund with most of the remainder going to Social
according to the estimates, $1.1-billion of those loans would
Security trust funds.
than the revised fiscal 1976 estimate.
The President proposed that an Office of Science and
a five-year, nine-month extension of the program through
Also estimated to rise in fiscal 1977 was the interest
the end of fiscal 1982 on Sept. 30, 1982.
be repaid and the remaining $1-billion would be sold to
Technology be re-established within the White House to ad-
the Federal Financing Bank.
received on trust fund balances which are invested in
vise him on scientific and technological programs and
That proposal would retain permanent Treasury
appropriations to the general revenue sharing fund, in-
The bank's budget, outlined along with other off-
federal securities. The interest was estimated to be $8.4-
policy questions. The White House had not had a science ad-
budget agencies at the back of the federal budget Appendix,
billion in fiscal 1977, an increase of $0.4-billion.
I
viser since President Nixon abolished the post in 1973. The
cluding the $150-million increment in each year's
appropriation provided by the existing law.
listed that estimated $1-billion for buying New York loans
addition of that office with its expected 30 staff positions
would bring the total Executive Office staff up to 1,636 in
The 1972 law provided a $3,325,000,000 trust fund
from the Treasury as a capital outlay. Offsetting receipts of
appropriation for the period July 1-Dec. 30, 1976, to carry
$1.1-billion from repayment of New York loans also were
fiscal 1977. (Science adviser, 1975 Weekly Report p. 2465)
listed.
ECONOMY NOTES
funding for the program through the first half of fiscal
1976. At the time, federal fiscal years began on July 1.
Legislative Branch
Ford's proposal would replace that half-year appropria-
Gross National Product
tion with a $1,626,195,000 appropriation for the three-
Allowances
By law, the President's budget included the appropria-
With final 1975 figures starting to come in, federal
tion requested by Congress to run its affairs. Congress re-
month budget transition quarter from July 1 to Sept. 30,
The President asked for budget authority of $2.6-
government statistics continued to show slow but hopeful
quested budget authority of $747-million for its legislative
1976. For fiscal 1977, starting on Oct. 1, the administration
U.S. economic progress.
functions for fiscal 1977, a $7-million increase over its es-
plan recommended appropriation of $6,542,280,000 to the
billion in fiscal 1977 to cover contingencies and projected
timated fiscal 1976 budget.
pay increases for the federal government's civilian
The Commerce Department Jan. 20 reported that
ae-
trust fund.
tual economic output rose by 5.4 per cent during the. last
FORD
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PAGE 136-Jan. 24, 1976
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Reproduction prohibited in whole or part except by aditorial clients
Jan. 24, 1976-PAGE 137
Economic Affairs 28
Economic Affairs 29
-between the desire to solve our
three months of 1975, evidence that recovery from the deep
Usery Nomination
problems quickly and the realization that
Budget Totals Since 1975
1974-75 recession was proceeding. While much slower than
President Ford Jan. 22 nominated W. J. Usery Jr.,
for some problems, good solutions will take
$ Billions
the rapid 12 per cent rebound during the year's third
director of the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service,
more time; and
$ Billions
quarter, that preliminary fourth-quarter figure for real
as secretary of labor. If approved by the Senate, Usery
-between Federal control and direction
gross national product (GNP) showed continued expansion
would succeed John T. Dunlop, who resigned Jan. 14 saying
to assure achievement of common goals and
Receipts
of underlying economic demand. The larger third-quarter
the recognition that State and local
400
394.2
he had lost the confidence of business and labor as a result
pace was attributed to business inventory swings.
governments and individuals may do as
373.5
400
of Ford's veto of the common-site picketing bill (HR 5900).
well or better without restraints.
Outlays
Still, actual GNP dropped 2 per cent for the entire year,
351.3
(Resignation, Weekly Report p. 75; veto, Weekly Report p.
according to preliminary figures, following its 1.8 per cent
Clearly, one of the highest priorities
60; final action on bill, 1975 Weekly Report p. 2796)
for our Government is always to secure the
324.6
decline during 1974.
Asked if he would have the same difficulty, Usery said,
defense of our country. There is no alter-
297.5
As measured by the GNP deflator, which discounts the
native. If we in the Federal Government
300
"I enjoy the confidence of many people in the labor
281.0
300
impact of rising prices on nominal output, inflation
organization. I think we can work together."
fail in this responsibility, our other objec-
moderated during the October-December quarter, falling to
Usery, 52, a former official of the Machinists union,
tives are meaningless.
a 6.5 per cent rate from 7.1 per cent in the third quarter. It
has been called the "best natural mediator" in Washington,
Accordingly, I am recommending a
was far below the peak 13.4 per cent rate during the last
an ability which could help him in 1976 when several major
significant increase in defense spending for
three months of 1974.
1977. If in good conscience I could propose
200
bargaining contracts are scheduled to expire.
less, I would. Great good could be ac-
200
The nomination was welcomed by AFL-CIO President
Consumer Prices
complished with other uses of these dollars.
George Meany who said Usery was clearly qualified for the
My request is based on a careful assess-
The Labor Department reported separately Jan. 21
job. The National Right to Work Committee, however, said
ment of the international situation and the
that another measure of inflation, the consumer price in-
the nomination was "totally unacceptable" because of what
contingencies we must be prepared to meet.
100
dex, rose 0.5 per cent during December. That marked a
it called Usery's "all-consuming belief in compulsory
The amounts I seek will provide the
100
slowdown in consumer price increases from 0.7 per cent
unionism."
national defense it now appears we need.
rates in October and November.
Meanwhile, the House Jan. 19 by unanimous consent
We dare not do less. And if our efforts to
secure international arms limitations
In December 1975, the consumer price index stood 7.0
referred to the Education and Labor Committee HR 5900
falter, we will need to do more.
per cent above its December 1974 level, below the December
and the President's accompanying Jan. 2 veto message. The
Assuring our Nation's needs for energy
o
to December increases of 12.2 per cent in 1974 and 8.8 per
House leadership has decided that the veto could not be
0
must also be among our highest priorities.
1975
1976
cent in 1973.
overridden.
My budget gives that priority.
1977
While providing fully for our defense
Fiscal Years
Estimate
and energy needs, I have imposed upon
these budgets the same discipline that I
must recognize, however, that the social
Text of President's Fiscal '77 Budget Message
have applied in reviewing other programs.
children can be fed, but subsidies for the
security trust fund is becoming depleted.
Savings have been achieved in a number of
nonpoor will be eliminated.
To restore its integrity, I am asking the
areas. We cannot tolerate waste in any
-A block grant that will support a com-
Following is the text of President
stay on a growth path that we can sustain.
served us so well. With stagnation of these
Congress to raise social security taxes,
program.
munity's social service programs for the
Ford's fiscal 1977 budget message to
This is not a policy of the quick fix; it does
forces, the issue of the future would surely
effective January 1, 1977, and to adopt cer-
be focused on who gets what from an
In our domestic programs, my objec-
needy. This would be accomplished by
not hold out the hollow promise that we can
tain other reforms of the system. Higher
Congress, released Jan. 21:
tive has been to achieve a balance between
removing current requirements un-
wipe out inflation and unemployment over-
economy of little or no growth rather than,
social security taxes and the other reforms
all the things we would like to do and those
necessarily restricting the flexibility of
To the Congress of the United States:
night. Instead, it is an honest, realistic
as it should be, on the use to be made of ex-
I am proposing may be controversial, but
things we can realistically afford to do. The
States in providing such services.
The Budget of the United States is a
policy-a policy that says we can steadily
panding incomes and resources.
they are the right thing to do. The
hundreds of pages that spell out the details
These initiatives will result in more
good roadmap of where we have been,
reduce inflation and unemployment if we
As an important step toward reversing
American people understand that we must
equitable distribution of Federal dollars,
where we are now, and where we should be
the long-term trend, my budget for 1977
of my program proposals tell the story, but
maintain a prudent, balanced approach.
pay for the things we want. I know that
and provide greater State discretion and
proposes to cut the rate of Federal spending
some examples illustrate the point.
going as a people. The budget reflects the
This policy has begun to prove itself in re-
those who are working now want to be sure
cent months as we have made substantial
growth, year to year, to 5.5%-less than
I am proposing that we take steps to
responsibility. All requirements that States
President's sense of priorities. It reflects
that the money will be there to pay their
address the haunting fear of our elderly
match Federal funds will be eliminated.
his best judgment of how we must choose
headway in pulling out of the recession and
half the average growth rate we have ex-
benefits when their working days are over.
that a prolonged, serious illness could cost
Such reforms are urgently needed, but my
among competing interests. And it reveals
reducing the rate of inflation; it will prove
perienced in the last 10 years. At the same
My budget also proposes that we
time, I am proposing further, permanent
them and their children everything they
proposals recognize that they will, in some
itself decisively if we stick to it.
replace 59 grant programs with broad block
his philosophy of how the public and
have. My medicare reform proposal would
cases, require a period of transition.
income tax reductions so that individuals
grants in four important areas:
private spheres should be related.
A second important dimension of the
These are only examples. My budget
and businesses can spend and invest these
provide protection against such
budget is that it helps to define the boun-
-A health block grant that will con-
Accordingly, I have devoted a major
catastrophic health costs. No elderly person
sets forth many other recommendations.
portion of my own time over the last
daries between responsibilities that we
dollars instead of having the Federal
solidate medicaid and 15 other health
Government collect and spend them.
would have to pay over $500 per year for
Some involve new initiatives. Others seek
assign to governments and those that re-
programs. States will be able to make their
several months to shaping the budget for
covered hospital or nursing home care, and
restraint. The American people know that
fiscal year 1977 and laying the groundwork
main in the hands of private institutions
A third important dimension of the
own priority choices for use of these
no more than $250 per year for covered
promises that the Federal Government will
for the years that follow.
and individual citizens.
budget is the way it sorts out priorities. In
Federal funds to help low-income people
formulating this budget, I have tried to
physician services. To offset the costs of
do more for them every year have not been
Over the years, the growth of govern-
with their health needs.
As I see it, the budget has three impor-
this additional protection and to slow down
kept. I make no such promises. I offer no
tant dimensions. One is the budget as an
ment has been gradual and uneven, but the
achieve fairness and balance:
-An education block grant that will con-
such illusion: This budget does not shrink
element of our economic policy. The total
trend is unmistakable. Although the pre-
the runaway increases in federally funded
solidate 27 grant programs for education
medical expenses, I am recommending ad-
from hard choices where necessary.
size of the budget and the deficit or surplus
dominant growth has been at the State and
-between the taxpayer and those who
into a single flexible Federal grant to
that results can substantially affect the
local level, the Federal Government has con-
will benefit by Federal spending;
justments to the medicare program so that
Notwithstanding those hard choices, I
States, primarily for use in helping disad-
within the new maximums beneficiaries
believe this budget reflects a forward-
general health of our economy-in a good
tributed to the trend too. We must not con-
-between national security and other
vantaged and handicapped children.
contribute more to the costs of their care
looking spirit that is in keeping with our
way or in a bad way. If we try to stimulate
tinue drifting in the direction of bigger and
pressing needs;
-A block grant for feeding needy
than they do now.
heritage as we begin our Nation's third cen-
the economy beyond its capacity to
bigger government. The driving force of our
-between our own generation and the
children that will consolidate 15 complex
tury.
world we want to leave to our children;
My budget provides a full cost-of-living
respond, it will lead only to a future
200-year history has been our private sec-
and overlapping programs. Under existing
whirlwind of inflation and unemployment.
tor. If we rely on it and nurture it, the
-between those in some need and those
increase for those receiving social security
programs, 700,000 needy children receive
Gerald R. Ford
or other Federal retirement benefits. We
The budget I am proposing for fiscal
economy will continue to grow, providing
most in need;
no benefits. Under my program, all needy
January 21, 1976.
year 1977 and the direction I seek for the
new and better choices for our people and
-between the programs we already have
future meet the test of responsible fiscal
the resources necessary to meet our shared
and those we would like to have;
policy. The combination of tax and
needs. If, instead, we continue to increase
-between aid to individuals and aid to
spending changes I propose will set us on a
government's share of our economy, we will
State and local governments;
course that not only leads to a balanced
have no choice but to raise taxes and will, in
-between immediate implementation of
budget within three years, but also im-
the process, dampen further the forces of
a good idea and the need to allow time for
proves the prospects for the economy to
competition, risk, and reward that have
transition;
COPYRIGHT 1976 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC.
COPYRIGHT 1976 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC.
PAGE 138-Jan. 24, 1976
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Reproduction prohibited whole or part except by editorial clients
Jan. 24, 1976-PAGE 139
Executive Branch 2
seemed perfunctory. One of the few spontaneous bursts
Tax Cut
came-mostly from the Republican side-when Ford
Executive Branch
proposed reforming estate tax laws on family-owned
The President reaffirmed his proposal for a $28-billion
businesses and farms.
permanent tax reduction-$10-billion more annually than
Press Secretary Ron Nessen said Ford had spent 50
the temporary cut enacted in December 1975. He said such
hours writing the speech over the previous 10 or 12 days.
a reduction would allow $227 more in take-home pay an-
State of the Union:
Nessen said concepts for the message had been developing
nually for a family of four earning $15,000 a year.
ever since February 1975, when Ford visited Atlanta for the
FORD AND MUSKIE SPEECHES DRAW BATTLE LINES
first of a series of White House conferences with local and
Unemployment
state officials.
Ford offered no new programs directly aimed at reduc-
The election-year agendas outlined by President Ford
Not so, Muskie contended: "I do not believe most
Ford's second State of the Union message was con-
ing unemployment, and he avoided setting a specific goal
and Sen. Edmund S. Muskie (D Maine) drew some clear
Americans want their government dismantled. We can't
siderably more upbeat than his first, when he had conceded
for the jobless rate. Instead, the President argued that the
philosophical battle lines between the administration and
very well fire the mailmen, discharge our armed forces or
that "the State of the Union is not good."
best solution to long-term unemployment was the return of
Congress.
lay off the people who run the computers that print our
"Tonight I report that the State of the Union is
a sound economy.
In his Jan. 19 State of the Union message, Ford
Social Security checks."
better-in many ways a lot better-but still not good
"Government-our kind of government-cannot.
hammered on orthodox Republican conservative themes:
Both agreed on the need for improved efficiency. Ford,
enough," Ford said Jan. 19.
create" a "job for every American who wants to work," Ford
the importance of the individual, the inability of govern-
saying the time was not right for a sweeping reform of
He said 1975 opened with "rancor and bitterness,"
declared. "But," he added, "the federal government can
ment to solve big problems, the dangers of massive federal
welfare programs, proposed consolidating 59 federal
recalling the Watergate scandal, the Vietnam war, the
create conditions and incentives for private business and in-
spending, the need for a strong defense. The speech was a
programs and turning the funds over to the states in block
beginning of the recession, and a loss of public confidence in
dustry to make more and more jobs."
Alan Greenspan, chairman of the Council of Economic
demand for what Ford called a "fundamentally different
grants. He also called for improvements in the food stamp
American institutions.
approach-for a new realism" about the role of
He declared that "we are not only headed in the new
Advisers, explained in a briefing that Ford's policy is to
program.
government.
Muskie, saying "we can expect maximum efficiency
direction I proposed 12 months ago, but it turned out to
"broadly create a healthy economy from which lower un-
Replying Jan. 21 in a speech billed as "A Democratic
and performance in office by everyone who draws a federal
be the right direction."
employment rates are feasible." Greenspan said the ad-
View," Muskie contended, "We must reject those of timid
salary," called for a systematic congressional review of all
ministration would aim for keeping the rate "as low as it is
Themes
vision who counsel us to go back-to go back to simpler
federal programs in four-year cycles.
capable of being kept indefinitely" without creating "un-
times now gone forever."
Muskie at one point characterized Ford's block grant
In a briefing two hours before Ford delivered the
stable conditions thereafter" through higher inflation rates.
Muskie argued that government should be improved
plan as a way of shifting costs to state and local govern-
speech, White House Domestic Council Director James M.
The President "views inflation as a major destabilizing
rather than cut back. "If we've learned anything as a
ments, apparently confusing Ford's proposal with Repub-
Cannon identified four "main points" as the philosophical
effect on the economy," Greenspan said.
nation is this," Muskie said, "give Americans the tools
lican presidential contender Ronald Reagan's plan
underpinnings of the speech.
In material prepared for the pre-message briefing,
and they'll do the job."
for transferring $90-billion in programs to the states. Even
Philosophy of government. Cannon indicated that Ford
aides described Ford's unemployment policy as having
so, he did not close the door on Ford's proposal.
three parts:
believed in an essentially passive role for government.
Jobs
"Just as we cannot go back to the old days, we must be
"Government exists to create and preserve conditions
To encourage economic growth in the private sector
Beneath much high-flown rhetoric on both sides lay a
ready to change old ways to meet new needs and present
through individual and corporate income tax cuts and
in which people can translate their ideals into practical
key area of disagreement: how to reduce unemployment.
realities," Muskie said.
reality," Ford declared in his speech. He said the country
through tax incentives aimed at increasing investments.
had gotten into trouble by relying on government to solve
These incentives would accelerate plant expansion and the
Ford argued for improving the business climate by
reducing inflation and providing tax incentives, thereby in-
Ford Plan
big problems.
purchase of new equipment and would be concentrated in
areas of more than 7 per cent unemployment.
creasing employment over the long run. Muskie called for
"Realism." Cannon said Ford wanted to distinguish
To "alleviate the economic hardship" for the jobless by
quicker, more direct action through public service and
The President in his message cast a broad political net.
between what government can and cannot reasonably be
temporarily extending unemployment insurance coverage
public works jobs programs.
He took a swipe at the $90-billion proposal of former
expected to accomplish.
to 12 million workers not presently covered; and to tem-
"Unemployment remains too high," Ford declared. But
California Governor Reagan (R), saying, "Surely we cannot
"The time has come for a fundamentally different
porarily extend the time period for unemployment benefits
he proposed no new programs to directly increase employ-
simply dump welfare into the laps of the 50 states, their
approach," Ford said, "for a new realism that is true to the
from 39 to 65 weeks.
ment rates, and in his budget he recommended cutting back
local taxpayers or private charities, and just walk away
great principles upon which this nation was founded." Ford
To continue programs already on the books such as the
270,000 public service jobs during 1977.
from it."
added that government "must be more honest with the
Comprehensive Employment Training Act (CETA),
"Five out of six jobs in this country are in private
Ford praised Americans for their reaction to the
American people, promising them no more than we can
summer youth employment, public service employment
business and industry," Ford said. "Common sense tells us
recession. "In all sectors people met their difficult problems
deliver, and delivering all that we promise."
and other "established and proven federal programs."
this is the place to look for more jobs and to find them
with restraint and responsibility worthy of their great
"Balance." Cannon underlined Ford's repeated use of
Various Ford aides specifically rejected proposals for
faster."
heritage," he said.
the term "new balance." Ford said a balance must be struck
expanded public service and public works jobs programs.
Muskie called that approach "penny-wise and pound-
The speech seemed intended to appeal to the elderly,
between government and the individual, between con-
foolish," contending that high rates of unemployment are a
who would benefit from Ford's proposal to offer protection
flicting economic philosophies, between federal and state
drain on the economy since the jobless collect unemploy-
governments, and between spending for domestic programs
Housing
under Medicare from catastrophic illness while increasing
ment benefits and do not pay income taxes. Taxpayers "pay
the cost of short-term care.
and spending for defense.
a staggering price for these jobless policies," Muskie said.
Ford praised the American farmer, who he said "not
"Hope." Cannon emphasized that Ford opened and
Ford said he would continue existing housing
Reducing unemployment "is not only the business of
only feeds 215 million Americans but also millions
closed his speech with "hope" and an optimistic view of the
programs, including rental subsidies for 400,000 more low-
business, it is also the business of government," he declared.
worldwide." Describing his proposed $28-billion permanent
country's future.
income families and mortgage subsidies for 100,000 more
moderate-income families.
Government Failures
tax cut, Ford bowed to the "hardworking Americans caught
in the middle," who, he said, "can really use that kind of ex-
"These programs will expand housing opportunities,
While agreeing that many Americans had lost con-
Economic Program
spur construction, and help house moderate and low income
tra cash."
fidence in government and other institutions, Ford and
families," Ford said. He predicted that lower interest rates
The President laced his speech with patriotic homilies
Muskie disagreed on remedies.
and made obeisance to Tom Paine, the radical Revolu-
Budget
and available mortgage money could lead to a "healthy
The President argued for cutting back government
tionary War pamphleteer. "Tom Paine aroused the trou-
In calling for a $394.2-billion fiscal 1977 budget, with a
recovery" of the housing industry in 1976.
programs and allowing more room for individual initiative.
bled Americans of 1776 to stand up to the times that try
reduction of almost $29-billion in the projected growth of
"We must introduce a new balance in the relationship
men's souls, because the harder the conflict the more
federal spending, Ford said his "first objective is to have
Regulatory Reform
between the individual and the government," he said, "a
glorious the triumph," Ford said.
sound economic growth without inflation."
balance that favors greater individual freedom and self-
The President spoke for 48 minutes and was in-
Ford said continued reductions could lead to a balanced
Ford unveiled no new initiatives in his drive to reform
reliance." Ford said government was trying to do too much.
terrupted by applause 30 times. Most of the applause
budget by fiscal year 1979.
what he called the "petty tyranny of massive government
PAGE 140-Jan. 24, 1976
COPYRIGHT 1976 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC.
COPYRIGHT 1976 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC
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Jan. 24, 1976-PAGE 141
Executive Branch 3
Executive Branch 4
regulation." But aides described regulatory reform as "a
Social Security. He said the rise would cost workers less
Consolidation
Muskie said the problem that concerned him most was
principal goal" of the administration.
than $1 extra per week.
"the extent to which you have lost confidence in your
Ford pledged that the administration "will strictly en-
Without the rise, Ford said, "Simple arithmetic warns
The President said his proposals to consolidate a total
political system and your ability to govern yourselves."
force the federal antitrust laws" in order to encourage com-
all of us that the Social Security Trust Fund is headed for
trouble. Unless we act soon to make sure the fund takes in
of 59 federal programs, including those in the health area,
He cited a number of areas where he said confidence
petition and bring down consumer prices. In a written brief-
as much as it pays out, there will be no security for old or
and to turn the funds over to the states in block grants, was
needed to be restored and called the list "a congressional
ing statement, aides went further, promising legislative
a "flexible system" that "will do the job better and do it
agenda for action": unemployment, inflation, crime,
proposals to expand antitrust activities to cover some ex-
young."
closer to home."
education, health care, energy, the environment, abuses of
empted industries.
Aides indicated that Ford would continue to press for
more permanent changes to strengthen the financing of the
In his budget, Ford proposed consolidating 27 educa-
power by government and business.
The President also renewed his call for regulatory
tion programs into one $3.3-billion block grant to the states
"We don't need a new system," Muskie said. "What we
reform in the transportation industry particularly, in-
unemployment insurance system.
and child nutrition programs into a single grant that would
need is the will to make our system work."
cluding railroads, aviation and trucking; and he again asked
eliminate food subsidies to non-needy children, thereby sav-
Besides his disagreements with Ford over un-
for regulatory reform of financial institutions that would
allow small savers to earn higher interest rates on savings
Income Assistance
ing almost $900-million in the program.
employment, Muskie:
The budget also called for consolidating a wide range of
accounts.
Seemed to favor Ford's plans for tax cuts for
Ford said he would submit legislation later in 1976 giv-
social services including day care, family planning, foster
businesses, saying the Democratic job program "should be
Energy
ing him authority to eliminate inconsistencies and waste in
care and homemaker services into a $2.5-billion block grant
in addition to the jobs Congress could create in private in-
to the states, with the elimination of most federal ad-
various welfare programs. The legislation would make any
dustry by additional tax cuts."
While reiterating his major 1975 objective of long-
administrative changes subject to review and disapproval
ministrative and reporting requirements.
Warned that Ford's plan to increase payroll deductions
range independence from foreign oil producers, Ford an-
by Congress.
to pump up Social Security trust funds would discourage
nounced no new initiatives in energy policy.
For acknowledged the "compassion and a sense of com-
Foreign Policy
private-sector employment by making it more expensive for
The compromise Energy Policy and Conservation Act
munity" that leads to welfare programs. "But everyone
employers to hire workers.
that Ford signed in December 1975 "was late in coming, not
realizes that when it comes to welfare, government at all
Ford described the state of U.S. foreign policy as
Promised that Congress' new budget system would
the complete answer to energy independence, but still (was)
levels is not doing the job well," he said. "Too many of our
"sound and strong" and said people should be "proud of
keep the deficit at "the lowest possible level consistent with
a start in the right direction," Ford declared.
welfare programs are inequitable and invite abuse. Worse,
what the United States has accomplished."
reducing unemployment.' Muskie, chairman of the Senate
White House aides said the 1975 law, along with ad-
we are wasting badly needed resources without reaching
"The American people have heard too much about how
Budget Committee, said Congress wanted to achieve a
ministrative actions, would achieve more than 80 per cent
many of the truly needy." However, Ford said he had con-
terrible our mistakes, how evil our deeds, and how mis-
balanced budget "as soon as the economy permits."
of the President's short-term goal of reducing U.S.
cluded now is "not the right time for massive and sweeping
guided our purposes," he said. "The American people know
Blamed Republican policies starting with the Nixon ad-
vulnerability to another Arab oil embargo.
changes" in welfare programs "while we are still recovering
better I say it is time we quit downgrading ourselves as a
ministration for compounding the nation's economic
from a recession."
nation."
problems.
However, in an oblique reference to his troubles during
Criticized U.S. intervention in the Angolan civil war,
Health
Food Stamps
1975 with Congress in conducting foreign policy, the Presi-
where, he said, "our nation's interest and those of the free
dent said the framers of the Constitution knew that the
world are far from clear."
The President singled out the food stamp program for
Catastrophic Illness
criticism, saying it was "scandal-ridden" and that reform
responsibility for "strong central direction that allows flex-
Saying that "we cannot realistically afford" national
Efficiency
was "long overdue." He said he would renew his 1975 efforts
ibility of action" in foreign affairs "clearly rests with the
health insurance providing full coverage, Ford proposed a
to change the program.
President."
Muskie said four-year reviews of all government
plan to provide protection against serious and long-term
Ford singled out Angola, where action was pending in
programs were necessary in addition to Congress' new
illnesses for persons covered by Medicare. But he also
Congress to cut off U.S. aid, for criticism of congressional
budget process to help restore confidence in government.
asked the elderly to pay more for short-term care.
Crime
interference. "We must not lose all capacity to respond
"Wasteful government spending, inefficient and in-
Rather than a tax-funded national health insurance
short of military intervention," the President said.
effective programs are burdens taxpayers ought not to be
program, Ford said, a private health insurance system in
Ford reiterated the proposals to help control crime con-
asked to carry," he said. "More than that, they rob us of the
the future would do a better job in providing quality care
tained in his June 19, 1975, special message to Congress on
Defense Budget
resources we need to serve high-priority national needs.
and protection from catastrophic illnesses to middle-income
crime. He called for a "strong emphasis on protecting the
Noting that his defense budget contained a substantial
Moreover, their very existence undermines that public con-
families.
innocent victims of crime" and for "swift and certain"
increase over fiscal year 1976, Ford said the request
fidence in government which is essential and so sadly
lacking."
Health Block Grants
punishment of convicted criminals. He renewed his request
represented "the necessity of American strength for the
for mandatory minimum sentences for persons convicted of
real world in which we live."
Muskie first proposed the spending reform idea in
The President proposed consolidating 16 federal health
serious crimes, of repeaters who threaten personal injury,
December 1975, as Congress was completing the first use of
programs aimed primarily at the poor, including Medicaid,
and of persons committing federal crimes while armed. He
its new budget process. Under such a plan, similar govern-
Intelligence
into one $10-billion block grant to the states.
also called again for stricter control of cheap handguns.
ment programs periodically would be grouped together and
Ford said in his budget briefing Jan. 20 that "public
The President pledged to recommend reforming and
compared for efficiency and duplication.
The President requested funds to strengthen federal
pressure" would prevent individual states from cutting
criminal system resources, including $46-million for the
strengthening the U.S. intelligence community "in the near
"We should question the most basic assumptions about
back their funding of health programs and from misusing
building of four new prisons, and to extend the Law En-
future" and asked for Congress' "positive cooperation."
every program," Muskie said. "Any programs not doing the
the federal funds.
forcement Assistance Administration program.
Referring to revelations of past abuses by intelligence
job or duplicating better-run programs should be elimi-
Noting that the sale of hard drugs was again in-
agencies, Ford warned that the "crippling of our foreign in-
nated." Muskie said Social Security should be the only
Veterans
creasing, Ford outlined his drug program and said he has
telligence services increases the danger of American in-
program exempted from the review process.
volvement in direct armed conflict." He added that
Ford promised to "take further steps to improve the
directed an increase in enforcement efforts.
Muskie criticized Ford for not taking steps to improve
"without effective intelligence capability, the United States
government programs. "Efficiency in the general govern-
quality of medical and hospital care" for veterans. Aides ex-
stands blindfolded and hobbled."
ment is his [the President's] responsibility," Muskie said. "I
plained that meant hiring 1,700 more medical care
General Revenue Sharing
was disappointed that the President made no proposals in
employees and spending about $200-million for construc-
Muskie: 'Restore Confidence'
his State of the Union message to improve general govern-
tion projects such as correcting fire and safety hazards.
ment efficiency, to bring new businesslike methods into
Ford repeated his call for continuation of general
the bureaucracy."
revenue sharing, which he said had been "effective" and had
Muskie was chosen by Senate Majority Leader Mike
Muskie did not mention Ford's contention that his
Social Security
transferred decision-making from the federal government
Mansfield (D Mont.) to deliver the congressional reply to
proposals to consolidate programs and turn the funds over
to the local level. Congress must decide in 1976 whether to
Ford's speech. Muskie said at one point that he could not
to the states in block grants would improve efficiency.
I
The President proposed a payroll tax increase of .3 per
renew the revenue sharing program, and some members
speak for all Democrats. But his address hewed closely to
cent each for employees and employers of wages covered by
are known to be opposed.
the feelings of most.
-By Don Smith
PAGE 142-Jan. 24, 1976
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Jan. 24, 1976-PAGE 143
Executive Branch 5
Executive Branch 6
The longest, most divisive war in our
TEXT OF FORD'S STATE OF THE UNION MESSAGE
history was winding toward an unhappy
conclusion. Many feared that the end of
that foreign war of men and machines
Following is the White House text
no other homeland and those who just
We unbalanced our economic system
meant the beginning of a domestic war of
of President Ford's Jan. 19 State of the
found refuge on our shores, say in unison:
by the huge and unprecedented growth of
recrimination and reprisal.
Union message to Congress:
I am proud of America and proud to be
Federal expenditures and borrowing. And
Friends and adversaries abroad were
an American. Life will be better here for
we were not totally honest with ourselves
asking whether America had lost its nerve.
TO THE CONGRESS OF THE UNITED
my children than for me.
about how much these programs would cost
Finally, our economy was ravaged by
STATES:
I believe this not because I am told to
and how we would pay for them.
inflation-inflation that was plunging us
As we begin our Bicentennial, America
believe it, but because life has been better
Finally, we shifted our emphasis from
into the worst recession in four decades.
is still one of the youngest Nations in
for me than it was for my father and my
defense to domestic problems while our
At the same time, Americans became
recorded history. Long before our
mother.
adversaries continued a massive buildup of
increasingly alienated from all big in-
forefathers came to these shores, men and
I know it will be better for my children
arms.
stitutions. They were steadily losing con-
women had been struggling on this planet
because my hands, my brain, my voice and
fidence not just in big government, but in
to forge a better life for themselves and
New Balance
my vote, can help make it happen.
big business, big labor and big education,
their families.
And it has happened here in America.
The time has now come for a fun-
among others.
In man's long upward march from
It happened to you and to me.
damentally different approach-for a new
Ours was a troubled land.
savagery and slavery-throughout the
Government exists to create and
realism that is true to the great principles
And so, 1975 was a year of hard
nearly 2000 years of the Christian calendar,
preserve conditions in which people can
upon which this nation was founded.
decisions, difficult compromises, and a new
the nearly 6000 years of Jewish
translate their ideals into practical reality.
We must introduce a new balance to
realism that taught us something impor-
reckoning-there have been many deep,
In the best of times, much is lost in
our economy-a balance that favors not
tant about America.
terrifying valleys, but also many bright and
translation. But we try.
only sound, active government but also a
It brought back a needed measure of
towering peaks.
Sometimes we have tried and failed.
much more vigorous, healthier economy
common sense, steadfastness and self-
One peak stands highest in the ranges
Always we have had the best of inten-
that can create new jobs and hold down
discipline. Americans did not panic or de-
of human history. One example shines
tions. But in the recent past we sometimes
prices.
mand instant but useless cures. In all sec-
forth of a people uniting to produce abun-
forgot the sound principles that had guided
We must introduce a new balance in
tors people met their difficult problems
dance and to share the good life fairly and
us through most of our history. We wanted
the relationship between the individual and
with restraint and responsibility worthy of
in freedom. One Union holds out the
to accomplish great things and solve age-
the Government-a balance that favors
their great heritage.
promise of justice and opportunity for
old problems. And we became over-
greater individual freedom and self-
Add up the separate pieces of progress
every citizen.
confident of our own abilities. We tried to
reliance.
in 1975, subtract the setbacks, and the sum
House Speaker Carl Albert (D Okia.) appears to be less than transfixed as he listens to
be a policeman abroad and an indulgent
We must strike a new balance in our
President deliver his State of the Union address Jan. 19.
That Union is the United States of
total shows that we are not only headed in
America.
parent here at home. We thought we could
system of Federalism-a balance that
the new direction I proposed 12 months ago,
favors greater responsibility and freedom
but that it turned out to be the right direc-
for Americans, but we need a lot more jobs,
We have not remade paradise on earth.
transform the country through massive
pay annually. Hard-working Americans
for the leaders of our State and local
tion.
especially for the young.
We know perfection will not be found here.
national programs;
caught in the middle can really use that
But think for a minute how far we have
But often the programs did not work;
governments.
It is the right direction because it
My first objective is to have sound
kind of extra cash.
We must introduce a new balance
follows the truly revolutionary American
economic growth without inflation.
come in 200 years.
too often, they only made things worse.
My recommendations for a firm
We came from many roots and have
In our rush to accomplish great deeds
between spending on domestic programs
concept of 1776 which holds that in a free
We all know from recent experience
restraint on the growth of Federal spending
many branches. Yet all Americans across
quickly, we trampled on sound principles of
and spending on defense-a balance that
society, the making of public policy and
what runaway inflation does to ruin every
and for greater tax reduction are simple
the eight generations that separate us from
restraint, and endangered the rights of in-
ensures we fully meet our obligations to the
successful problem-solving involves much
other worthy purpose. We are slowing it;
and straightforward: For every dollar
the stirring deeds of 1776, those who know
dividuals.
needy while also protecting our security in
more than government. It involves a full
we must stop it cold.
saved in cutting the growth in the Federal
a world that is still hostile to freedom.
partnership among all branches and levels
For many Americans the way to a
budget we can have an added dollar of
Federal Budget Outlays, 1950-1977
And in all that we do, we must be more
of government, private institutions and in-
healthy non-inflationary economy has
Federal tax reduction.
honest with the American people, promis-
dividual citizens.
become increasingly apparent; the govern-
We can achieve a balanced budget by
$ Billions
$ Billions
ing them no more than we can deliver, and
Common sense tells me to stick to that
ment must stop spending so much and
1979 if we have the courage and wisdom to
delivering all that we promise.
steady course.
borrowing so much of our money; more
continue to reduce the growth of Federal
The genius of America has been its in-
money must remain in private hands where
spending.
credible ability to improve the lives of its
Economy
it will do the most good. To hold down the
One test of a healthy economy is a job
400
400
citizens through a unique combination of
cost of living, we must hold down the cost
for every American who wants to work.
governmental and free citizen activity.
Take the state of our economy.
of
government.
Government-our kind of govern-
History and experience tell us that
Last January most things were rapidly
In the past decade, the Federal budget
ment-cannot create that many jobs.
moral progress comes not in comfortable
getting worse.
has been growing at an average rate of over
But the Federal Government can create
and complacent times, but out of trial and
This January most things are slowly
10 percent every year. The budget I am sub-
conditions and incentives for private
Constant 1977 Dollars
confusion. Tom Paine aroused the troubled
but surely getting better.
mitting Wednesday cuts this rate of growth
300
business and industry to make more and
300
Americans of 1776 to stand up to the times
The worst recession since World War II
in half. I have kept my promise to submit a
more jobs.
that try men's souls, because the harder the
turned around in April. The best cost of liv-
budget for the next fiscal year of $395
Five out of six jobs in this country are
conflict the more glorious the triumph.
ing news of the past year is that double
billion. In fact, it is $394.2 billion.
in private business and industry. Common
digit inflation of 12% or higher was cut
By holding down the growth in Federal
sense tells us this is the place to look for
A Better Year
almost in half. The worst-unemployment
spending, we can afford additional tax cuts
more jobs and to find them faster.
200
200
Just a year ago I reported that the
remains too high.
and return to the people who pay taxes
I mean real, rewarding, permanent
State of the Union was not good.
Today nearly 1.7 million more
more decision-making power over their own
jobs.
Tonight I report that the State of our
Americans are working than at the bottom
lives.
To achieve this we must offer the
Union is better-in many ways a lot
of the recession. At year's end people were
again being hired much faster than they
Tax Cut
American people greater incentives to in-
better-but still not good enough.
vest in the future. My tax proposals are a
100
Current Dollars
To paraphrase Tom Paine, 1975 was
were being laid off.
100
Last month I signed legislation to ex-
major step in that direction.
not a year for summer soldiers and
Yet let us be honest: many Americans
tend the 1975 tax reductions for the first six
To supplement these proposals, I ask
sunshine patriots. It was a year of fears and
have not yet felt these changes in their dai-
months of this year. I now propose that
that Congress enact changes in Federal tax
alarms and of dire forecasts-most of
ly lives. They still see prices going up too
effective July 1, 1976, we give our taxpayers
laws that will speed up plant expansion and
which never happened and won't happen.
fast, and they still know the fear of un-
a tax cut of approximately $10 billion more
the purchase of new equipment. My
As you recall, the year 1975 opened
employment.
than Congress agreed to in December.
recommendation will concentrate this job-
0
0
with rancor and bitterness. Political mis-
And we are a growing Nation. We need
My broader tax reduction would mean
creation tax incentive in areas where the
1950
55
60
65
70
75
77
deeds of the past had neither been forgotten
more and more jobs every year. Today's
that for a family of four making $15,000 a
unemployment rate now runs over 7
Fiscal Years
Estimate
nor forgiven.
economy has produced over 85 million jobs
year there will be $227 more in take home
percent. Legislation to get this started
PAGE 144-Jan. 24, 1976
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Jan. 24, 1976-PAGE 145
Executive Branch 7
Executive Branch 8
family-owned small businesses. Both
tributed to it all their lives is a vital part of
Crime
citizen, but to impose mandatory sentences
Shares of the Budget
strengthen America and give stability to
our economic system. Its value is no longer
for crimes in which a gun is used, make it
Percent
Percent
debatable. In my budget for fiscal year 1977
Protecting the life and property of the
our economy.
harder to obtain cheap guns for criminal
60
I will propose estate tax changes SO
I am recommending that the full cost of liv-
citizen at home is the responsibility of all
60
purposes, and concentrate gun control en-
that family businesses and family farms
ing increase in Social Security benefits be
public officials but is primarily the job of
forcement in high crime areas.
can be handed down from generation to
paid during the coming year.
local and State law enforcement
My budget recommends 500 additional
But I am concerned about the integrity
authorities.
generation without having to be sold to pay
Federal agents in the 11 largest
50
National Defense
taxes.
of our Social Security Trust Fund that
Americans have always found the very
metropolitan high crime areas to help local
50
I propose tax changes to encourage
enables people-those retired and those
thought of a Federal police force repugnant
authorities stop criminals from selling and
people to invest in America's future, and
still working who will retire-to count on
and SO do I. But there are proper ways in
using handguns.
their own, through a plan that gives
this source of retirement income. Younger
which we can help to ensure domestic tran-
The sale of hard drugs is on the in-
Benefit Payments to
moderate income families income tax
workers watch their deductions rise and
quility as the Constitution charges us.
crease again. I have directed all agencies of
40
40
benefits if they make long-term in-
wonder if they will be adequately protected
Individuals and Grants
My recommendations on how to con-
the Federal Government to step up enforce-
vestments in common stock in American
in the future.
trol violent crime were submitted to the
ment efforts against those who deal in
companies.
We must meet this challenge head-on.
Congress last June with strong emphasis on
drugs. In 1975, Federal agents seized sub-
Simple arithmetic warns all of us that
protecting the innocent victims of crime.
stantially more heroin coming into our
30
30
Health
the Social Security Trust Fund is headed
To keep a convicted criminal from com-
country than in 1974.
The Federal Government must and
for trouble. Unless we act soon to make
mitting more crimes we must put him in
As President, I have talked personally
will respond to clearcut national needs-for
sure the fund takes in as much as it pays
prison so he cannot harm more law-abiding
with the leaders of Mexico, Colombia and
this and future generations.
out, there will be no security for old or
citizens. To be effective, this punishment
Turkey to urge greater efforts by their
20
20
Hospital and medical services in
young.
must be swift and certain.
Governments to control effectively the
America are among the world's best but the
I must therefore recommend a 3/10 of
Too often criminals are not sent to
production and shipment of hard drugs.
cost of a serious and extended illness can
one percent increase in both employer and
prison after conviction but are allowed to
I recommended months ago that the
10
Percent of Total Outlays
quickly wipe out a family's lifetime
employee Social Security taxes effective
return to the streets.
Congress enact mandatory fixed sentences
10
savings. Increasing health costs are of deep
January 1, 1977. This will cost each covered
concern to all and a powerful force pushing
employee less than one extra dollar a week
Some judges are reluctant to send con-
for persons convicted of Federal crimes in-
up the cost of living.
and will ensure the integrity of the trust
victed criminals to prison because of inade-
volving the sale of hard drugs. Hard drugs
fund.
quate facilities. To alleviate this problem at
degrade the spirit as they destroy the body
The burden of a catastrophic illness
of their users.
0
0
the Federal level, my new budget proposes
can be borne by very few in our society. We
As we rebuild our economy, we have a
the construction of four new Federal
It is unrealistic and misleading to hold
1967
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
must eliminate this fear from every family.
continuing responsibility to provide a tem-
facilities.
out the hope that the Federal Government
Fiscal Years
Estimate
I propose catastrophic health in-
porary cushion to the unemployed. At my
can move in to every neighborhood and
surance for everybody covered by Medicare.
request the Congress enacted two exten-
To speed Federal justice, I propose an
clean up crime. Under the Constitution, the
To finance this added protection, fees for
sions and expansions in unemployment in-
increase this year in U.S. Attorneys
greatest responsibility for curbing crime
must be approved at the earliest possible
have an assured supply of energy to run our
short-term care will go up somewhat, but
surance which helped those who were
prosecuting Federal crimes and reinforce-
lies with State and local authorities. They
date.
economy. Domestic production of oil and
nobody after reaching age 65 will have to
jobless during 1975. These programs will
ment of the number of U.S. Marshals.
are the frontline fighters in the war against
Within the strict budget total I will
gas is still declining. Our dependence on
pay more than $500 a year for covered
continue in 1976.
Additional Federal judges are needed,
crime.
recommend for the coming year, I will ask
foreign oil at high prices is still too great,
hospital or nursing home care nor more
In my fiscal 1977 budget, I am also re-
as recommended by me and the Judicial
There are definite ways in which the
for additional housing assistance for 500,-
draining jobs and dollars away from our
than $250 for one year's doctors' bills.
questing funds to continue proven job
Conference.
Federal Government can help them. I will
000 families. These programs will ex-
own economy at the rate of $125 per year
We cannot realistically afford Federal-
training and employment opportunity
Another major threat to every
propose in the new budget that the
pand housing opportunities, spur con-
for every American.
ly dictated national health insurance
programs for millions of other Americans.
American's person and property is the
Congress authorize almost $7 billion over
struction and help to house moderate and
Last month I signed a compromise
providing full coverage for all 215 million
criminal carrying a handgun. The way to
the next five years to assist State and local
low income families.
national energy bill which enacts a part of
Americans. The experience of other
Welfare
cut down on the criminal use of guns is not
governments to protect the safety and
We had a disappointing year in the
my comprehensive energy independence
countries raises questions about the quality
Compassion and a sense of com-
to take guns away from the law-abiding
property of all citizens.
housing industry in 1975 but it is im-
program. This legislation was late in com-
as well as the cost of such plans. But I do
munity-two of America's greatest
proving. With lower interest rates and
ing, not the complete answer to energy in-
envision the day when we may use the
strengths throughout our history-tell us
available mortgage money, we can have a
dependence, but still a start in the right
private health insurance system to offer
we must take care of our neighbors who
healthy recovery in 1976.
direction.
more middle income families high quality
cannot take care of themselves. The host of
A necessary condition of a healthy
I again urge the Congress to move
health services at prices they can afford
Federal programs in this field reflect our
economy is freedom from the petty tyranny
ahead immediately on the remainder of my
and shield them also from catastrophic
generosity as a people.
of massive government regulation. We are
energy proposals to make America in-
illnesses.
But everyone realizes that when it
wasting literally millions of working hours
vulnerable to the foreign oil cartel. My
Using the resources now available, I
comes to welfare, government at all levels
costing billions of consumers' dollars
proposals would:
propose improving the Medicare and other
is not doing the job well. Too many of our
because of bureaucratic red tape. The
Reduce domestic natural gas short-
Federal health programs to help those who
welfare programs are inequitable and in-
American farmer, who not only feeds 215
ages.
really need more protection: older people
vite abuse. Worse, we are wasting badly
million Americans but also millions
Allow production from national
and the poor. To help States and local
needed resources without reaching many of
worldwide, has shown how much more he
petroleum reserves;
governments give better health care to the
the truly needy.
can produce without the shackles of govern-
Stimulate effective conservation, in-
poor I propose that we combine 16 existing
Complex welfare programs cannot be
ment control.
cluding revitalization of our railroads and
Federal programs including Medicaid into a
reformed overnight. Surely we cannot
Now, we need reforms in other key
the expansion of our urban transportation
single $10 billion Federal grant.
simply dump welfare into the laps of the 50
areas in our economy-the airlines,
systems;
Funds would be divided among the
States, their local taxpayers or private
trucking, railroads, and financial in-
Develop more and cleaner energy from
States under a new formula which provides
charities, and just walk away from it. Nor
stitutions. I have concrete plans in each of
our vast coal resources;
a larger share of Federal money to those
is it the right time for massive and sweep-
these areas, not to help this or that in-
Expedite clean and safe nuclear power
states that have a larger share of low in-
ing changes while we are still recovering
dustry, but to foster competition and to
production;
come families.
from a recession.
bring prices down for the consumer.
Create a new national Energy
I will take further steps to improve the
Nevertheless, there are still plenty of
This Administration will strictly en-
Independence Authority to stimulate vital
quality of medical and hospital care for
improvements we can make. I will ask
force the Federal antitrust laws for the
energy investment;
those who have served in our armed forces.
Congress for Presidential authority to
same purpose.
And accelerate development of
tighten up rules for eligibility and benefits.
technology to capture energy from the sun
Social Security
Last year I twice sought long overdue
Energy
and the earth for this and future
Now let me speak about Social
reform of the scandal riddled Food Stamp
Taking a longer look at America's
generations.
Security.
program. This year I say again: Let's give
future there can be neither sustained
Also for the sake of future generations
Our Federal Social Security system for
Food Stamps to those most in need. Let's
President Ford is escorted to the podium in the House by congressional leaders to
growth nor more jobs unless we continue to
we must preserve the family farm and
people who have worked hard and con-
not give any to those who don't need them.
deliver his State of the Union address.
COPYRIGHT 1978 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC.
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Jan. 24, 1976-PAGE 147
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Executive Branch 10
Executive Branch 9
As President I pledge the strict en-
evil our deeds, and how misguided our pur-
Without effective intelligence
TEXT OF DEMOCRATIC STATE OF UNION MESSAGE
forcement of Federal laws and-by ex-
poses. The American people know better.
capability, the United States stands blind-
ample, support, and leadership-to help
The truth is we are the world's greatest
folded and hobbled.
Following is the official text of the
our factories open again-and stop the in-
We must reject those of timid vision
State and local authorities enforce their
democracy. We remain the symbol of man's
In the near future, I will take actions to
Democratic State of the Union
flation that robs our elderly and poor-and
who counsel us to go back-
aspirations for liberty and well-being. We
reform and strengthen our intelligence
laws. Together we must protect the victims
community. I ask for your positive
message, delivered by Sen. Edmund S.
deprives every one of us of our hard-earned
To go back to simpler times now gone
of crime and ensure domestic tranquility.
are the embodiment of hope for progress.
Muskie of Maine over national televi-
dollars.
forever.
Last year I strongly recommended a
I say it is time we quit downgrading
cooperation. It is time to go beyond sen-
We can again have confidence that
To go back on the promises we have
five-year extension of the existing revenue
ourselves as a nation. Of course it is our
sationalism and ensure an effective,
sion on Jan. 21:
government can do something effective
made to each other.
responsibility to learn the right lessons
responsible, and responsive intelligence
sharing legislation which thus far has
about this siege of crime that makes many
To go back on our guarantees to every
provided $23.5 billion to help State and
from past mistakes. It is our duty to see
capability.
of you prisoners in your homes, behind
American for a decent job and secure
that they never happen again. But our
The first point I would like to make in
local units of government solve problems at
doors that lock out the threat which lurks
retirement.
home. This program has been effective with
greater duty is to look to the future. The
this talk this evening is that
Future
in the darkness.
To go back on our commitment to
decisionmaking transferred from the
world's troubles will not go away.
government-and politics-in this country
That government can make schools
quality education and affordable health
Federal Government to locally elected of-
The American people want strong and
Tonight I have spoken of our problems
is us-you and me-and all of the 215
again into houses where children can learn
care.
effective international and defense policies.
at home and abroad. I have recommended
million Americans who share our past, pre-
ficials. Congress must act this year or State
and prepare themselves for the future.
To go back on consumer protection and
and local units of government will have to
In our Constitutional system, these
policies that will meet the challenge of our
sent and future together.
The state of the Union is not what the
. That government can make schools
worker safety.
drop programs or raise local taxes.
policies should reflect consultation and ac-
third century.
spiralling health costs, that add more mis-
To go back on our commitment to a
Including my health care reforms, I
commodation between the President and
have no doubt that our Union will en-
President says it is, nor is it what the
ery to your lives each year.
clean environment.
Congress. But in the final analysis, as the
dure-better, stronger and with more in-
Congress says it is. It is the condition in
propose to consolidate some 59 separate
That government can bring our power-
To go back and give up.
which we-all of us together-find
Federal programs and provide flexible
framers of our Constitution knew from
dividual freedom.
ful oil industry under control, to hold down
We cannot go back.
Federal dollar grants to help States, cities
hard experience, the foreign relations of the
We can see forward only dimly-one
ourselves, our prospects for the future and
the price of energy.
We cannot give up.
and local agencies in such important areas
United States can be conducted effectively
year, five years, a generation perhaps. Like
what we can do together to improve those
That government can stop a disastrous
And we will not.
as education, child nutrition, and social ser-
only if there is strong central direction that
our forefathers, we know that if we meet
prospects.
retreat from the goal of environmental
If we've learned anything as a
allows flexibility of action. That respon-
the challenges of our own time with a com-
emphasize this point at the outset for
vices. This flexible system will do the job
quality we set so resolutely not long ago.
nation-from Valley Forge to Yorktown,
better and do it closer to home.
sibility clearly rests with the President.
mon sense of purpose and conviction-if
a reason.
We can have confidence that govern-
from the Great Depression to the landing
I pledge to the American people
we remain true to our Constitution and
ment would begin to curb the abuses of
on the moon-it is this: Give Americans the
National Security
policies which seek a secure, just, and
our ideals-then we can know that the
Faith in Government
power that threaten you.
tools and they'll do the job.
The protection of the lives and proper-
peaceful world. I pledge to the Congress to
future will be better than the past.
have just returned from two intensive
The abuse of power by corporations
work with you to that end.
I see America today crossing a
weeks of travel, listening and talking
that dominate the marketplace, charging
Economy
ty of Americans from foreign enemies is
one of my primary responsibilities as
We must not face a future in which we
threshold, not just because it is our
among my people back home in Maine. We
what they want-who ignore the quality of
We are entering a period when the
can no longer help our friends, such as in
Bicentennial, but because we have been
talked about a lot of very serious problems
our air and water-the safety of
country's capacity to produce and create
President.
In a world of instant communications
Angola-even in limited and carefully con-
tested in adversity. We have taken a new
which are shared by millions of Americans
workers-the quality of goods-who each
can be greater than at any time in recent
and intercontinental missiles, in a world
trolled ways. We must not lose all capacity
look at what we want to be and what we
from coast to coast. The problem which
year push and shove for more tax privileges
history. There are houses to build. There
economy that is global and interdependent,
to respond short of military intervention.
want our nation to become.
concerns me more than all the
and more exemptions from law-cor-
are roads to repair. There are rivers to
our relations with other nations become
Some hasty actions of the Congress during
I see America resurgent, certain once
rest-because unless we solve it, we cannot
porations, in other words, that each year
clean. There are railroads to mend. There
more, not less, important to the lives of
the past year-most recently in respect to
again that life will be better for our
solve the rest-is the extent to which you
grow more wealthy and more powerful.
are day-care centers to operate so that more
Angola-were in my view very short-
children than it is for us, seeking strength
have lost confidence in your political
And we can begin to do what we must
young women can participate in revitaliz-
Americans.
America has had a unique role in the
sighted. Unfortunately, they are still very
that cannot be counted in megatons and
system and your ability to govern
do to insure that government will curb its
ing America. There are books to be written
world since the day of our independence 200
much on the minds of our allies and our
riches that cannot be eroded by inflation.
yourselves.
own abuses.
and printed. There are farms to be worked.
years ago. And ever since the end of World
adversaries.
I see these United States of America
Too many of you do not believe the
The abuse of Presidential power goes
There are cities to rebuild. There are new
War II, we have borne-successfully-a
A strong defense posture gives weight
moving forward as before toward a more
government cares about you and your
on-the abuse of our rights by the FBI and
sources of energy to be developed. Oh, we
heavy responsibility for ensuring a stable
to our values and our views in international
perfect Union where the government serves
problems.
the CIA have been exposed-the war in
have work to do.
world order and hope for human progress.
negotiations; it assures the vigor of our
and the people rule.
Too many of you believe that govern-
Vietnam went on for years-the secret war
Clearly, something is wrong in a
Today, the state of our foreign policy is
alliances; and it sustains our efforts to
We will not make this happen simply
ment cannot do anything about your
in Angola goes on.
system in which there is so much work to
sound and strong.
promote settlements of international con-
by making speeches, good or bad, yours, or
problems.
Everywhere I turn in this nation, these
be done at the same time there are so many
We are at peace-and I will do all in
flicts. Only from a position of strength can
mine, but by hard work and hard decisions
Too many of you believe that govern-
are the problems I hear from your lips.
people without work.
my power to keep it that way.
we negotiate a balanced agreement to limit
made with courage and common sense.
ment exists only for the benefit of the few
This is the State of the Union.
That problem is not only the business
Our military forces are capable and
the growth of nuclear arms. Only a
I have heard many inspiring Presiden-
who are rich and powerful.
And it is also a Congressional agenda
of business. It is also the business of
ready; our military power is without
balanced agreement will serve our interest
tial speeches, but the words I remem-
Too many of you believe that you can
for action.
government.
equal. And I intend to keep it that way.
and minimize the threat of nuclear confron-
ber best were spoken by Dwight D.
do nothing to improve the performance of
The goodness and strength of the
We all have a big stake in that effort.
Our principal alliances, with the in-
tation.
Eisenhower.
your government.
American people are not diminished by the
We all pay for unemployment.
dustrial democracies of the Atlantic Com-
The Defense Budget I will submit to
"America is not good because it is
Too few of you are willing to try.
corruption of a few of our leaders.
For every one percent increase in the
munity and Japan, have never been more
the Congress for fiscal 1977 will show an es-
great," the President said. "America is
Political power in our system is still
Our system of reward for hard work is
unemployment rate-for every one million
solid.
sential increase over last year. It provides
great because it is good."
yours to use-if you will.
not discredited by a few years of hard
more Americans out of work-we all pay
A further agreement to limit the
for a real growth in purchasing power over
President Eisenhower was raised in a
If you doubt what I say, recall, if you
times.
three billion dollars more in unemployment
strategic arms race may be achieved.
last year's Defense Budget, which includes
poor but religious home in the heart of
will, the Watergate affair and the reason
Our government-the model for free
compensation and welfare checks and lose
We have an improving relationship
the costs of our All-Volunteer Force.
America. His simple words echoed Presi-
why it was finally resolved by an orderly
people everywhere in the world-has not
14 billion dollars in taxes. That means that
with China, the world's most populous
We are continuing to make economies
dent Lincoln's eloquent testament that
transfer of power involving the first
been destroyed by the wrong-headed
today's unemployment costs us taxpayers
to enhance the efficiency of our military
nation.
"right makes might." And Lincoln in turn
resignation from office of a President in
policies of a few Presidents or the failure of
more than 65 billion dollars a year.
The key elements for peace among the
forces. But the budget I will submit
evoked the silent image of George
our entire history. It was you who produced
Congress to block them in time.
President Ford's budgets for these two
nations of the Middle East now exist.
represents the necessity of American
Washington kneeling in prayer at Valley
that result-not the Congress-not even
We have had some very bad times in
years of recession have included more than
Our traditional friendships in Latin
strength for the real world in which we live.
Forge.
the courts. Your political institutions
our country in these last few years.
40 billion dollars for unemployment com-
America, Africa, and Asia, continue.
As conflict and rivalries persist in the
So all these magic memories, which
moved when you insisted that they do.
But our people are still strong.
pensation and jobless payments alone-and
We have taken the role of leadership in
world, our United States intelligence
link eight generations of Americans, are
You and your elected representatives
The Republic still stands.
another fourteen billion dollars in interest
launching a serious and hopeful dialogue
capabilities must be the best in the world.
summed up in the inscription just above
are in this business of governing together.
Our freely elected government can still
on the extra national debt that unemploy-
between the industrial world and the
The crippling of our foreign in-
When communication between us breaks
work.
ment has cost.
developing world.
telligence services increases the danger of
me.
How many times have we seen it?-"In
down, when we lose confidence in each
Who among us would trade America
But the President's budget offers
We have achieved significant reform of
American involvement in direct armed con-
other, we lose the very essense of self-
for any other country in the long history of
no new jobs. In fact, it proposes cutbacks in
flict. Our adversaries are encouraged to
God We Trust."
the international monetary system.
government.
the world?
the existing, limited emergency jobs
We should be proud of what the United
attempt new adventures, while our own
Let us engrave it now in each of our
We can again have confidence that
We don't need a new system.
program Congress has enacted.
ability to monitor events, and to influence
hearts as we begin our Bicentennial.
States has accomplished.
government can restore economic health to
What we need is the will to make our
The President's plans for our economy
The American people have heard too
events short of military action-is under-
GERALD R. FORD
our nation-put people back to work-get
system work.
are penny-wise and pound-foolish. Under
much about how terrible our mistakes, how
mined.
COPYRIGHT 1976 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC
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Jan. 24, 1976-PAGE 149
COPYRIGHT 1976 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY
PAGE 148-Jan. 24, 1976
Reproduction prohibited in whole or in pert except by editorial clients
Executive Branch 12
Executive Branch 11
than four billion dollars to improve local
oil prices. They have put the very
programs, are burdens taxpayers ought not
That gulf has widened since the tragic
Let us pursue a lessening of tensions
them, America's factories are producing
law enforcement. President Ford is now
necessities of life beyond the reach of more
to be asked to carry. More than that, they
collapse of Vietnam.
with the Soviet Union and China, wherever
only three fourths as many goods as they
proposing we spend seven billion more.
It was less than a year ago that we saw
rob us of the resources we need to serve
it is consistent with our own interests.
actually could.
and more of our citizens.
high priority national needs. Moreover,
During the same seven years crime has in-
films of South Vietnamese soldiers pushing
Let us extend a helping hand to the
The Administration has tried hard to
Jobs
their very existence undermines that public
creased 55 percent.
women and children away from evacuation
two-thirds of the people of the world who
make the case that budget deficits are a
Yet we also know that we can't solve
confidence in government which is essen-
planes in Danang...saw Americans being
have so little. And let us do so with the con-
That means fewer jobs and higher
direct cause of inflation. I wish the
priority problems like pollution or provide a
airlifted from the roof of the American Em-
American economy were that simple. Cur-
tial and SO sadly lacking.
fidence of a truly great people. We do not
national defense without a substantial com-
bassy in Saigon to Navy ships in the China
prices.
need to always win all our debates with
If we had just enough jobs this year to
ing inflation then would be a simple matter
mitment of tax dollars. So we must pursue
sea. Until that end, this Administration
every nation in the world.
match the unemployment rate of 1968, we
of cutting the budget. Unfortunately, the
the hard, detailed job of evaluating federal
was pleading for another $720 million to
Let our greatness be, not that we
would collect enough federal taxes to wipe
facts do not bear out the Administration
Budget Process
spending in each and every area of the
claim.
Congress has enacted a new budget
spend on a cause that the American people
always win, but that-as God gives us the
out the entire deficit, this year and next.
budget. We must buy only what we need.
had long since recognized was wrong and
process to remedy this now-chronic
power to see it-we are always in pursuit of
But the President's budget is designed
In 1974, the federal government deficit
And at the lowest sound cost.
hopeless.
was the smallest in the past several years.
national financial crisis.
the right.
to keep unemployment over seven percent
In 1974, both inflation and interest rates
Our job is to decide on a ceiling on
I was disappointed that the President
Vietnam was a bitter disappointment.
and more for another year. To keep seven
made no proposals in his state of the Union
But it also offered us some positive
reached their highest points in 21 years.
spending and a floor under taxes for each
million Americans unemployed at this time
message to improve government efficien-
lessons: U.S. interests are not served by
Congressional Duty
a year from now. And most economists
Prices were high that year because of
year.
In doing so we also set an economic
cy-to bring new businesslike methods into
military intervention everywhere in the
In his State of the Union
believe that if the Administration's policies
the sudden increase in oil prices, steep in-
the bureaucracy.
world where we see instability. And the
message-and in the budget he sent us
creases in food prices, and a deliberate
policy for the country and ration the dollars
are followed, unemployment will not fall
in the budget according to our actual
Under our system of government, the
U.S. can conduct a responsible policy
today-the President has made some
below seven percent in this decade.
policy by the Federal Reserve Board to keep
President is the Chief Executive.
toward its potential adversaries and toward
serious proposals for reduction in federal
We American taxpayers pay a stagger-
interest rates high. The size of the deficit
national needs.
Efficiency in the general government
its allies and can pursue its interests after
was incidental.
Our goal is to balance the budget as
expenditures and changes in our national
ing price for these jobless policies.
is his responsibility.
Vietnam-better, if anything, than before.
priorities.
But the Americans who want work and
The Administration did not raise oil
soon as the economy permits.
But what steps has he taken to im-
Yet just last month, we discovered that
We have imposed a tough spending
The President's program includes a
can't find it pay so much more.
prices. It was not responsible for poor crops
prove efficiency and reduce costs in the Ex-
the President has involved our nation in a
number of ideas to simply shift the cost of
around the world during the late 1960's and
ceiling on the federal government this year.
What price does a father or mother pay
ecutive Branch?
major war in yet another faroff land: in
late 1970's. But it compounded the
We will impose a similar spending ceil-
federal programs from the federal govern-
who can't support their children? What
Why does it cost the government twice
Angola, where our nation's interests and
ment to the states and the cities. We must
price does a master carpenter pay when he
problems, partly by inept, often panicky
ing next year and every year.
as much as a private insurance company to
those of the free world are far from clear.
We have held the federal deficit to the
frankly be skeptical of such proposals that
is reduced to welfare? How can we calculate
management of the economy, starting with
process medical claims?
The Senate voted against any further
lowest possible level consistent with reduc-
simply raise state and local taxes. But I
the cost to America's jobless in lost
the first Nixon Administration. The Ad-
Why does the government take months
expenditures for Angola.
believe Congress must evaluate the
seniority, job-training, and pension rights?
ministration raced the economy's engine in
ing unemployment.
In fact, we have held the federal deficit
to get the first check out to a widow entitled
As in Vietnam, we find ourselves deep-
President's proposals with an open mind.
What price will we all pay when two out of
election years and then created recessions
to a federal pension?
ly committed without prior notice or con-
to curb the resulting inflation. It moved too
25 billion dollars below the Secretary of the
Where they are simply gimmicks or
every five inner city youths grow up
Why does the Social Security Ad-
sultation with our people in a country
mistakes, they should be rejected.
quickly from one set of wage-price controls
Treasury's estimate of last spring.
without ever having had a full-time job?
ministration take a year or more to process
to another without ever giving any of them
And we are using the process to deter-
where U.S. interests could not possibly be
Where they need amendment, they
Experts in both government and
a chance to work. It tried to impose
mine the economic impact of tax and
a citizen's claim for disability compen-
served at any price.
should be shaped to meet America's actual
private enterprise tell us that we can, if we
sation?
A free people deserve to be informed
needs.
choose, significantly reduce the present un-
domestic oil price increases on top of the
regulatory policies.
Why can't defense contractors be made
Finally, we'll use all of this informa-
and to consent to the foreign policy we pur-
Where they make sense, they should be
employment during the next fiscal year.
foreign increases that would have doubled
to deliver their goods at the agreed-upon
sue.
tion to put spending priorities more in line
adopted.
Direct employment programs-using
the impact. It compounded the poor crop
price without cost overruns? Have you ever
Much of the world today is watching
We must not fear change.
years by selling too much of this nation's
with real needs, and to weed out programs
federal dollars to pay for public service
which cost too much or produce too little.
heard of a Defense Department employee
with amazement as a Congress of the
Just as we cannot go back to the old
like classroom teaching aides and hospital
grain reserves to Russia.
Last year we reduced the President's
being fired for permitting a cost overrun
United States examines U.S. intelligence
days, we must be ready to change old ways
attendants-would produce the most jobs
paid for with our tax dollars?
operations overseas. I know many of you
New Policies
requests for defense and foreign military
to meet new needs and present realities.
at the lowest total cost.
Through the new Congressional budget
must have asked yourselves, as I have,
I do not believe we face any problem
Federal assistance to local com-
What the nation needs at this time is
aid to levels we thought were closer to our
reform process, Congress has laid the
whether it is necessary to hang out the dir-
we cannot solve.
leadership that will not jump from one
real defense needs and purposes.
munities for short-term public works proj-
groundwork for a more efficient govern-
ty linen-to talk about assassination
Our problems are man-made, and men
ects and to avoid layoffs in local govern-
economic panic button to another. We need
We have used part of the money we
ment at tax savings to our citizens.
saved to increase jobs, health care and
attempts, to admit what the whole world
and women can find their solutions.
ment services-like police protection and
a consistent, responsible, non-partisan plan
I hope President Ford will join us in
knows about both us and themselves, that
We need the will to try.
trash collection-also have high job yields
for protecting the economy from further
social security.
that effort.
nations spy.
The state of the Union is as strong as
shocks.
We rejected at least $10 to $15 billion
for the tax dollars invested.
I do not believe most Americans want
Yes, it is necessary. How else is the
the bond between us.
We need an energy policy that will
in other requests to hold down the deficit.
Yet President Ford says he intends to
their government dismantled.
American public to get hold of its foreign
So let us make a pledge to one another
veto even the limited program pending in
keep the prices of oil and natural gas at
We can't very well fire the mailmen,
policy again? How else can we guarantee in-
tonight.
the Congress for short-term public works
reasonable levels until the economy can ab-
Oversight
discharge our armed forces, or lay off the
terventions in other countries are an
Assert your right to share control of
and financial assistance to local com-
sorb increases.
But the new budget reform process is
people who run the computers that print
appropriate expression of deliberate U.S.
our national destiny. Decide now that you
munities which have high jobless rates.
We need a food policy that gives
our Social Security checks.
policy, and not the making of some faceless
are going to vote in the Presidential and
This anti-recession bill-which the Presi-
farmers a guarantee of reasonable incomes
just one step in a broader effort we must
But we can expect maximum efficiency
bureaucrat? Sure, it is inconvenient to con-
Congressional state and local elections this
dent seeks to block-would create 300,000
and consumers a guarantee of reasonable
undertake.
We need a second spending reform to
and performance in office by everyone who
duct foreign policy in the open, and, cer-
fall, and keep that commitment.
jobs this year.
prices. A crop failure in Russia should not
draws a federal salary.
tainly there will always be a need for in-
make sure the federal money we spend is
But put the politicians who seek your
The President says we cannot afford to
be permitted to disturb that balance.
telligence work and for secrecy within the
vote in those elections to a stringent test.
We need a wage-price council which
effectively used.
help Americans find work.
We should question the most basic
International Affairs
bounds of established policy.
Are they men of their word?
I say we cannot, as taxpayers, afford
will make life miserable for any big corpor-
But a Republic gets its strength from
If they promise more government
ation that raises prices without very good
assumptions about every program.
Let us now ask ourselves about
the consent of the governed and from a con-
not to.
And those jobs should be in addition to
reason will do so in the name of the Presi-
Any programs not doing the job or
benefits and services, do they also say how
America's place in the world.
sensus on shared objectives. It gets only
much they will cost?
the jobs Congress could create in private in-
dent of the United States.
duplicating better-run programs should be
What is your definition of national
weakness and disappointment from secrecy
If they say they are going to reduce the
We need an anti-trust policy that will
eliminated.
dustry by additional tax cuts without in-
our shores from at-
By the end of every four years, all
and surprise.
size of government, do they tell you which
creasing present federal spending levels.
move immediately to prevent powerful
tack? ...standing by our allies in Western
So let us seek a foreign policy we can
And Congress could avoid discouraging
firms from gaining too much control over
programs should be reviewed in this
services you are going to go without and
Europe and Asia? ...protecting our vital
talk about in public and agree to in ad-
how much that will save?
private sector employment by rejecting the
both markets and capital, not spend years
process.
economic interests? ..playing a leadership
vance.
Do they offer specific proposals or
in court arguing cases after it is too late.
The only program excepted from this
President's proposals to increase payroll
role in moving the world away from the
Let us defend our real interests-leave
Federal deficits are not the cause of the
review should be the Social Security
simply slogans?
arms race? ...I would agree.
no doubt of it. But where our interest is not
The Congress which meets in this
taxes.
inflation we have experienced in the last
program, which is, after all, an insurance
We must also ask what is the most
directly or clearly involved, let our adver-
building is your Congress if you participate
Inflation
two years, but they can be, and we must be
system.
We have learned that we can't solve
dangerous foreign policy problem we face
saries learn, as we did in Vietnam, the ex-
in its election and supervision.
As I listen to my people in Maine, it is
concerned about the possibility, as the
today? I think, once again, it is a gulf of
pensive lesson of the limits of their power.
Together, we are the Union.
economy recovers its health.
our problems by simply throwing federal
doubt and mistrust between us and our
clear that one of the most frightening
Let us be neither patsy nor bully for
And I find the state of that Union very
Beyond that, wasteful government
dollars at them. In the past seven years, the
economic results of recent years is in-
government.
the other nations of the world.
federal government has provided more
strong indeed.
I
flation-and especially the quadrupling of
spending, inefficient and ineffective
COPYRIGHT 1976 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC.
COPYRIGHT 1976 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC.
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PAGE 150-Jan. 24, 1976
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Inside Congress 2
"The jury is still out on whether openness is what it's
supposed to be," Glenn continued. He recalled that during
2413) resolution. (Further background, 1975 Weekly Report p.
of
Inside Congress
the protracted conflict between the White House and
Congress over oil-pricing legislation in 1975, "there were
The new rules produced an immediate reduction in
closed sessions. Only 4.8 per cent of the Senate committee
meetings all over the place to try to hammer out positions."
meetings were closed after the new rules were adopted,
'Rump Sessions'
compared with 15 per cent for the year as a whole.
COMMITTEES OPENED 93% OF 1975 MEETINGS
The closed meetings-with a single excep-
These "rump sessions," he said, were held privately
tion-concerned foreign affairs, military or intelligence
among several members. "I wonder if we don't have a
matters. The exception was a closed mark-up session Nov. 6
Congressional committees opened their doors to the
the House in opening meetings, registered 15 per cent closed
facade of open meetings while we create a series of closed
at which the Senate Judiciary Committee reported a bill
public and press in record numbers in 1975, continuing a
meetings in 1975, down from 25 per cent in both 1973 and
meetings."
(HR 6971) to repeal antitrust exemptions relating to fair
trend begun in 1973 with the adoption of House and Senate
1974.
Several other senators and representatives interviewed
trade laws.
rules aimed at keeping closed sessions to a minimum.
Hearings continued to be the type of meeting most
by CQ also said that private meetings increasingly were
Stricter Senate open-meeting rules adopted in 1975 further
often opened to the public. Only 5 per cent of all con-
cropping up to help members prepare for open meetings.
House
increased public access to the workings of committees.
gressional hearings were closed. The public was barred
Sen. Dole, among others, disagreed. "We've kidded each
Most significant were the inroads made into the
from fewer than 3 per cent of House hearings and 8 per cent
other about it a lot back and forth," he said, "but it's not
The House, the leader in openness since 1973, moved in
traditional secrecy of bill-drafting or mark-up sessions and
of Senate hearings.
widespread."
1975 to place further restrictions on closed meetings. On
Jan. 14 it adopted new rules that included an amendment
of House-Senate conferences, where differing legislation
In mark-ups, where the greatest strides in openness oc-
House Appropriations Chairman George Mahon (D
from each chamber is melded into a single bill. For the first
curred, the Senate closed only 29 per cent of those sessions
Texas) said that such meetings are inevitable. "Members
allowing a committee to vote in advance to close only a
single subsequent day of hearings. Previously the rules per-
time since Congressional Quarterly began its annual survey
compared with 72 per cent in 1974. The House closed only 2
that." are always going to discuss issues," he said. "You can't stop
mitted a committee to vote in advance to close a series of
of committee secrecy in 1953, the Senate held most of its
per cent of its mark-ups in 1975.
meetings on the same subject.
mark-up sessions in public view. The percentage of open
Also adopted was an amendment sponsored in the
mark-ups in the House was higher than the percentage of
Debate Persists
More 'Sunshine'
Democratic Caucus by Dante B. Fascell (D Fla.), Thomas S.
public hearings.
Foley (D Wash.) and Bob Eckhardt (D Texas), to open all
House and Senate conferees also reached compromises
The fact that more mark-up and conference committee
Advocates of "government in the sunshine" won rules
House-Senate conferences except when either chamber's
more frequently in public in 1975. Conferences on 29 of 66
sessions were opened failed to quell the controversy over
changes in both the House and Senate in 1975 that in-
conferees voted in open session to close them. Each vote was
bills were held in open session. In 1974, only 12 of 116 con-
whether it is beneficial and efficient to work out legislation
creased the number of open meetings.
to apply only to one session of the conference; separate
ferences were open. (1974 Almanac p. 961)
in public. Some members felt that the disadvantages out-
votes would be required to close it each day. The amend-
Only 7 per cent of all congressional committee
weighed the benefits.
Senate
ment did not take effect, however, until the Senate adopted
meetings were closed in 1975, compared with 15 per cent in
1974 and 16 per cent in 1973. In the House, where open-
The Senate Nov. 5 unanimously adopted new rules that
its similar resolution Nov. 5. (House rules changes, 1975
Proz and Cons
session rules had resulted in only 10 per cent of the
required committee meetings to be open unless a majority
Weekly Report p. 116)
Open meetings "have polarized the parties a little
of the committee voted to close them.
meetings being closed in 1973 and 8 per cent in 1974, only 3
per cent of all committee meetings were held behind closed
more, House Administration Chairman Wayne L. Hays (D
Resoundingly rejected was a more restrictive resolu-
Senate Committees
doors in 1975. The Senate, which continued to lag behind
Ohio) said in an interview. "Republicans have conferences,
tion prepared by the Rules and Administration Committee
so Democrats feel they have to have theirs too. They work
that would have made little change in existing practice,
All Senate committees reduced the percentage of
Total
Per Cent
out their positions in these meetings."
allowing individual committees to adopt their own rules.
Number
meetings they held behind closed doors in 1975. Eight per
As a result, Hays said, "you don't get the give and take
Also approved was a proposal to open Senate-House
Year
Meetings
Closed
Closed
cent of all hearings, 29 per cent of mark-ups and 69 per cent
that I think is essential.. Clearly there is more par-
conferences, traditionally the most secretive meetings in
of committee business meetings were closed to the public
1953
2,640*
892
tisanship and more hardenings."
Congress.
35%*
and press. In 1974, 14 per cent of hearings, 72 per cent of
3,002*
1,243
41*
Furthermore, no "face-saving" way exists for a
The rules change, embodied in S Res 9, had been urged
1954
mark-ups and 57 per cent of business meetings were closed.
36*
member to back down from a publicized position, he said.
since 1973 by a bloc of senators led by Lawton Chiles (D
1955
2,940*
1,055
Seven Senate committees held all of their meetings in
1,130
36*
"This has slowed down the legislative process." But "the
Fla.) and William V. Roth (R Del.). Senate Democratic and
public during the year. (Table, p. 154)
1956
3,120*
1957
2,517*
854
34*
most insidious part" of open meetings is the behavior of lob-
Republican caucuses paved the way for full Senate accep-
All hearings of eight committees were open:
1958
3,472*
1,167
34*
byists, he said, and "seeing them passing notes to members
tance of the change. On Jan. 15 and Jan. 16, respectively,
Aeronautical and Space Sciences; Agriculture and Forestry;
in conferences."
1959
3,152*
940
30*
the caucuses voted in favor of opening committee meetings
Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs; Budget; Finance;
1960
2,424*
35*
Senate Public Works Chairman Jennings Randolph (D
and conferences. The "sunshine" drive also was aided by
840
Labor and Public Welfare; Post Office and Civil Service;
1961
3,159*
1,109
35*
W.Va.), by contrast, expressed satisfaction with his com-
the lack of problems House committees had experienced
and Rules and Administration.
1962
2,929*
991
34*
mittee's experience at drafting all bills in public during
after their bill-drafting sessions were opened to the public
in 1973. (House reform, 1973 Almanac p. 1074)
1963
3,868*
1,463
38*
1975. "Open mark-ups haven't inhibited members in dis-
Mark-Ups
763
cussion, but have helped in development of balanced
As adopted, the Senate rules required committees to
1964
2,393*
32*
open all meetings-including mark-up sessions-unless a
Two committees-Aeronautical and Space Sciences
1965
3,903
1,537
39
legislation," Randolph said. "Members prepare even more
3,869
1,626
thoroughly" when sessions are open.
majority of the committee voted in open session to close the
and Government Operations-held all mark-ups in open
1966
42
sessions.
1967
4,412
1,716
39
"Open mark-up sessions also have been a plus from the
meeting or a series of meetings on the same subject for up
1968
3,080
1,328
43
standpoint of accuracy," he added. "They have all but
to 14 days. Meetings could be closed if the subject to be dis-
For the first time since 1953, when CQ began its survey,
the Senate held most of its mark-ups in open session in
1969
36
eliminated inaccurate and incomplete reports."
cussed concerned one or more of the following: 1) national
4,029
1,470
4,506
"But every senator has to make a speech when the
security; 2) internal staff procedures; 3) criminal or other
1975. Only one committee increased its percentage of closed
1970
1,865
41
1971
4,816
36
press is there," said Sen. Robert Dole (R Kan.).
charges that could jeopardize an individual's reputation; 4)
mark-ups. The Judiciary Committee closed 33 per cent of its
1,731
1,648
government informers or agents or a criminal investigation
bill-drafting sessions in 1975, up slightly from 28 per cent in
1972
4,073
40
Sen. John Glenn (D Ohio) voiced objections that open
1974.
1973
5,520
887
mark-up sessions had limited the scope of discussions.
that should be kept secret; 5) trade secrets or financial or
16
1974
Members, mindful of press coverage, hesitated to discuss
707
15
commercial information required to be kept secret; or 6)
The most dramatic decreases in closed mark-ups were
4,731
the more extreme alternatives on the full gamut of
other matters that must be kept secret under federal
registered by Veterans Affairs (100 per cent closed in 1974,
1975
6,325
449
7
statute.
none closed in 1975), Public Works (93 per cent closed in
possibilities, he said. "In decision making you can never
Total*
84,880
rule out your options before you start. You have to at least
The requirement for open House-Senate con-
1974, none closed in 1975) and Finance (100 per cent closed
27,411
32%
consider the ridiculous extremes. Some moderate, workable
ferences-unless a majority of either chamber's conferees
in 1974, 8 per cent closed in 1975).
*Meetings of the House Appropriations Committee, all reported closed until 1971, were
voted otherwise-also was included in the Senate
Public Works Chairman Randolph said, "It was a con-
not included In the study until 1965.
approach may come out of what seemed an extreme."
scious effort to reduce the closed sessions. I've tried to en-
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Jan. 24, 1976-PAGE 153
Inside Congress - 4
Inside Congress 3
courage openness." He indicated that party caucus votes
Open, Closed Committee Meetings, 1974-75
early in the year influenced the openness.
Ground Rules
Committees having the highest record of closed mark-
ups were four of the most powerful: Labor and Public
The figures used in this study were compiled from
1974
1975
Welfare (75 per cent), Armed Services (69 per cent),
the lists of committee meetings published in the Daily
Per Cent
Per Cent
Appropriations (69 per cent) and Foreign Relations (67 per
Open
Total
Closed
Digest section of the Congressional Record. Subcom-
Open
Closed
Closed
Closed
Total
cent).
Sen. J. Glenn Beall Jr. (R Md.), who serves on Labor
mittee meetings were included in the totals along with
Senate Committees
19
4
17%
24
1
25
4%
and Public Welfare, which had the highest percentage of
full committee sessions. Open meetings followed by
23
Aeronautical and Space Sciences
8
60
35
70
6
76
Agriculture and Forestry
39
21
closed mark-ups, said the committee's record was linked in
closed meetings were counted twice, once in each
232
28
220
68
288
25
90
322
part to poor attendance. "It's embarassing to see how many
category. Joint meetings of separate committees or
Appropriations
69
107
52
61
113
54
subcommittees were counted as one meeting for each.
Armed Services
38
64
138
1
139
1
votes are on proxy," he said. Fellow committee member
10
The tabulations exclude meetings held when
10
99
Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs
89
61
2
63
3
Randolph concurred that the committee "has had trouble
-
Congress was not in regular session; meetings held out-
-
-
-
Budget
216
24
192
9
201
5
getting a quorum."
164
52
side of Washington, D.C.; informal meetings without
Commerce
15
0
15
9
0
9
0
0
Beall questioned the practicality of closed mark-ups
official status, and meetings of the House Rules Com-
District of Columbia
37
72
3
75
4
held on the common-site picketing bill (HR 5900), later
57
33
90
mittee to consider sending legislation to the floor.
Finance
79
57
136
42
109
67
176
38
vetoed by President Ford. The controversial bill, heavily
Foreign Relations
4
118
1
119
1
The Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946 re-
Government Operations
98
4
102
lobbied on both sides, would have allowed all workers on a
143
8
5
152
0
152
0
quired information on congressional committee
151
construction site to honor a strike by workers for one sub-
Interior and Insular Affairs
210
17
227
8
meetings to be published daily in the Record, but the
177
17
194
9
Judiciary
98
27
125
22
124
19
143
13
contractor, thus closing down a project. Said Beall: "We told
listings have not always reflected exactly the number
Labor and Public Welfare
18
50
14
3
17
18
all the people in the halls everything that was going on in-
of meetings held or whether they were closed to the
Post Office and Civil Service
9
9
55
35
125
0
125
0
side anyway." (Common-site picketing bill, 1975 Weekly
29
84
public.
Public Works
70
9
Report p. 2875)
Rules and Administration
21
23
44
52
64
6
Select Governmental Intelligence
21
61
82
74
-
House Committees
-
-
Gathering Activities
-
10
1
11
9
4
0
4
0
Mark-Ups
Select Nutrition and Human Needs
17
0
51
0
51
0
0
17
Select Small Business
21
0
The House continued in 1975 to reduce its percentage of
Only 2.2 per cent of House committee mark-ups
0
15
0
21
0
15
Special Aging
13
4
17
20
0
20
0
closed meetings. Fewer than 3 per cent of all House com-
were closed, while 2.8 per cent of the hearings were closed.
24
Veterans' Affairs
15%
mittee meetings were closed, compared with 8 per cent in
Seventeen committees held all mark-ups in public.
1,390*
463*
1,853*
25%
1,871
325
2,196
1974. Fewer than 3 per cent of committee hearings, 2 per
They were the 12 committees having all open meetings
TOTAL
cent of mark-ups and 7 per cent of business meetings were
and the following five other committees: Ways and Means,
House Committees
0
164
2
166
1%
closed in 1975.
Post Office and Civil Service, Judiciary, Government
144
0
144
Agriculture
388
42
430
10
504
31
535
6
Twelve committees held all their sessions in public in
Operations, and Budget. The Appropriations Committee
Appropriations
81
240
34
145
34
179
19
1975, compared with 11 in 1974. For the first time, Banking,
opened all of its full committee mark-ups, as did three of
Armed Services
159
106
0
0
168
0
168
0
106
Currency and Housing; Public Works and Transportation;
its 13 subcommittees.
Banking, Currency and Housing
55
2
-
-
54
1
Science and Technology; Select Committee on Aging; and
The percentage of closed mark-ups dropped from 4.6
-
-
Budget
56
0
56
51
0
51
0
0
Standards of Official Conduct held all their meetings in
per cent in 1974 to 2.2 per cent in 1975-a decrease
District of Columbia
156
0
156
0
231
0
231
0
Education and Labor
1
117
168
1
169
1
public. (Table, p. 154)
attributable almost entirely to the Appropriations Com-
Government Operations
116
1
9
Committees with the highest secrecy scores continued
mittee. That committee, with 47 per cent of its mark-ups
32
91
9
100
House Administration
43
20
63
1
206
0
206
0
to be those handling military, intelligence and foreign af-
closed in 1974, closed only 4 per cent in 1975.
218
219
0
Interior and Insular Affairs
12
188
6
238
16
254
6
fairs issues. Select Intelligence closed 24 per cent of its
Appropriations Chairman Mahon told CQ: "There's
International Relations
176
4
387
4
391
1
hearings; Armed Services closed 10 per cent of its hearings
been a demand on the part of more people to have the
Interstate and Foreign Commerce
219
8
227
181
20
283
2
285
1
and 41 per cent of its mark-ups; International Relations
[mark-up] sessions open. People don't feel too strongly one
144
37
Judiciary
0
143
0
143
0
0
96
closed 8 per cent of its hearings, but only 2 per cent of its
way or the other. Those who previously opposed open
Merchant Marine and Fisheries
96
68
0
68
186
1
187
1
0
mark-ups.
meetings do not find them unacceptable now."
Post Office and Civil Service
66
6
130
0
130
0
Significant reductions in the percentage of closed
Also for the first time, the Ways and Means Committee
Public Works and Transportation
62
4
0
14
0
77
0
77
0
14
Rules
225
0
225
0
meetings were registered by four committees: Armed Ser-
held all of its mark-up sessions in public in 1975. The only
Science and Technology
93
1
94
1
-
29
0
29
0
vices (19 per cent closed in 1975, 34 per cent in 1974); House
committee to close more than 5 per cent of its mark-ups was
-
-
-
Select on Aging
30
9
39
23
Administration (9 per cent closed in 1975, 32 per cent in
Armed Services, which closed 41 per cent, down slightly
-
-
-
-
Select Intelligence
1974); Appropriations (6 per cent closed in 1975, 10 per cent
35
0
35
0
49
0
49
0
from 43 per cent in 1974.
Small Business
2
10
20
19
0
19
0
in 1974); and Judiciary (1 per cent closed in 1975, 20 per cent
However, a higher percentage of closed mark-ups was
Standards of Official Conduct
8
28
0
0
44
0
44
0
28
in 1974).
registered by three committees: Agriculture (1 per cent
Veterans' Affairs
264
2
House Administration Chairman Hays told CQ, "The
closed in 1975, none in 1974); House Administration (5 per
125
6
131
5
259
5
Ways and Means
2,504*
219*
2,723*
8%
3,881
115
3,996
3%
main reason for more open meetings is that the reporters
cent closed in 1975, none in 1974) and International
TOTAL
quit coming because they didn't have an issue anymore.
Relations (2 per cent closed in 1975, none in 1974).
They pushed to open up meetings, but once the meetings
Joint Committees
53
23
76
44
7
51
14%
were open, the reporters quit coming."
Joint Committees
30%
Atomic Energy
0
11
0
3
0
3
0
On the greater openness of Armed Services, Rep.
Congressional Operations
11
2
0
2
0
-
-
-
Ronald V. Dellums (D Calif.) said, "The removal of former
Joint committees closed 7 per cent of their meetings in
Defense Production
-
66
0
74
1
75
1
Economic
66
0
0
1
0
committee chairman [F. Edward] Hebert was a major jolt.
1975, compared with 16 per cent in 1974. The Joint Atomic
1
-
-
-
-
Library
0
1
1
100
That was a repudiation of a tightly run committee which
Energy Committee reduced its closed sessions from 30 per
-
-
-
-
had been a rubber stamp for the Pentagon. When the com-
cent in 1974 to 14 per cent in 1975. The Joint Economic Com-
Printing
130*
25*
155*
16%
124
9
133
7%
mittee [caucus] voted to oust Hebert, we were saying that
mittee held a single closed hearing on Defense Intelligence
TOTAL
707
4,731
15%
5,876
449
6,325
7%
we won't accept any longer those heavy-handed practices."
Agency budget allocations, after having no closed sessions
GRAND TOTAL
4,024
(Hebert ouster, 1975 Weekly Report p. 114)
in 1974.
-
Figures for committees that met in 1974, but not in 1975, are not shown individually
but are included in 1974 totals.
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Reproduction prohibited whole or in part except by editorial clients
Presidential Support 2
chances of getting legislation through Congress. If Reagan
of
Presidential Support
does well, Ford would become almost insignificant."
South, where the average Democratic senator supported
A White House aide agreed. "If the President stumbles
the President 58 per cent of the time, compared with 46 per
cent in 1974.
[in the primaries], Republicans will start bailing out in all
directions," he said. "The degree of unanimity we have
The average House Democrat in each region supported
would be lost."
the President slightly less often than his Senate counter-
FORD SUPPORT IN CONGRESS: UP SLIGHTLY IN 1975
part. The average Midwesterner dropped his support from
41 per cent to 35 per cent.
President Ford won 61 per cent of the congressional
Vietnam and Cambodia early in the year, and the year-long
Support Breakdown
The President picked up stronger support from the
average Republican senator in the West and South:from 52
votes on which he took a position during 1975. That was a
attempt by the Democratic majority, particularly in the
per cent to 71 per cent in the West and from 55 per cent to
slight improvement over his 1974 record, but it still was the
House, to forge its own economic and energy policies.
In the Senate, the average Democrat supported the
74 per cent in the South. Ford's support by the average
lowest mark set by a second-year President in the 23 years
"It's surprising that he [Ford] got more than 50 per
President more often (47 per cent) than he opposed him (41
House Republican from all regions improved by from 10 to
since Congressional Quarterly began keeping records.
cent support," said the aide. "This was the most hostile
per cent). That was a switch from 1974, when the average
13 percentage points.
Ford's support mark during the four months he was in
House that any President has faced in many years. Many of
Senate Democrat opposed the President 47 per cent of the
In 1975 the average southern House Democrat was
office in 1974 was 58.2 per cent. The lowest score of any
our legislative initiatives weren't even really considered
time and supported him 39 per cent of the time.
more likely to oppose the President than to support him, a
President since 1953 was 50.6 per cent, set by Richard Nixon
because the Democrats wanted to come up with their own
In the House, composite scores show that the average
switch from 1974. The average Southerner supported Ford
in 1973. (1974 presidential support, 1974 Almanac p. 1006)
programs."
Democrat opposed Ford 56 per cent of the time while sup-
44 per cent of the time and opposed him 48 per cent of the
Ford found most of his trouble during 1975 in the
The official claimed success for Ford in establishing
porting him only 38 per cent of the time. That accelerated a
time, compared with 45 per cent support and 41 per cent op-
House, where he received only 50.5 per cent support. In the
the "credibility" of the veto despite top-heavy Democratic
trend set in 1974, when the composite scores for House
position in 1974.
Senate he received 71 per cent.
majorities in both chambers. Out of the 17 bills the Presi-
Democrats showed 45 per cent opposition and 41 per cent
In another switch, the average western Senate
The five members who voted against the President's
dent vetoed during the session, only three were overridden.
support.
Democrat supported Ford more often (43 per cent of the
position most often were all freshman House Democrats.
A "neo-isolationism setting in among freshman
The average Republican in both houses increased his
time) than he opposed him (41 per cent of the time). That
Freshman activist Bob Carr of Michigan opposed the
members tended to freeze attitudes" during the President's
support for Ford over 1974: from 55 per cent to 68 per cent
was a change from 1974, when the average western
President's positions most often, voting against him 75 per
attempts to secure military aid for South Vietnam and
in the Senate and from 51 per cent to 63 per cent in the
Democratic senator opposed the President 45 per cent of the
cent of the time. Carr was followed by Democratic Reps.
Cambodia, the aide said.
House.
time and supported him 37 per cent of the time.
Toby Moffett of Connecticut, 74 per cent; John Krebs of
White House staff chief Richard B. Cheney has
Among state delegations, Nebraska supported Ford
California, 73 per cent; and Stephen L. Neal and W. G. (Bill)
acknowledged that Ford maintained pressure for military
State and Regional Averages
more often than any other, moving up from its 1974 rank of
Hefner, both of North Carolina, 72 per cent each.
aid in the spring of 1975, even as defeat of the Saigon and
The study was based on 182 votes that featured a clear-
Khmer Republic governments appeared inevitable, to allow
Ford picked up moderate support from the average
second place. The rest of the top 10 supporters, in order,
cut presidential position. Ford took such a position on 15
time for the orderly evacuation of Americans. (Ford's first
Senate Democrat in all regions. These gains were led by the
were: Kansas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Virginia, Arizona,
Idaho, North Dakota, Louisiana and Alabama.
per cent of the 1,214 votes Congress took during 1975.
full year, Weekly Report p. 36)
Votes were included in the 1975 study only if the Presi-
dent or his aides had made a specific indication of his
Freshmen
wishes before the vote. (Ground rules, box, p. 158)
The White House official predicted that the heavy op-
Presidential Success on Votes 1953-1975*
position to Ford from first-year House members will dis-
Reaction
solve in 1976 as members face re-election.
100%
"A new class always tends to be very partisan," the
In an interview, a White House official blamed Ford's
95
*Percentages based on votes on which
aide said. "Now many of them are facing stiff competition
in November. This year they'll be more fragmented and
Presidents took a position.
poor showing on two factors: the running clash over aid to
they'll spend more time looking after their own skins."
90
(Party unity study, p. 179)
Rep. Carr said he was "surprised" that he was the
85
Success Rates
member of Congress who opposed Ford the most often. "I'm
aware of the President's position on major issues, but most
80
Following are the annual percentages of presiden-
of these things you don't decide on that basis," Carr said.
tial victories since 1953 on congressional votes where
Carr said he did not think his position as Ford's No. 1
75
the Presidents took clear-cut positions:
opponent in Congress would affect his own re-election cam-
paign one way or the other. "It's not material," he said. "My
70
Eisenhower
Johnson
voters know I take things issue by issue."
1953
89.0%
1966
79.0%
In Carr's view, Ford's status as an unelected President,
65
1954
82.8
1967
79.0
and the perception many members have of Ford as being in-
1955
75.0
1968
75.0
effective, led to his difficulties in finding congressional sup-
60
1956
70.0
port.
1957
68.0
Nixon
"People are looking at Ford as more of a caretaker
1958
76.0
1969
74.0
President," Carr said. "I don't think the new members of
55
1959
52.0
1970
77.0
Congress, at least the ones I know and have regular contact
1960
65.0
1971
75.0
with, feel Ford has much influence over them or public
50
Kennedy
1972
66.0
opinion."
1961
81.0
1973
50.6
Carr predicted that Ford's support rate would improve
45
1962
85.4
1974
59.6
if he does well in the early presidential primaries.
1963
87.1
"Congress will be watching the primaries carefully, what
40
$
I
Johnson
Ford
candidates are saying and how the public is responding,"
1953
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
1964
88.0
1974
58.2
Carr said. "That's the only thing that elected members here
EISENHOWER
KENNEDY
JOHNSON
1965
93.0
1975
61.0
will have to look toward to in shaping their own campaigns.
NIXON
FORD
If Ford comes out with strength, he may improve his
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Presidential Support . 3
Presidential Support 4
Regional Averages
Ground Rules for CQ Presidential Support-Opposition
SUPPORT
1975 Presidential Position Votes
Presidential Issues-CQ analyzes all messages,
Generally, however, a vote against a rule is a vote
press conference remarks and other public statements of
against the bill, and vice versa, since rejection of the rule
Regional presidential support scores; scores for Presi-
Following is a list of all Senate and House recorded
the President and official White House spokesmen to
prevents consideration of the bill. CQ assumes that if the
dent Ford in 1974 are in parentheses:
votes in 1975 on which President Ford took a position.
determine what he personally, as distinct from other ad-
President favored a bill, he favored the rule unless it was
The votes, listed by CQ vote number, appear in the
ministration officials, does or does not want in the way
a closed rule that would prevent amendments he wanted.
East
West
South
Midwest
Weekly Report.
of legislative action.
Appropriations-Generally, votes on passage of
DEMOCRATS
Senate Votes (93)
Borderline Cases-By the time an issue reaches a
appropriation bills are not included in the tabulation,
Senate
45%(40%)
43%(37%)
58%(46%)
40%(33%)
vote, it may differ from the original form on which the
since it is rarely possible to determine the President's
House
34
(37
)
35
(39
)
44
(45
)
35
(41
)
President expressed himself. In such cases, CQ analyzes
position on the overall revisions Congress almost in-
Presidential Victories (66)-44, 56, 67, 113, 114,
variably makes in the sums allowed. Votes to cut or in-
129, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 150, 152, 162, 185, 186, 190,
the measure to determine whether, on balance, the
REPUBLICANS
features favored by the President outweigh those he op-
crease specific funds requested in the President's
195, 199, 200, 202, 204, 205, 206, 207, 219, 220, 263, 275,
Senate
posed or vice versa. Only then is the vote classified.
budget, however, are included.
56%(54%)
71%(52%)
74%(55%)
74%(61%)
329, 330, 340, 342, 349, 352, 353, 373, 388, 398, 420, 421,
House
60
(50
)
62
(48
)
62
(49
)
66
(54
)
427, 430, 435, 436, 438, 439, 440, 441, 450, 451, 452, 453,
Some Votes Excluded-Occasionally, important
Failures to Vote-In tabulating the support or op-
458, 470, 492, 496, 522, 557, 568, 575, 581, 591, 594, 598,
measures are so extensively amended on the floor that it
position scores of members on the selected presidential-
599.
is impossible to characterize final passage as a victory or
issue votes, CQ counts only "yea" and "nay" votes on the
Presidential Defeats (27)-8, 13, 57, 58, 61, 115,
defeat for the President.
ground that only these affect the outcome. Most failures
OPPOSITION
116, 133, 149, 161, 163, 213, 287, 337, 389, 429, 459, 537,
to vote reflect absences because of illness or official
539, 540, 543, 585, 586, 596, 600, 601, 602.
Motions-Votes on motions to recommit, to recon-
sider or to table often are key tests that govern the
business. Failures to vote lower both support and opposi-
Regional presidential opposition scores for 1975; scores
legislative outcome. Such votes are necessarily included
tion scores equally.
for President Ford in 1974 are in parentheses:
House Votes (89)
in the presidential support tabulations.
Weighting-All presidential-issue votes have equal
East
West
South
Midwest
statistical weight in the analysis.
Presidential Victories (45)-6, 14, 41, 102, 108,
Rules-In the House, debate on most significant
DEMOCRATS
130, 144, 152, 169, 188, 200, 207, 208, 254, 259, 274, 275,
bills is governed by rules that restrict time and may bar
Changed Positions-Presidential support is deter-
floor amendments. These rules must be adopted by the
mined by the position of the President at the time of a
Senate
49%(54%)
41%(45%)
29%(38%)
47%(54%)
327, 328, 331, 343, 344, 346, 353, 378, 406, 413, 422, 431,
House
61
House before the bills in question may be considered.
vote, even though that position may be different from an
(47
)
58
(47
)
48
(41
)
59
(48
)
432, 433, 442, 444, 449, 450, 490, 498, 510, 541, 557, 559,
562, 588, 589, 597.
Members may vote for the rule, in order to permit
earlier position, or may have been reversed after the vote
Presidential Defeats (44)-4, 5, 13, 21, 22, 25, 48,
debate, although they intend to vote against the bill.
was taken.
REPUBLICANS
91, 117, 133, 136, 157, 195, 198, 215, 220, 234, 235, 264,
Senate
36%(34%)
17%(25%)
19%(22%)
15%(23%)
276, 300, 302, 308, 318, 334, 347, 348, 349, 380, 407, 410,
House
35
(37
)
28
(33
)
33
(37
)
29
(33
)
441, 462, 463, 475, 476, 497, 516, 543, 551, 552, 572, 590,
Idaho moved up from its 1974 rank of 35th to become
voting for Ford's positions 72 per cent of the time. Byrd was
612.
the seventh strongest supporter of the President, while
followed by Sen. Sam Nunn of Georgia and Rep. W. C.
New Mexico moved from 29th place to third place, and
(Dan) Daniel of Virginia (70 per cent each), Sen. John L.
Louisiana from 32nd place to ninth place.
McClellan of Arkansas (69 per cent), Sen. Russell B. Long of
Montana was the delegation least likely to support the
Louisiana (67 per cent), and Sen. Robert C. Byrd of West
High Scorers-Support
President, followed by Iowa, Massachusetts, Rhode Island,
Virginia and Rep. Joe D. Waggonner Jr. of Louisiana (66
High Scorers-Opposition
Indiana, South Dakota, New Hampshire, New Jersey,
per cent each).
Highest individual scorers in presidential sup-
Missouri and Connecticut. (State scores, box, p. 160)
The senator having the highest opposition score to
port-those who voted for the President's position most
Highest individual scorers in Ford opposition-those
Iowa dropped from 28th place in 1974 to become the
Ford, 62 per cent, was James Abourezk (D S.D.). Close
often in 1975:
who voted against the President's position most often in
49th strongest supporter of Ford in 1975, while Indiana
behind were Dick Clark (D Iowa), 60 per cent and John A.
1975:
dropped from 18th place to 46th place.
Durkin (D N.H.), 58 per cent.
SENATE
The sixth strongest supporter of Ford in 1974, South
SENATE
Carolina, dropped to 30th place in 1975, while North
Democrats
Average Scores
Republicans
Carolina dropped from seventh to 37th, New Hampshire
Democrats
Republicans
from eighth to 44th and Hawaii from 10th to 39th.
Byrd (Va.)#
72%
Griffin (Mich.)
86%
Among the bottom 10 Ford supporters in 1974, Nevada
Following are composites of Republican and
Nunn (Ga.)
70
Tower (Texas)
85
Abourezk (S.D.)
62%
Schweiker (Pa.)
56%
jumped from 49th place to 15th in 1975, while Georgia went
Democratic scores for 1975; the scores for 1974 are for
McClellan (Ark.)
69
Young (N.D.)
84
Clark (lowa)
60
Javits (N.Y.)
52
from 45th to 23rd, Arkansas from 42nd to 20th, and Alaska
President Ford:
Long (La.)
67
Hansen (Wyo.)
84
Durkin (N.H.)*
58
Brooke (Mass.)
43
Byrd (W. Va.)
66
from 41st to 21st.
Hruska (Neb.)
83
Cranston (Calif.)
57
Case (N.J.)
43
Stennis (Miss.)
65
Domenici (N.M.)
81
Biden (Del.)
56
1975
1974
Hatfield (Ore.)
43
Chiles (Fla.)
65
Individual Scorers
Dem.
Rep.
Fannin (Ariz.)
81
Dem.
Rep.
*Not eligible for all votes in 1975.
#Elected as independent.
FORD
Rep. Robert H. Michel (R III.) was the President's
strongest supporter in Congress in 1975, voting for Ford's
SUPPORT
positions 88 per cent of the time. Michel was followed by
HOUSE
HOUSE
Republican Senators Robert P. Griffin of Michigan (86 per
Senate
47%
68%
39%
55%
LIBRARY
cent), and John G. Tower of Texas (85 per cent). Sens.
House
38
63
41
51
Democrats
Republicans
Democrats
Republicans
Milton R. Young (R N.D.) and Clifford P. Hansen (R Wyo.)
and House Minority Leader John J. Rhodes (Ariz.) all
Daniel (Va.)
70%
OPPOSITION
Michel (III.)
88%
Carr (Mich.)
75%
Waggonner (La.)
66
Pressler (S.D.)
58%
scored 84 per cent.
Rhodes (Ariz.)
84
Moffett (Conn.)
74
Burleson (Texas)
Harsha (Ohio)
53
65
Sen. Harry F. Byrd Jr. of Virginia, who was elected as
Cederberg (Mich.)
83
Senate
41
22
47
Krebs (Calif.)
73
27
McDonald (Ga.)
Whalen (Ohio)
53
62
Conable (N.Y.)
82
an independent, led Democrats in supporting the President,
Neal (N.C.)
72
House
56
31
45
35
Poage (Texas)
Gude (Md.)
52
62
Erlenborn (III.)
81
Heffner (N.C.)
72
Emery (Maine)
51
PAGE 158-Jan. 24, 1976
COPYRIGHT 1976 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC
Reproduction prohibited in whole or in part except by editorial clients.
COPYRIGHT 1976 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC.
Reproduction prohibited whole or in part except by editorial clients.
Jan. 24, 1976-PAGE 159
Presidential Support - 5
Presidential Support - 6
Scores for State Delegations
1
2
3
4
1 2 3 4
1 3 4
ALABAMA
IOWA
- KEY
Following are the presidential support and opposi-
according to combined chambers' support score, carried
Allen
58
34
44
NEW HAMPSHIRE
56
Clark
Sparkman
39
60
43
56
48
Durkin'
tion scores for 1975 for each state delegation. Ranking is
to the necessary decimal places to break a tie.
26
37
21
Culver
ALASKA
42
30+ 58+
51
Mcintyre
KANSAS
37
49
50
44
t Not eligible for all recorded
Gravel
31
39
21
NEW JERSEY
25
Dole
75 16 34 37
votes in 1975.
Stevens
71
17
65
26
Williams
Pearson
ARIZONA
65
49 48 46 43
20
59
18
Case
KENTUCKY
53 43 56 34
* Not eligible for all recorded
Senate
House
Fannin
Both Chambers
81
10
66
28
NEW MEXICO
votes in 1974.
Ford
Goldwater
56
40
-
61
10
41
25
Montoya
Huddleston
53
55 27 37 51
34
-Not a member in 1974.
ARKANSAS
46
49
Domenici
LOUISIANA
81
15
60
29
1975
1974
Sup-
Oppo-
Sup-
Oppo-
Sup-
Oppo-
Bumpers
46
NEW YORK
38
-
Johnston
port
McCiellan
62
24
37
Rank
Rank
sition
44
sition
port
sition
port
69
25
71
29
CALIFORNIA
Long
Buckley*
67
68 13 51 19
22
51
38
Javits
MAINE
45
52
43
38
Cranston
40
57
44
NORTH CAROLINA
56
Total
Hathaway
Tunney
43
55
40
49
42
44
38
Morgan
43
Muskie
47
31
COLORADO
42
-
Congress
48%
45%
55%
34%
46%
48%
49
43
54
Helms
MARYLAND
68
28
60*
33*
South
51
41
63
49
44
Hart
26
45
51
-
Beall
NORTH DAKOTA
-
Haskell
72 24 66 29
41
Burdick
49
55
40
50
Mathias
40
55
34
Midwest
44
51
37
48
46
CONNECTICUT
43
32
66
32
40
Young
1
2
3
84
4
MASSACHUSETTS
14
60
25
West
47
44
55
31
44
48
Ribicoff
OHIO
45
51
31
65
East
44
51
43
Weicker
Kennedy
43
45
38
TEXAS
49
Glenn
50
42
52
57
39
29
53
Brooke
58
39
-
DELAWARE
44
-
43
56
34
Taft
Bentsen
57
25
18
43
Alabama
10
19
56
35
53
30
56
36
MICHIGAN
56
16
72
22
OKLAHOMA
Tower
85
11
Biden
75
12
27
56
28
66
Hart
Alaska
21
41
51
30
51
28
49
34
Roth
28
44
40
UTAH
60
Bartlett
63
33
54
46
Griffin
78
18
74
25
Moss
49
38
6
9
20
71
10
54
26
FLORIDA
86
60
8
76
Arizona
16
Bellmon
34
31
MINNESOTA
73
20
12
6
Garn
Chiles
OREGON
74
16
-
Arkansas
20
42
52
38
58
31
49
41
65
26
46
50
VERMONT
Stone
Humphrey
46
48
47
43
Hatfield
59
34
38
Mondale
45
43
28
California
43
49
41
51
43
48
43
47
46
31
GEORGIA
35
46
Packwood
Leahy
43
52
-
MISSISSIPPI
69
27
25
29
Colorado
33
46
27
PENNSYLVANIA
Stafford
55
39
46
51
43
53
Nunn
60
47
50
26
70
62
35
Eastland
VIRGINIA
Talmadge
47
17
51
24
Connecticut
41
48
43
53
51
40
56
54
Schwelker
45
35
46
32
Stennis
65
42 56 34 60
HAWAII
20
68
26
Scott
Byrd**
72 24 47 53
Delaware
19
30
52
39
45
45
67
28
MISSOURI
75
17
74
25
34
RHODE ISLAND
Scott
67
29
Inouye
46
40
32
46
31
23
50
43
62
30
48
45
Eagleton
47
40
24
60
Pastore
WASHINGTON
Florida
22
Fong
72
8
63
16
Symington
49
46
34
60
Georgia
23
45
49
42
46
IDAHO
46
35
37
Pell
Jackson
53
55
37
41
56
62
31
45
MONTANA
41
52
37
57
SOUTH CAROLINA
Magnuson
44
Church
52
35
53
Hawaii
39
10
43
40
52
21
34
60
41
39
25
56
Mansfield
McClure
42
47
34
44
74
Hollings
WEST VIRGINIA
48
45
35
32
28
36
18
7
58
59
38
Metcalf
43
58
ILLINOIS
39
50
Idaho
58
42
37
57
Thurmond
Byrd
66
34
47
53
NEBRASKA
80
15
82
18
Randolph
56
42
Illinois
11
38
35
Stevenson
SOUTH DAKOTA
47
12
54
55
54
38
51
42 47 35 44
Curtis
Indiana
46
18
55
Percy
75
12
71
WISCONSIN
38
31
37
40
58
68
18
Abourezk
24
49
25
Hruske
31
82
25
83 9 68 21
75
Nelson
INDIANA
McGovern
40
53
35
65
lowa
49
28
36
62
40
55
34
64
NEVADA
30
51
24
54
TENNESSEE
Proxmire
48
Bayh
52
37
63
26
27
26
28
Cannon
Kansas
2
4
62
31
70
56 28 38 53
WYOMING
18
59
36
Hartke
Baker
37 47 26 44
Laxalt
70
14
60
72
51
16
21
McGee
54
55
-
Brock
39 26 54 22
Kentucky
36
39
45
37
42
68
14
54
22
Hansen
84
11
76
21
Louisiana
9
32
56
33
65
23
53
36
Democrats
Republicans
*Buckley elected as Conservative
Maine
24
36
49
48
42
52
56
44
**Byrd elected as independent.
Maryland
25
27
48
47
58
28
46
52
1. Sen. John A. Durkin (D N.H.) sworn In Sept. 18, 1975, following a special election
necessitated by a dispute over the outcome of the 1974 general election. The seat was
Massachusetts
48
37
37
57
44
44
36
60
vacant from Jan. 3 to Aug. 8, 1975, when Sen. Norris Cotton (R) was appointed to serve
Michigan
27
21
47
44
57
26
46
46
until successor was elected. Cotton was eligible for two presidential-issue votes and
Minnesota
28
16
47
47
45
48
47
46
opposed the President on both.
Mississippi
11
3
55
34
56
19
54
40
Missouri
42
38
42
49
47
38
42
52
Montana
50
43
35
55
40
45
29
65
Nebraska
1
2
69
25
79
10
63
35
Nevada
15
49
53
36
64
22
30
65
Presidential Support and Opposition: Senate
New Hampshire
44
8
40
51
34
53
45
50
New Jersey
43
26
40
54
51
46
39
55
1. Ford Support Score, 1975. Percentage of 93 Ford-issue roll
New Mexico
3
29
61
30
68
21
54
40
calls in 1975 on which senator voted "yea" or "nay" in agreement
New York
40
40
43
51
56
32
42
52
with the President's position. Failures to vote lower both Support
North Carolina
37
7
45
49
58
30
42
52
and Opposition scores.
North Dakota
8
24
57
39
62
34
48
47
Ohio
14
25
53
41
57
27
53
43
2. Ford Opposition Score, 1975. Percentage of 93 Ford-issue
Oklahoma
4
20
60
31
76
19
54
36
roll calls in 1975 on which senator voted "yea" or "nay" in disagree-
Oregon
31
22
46
47
57
35
41
53
ment with the President's position. Failures to vote lower both
Pennsylvania
26
13
47
47
59
37
46
48
Support and Opposition scores.
Rhode Island
47
47
38
57
45
49
30
65
South Carolina
30
6
46
46
64
30
40
51
3. Ford Support Score, 1974. Percentage of 68 Ford-issue roll
South Dakota
45
50
39
54
31
56
48
51
calls in 1974 on which senator voted "yea" or "nay" in agreement
Tennessee
29
14
47
42
69
14
41
50
with the President's position. Failures to vote lower both Support
Texas
18
15
52
40
71
18
51
42
and Opposition scores.
Utah
16
34
53
40
62
27
44
54
Vermont
13
1
54
41
49
45
64
34
4. Ford Opposition Score, 1974. Percentage of 68 Ford-issue
Virginia
5
12
60
38
69
26
58
40
roll calls in 1974 on which senator voted "yea" or "nay" in disagree-
Washington
35
44
45
49
49
44
44
50
ment with the President's position. Failures to vote lower both
West Virginia
32
33
46
48
61
38
39
53
Support and Opposition scores.
Wisconsin
34
17
45
52
44
52
46
52
Wyoming
17
5
53
31
61
18
35
58
PAGE 160-Jan. 24, 1976
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Reproduction prohibited in whole or in part except by editorial clients
COPYRIGHT 1976 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC.
Reproduction prohibited whole or in part except by editorial clients.
Jan. 24, 1976-PAGE 161
Presidential Support 8
Presidential Support - 7
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
KEY
KANSAS
Randall
42
55
39
59
9 Martin
63
31
56
39
7 Jones
31
48
52
5 Armstrong
65
31
41
35
1 Sebelius
65
30
65
20
Bolling
49
46
48
33
10 Broyhill
65 29 56 41
Ford
29
61
-
-
51
CONNECTICUT
Keys
28
71
Litton
34 56 44 31
11 Taylor
49
54
46
TEXAS
t Not eligible for all recorded
Cotter
34
62
41
46
Winn
65
30
67
20
Taylor
58 35 48 31
NORTH DAKOTA
Patman
34
47
41
33
Dodd
27
69
Shriver
64
25
65
35
Ichord
48 43 48 44
AL Andrews
48 47 44 44
2 Wilson
52 29 57 35
votes in 1975.
36 60 20 54
5 Skubitz
Glaimo
71
26
52
41
9 Hungate
40 52 41 56
OHIO
3 Collins
65
35
44
35
Not eligible for all recorded
58 35 52 41
KENTUCKY
10 Burlison
44
56
59
McKinney
37
1 Gradison
79
20
-
4 Roberts
49 43 44 37
votes in 1974.
Sarasin
60 39 48 52
Hubbard
34
63
-
MONTANA
2 Clancy
58
37
41
39
5 Steelman
60 37 30 50
Moffett
25
74
-
-
Natcher
29
71
43
57
1 Baucus
26
70
-
-
3 Whalen
43 53 52 46
-Not a member in 1974.
6 Teague
37 25 20
Mazzoli
DELAWARE
39 58 41 59
2 Melcher
31
61
44
41
Guyer
70
30
57
39
7 Archer
69 29 54 35
AL du Pont
67
28
54
46
Snyder
52 46 30 39
NEBRASKA
Latta
64 34 52
8 Eckhardt
36 61 39 46
Carter
63 36 57 31
1 Thone
60
40
46
43
Harsha
40
53
44
44
FLORIDA
9 Brooks
39 48 43 41
Sikes
48
37
54
30
6 Breckinridge
40
53
41
54
2 McCollister
64
33
44
46
7 Brown
76
18
48
33
10 Pickle
53
46
57
41
44 51 44 54
7 Perkins
37
60
50
64
8 Kindness
66
Fuqua
50
3 Smith
31
-
-
11 Poage
62 37 57 30
Bennett
47
53
37
63
LOUISIANA
NEVADA
9 Ashley
47
47
56
39
12 Wright
52
45
50
26
4 Chappell
49
40
52
37
1 Hebert
28
21
17
9
AL Santini
30
65
-
-
10 Miller
63
36
48
13 Hightower
51
46
1
2
3
4
5 Kelly
65 31 -
Boggs
44
49
39
35
NEW HAMPSHIRE
11 Stanton
78
21
65
14 Young
53
46
44
54
6
55
40
54
44
3 Treen
66
26
63
28
1 D'Amours
28
71
12 Devine
69
30
56
15 de Garza
54
42
41
46
7 Gibbons
51
43
41
57
4 Waggonner
66
30
54
37
2 Cleveland
62
29
54
44
13 Mosher
62
26
41
16 White
49
51
46
43
52
NEW JERSEY
14 Seiberling
37
61
44
8 Haley
49 47 48 48
5 Passman
42
52
28
17 Burleson
65 31 69 31
ALABAMA
9 Frey
66 31 50 44
6 Moore
64
33
Fiorio
28
69
-
-
15 Wylle
64
31
18 Jordan
33 64 46 50
Edwards
73
17
50
35
10 Bafalls
57 41 39 57
Breaux
55
40
59
28
2 Hughes
35
-
16 Regula
71
29
41
19 Mahon
60 38 76 24
Dickinson
64
27
50
33
40 58 48 50
Long
51
48
46
41
3 Howard
31
64
22
43
17 Ashbrook
58 40 43
20 Gonzalez
34
Nichols
48
47
46
39
11 Rogers
52
37
59
12 Burke
43 28 46 28
MAINE
4 Thompson
30
61
46
52
18 Hays
31
57
37
37
21 Krueger
49
39
-
Bevill
42
55
56
41
Presidential Support
13 Lehman
31 65 44 37
Emery
49
51
5 Fenwick
65
21
19 Carney
27
71
35
54
22 Casey
57
40
56
44
Jones
38 46 41 46
14 Pepper
38 48 39 52
Cohen
62
37
48
37
6 Forsythe
69
24
56
43
20 Stanton
26
66
39
59
23 Kazen
53
47
43
57
6 Buchanan
72
25
59
41
15 Fascell
40
57
50
50
MARYLAND
7 Maguire
32t 66+ -
-
21 Stokes
30
62
41
24 Milford
56 35 61 37
and Opposition: House
7 Flowers
56
38
44
48
GEORGIA
1 Bauman
57
42
43
57
8 Roe
33
67
39
50
22 Vanik
34 61 39 61
UTAH
ALASKA
Ginn
36
61
41
52
Long
42
54
33
65
9 Helstoski
26
61
35
23 Mottl
27
70
-
-
McKay
53 46 50 33
AL Young
49
34
33
35
Mathis
51
39
39
50
Sarbanes
37
60
41
57
10 Rodino
35
54
43
52
OKLAHOMA
2 Howe
35
63
-
ARIZONA
44
54
43
56
Holt
58
39
44
54
11 Minish
35 61 44 54
Jones
55
37
46
39
VERMONT
84
11
59
15
Brinkley
Rhodes
Levitas
36
62
Spellman
36
64
-
12 Rinaldo
47
49
44
54
2 Risenhoover
42
40
-
-
AL Jeffords
64
34
I
-
1. Ford Support Score, 1975. Percentage of 89 Ford-issue roll
Udall
11 31 46 39
Young
35
61
41
28
Byron
56
42
44
54
13 Meyner
37
58
3 Albert'
VIRGINIA
calls in 1975 on which representatives voted "yea" or "nay" in
Stelger
57
33
56
35
Flynt
48
28
39
50
Mitchell
34
61
33
52
14 Daniels
36
58
41
48
Steed
46
46
63
31
Downing
60
37
57
43
Conian
62
28
33
41
McDonald
62
37
-
Gude
46
52
46
54
15 Patten
44
52
54
44
5 Jarman
74
10
54
28
2 Whitehurst
61
38
41
33
agreement with the President's position. Failures to vote lower
ARKANSAS
8 Stuckey
54
37
24
43
MASSACHUSETTS
NEW MEXICO
6 English
53
47
-
-
3 Satterfield
60 39 50 48
Alexander
42
48
37
44
both Support and Opposition scores.
9 Landrum
47
30
39
33
1 Conte
56
40
52
41
1 Lujan
56
37
41
46
OREGON
4 Daniel
66 34 39 39
Mills
43 31 17 28
10 Stephens
52
39
30
50
2 Boland
42
55
39
41
2 Runnels
53
43
37
37
1 AuCoin
34
54
5 Daniel
70 30 56 44
2. Ford Opposition Score, 1975. Percentage of 89 Ford-issue
3 Hammerschmidt
63
37
33
44
4 Thornton
49
48
48
44
HAWAII
Early
28
70
NEW YORK
Ullman
46
48
56
30
6 Butler
72 27 56 41
Matsunaga
38
57
48
52
Drinan
34
66
39
61
Pike
39
61
35
65
3 Duncan
54 42
7 Robinson
65 35 57 43
roll calls in 1975 on which representative voted "yea" or "nay" in
CALIFORNIA
2 Mink
29
63
44
54
5 Tsongas
34
66
-
-
2 Downey
33
66
-
-
4 Weaver
29
69
-
-
8 Harris
33 66
disagreement with the President's position. Failures to vote lower
1 Johnson
39
58
43
52
IDAHO
6 Harrington
24
65
31
46
3 Ambro
27
69
-
PENNSYLVANIA
9 Wampler
60 33 52 43
Clausen
58
33
48
44
Symms
60
38
37
37
7 Macdonald
26
54
35
39
Lent
64
28
52
44
Barrett
29
55
37
41
10 Fisher
35
-
-
both Support and Opposition Scores.
Moss
25
65
22
56
2 Hanson, G.
57
34
-
-
O'Neill
40
56
46
44
Wydter
67
28
48
37
Nix
35
60
39
54
WASHINGTON
Leggett
34 62 43
ILLINOIS
Moakley
31
65
35
57
6 Wolff
26
66
30
54
Green
30
64
39
57
1 Pritchard
67
21
37
44
3. Ford Support Score, 1974. Percentage of 54 Ford-issue roll
5 Burton, J.
24
67
33
Metcalfe
25
55
39
44
10 Heckler
48
46
48
Addabbo
35
61
46
52
Eilberg
27 67 30 61
2 Meeds
43
54
48
48
calls in 1974 on which representative voted "yea" or "nay" in agree-
6 Burton, P.
25
66
35
61
2 Murphy
39
55
46
46
11 Burke
33 66 44 56
8 Rosenthal
27
61
43
5 Schulze
64 34
3 Bonker
33 60 - -
Miller
28
71
ment with the President's position. Failures to vote lower both
8 Dellums
70
35
61
3 Russo
35 65 -
12 Studds
33
67
43
57
9 Delaney
39
61
41
Yatron
66
41
56
4 McCormack
40 53 44 50
4 Derwinski
74
19
46
31
MICHIGAN
10 Biaggi
30
60
33
48
Edgar
31 64
5 Foley
44 48 50 44
Support and Opposition scores.
9 Stark
30
64
33
63
Fary
23t 31t -
-
1 Conyers
27
52
24
56
11 Scheuer
30
56
Blester
58
40
56
43
6 Hicks
42 57 35 59
10 Edwards
30
65
6 Hyde
79
20
-
-
Esch
57
28
52
39
12 Chishoim
29
41
54
Shuster
60
39
65
31
Adams
38
57
33
48
11 Ryan
39
48
43
4. Ford Opposition Score, 1974. Percentage of 54 Ford-issue
7 Collins
33
46
41
57
3 Brown
76
19
54
33
13 Solarz
38
54
-
-
10 McDade
54
44
41
WEST VIRGINIA
12 McCloskey
64
26
48
37
8 Rostenkowski
36
49
48
43
4 Hutchinson
75
22
69
31
14 Richmond
28
-
11 Flood
34 61 57 37
1 Mollohan
35
44
41
44
roll calls in 1974 on which representative voted "yea" or "nay" in
13 Mineta
38
61
9 Yates
39
60
41
56
5 Vander Veen
37
62
44
41
15 Zeferetti
26
-
12 Murtha
42 49 44
2 Staggers
37 51 35 50
disagreement with the President's position. Failures to vote lower
14 McFall
47
53
65
33
10 Mikva
36 56 -
Carr
25
-
-
16 Holtzman
64
35
63
13 Coughlin
67
29
3 Slack
49
49
50
50
15 Sisk
35
45
44
46
both Support and Opposition scores.
16 Talcott
71
22
56
39
11 Annunzio
38
49
46
52
Riegle
26
61
35
43
17 Murphy
34
49
39
33
14 Moorhead
39
52
50
39
Hechier
34 66 37 63
12 Crane
61
33
37
43
8 Traxler
30
67
35
54
18 Koch
35
64
37
61
15 Rooney
39
60
52
48
WISCONSIN
17 Krebs
27
13 McClory
74
19
59
24
9 Vander Jagt
70
18
52
37
19 Rangel
35
56
37
16 Eshleman
49
24
28
20
1 Aspin
38
57
39
43
18 Ketchum
57
34
43
54
14 Erlenborn
81 13 76 17
10 Cederberg
83
13
72
24
20 Abzug
31
61
31
17 Schneebell
76 18 66+ 21t
2 Kastenmeier
31
65
41
57
19 Lagomarsino
67
33
48
50
15 Hall
39 61 - -
11 Ruppe
69
20
46
28
21 Badillo
28
65
39
18 Heinz
49
42
50
41
3 Baldus
40
60
-
-
20 Goldwater
60
27
37
43
16 Anderson
72
17
56
22
12 O'Hara
40
56
20
46
22 Bingham
39
58
39
50
19 Goodling, W.
55
43
4 Zablocki
45
54
59
39
21 Corman
35
61
41
57
17 O'Brien
69
24
50
43
13 Diggs
27
45
26
39
23 Peyser
44
42
44
44
20 Gaydos
29
54
35
63
5 Reuss
35
61
48
48
22 Moorhead
60
34
44
35
23 Rees
48
45
48
18 Michel
88
8
65
22
14 Nedzi
36
60
43
52
24 Ottinger
31
65
-
21 Dent
35
58
28
56
6 Stelger
75
18
56
39
46
19 Ralisback
65
29
52
37
15 Ford
29
55
37
50
25 Fish
62
37
43
50
22 Morgan
44
53
48
46
Obey
43
57
59
41
24 Waxman
30
60
-
20 Findley
74
20
54
26
16 Dingell
34
58
33
59
26 Gliman
52
46
46
46
23 Johnson
76
21
59
35
Cornell
34
66
-
-
25 Roybal
33
65
41
59
21 Madigan
65 27 56 35
17 Brodhead
27
70
-
-
27 McHugh
35
63
24 Vigorito
30
65
41
41
9 Kasten
69
29
-
-
26 Rousselot
58
30
33
46
27 Bell
52
22
57
28
22 Shipley
51 46 26 54
18 Blanchard
34
66
28 Stratton
51
47
59
31
25 Myers
73
27
-
I
WYOMING
23 Price
44 51 50
19 Broomfield
67
19
63
26
29 Pattison
34
64
RHODE ISLAND
AL Rencalio
35
58
24
48
28 Burke
30
63
37
50
24 Simon
47
53
-
-
MINNESOTA
30 McEwen
58
31
70
28
Germain
31
65
43
52
29 Hawkins
34
61
26
33
INDIANA
1 Quie
70
26
67
31
31 Mitchell
62
35
46
44
2 Beard
29
64
-
30 Danielson
45
48
39
54
50
1 Madden
35
60
39
46
2 Hagedorn
61
35
32 Hanley
36
63
50
43
SOUTH CAROLINA
31 Wilson
37
43
30
2 Fithian
28
69
3 Frenzel
76
19
65
35
33 Walsh
55
39
50
43
Davis
33
63
46
52
32 Anderson
26
69
31
56
3 Brademas
34
62
46
54
Karth
36
57
39
59
34 Horton
63
28
54
41
2 Spence
53 42 48 48
33 Clawson
58
30
35
41
4 Roush
33
67
46
54
Fraser
31
39
46
52
35 Conable
82
18
35
15
3 Derrick
40 54
34 Hannaford
34
-
5 Hillis
63
29
50
33
6 Nolan
27
70
36 LaFalce
36
60
-
-
4 Mann
54 38 65 28
35 Lloyd
33
67
6 Evans
28
71
7 Bergland
42
58
43
48
37 Nowak
36
64
5 Holland
31
57
36 Brown
37
60
33
46
7 Myers
64
35
70
30
8 Oberstar
35
65
-
-
38 Kemp
66
30
46
46
6 Jenrette
30
55
-
-
37 Pettis
72t 28+
8 Hayes
29
71
MISSISSIPPI
39 Hastings
24
46
28
SOUTH DAKOTA
38 Patterson
29
65
9 Hamilton
51
48
65
35
Whitten
47
44
67
33
NORTH CAROLINA
Pressler
40
58
39 Wiggins
75
10
74
13
10 Sharp
37
63
2 Bowen
53
40
52
43
1 Jones
35
60
28
24
Abdnor
55 44 50 41
1. Rep. Jerry L Pettis (R Calif.) died Feb. 14, 1975. He supported the President on two
40 Hinshaw
47
13
52
37
11 Jacobs
34
63
-
-
3 Montgomery
57
37
57
37
2 Fountain
42
51
63
37
TENNESSEE
of the three votes for which he was eligible and opposed him on the other. Rep. Shirley
41 Wilson
67
18
61
28
IOWA
4 Cochran
61
38
57
37
3 Henderson
39
49
52
44
1 Quilien
61
28
59
33
42 Van Deerlin
39
51
43
50
N. Pettis (R) was sworn in May 6, 1975, to replace her husband.
1 Mezvinsky
28
70
41
59
Lott
52
42
52
43
Andrews
38
47
44
50
2 Duncan
57
39
43
48
2. Rep. John C. Kluczynski (D III.) died Jan. 27, 1975. He was not eligible for any
43 Burgener
62
35
43
46
2 Blouin
29
71
-
-
MISSOURI
Neal
27
72
-
3 Lloyd
29
71
presidential-issue votes. Rep. John G. Fary (D) was sworn in July 15, 1975, to replace
COLORADO
3 Grassley
54
46
-
Clay
34
62
33
54
54
6 Preyer
46
54
61
33
4 Evins
28 55 46 35
Schroeder
31
67
31
4 Smith
38
61
50
50
2 Symington
39
49
46
52
Rose
30
62
43
54
5 Allen
31+ 69+
Kluczynski. 3. Rep. Carl Albert, as Speaker, votes at his own discretion.
Wirth
33
64
5 Harkin
27
-
3 Sullivan
27
64
33
59
8 Hefner
27
-
-
6 Beard
65
31
56
24
4. Rep. Richard Fulton (D Tenn.) resigned Aug. 14, 1975. His support score was 13
3 Evans
45
53
37
30
per cent, opposition 50 per cent. Rep. Clifford Allen (D) sworn in Dec. 2, 1975, to replace
4 Johnson
61
36
22
15
6 Bedell
27
70
-
-
Democrats
Republicans
Fulton.
Democrats
Republicans
COPYRIGHT 1976 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC.
Reproduction prohibited whole or part except by clients
Jan. 24, 1976-PAGE 163
COPYRIGHT 1976 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERL INC.
PAGE 162-Jan. 24, 1976
Reproduction prohibited in whole or in part except by editorial clients
Voting Participation 2
State Averages
o
Voting Participation
House delegations from 11 states averaged 95 per cent
or more in voting participation: Kentucky, Maine and
Definition
Nebraska, all 97 per cent; Iowa, Maryland, South Dakota,
Utah, Virginia and Wisconsin, all 96 per cent; Colorado and
Voting Participation. Percentage of recorded
CONGRESS SETS RECORDS FOR ATTENDANCE, VOTES
Indiana, both 95 per cent. In the Senate, the highest-scoring
votes on which a member votes "yea" or "nay." Failures
delegation was Wisconsin's, with 98 per cent. West Virginia
to vote "yea" or "nay" lower scores-even if the
was second with 97 per cent. Those with 95 per cent scores
member votes "present," enters a pair, announces his
Congress in 1975 set a record for attendance on
of Illinois, elected in 1975 to fill a vacancy and hospitalized
were Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Iowa, New Jersey and
stand in the Congressional Record or answers the CQ
recorded votes-and at the same time established a new
for some time after being sworn in July 15, 49 per cent; and
Virginia.
Poll. Only votes of "yea" or "nay" directly affect the
record for the number of votes taken during a session.
F. Edward Hebert of Louisiana, who has been in ill health,
outcome of a vote. Voting participation is the closest
The average member voted on 91 per cent of all re-
43 per cent. The lowest House Republican score was made
approach to an attendance record, but it is only an
corded votes in 1975, two points higher than the previous
by Andrew J. Hinshaw of California, 60 per cent. Hinshaw
approximation. A member may be present and
record established in 1956 (and equaled in 1959 and 1973)
was indicted in May 1975 on 11 counts, eight of which subse-
Party Scores
nevertheless decline to vote "yea" or "nay"-usually
and four points above the 1974 mark. A total of 1,214 re-
quently were dropped, and currently is being tried on three
because he has entered a live pair with an absent
corded votes was taken in the House and Senate, 79 more
remaining charges of felony bribery. He also is scheduled to
Composites of Democratic and Republican voting par-
member.
than in 1973 when the previous record was set.
stand trial on a charge of alleged use of county funds to pay
ticipation scores for 1975 and 1974:
There were 602 votes taken in the Senate, eight more
workers in his 1972 campaign for the House. Prior to his
than in 1973, and 612 in the House, 71 more than in 1973. In
election to the House, Hinshaw served as Orange County
1975
1974
HOUSE
1974, the Senate took 544 votes and the House 537. The past
assessor.
year also marked the first time the House took more votes
All Senators voted more than half the time. Lowest
Dems.
Reps.
Dems.
Reps.
Democrats
Republicans
than the Senate.
scorers were Democrats Birch Bayh of Indiana, also cam-
As is usual, House members voted more often than
paigning for the presidential nomination, 56 per cent; and
Senate
88%
Bennett (Fla.)
90%
100%
87%
James O. Eastland of Mississippi, 65 per cent. Lowest scor-
86%
Grassley (lowa)
100%
senators. The average representative voted 91 per cent of
House
91
Hechier (W.Va.)
100
91
85
Thone (Neb.)
100
88
the time, the average senator 89. Senators have not out-
ing Senate Republicans were Robert Taft Jr. of Ohio, who
Krebs (Calif.)
100
Lagomarsino (Calif.)
99
voted House members on a percentage basis since 1962.
suffered a heart attack during the year, 66 per cent; and
Natcher (Ky.)
100
Bauman (Md.)
99
Sharp (Ind.)
100
For the first time since 1962, House Democrats were
Barry Goldwater of Arizona, 67 per cent.
Regula (Ohio)
99
Miller (Calif.)
99
not outvoted by House Republicans. In 1975 each party
Regional Scores
Daniel (Va.)
99
Lloyd (Calif.)
99
Robinson (Va.)
99
voted 91 per cent of the time. In the Senate, Republicans led
Haley (Fla.)
99
90 to 88. For the two chambers together, the score was 91
Absences
Regional voting participation breakdowns for 1975,
Hall (III.)
99
for Democrats and 91 for Republicans.
with 1974 scores in parentheses:
Perkins (Ky.)
99
In the Senate, eastern Democrats and Republicans led
Failures to vote often are due to illness or con-
Vander Veen (Mich.)
99
members from all other regions, each with a 92 per cent
flicting duties. Members frequently have to be away
Carr (Mich.)
99
participation score. In the House, southern Republicans had
from Washington on official business. Leaves of
East
West
South
Midwest
Blanchard (Mich.)
99
absence are granted members for these purposes.
Burlison (Mo.)
99
the highest score-93.
Among those absent for a day or more in 1975
DEMOCRATS
Downey (N.Y.)
99
High Scorers
because of their illness or illness or death in their
Preyer (N.C.)
99
Senate
92% (92%)
families were:
87%(84%)
88%
(84%)
87% (88%)
English (Okla.)
99
Only one senator-Democrat William Proxmire of
House
92
(84
)
91
(85
)
90
Lloyd (Tenn.)
Senate Democrats-Biden (Del.), Hart (Mich.),
(85
)
91
(87
)
99
Wisconsin-answered every one of the 602 votes held dur-
White (Texas)
99
ing the year. Proxmire extended a string of consecutive
McIntyre (N.H.), Leahy (Vt.), Morgan (N.C.), Stennis
Mahon (Texas)
99
votes that began in 1966, when he last missed one, and
(Miss.), Allen (Ala.), Ribicoff (Conn.), Huddleston
REPUBLICANS
Kazen (Texas)
99
(Ky.).
Daniel (Va.)
99
reached a record 4,158 by the end of 1975.
Another Democratic senator managed a 99 per cent
Senate Republicans-Stafford (Vt.), Dole (Kan.),
Senate
92% (89%)
89%(83%)
91% (83%)
87% (89%)
Harris (Va.)
99
House
92
Mathias (Md.), Griffin (Mich.), Bartlett (Okla.), Roth
(89
)
87
(84
)
93
(89
)
92
(89
)
Fisher (Va.)
99
score in 1975, Robert C. Byrd of West Virginia. Next highest
(Del.), Brock (Tenn.), Baker (Tenn.), Goldwater (Ariz.),
Kastenmeier (Wis.)
99
scorers in the Senate were Alan Cranston (D Calif.),
Cornell (Wis.)
99
Richard (Dick) Stone (D Fla.), Sam Nunn (D Ga.), Harry F.
Taft (Ohio).
Byrd Jr. (Ind Va.), and Richard S. Schweiker (R Pa.), each
House Democrats-Collins (Ill.), Gaydos (Pa.),
with 98 per cent voting participation scores. Stone was the
Ford (Mich.), Symington (Mo.), Beard (R.I.), Moss
Highest Scorers
highest-scoring freshman senator.
(Calif.), Mitchell (Md.), Mink (Hawaii), Chappell (Fla.),
There were seven perfect scores in the House in 1975,
Jones (Tenn.), Gonzalez (Texas), McHugh (N.Y.),
SENATE
Lowest Scorers
established by Democrats William H. Natcher of Kentucky,
Patman (Texas), AuCoin (Ore.), Ford (Tenn.), Taylor
SENATE
Ken Hechler of West Virginia, Charles E. Bennett of
(N.C.), Waxman (Calif.), Fary (Ill.), Cotter (Conn.),
Democrats
Republicans
Wilson (Texas), Alexander (Ark.), Derrick (S.C.), Yates
Democrats
Florida and freshman Democrats John Krebs of California
Republicans
and Phil Sharp of Indiana; Republicans with perfect scores
(III.), Matsunaga (Hawaii), Flynt (Ga.), Hebert (La.),
Proxmire (Wis.)
100%
Schwelker (Pa.)
98%
Murtha (Pa.), Thompson (N.J.), Bedell (Iowa),
Byrd (W.Va.)
99
Bayh (Ind.)
56%
were Charles Thone of Nebraska and freshman Charles
Weicker (Conn.)
96
Taft (Ohio)
66%
Chisholm (N.Y.), Rangel (N.Y.), Mollohan (W.Va.),
Cranston (Calif.)
98
Beall (Md.)
96
Eastland (Miss.)
65
Goldwater (Ariz.)
67
E. Grassley of Iowa. Natcher has not missed a vote since he
first arrived in Congress in 1954, and has voted a record 4,-
Dent (Pa.), Holland (S.C.), McKay (Utah), Abzug
Stone (Fla.)
98
Helms (N.C.)
96
Nunn (Ga.)
98
(N.Y.).
Case (N.J.)
95
724 consecutive times.
Byrd (Va.)#
98
House Republicans-Pritchard (Wash.), Young
Thurmond (S.C.)
95
HOUSE
Clark (lowa)
96
(Fla.), Eshleman (Pa.), Moore (La.), Beard (Tenn.),
Tower (Texas)
95
Hathaway (Maine)
Democrats
Low Scorers
96
Anderson (Ill.), Stanton (Ohio), Broyhill (N.C.), Wilson
Stafford (Vt.)
Republicans
95
Randolph (W.Va.)
96
Only three members of Congress-all Democratic rep-
(Calif.), Madigan (III.), O'Brien (III.), Miller (Ohio),
Williams (N.J.)
Hebert (La.)
95
43%
Hinshaw (Calif.)
60%
resentatives-voted less than 50 per cent of the time: Mor-
Jackson (Wash.)
Udall (Ariz.)
Wylie (Ohio), Sarasin (Conn.), Fenwick (N.J.), Shriver
47
95
Bell (Calif.)
68
ris K. Udall of Arizona, who is campaigning for the Demo-
Nelson (Wis.)
Fary (III.)
49+
(Kan.), Pressler (S.D.), Hagedorn (Minn.).
95
Burke (Fla.)
68
Teague (Texas)
58
cratic presidential nomination, 47 per cent; John G. Fary
Eshleman (Pa.)
68
# Byrd (Va.) elected as independent.
t Not eligible for all votes in 1975.
PAGE 164-Jan. 24, 1976
COPYRIGHT 1976 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC.
Reproduction prohibited In whole or in part except by editorial clients
COPYRIGHT 1976 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC.
Reproduction prohibited whole or in part except by aditorial clients
Jan. 24, 1976-PAGE 165
Voting Participation - 4
Voting Participation - 3
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
KEY
KANSAS
Randall
93 94*
Martin
93 95
Jones#
88 80
Sebellus
94 92*
Bolling
94 81
10 Broyhill #
96 95*
Ford
90
5 Armstrong
94 91*
t Not eligible for all recorded
Keys
95
Litton
88 85
11 Taylor#
98 99*
TEXAS
CONNECTICUT
Winn
93t 91*
Taylor
94t 84
NORTH DAKOTA
Patman#
76 66
votes in 1975.
Cotter#
92 87
4 Shriver#
86 93
Ichord
92 88
AL Andrews
91 92
Wilson
77 87
Not eligible for all recorded
Dodd
93
5 Skubitz
90
92*
9 Hungate
91 96
OHIO
Collins
97 94*
votes in 93rd Congress.
Giaimo
91 88
KENTUCKY
10 Burlison
99 97
Gradison
97t
Roberts
92 90
91t 87
-Not a member of 93rd Congress.
4 McKinney
Hubbard
97
MONTANA
Clancy
92 88
5 Steelman
92 92
5 Sarasin#
98 98
2 Natcher
100 100
1 Baucus
96
Whalen
97 93*
Teague
58 63
# Member absent a day or more
Moffett
96
Mazzoli
96 97*
Meicher
92
89
Guyer
96 93
Archer
93
97*
in 1975 due to illness, or ill-
DELAWARE
Snyder
97 91
NEBRASKA
Latta
98
97
8 Eckhardt
93 91
ness or death in the family.
AL du Pont
93 97
5 Carter
97 88
1 Thone
100 97
6 Harsha
87 91
Brooks
84 91*
FLORIDA
6 Breckinridge
93
94
2 McCollister
93
98
7 Brown
94 88*
10 Pickle
97 89
1 Sikes
85 87
7 Perkins
99
99
3 Smith
98
-
8 Kindness
93
11 Poage
94 91
2 Fuqua
90 87
LOUISIANA
NEVADA
9 Ashley
89 87
12 Wright
92 86
3 Bennett
100 99
Hebert#
43
51
AL Santini
93
-
10 Miller.#
98 99
13 Hightower
89
1 2
4 Chappell#
88 91
Boggs
87
90*
NEW HAMPSHIRE
11 Stanton#
92 97*
14 Young
96 97
Kelly
97
3 Treen
91 92
1 D'Amours
97
-
12 Devine
96 91
15 Garza
91 85
Young#
91 95*
4 Waggonner
97
95
2 Cleveland
87
96*
13 Mosher
78 92
16 White
99 92
Gibbons
89 88
5 Passman
86
83
NEW JERSEY
14 Seiberling
96
98
17 Burleson
98 97
Haley
99 93*
6 Moore
98
-
Florio
93
-
15 Wylle #
92 94
18 Jordan
ALABAMA
96 96
85
92*
Frey
91 91
Breaux
93
84
Hughes
98
-
16 Regula
99t 97
19 Mahon
1 Edwards
99 98
89 89
10 Bafalls
96t 93
Long
94
93*
3 Howard
89
81
17 Ashbrook
91 81
20 Gonzalez#
2 Dickinson
84 96*
93t 87
11 Rogers
94t 96'
MAINE
Nichols
4 Thompson#
84 81
18 Hays
82 82*
21 Krueger
93t
98 92
12 Burke
68 86
Emery
97
5 Fenwick
89
-
19 Carney
96 89*
Bevill
22 Casey
90 97
77
81
13 Lehman
94t 88*
Cohen
97
95
Forsythe
90 95*
20 Stanton
87
90
23 Kazen
5 Jones
99 91
98 87
14 Pepper
84t 84
6 Buchanan
MARYLAND
Maguire
97+ -
21 Stokes
88 78
24 Milford
86 84
15 Fascell
97 97
Flowers
89 89
Bauman
99 100
Roe
95 92
22 Vanik
94 100
UTAH
Voting Participation Scores: House
GEORGIA
97 98
Long
95
96
9 Helstoski
87
90
23 Motti
93 -
ALASKA
1 McKay#
94 88
82
85*
Ginn
81+ 89
Sarbanes
98 100
10 Rodino
89
95
OKLAHOMA
2 Howe
97
AL Young
Mathis
95 95
Holt
98 98
11 Minish
96 96
Jones
91+ 93*
VERMONT
ARIZONA
Rhodes
83
83
3 Brinkley
98
5 Spellman
98
-
12 Rinaldo
96+ 97
2 Risenhoover
80
-
AL Jeffords
94 -
47
88
4 Levitas
Udall
67
84
6 Byron
96
97
13 Meyner
92
3 Albert
VIRGINIA
3 Stelger
88 89
5 Young
78 86
7 Mitchell
92
90
14 Daniels
91
87
Steed
91 93
Downing
93t 90
6 Flynt#
4 Conian
85
90*
7 McDonald
98
8 Gude
95
94
15 Patten
96
97
Jarman
84
90
2 Whitehurst
94 90*
ARKANSAS
8 Stuckey
88 78*
MASSACHUSETTS
NEW MEXICO
English
99
-
3 Satterfield
96 97
1 Alexander #
87 83
70 68
Conte
96
94
Lujan
87 84
OREGON
Daniel
99t 94*
9 Landrum
2 Mills
69t 43
10 Stephens
80
79
Boland
92
90
Runnels
91 82
AuCoin#
87
-
Daniel
99 99*
1. Voting Participation, 1975. Percentage of 612 recorded votes
3 Hammerschmidt
96 92
3 Early
95
NEW YORK
Uliman
88
91
Butler
94 95
95 95
HAWAII
4 Thornton
85 96
Drinan
98
99
Pike
98+ 99*
in 1975 on which representative voted "yea" or "nay."
Duncan
92 -
Robinson
99 99
Matsunaga#
99
CALIFORNIA
96
5 Tsongas
98
2 Downey
-
Weaver
Harris
99
Mink#
88
96 -
Johnson
97
92
6 Harrington
81
86*
3 Ambro
94
-
PENNSYLVANIA
Wampler
92 97
2. Voting Participation, 93rd Congress. Percentage of 1,078
88 91
IDAHO
Clausen
7 Macdonald
79
77
4 Lent
89
89
Barrett
76
88
10 Fisher
99
I
Symms
92
89
recorded votes in 1973 and 1974 on which representative voted
Moss#
89
86
8 O'Neill
Hansen, G.
92
90 89
5 Wydler
90
91*
Nix
90
81
WASHINGTON
-
Leggett
86
85
9 Moakley
97 94
6 Wolff
92
92
Green
95 95
1 Pritchard#
88
91
"yea" or "nay."
ILLINOIS
5 Burton, J.
87
93*
7 Addabbo
88
78
81
10 Heckler
91t 90
91
Eilberg
93
92
Meeds
94
92
90 91
Metcalfe
6 Burton, P.
11 Burke
99
99
8 Rosenthal
91 93
2 Murphy
89
Schulze
97t
-
Bonker
98
95
Miller
99
96
12 Studds
99
99
9 Delaney
97+ 89
Yatron
92
93
McCormack
90 91
94
3 Russo
-
8 Dellums
90
94 87
MICHIGAN
10 Biaggi
84 77
Edgar
95
Foley
89 91
89 90*
4 Derwinski
9 Stark
Conyers
67
72
11 Scheuer
92
49t
Blester
97 95
Hicks
98
98
5 Fary'#
-
90
10 Edwards
97t 92*
74
97
Esch
72
87
12 Chisholm#
Shuster
98
99
Adams
91
90
6 Hyde
-
84 80
3 Brown
95
91
13 Solarz
92
-
11 Ryan
78
89*
10 McDade
97
96
WEST VIRGINIA
7 Collins#
12 McCloskey
87 88*
4 Hutchinson
96
94
14 Richmond
96
-
8 Rostenkowski
89
82
11 Flood
95 96
Mollohan#
72 87
13 Mineta
98
9 Yates#
95
97
5 Vander Veen
99
90*
15 Zeferetti
90
-
12 Murtha
91 98*
Staggers
88 91
14 McFall
98
96
Carr
99
-
16 Holtzman
98
97
92
13 Coughlin
95 94
Slack
95 94
-
78 86
10 Mikva
15 Sisk
86
96
Riegle
82
83*
17 Murphy
75
76
14 Moorhead
90 89
Hechier
100 100
16 Talcott
90 85
11 Annunzio
90
85
8 Traxler
94 91*
18 Koch
95
95
15 Rooney
97
91*
WISCONSIN
12 Crane
17 Krebs
100
9 Vander Jagt
84 85
19 Rangel#
86 92
16 Eshleman#
Aspin
13 McClory
90
93
68
85
91 85
18 Ketchum
91 92
89
87
10 Cederberg
92
93
20 Abzug#
92
96
17 Schneebell
90 92*
2 Kastenmeler
99
97
19 Lagomarsino
99 96*
14 Erienborn
11 Ruppe
82
82"
21 Badillo
86
73*
99
18 Heinz
89
95*
3 Baldus
97
15 Hall
-
20 Goldwater
82
82*
84 80
12 O'Hara
90 90
22 Bingham
94 92
19 Goodling, W.
95
Zablocki
97 98
21 Corman
93
91
16 Anderson#
87t 91*
13 Diggs
65
60*
23 Peyser
78
89
20 Gaydos#
82
97
Reuss
95 95
17 O'Brien#
22 Moorhead
91 94
89 85
14 Nedzi
92
91
24 Ottinger
96
-
21 Dent#
81
85
Stelger
90+ 92*
23 Rees
88 90*
18 Michel
19 Rallsback
84 88*
15 Ford#
80
87
25 Fish
94
90*
22 Morgan
92
87
Obey
97 96
24 Waxman#
84
16 Dingell
91
85
26 Gliman
96
96
23 Johnson
89
88
Cornell
99
20 Findley
90 90
25 Roybal
93 91
92 91*
17 Brodhead
94
-
27 McHugh#
95
-
24 Vigorito
93
94
Kasten
98 -
91 90*
21 Madigan#
26 Rousselot
87 84
18 Blanchard
99
28 Stratton
98
92
25 Myers
98
-
WYOMING
68t 75*
22 Shipley
27 Bell
92
99
19 Broomfield
87
90
29 Pattison
93
-
RHODE ISLAND
AL Roncalio
92
87*
28 Burke
89
70
23 Price
MINNESOTA
30 McEwen
85
84*
95
1 St Germain
93
91
29 Hawkins
85 73
24 Simon
-
Quie
94
94
31 Mitchell
95
94
2 Beard
93
-
89
87
INDIANA
30 Danielson
90
92
Hagedorn#
95
-
32 Hanley
97
95
SOUTH CAROLINA
75 87
1 Madden
31 Wilson
92
Frenzel
94
92
33 Walsh
92t
87*
Davis
93
90
95 90*
2 Fithian
32 Anderson
93
95
Karth
84
92
34 Horton
83
95
2 Spence
97
96
3 Brademas
33 Clawson
87
80*
98 98
Fraser
66
88
35 Conable
94
88
Derrick#
94
92
4 Roush
34 Hannaford
-
92
89*
6 Nolan
96
36 LaFalce
96
-
Mann
91
93
99 -
5 Hillis
35 Lloyd
96
7 Bergland
93
95
37 Nowak
98
-
5 Holland
85
-
89 87
6 Evans
36 Brown
98
93*
8 Oberstar
98
-
38 Kemp
92
94
6 Jenrette
83
-
37 Pettis'
97t
7 Myers
8 Hayes
98
MISSISSIPPI
39 Hastings
90
88
SOUTH DAKOTA
38 Patterson
94
-
97
98
Whitten
90
94
NORTH CAROLINA
Pressier#
9 Hamilton
95 -
39 Wiggins
83 81
100
2 Bowen
93
94
1 Jones
93t 86*
Abdnor
96
93
60
90
10 Sharp
40 Hinshaw
94
3 Montgomery
92
94
2 Fountain
94
96
TENNESSEE
86
11 Jacobs
-
1. Rep. Jerry L. Pettis (R Calif.) died Feb. 14, 1975. He voted on all six votes for which
41 Wilson#
89
4 Cochran
95
91
3 Henderson
92 95
Quilien
87t 85*
IOWA
42 Van Deerlin
89
88
he was eligible. Rep. Shirley N. Pettis (R) sworn in May 6, 1975, to replace her husband.
Mezvinsky
95
99
Lott
93
93
4
83 87
Duncan
98
98
2. Rep. John C. Kluczynski (D III.) died Jan. 27, 1975. He voted on all three votes for
43 Burgener
96
91
Blouin
97
82
MISSOURI
5 Neal
93
3 Lloyd
99
which he was eligible. Rep. John G. Fary (D) sworn in July 15, 1975, to replace Kluc-
COLORADO
100
Clay
90
76
6 Preyer
99
95*
Evins
71 78
Schroeder
98
94
3 Grassley
Smith
97
91
2 Symington #
86 87
7 Rose
87 89
5 Allen*
95+
zynski. 3. Rep. Carl Albert, as Speaker, votes at his own discretion.
Wirth
95
93
3 Sullivan
5 Harkin
86 85
8 Hefner
93
-
6 Beard#
92 90
4. Rep. Richard Fulton (D Tenn.) resigned Aug. 14, 1975. His voting participation
3 Evans
94
90*
6 Bedell#
96
-
score for 1975 was 57 per cent. Rep. Clifford Allen (D) sworn in Dec. 2, 1975, to replace
4 Johnson
94
80
Democrats
Republicans
Fulton.
Democrats
Republicans
COPYRIGHT 1976 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC.
Reproduction prohibited in whole or part except by editorial clients.
Jan. 24, 1976-PAGE 167
COPYRIGHT 1976 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC
PAGE 166-Jan. 24, 1976
Reproduction prohibited in whole or in part except by editorial clients
Voting Participation 5
1 2
1 2
1 2
- KEY
Conservative Coalition
ALABAMA
IOWA
NEW HAMPSHIRE
t Not eligible for all recorded
Allen #
92 95
Clark
96
90
Durkin'
82t
votes in 1975.
Sparkman
86 80*
Culver
93
Mcintyre #
90 91
Not eligible for all recorded
ALASKA
KANSAS
NEW JERSEY
Gravel
75 63
Dole#
93
93*
Williams
95 90
votes in 93rd Congress.
87
92
Stevens
Pearson
91 87
Case
95
95*
-Not a member of 93rd Con-
CONSERVATIVE COALITION'S SUPPORT DROPS
ARIZONA
KENTUCKY
NEW MEXICO
Fannin
91
90
Ford
91
Montoya
81 90
gress.
Goldwater #
67
65*
Huddleston #
87
85'
Domenici
93
93
#Member absent a day or
The top-heavy Democratic majorities in the House and
ARKANSAS
LOUISIANA
NEW YORK
more in 1975 due to
Bumpers
87
Johnston
92 86
Buckley*
81t 81t
Senate during 1975 pushed the conservative coalition's
90
95
McClellan
Long
86
84
Javits
91
83
illness, or illness or
CALIFORNIA
MAINE
NORTH CAROLINA
death in family.
success level down to its lowest point since the 89th
Definitions
Cranston
98
90
Hathaway
96
94
Morgan #
76
Congress 10 years ago. The 89th was the last Congress in
89
Tunney
85
Muskie
93
88
Helms
96t 94*
which the Democrats enjoyed a comparable 2-to-1
COLORADO
MARYLAND
NORTH DAKOTA
dominance over the Republicans.
Conservative Coalition. As used in this study, the
93
Hart
Beall
96
95
Burdick
93
98*
1
2
92
Haskell
Mathias #
84
80
Young
93
90
The coalition formed on 28 per cent of the votes in each
term "conservative coalition" means a voting alliance
90
MASSACHUSETTS
TEXAS
85
chamber during 1975. This represented a slight drop in the
of Republicans and southern Democrats against the
CONNECTICUT
OHIO
Ribicoff #
94
94
Kennedy
84
Glenn
91
Bentsen
83
81
Weicker
96
Brooke
90
88
Taft #
Tower
95
Senate from the 30 per cent level of the previous year, but a
northern Democrats in Congress. This meaning, rather
89
66+ 84*
89
DELAWARE
MICHIGAN
OKLAHOMA
UTAH
substantial increase over the 19 per cent of the time the
than any philosophic definition of the "conservative"
Biden#
86+ 89
Hart
75 90
Bartlett #
90 96
Moss
88
85*
position, provides the basis for CQ's selection of coali-
Roth #
94
97
Griffin#
88
89'
Bellmon
89
68
Garn
93
coalition appeared in the House during 1974. Overall, the
tion votes.
FLORIDA
MINNESOTA
OREGON
VERMONT
coalition appeared on 28 per cent of the votes in Congress,
Chiles
92 91
Humphrey
85
87
Hatfield
89
85
Leahy
93
-
Stone
Mondale
94
86
Packwood
92
Stafford #
95
91*
compared with a 1974 average of 24 per cent.
Conservative Coalition Vote. Any vote in the
98
81
GEORGIA
MISSISSIPPI
PENNSYLVANIA
VIRGINIA
However, since there were fewer Republicans in each
Senate or the House on which a majority of voting
Nunn
98
98*
Eastland
65
80
Schweiker
98 97
Byrd**
98
96*
Talmadge
92
88
Stennis #
86
58
Scott
89
95*
91
88
chamber in 1975, the coalition's victory percentage dropped
southern Democrats and a majority of voting
Scott
HAWAII
MISSOURI
RHODE ISLAND
WASHINGTON
sharply. The coalition won only 48 per cent of the 166
Republicans oppose the stand taken by a majority of
77
78*
Inouye
Eagleton
90
88
Pastore
90
92*
Jackson
95
99
Senate votes on which it appeared, down from 54 per cent in
voting northern Democrats. Votes on which there is an
Fong
86
82*
Symington
80
84
Pell
92
95*
Magnuson
90
90
1974. This was its worst showing there since 1965, when it
even division within the ranks of voting northern
IDAHO
MONTANA
SOUTH CAROLINA
WEST VIRGINIA
Church
81
78
Mansfield
93
89*
Hollings
91
Byrd
99
99*
was successful only 39 per cent of the time.
Democrats, southern Democrats or Republicans are
87
not included.
McClure
93 84
Metcalf
83
91
Thurmond
95
93*
Randolph
96 94
NEBRASKA
SOUTH DAKOTA
In the House, the coalition performed slightly better,
ILLINOIS
WISCONSIN
Stevenson
Curtis
86 86
Abourezk
93
89
Nelson
95 93
winning 52 per cent of the 170 votes on which it formed. But
Southern States. The southern states are
90
93*
85 78
Hruska
91 94
McGovern
81
88
Proxmire
100 100
this was still 15 percentage points below the 67 per cent
Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky,
Percy
INDIANA
NEVADA
TENNESSEE
WYOMING
Bayh
Cannon
89 89*
Baker #
82
level of 1974, and the poorest showing since a 32 per cent
Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma,
56 78
79*
McGee
77 78
Hartke
83
80
Laxalt
89 88*
Brock #
89
86
victory level in 1966.
South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas and Virginia. The
Hansen
94 92
Combining votes from both chambers, the coalition
other 37 states are grouped as the North in the study.
Democrats
Republicans
*Buckley elected as Conservative.
**Byrd elected as independent.
won 50 per cent of the time, the first year since 1966 that it
Conservative Coalition Support Score. Percent-
failed to win more than half the votes on which it appeared.
age of conservative coalition votes on which a member
1. Sen. John A. Durkin (D N.H.) sworn in Sept. 18, 1975, following special election
This was down nine percentage points from the 59 per cent
votes "yea" or "nay" in agreement with the position of
necessitated by a dispute over the outcome of the 1974 general election. The seat was
success rating of 1974.
the conservative coalition. Failures to vote, even if a
vacant from Jan. 3 to Aug. 8, 1975, when Sen. Norris Cotton (R) was appointed to serve
member announces a stand, lower the score.
until a successor was elected. Cotton's score for 1975 was 81 per cent.
House
Conservative Coalition Opposition Score.
Percentage of conservative coalition votes on which a
The drastic decline in coalition success in the House
member votes "yea" or "nay" in disagreement with the
was due largely to the drop in the number of Republicans
position of the conservative coalition.
Voting Participation Scores:
serving in that chamber. There were only 145 House
Republicans during the first session of the 94th Congress,
compared with the more than 190 who had served for most
This trend was evident in the increased opposition
of 1974.
scores of eastern Republican senators such as Richard S.
Senate
They supported the coalition 75 per cent of the time in
Schweiker of Pennsylvania, who voted against the coalition
1975, compared with 66 per cent in 1974. House Republican
93 per cent of the time compared with 77 per cent in 1974.
opposition dropped 5 per cent, from 23 to 18.
Changes among House Democrats were smaller. Sup-
Leading Supporters, Opponents
1. Voting Participation, 1975. Percentage of 602 roll calls in
1975 on which senator voted "yea" or "nay."
port levels among northern and southern Democrats stayed
The leading supporters of the coalition in the House
almost the same as in 1974, but the opposition level rose
were Virginia Reps. Robert W. Daniel (R) and W. C. (Dan)
2. Voting Participation, 93rd Congress. Percentage of 1,138
slightly to 28 per cent, from 24, among Southerners and to
Daniel (D), who voted with it 98 per cent of the time.
roll calls in 1973 and 1974 on which senator voted "yea" or "nay."
72 per cent, from 66, among Northerners.
In the Senate, the strongest supporters were
Republicans James A. McClure of Idaho and Clifford P.
Senate
Hansen of Wyoming, both with 96. Highest support among
Average coalition support and opposition scores in the
southern Democrats came from Independent Harry F. Byrd
Senate also varied little from 1974. But a cleavage among
Jr. (Va.), who caucuses with the Democrats. Byrd, who
Senate Republicans was visible when their scores were
had a score of 93, was followed by Sam Nunn (Ga.) with 91.
broken down by region. Coalition support rose and opposi-
The highest coalition opposition score in the Senate
tion decreased among Senate Republicans everywhere but
was Schweiker's 93-the first time in the history of the
in the East, where support decreased and opposition in-
study that a Republican led in this category. The highest
creased sharply. Eastern Republican support dropped to 31
opposition registered by a Democrat was the 92 per cent
per cent, from 40, and opposition rose to 61 per cent, from
score of Iowa's Dick Clark. In the House, the leading oppo-
49, over 1974 levels.
nent was New York Democrat Edward I. Koch, with 96 per
cent opposition.
PAGE 168-Jan. 24, 1976
COPYRIGHT 1976 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC.
Reproduction prohibited in whole or in part except by editorial clients
COPYRIGHT 1978 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC.
Reproduction prohibited in whole or part except by editorial clients.
Jan. 24, 1976-PAGE 169
Conservative Coalition 2
Conservative Coalition 3
State Rankings
Average Scores
Northern Democrats
Northern Democrats
Here are the 10 states whose delegations supported the
Following are the composite conservative coalition sup-
Byrd (W.Va.)
64%
Byron (Md.)
81%
conservative coalition most frequently in 1975 and those
port and opposition scores for 1975; scores for 1974 are in
Cannon (Nev.)
58
Runnels (N.M.)
81
parentheses:
Randolph (W.Va.)
48
whose delegations supported it least frequently, based on
Ichord (Mo.)
79
Montoya (N.M.)
44
statistics from both chambers (figures in parentheses in-
Randall (Mo.)
69
McGee (Wyo.)
32
dicate 1974 rank).
Southern
Northern
Slack (W.Va.)
58
Most Conservative
Democrats Republicans Democrats
Murtha (Pa.)
55
McKay (Utah)
55
Rank
State
Support
Opposition
HOUSE
1
Nebraska (3)
90%
5%
Coalition Support
Shipley (III.)
52
84
5
Senate
70%
(68%)
63%
(61%)
17%
(17%)
Santini (Nev.)
51
2
Mississippi (2)
Southern Democrats
)
75
(66
)
20
(21
)
Republicans
3
Virginia (1)
79
18
House
63
(62
4
Oklahoma (5)
76
15
Coalition Opposition
Daniel (Va.)
98%
Daniel (Va.)
98%
OPPOSITION
5
Alabama (8)
76
14
Senate
19%
(18%)
28%
(27%)
72%
(72%)
McDonald (Ga.)
95
Kelly (Fla.)
95
6
North Carolina (4)
74
20
House
28
(24
)
18
(23
)
72
(66
)
Waggonner (La.)
94
Collins (Texas)
95
Highest Coalition Opposition Scores. Those who voted
7
Idaho (not ranked)
73
19
Burleson (Texas)
94
Robinson (Va.)
95
against the conservative coalition most consistently in 1975:
8
Georgia (not ranked)
71
20
Poage (Texas)
92
Taylor (Mo.)
94
9
New Mexico (not ranked)
71
18
Satterfield (Va.)
92
Smith (Neb.)
94
SENATE
10
Arizona (9)
70
10
Regional Scores
Montgomery (Miss.)
91
Moore (La.)
94
Holt (Md.)
94
Least Conservative
SUPPORT
Devine (Ohio)
Southern Democrats
94
Republicans
Rank
State
Support
Opposition
The parties' coalition support scores, by region, for
Bumpers (Ark.)
55%
Schweiker (Pa.)
93%
1975; scores for 1974 are in parentheses:
13%
1975 Coalition Votes
Ford (Ky.)
46
Case (N.J.)
89
1
Massachusetts (3)
81%
Huddleston (Ky.)
43
Brooke (Mass.)
86
2
Rhode Island (1)
14
79
Hollings (S.C.)
36
72
East
West
South
Midwest
Javits (N.Y.)
78
3
New Jersey (9)
21
Following is a list of all 1975 Senate and House
Bentsen (Texas)
27
Mathias (Md.)
71
4
lowa (not ranked)
22
74
votes on which the conservative coalition appeared dur-
Chiles (Fla.)
20
Stafford (Vt.)
69
5
Montana (7)
23
68
Democrats
68
Senate
16%
(18%)
23%
(21%)
70%
(68%)
11%
(12%)
ing the first session of the 94th Congress. The votes are
6
Vermont (not ranked)
26
68
House
19
(21
)
22
(19
)
63
(62
)
21
(22
)
listed by CQ vote number and may be found in the
Northern Democrate
7
Connecticut (5)
27
Weekly Report.
Clark (lowa)
92%
8
Hawaii (8)
27
58
9
Wisconsin (not ranked)
29
68
Republicans
Abourezk (S.D.)
91
65
Senate
31%
(40%)
75%
(64%)
87%
(79%)
70%
(67%)
SENATE VOTES (166)
Hathaway (Maine)
90
10
Washington (4)
29
House
59
(54
)
78
(67
)
87
(81
)
77
(68
)
Coalition Victories (80)-32, 33, 41, 56, 70, 71, 72,
Williams (N.J.)
90
80, 81, 88, 107, 126, 127, 141, 143, 158, 160, 190, 195, 199,
Mondale (Minn.)
89
Coalition Appearances, 1961-75
OPPOSITION
204, 205, 206, 207, 212, 219, 220, 237, 273, 313, 331, 340,
Stevenson (III.)
87
The parties' coalition opposition scores, by region, for
353, 355, 358, 366, 368, 372, 373, 380, 395, 397, 398, 403,
Leahy (Vt.)
87
Following is the percentage of the recorded votes for
1975; scores for 1974 are in parentheses:
405, 410, 411, 414, 415, 427, 431, 432, 433, 439, 448, 449,
HOUSE
both houses of Congress on which the coalition appeared:
450, 451, 452, 454, 458, 479, 480, 481, 485, 493, 497, 517,
East
West
South
Midwest
523, 524, 525, 526, 527, 528, 529, 530, 560, 587, 588, 589.
Southern Democrats
1961
28%
1969
Coalition Defeats (86)-14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21,
Republicans
27%
Democrats
1962
14
1970
22
Senate
77%
(75%)
63%
(63%)
19%
(18%)
76%
(77%)
22, 23, 25, 29, 30, 85, 86, 96, 102, 109, 112, 125, 128, 130,
Eckhardt (Texas)
86%
1963
17
1971
30
House
75
(65
)
69
(67
)
28
(24
)
71
(66
)
137, 150, 166, 170, 175, 177, 180, 191, 193, 201, 213, 216,
Gude (Md.)
78%
Fisher (Va.)
86
27
309, 311, 312, 321, 336, 345, 347, 359, 361, 374, 375, 377,
Whalen (Ohio)
73
1964
15
1972
Harris (Va.)
85
Conte (Mass.)
67
1965
24
1973
23
Republicans
381, 382, 384, 386, 396, 400, 401, 402, 404, 406, 407, 408,
Young (Ga.)
84
1966
24
Biester (Pa.)
66
25
1974
Senate
61%
(49%)
17%
(21%)
5%
(
7%)
19%
(25%)
409, 412, 417, 418, 419, 443, 444, 459, 468, 471, 476, 486,
Fascell (Fla.)
81
28
Heckler (Mass.)
62
1967
20
1975
House
34
(37
)
11
(18
)
7
(9)
17
(22
)
489, 494, 495, 499, 504, 509, 512, 513, 515, 516, 532, 537,
Lehman (Fla.)
80
1968
24
538, 540, 543, 567, 582.
Jordan (Texas)
80
Individual Scores
Allen (Tenn.)
71t
Coalition Victories, 1961-75
HOUSE VOTES (170)
Ford (Tenn.)
69
Pepper (Fla.)
67
SUPPORT
Coalition Victories (89)-35, 37, 63, 74, 85, 98, 100,
Perkins (Ky.)
63
Total
Senate
House
Highest Coalition Support Scores. Those who voted
102, 104, 107, 108, 110, 118, 148, 154, 159, 160, 161, 164,
t Rep. Allen (Tenn. not eligible for all votes in 1975.
1961
55%
48%
74%
with the conservative coalition most consistently in 1975:
169, 179, 200, 202, 203, 205, 208, 209, 211, 217, 225, 229,
237, 241, 246, 255, 264, 266, 275, 277, 282, 293, 296, 299,
Northern Democrats
1962
62
71
44
312, 315, 322, 324, 345, 354, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360,
1963
50
44
67
SENATE
47
67
361, 362, 370, 390, 403, 407, 410, 423, 427, 428, 430, 431,
Koch (N.Y.)
96%
1964
51
1965
33
39
25
Southern Democrats
Republicans
432, 433, 440, 447, 457, 464, 468, 471, 472, 480, 481, 485,
Edwards (Calif.)
95
1966
45
51
32
507, 546, 550, 555, 556, 557, 558, 592, 600, 601.
Drinan (Mass.)
95
1967
63
54
73
Byrd (Va.)#
93%
McClure (Idaho)
96%
Coalition Defeats (81)-6, 11, 18, 19, 21, 30, 46, 50,
Maguire (N.J.)
94
1968
73
80
63
Nunn (Ga.)
91
Hansen (Wyo.)
96
59, 66, 72, 86, 87, 119, 172, 182, 183, 194, 232, 251, 253,
Mineta (Callf.)
94
1969
68
67
71
McClellan (Ark.)
89
Fannin (Ariz.)
95
260, 265, 300, 301, 308, 310, 313, 318, 321, 323, 325, 326,
Sarbanes (Md.)
92
1970
66
64
70
Allen (Ala.)
86
Thurmond (S.C.)
95
330, 347, 348, 349, 352, 353, 371, 378, 384, 395, 396, 402,
Tsongas (Mass.)
92
1971
83
86
79
Johnston (La.)
83
Tower (Texas)
95
404, 406, 408, 409, 421, 426, 435, 437, 442, 452, 467, 475,
Moakley (Mass.)
92
1972
69
63
79
Stennis (Miss.)
83
Helms (N.C.)
94
478, 486, 487, 488, 496, 497, 513, 519, 534, 541, 543, 551,
Studds (Mass.)
92
1973
61
54
67
Talmadge (Ga.)
81
Hruska (Neb.)
93
552, 563, 568, 570, 574, 580, 583, 584, 591, 594, 604, 612.
Oberstar (Minn.)
1974
59
54
67
92
1975
50
48
52
# Sen. Byrd (Va.) elected as independent.
Holtzman (N.Y.)
92
Edgar (Pa.)
92
COPYRIGHT 1976 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC
PAGE 170-Jan. 24, 1976
Reproduction prohibited in whole or in part except by editorial clients
COPYRIGHT 1976 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC.
Reproduction prohibited in whole or part except by editorial clients.
Jan. 24, 1976-PAGE 171
Conservative Coalition - 4
Conservative Coalition - 5
1
2
3
4
1234
1 3 4
1
3
4
1 2 3 4
- KEY
5 Armstrong
89
78
16
KANSAS
Randall
69
26
59
37
Martin
85
9
88
8
Sebelius
Jones
87 86 8
Bolling
67
23
69
14
CONNECTICUT
25
70
19
59
10 Broyhill
92 85 11
t Not eligible for all recorded
25
70
Keys
Ford
Cotter
22
69
11
83
25
69
-
Litton
36
52
48
42
11 Taylor
81
Dodd
12
85
Winn
17
83
15
TEXAS
84t 11t 74 17
votes in 1975.
Taylor
94
2
82
4
NORTH DAKOTA
Giaimo
Shriver
Patman
24 66 25 64
80 10 76 17
Ichord
33
42
32
33
79
13
77
12
AL Andrews
75
20
63
Not eligibie for all recorded
5 Skubitz
30
Wilson
43t 49t 34 55
78 16 80 15
45
9 Hungate
38
40
50
McKinney
34 53 40 58
OHIO
62 36 50 49
KENTUCKY
Collins
10 Burlison
95 4 91* 5*
votes in 93rd Congress.
Sarasin
49
51
54
43
Gradison
79
19
-
-
Moffett
8 90 -
Hubbard
Roberts
-Not a member of 93rd Con-
72
25
MONTANA
84 8 83 7
-
Clancy
84
DELAWARE
Natcher
8
85
9
Steelman
53
47
53
47
Baucus
78
18
59
34
19
79
Whalen
24
56
46
3 Mazzoli
73
15
78
gress.
40
50
Teague
53
49
36
62
Melcher
49 8 56 14
AL du Pont
35
57
26
67
Guyer
84
13
4 Snyder
74
20
Archer
84
15
80
15
NEBRASKA
91
2
91
8
FLORIDA
Latta
89
75
8
84
5 Carter
8
89
9
Eckhardt
Sikes
7
79 19 76 14
1 Thone
11 86 8 87
86
14
63
35
Harsha
78
15
80
6 Breckinridge
15
Brooks
Fuqua
68 22 69 16
46
48
37
58
2 McCollister
45 38 50 44
87
7
86
Perkins
13
Brown
75
16
65*
23*
Pickle
Bennett
58 42 65 35
36
63
38
3 Smith
69
62
30
60
29
Conservative Coalition
94
5
-
-
Kindness
Chappell
LOUISIANA
92
4
11 Poage
79 10 81 11
NEVADA
92 82 8
1
2
3
4
Ashley
26
66
Kelly
95
4
Hebert
17
72
12 Wright
31
4
43
8
AL Santini
59 36 46 42
51
39
-
-
Miller
87
11
Boggs
74
26
13 Hightower
Support and Opposition: House
Young
87 10 79 14
39 46 35* 54*
NEW HAMPSHIRE
85 9 -
11 Stanton
3 Treen
64
26
62*
35*
14 Young
Gibbons
53 33 34 56
85
4
90
3
D'Amours
23 68 31
32
66
12 Devine
94
5
4 Waggonner
89
4
15 de Garza
Haley
84 15 83 13
94
4
74
92
5
Cleveland
20
63
25
74
14
72
26
13 Mosher
ALABAMA
38
45
31
61
16 White
1. Conservative Coalition Support, 1975. Percentage of 170
8
81
13
Frey
89 5 80 12
5 Passman
80
69
12
67
15
NEW JERSEY
83 16 74 22
Edwards
14 Seiberling
9
85 4 86 3
10 Batalls
Moore
86
94
17 Burleson
89 10 80 14
94
Florio
94
95
2
conservative coalition recorded votes in 1975 on which represen-
2 Dickinson
16
76
-
-
15 Wylle
Breaux
81
11
73
18
18 Jordan
84 11 87 5
11 Rogers
57+ 38+ 71 26
77
15
64
20
Hughes
19 80 15 80
38
58
16 Regula
tative voted "yea" or "nay" in agreement with the position of the
Nichols
Long
79t
21t
64
29
19 Mahon
79
19
74
18
12 Burke
56 12 74 17
51
45
43
51
3 Howard
84 16 87 10
Bevill
8
88
MAINE
8
75
17 Ashbrook
91
5
72
13
20 Gonzalez
41
conservative coalition. Failures to vote lower both Support and Op-
44
111 80+ 12* 79*
4 Thompson
45
37
57
35
52
29
13 Lehman
Jones
8
78
5
73
18 Hays
34
Emery
46
44
40
21 Krueger
22 67 26 63
54
72
22
-
6 Buchanan
78
21
65
25
14 Pepper
41
Fenwick
36
51
19 Carney
17
position scores.
79
13
71
18
15 Fascell
Cohen
79
15
22 Casey
17 81 19 79
49
48
80
9
38
59
6 Forsythe
89
9
Flowers
59
MARYLAND
27
52
43
20 Stanton
13 73 14 77
23 Kazen
87
7 Maguire
12
57
30
GEORGIA
4t 94+
21 Stokes
3
84
2
71
24 Milford
2. Conservative Coalition Opposition, 1975. Percentage of 170
ALASKA
82
7
74
79
7
73
15
Ginn
75
22
74
26
Bauman
92
8
89*
11*
Roe
8
AL Young
25
72
18
71
22 Vanik
9
79 8 83
Long
85
9
91
UTAH
conservative coalition recorded votes in 1975 on which represen-
Mathis
34
59
36
61
9 Helstoski
16
70
6
84
23 Mottl
ARIZONA
26
66
-
-
84 15 80 17
Sarbanes
McKay
3 Brinkley
6
92
7
10 Rodino
55 39 51 35
tative voted "yea" or "nay" in disagreement with the position of the
92
Rhodes
76
12
72
16
7
81
5
89
OKLAHOMA
Howe
8 35 14 72
55
-
Holt
94
42
44
6
91
8
11 Minish
56
Udall
20
76
conservative coalition. Failures to vote lower both Support and Op-
20
77
1 Jones
Spellman
72+
20+
73
21
VERMONT
84 4 89 2
Young
7
84
83
13
86
-
12 Rinaido
Steiger
45t
55t
Byron
36
60
2 Risenhoover
62 25 56 15
AL Jeffords
12
44
49
-
81
5
82
10
Flynt
69
6
78
81
12
86
12
position scores.
13 Meyner
4 Conlan
10
85
3 Albert'
VIRGINIA
McDonald
95
5
Mitchell
5
82
4
91
14 Daniels
ARKANSAS
20
71
22
68
Steed
Gude
65
25
75
22
Downing
54
34
56
30
Stuckey
78 13 62* 24*
18
78
20
74
15 Patten
87+ 8t 83 8
3. Conservative Coalition Support, 93rd Congress. Percentage
1 Alexander
MASSACHUSETTS
28
66
26
73
5 Jarman
80
6
87
9
2 Whitehurst
54
18
30
16
Landrum
69
5
57
13
NEW MEXICO
87 9 86 8
2 Mills
English
of 235 conservative coalition recorded votes in 1973 and 1974 on
72
9
64
13
1 Conte
87
11
-
3 Satterfield
3 Hammerschmidt
89 6 85
10 Stephens
32
67
29
67
Lujan
92 3 96 3
75 12 66 22
OREGON
Daniel
which representative voted "yea" or "nay" in agreement with the
4 Thornton
68
31
HAWAII
Boland
66
31
19
75
21
71
Runnels
98+ 1t 93 1
81 9 68 15
AuCoin
3 Early
24
59
-
Daniel
Matsunaga
16 72 20 75
NEW YORK
98
12
86
97
3
position of the conservative coalition. Failures to vote lower both
2 Ullman
CALIFORNIA
32
65
31
60
Mink
7
82
4 Drinan
37
55
50
46
Butler
6
93
5
95
97
Pike
92
3
5
93
5
Support and Opposition scores.
5 Tsongas
25t 73t 32
68
3 Duncan
1 Johnson
48
46
-
Robinson
IDAHO
5
92
Downey
95
98
2
Weaver
Clausen
83
9
81
13
9
90
-
11
87
Harris
11
79
10
82
Symms
82
6 Harrington
-
89
4
8
5
Ambro
15
81
85
88
Moss
2 Hansen, G.
89
2
7 Macdonald
20
78
PENNSYLVANIA
Wampler
4. Conservative Coalition Opposition, 93rd Congress. Percen-
16
70
14
72
-
14
65
21
Lent
89 2 86 11
69
25
60
32
Barrett
Leggett
19
58
16
74
10 Fisher
7
85
ILLINOIS
8 O'Neill
2*
88*
15
76
19
74
Wydler
12
86
-
65
26
60
37
Nix
tage of 235 conservative coalition recorded votes in 1973 and 1974
Burton, J.
76
9 Moakley
19
69
13
71
WASHINGTON
2
86
4
89
1 Metcalfe
2
78
6
92
9
86
Wolff
on which representatives voted "yea" or "nay" in disagreement
Burton, P.
16
74
10 Heckler
17
78
Green
90 6 89
Pritchard
9
26 72 26 67
29
Addabbo
65
91
2 Murphy
62
17
29
36
60
Miller
5
11 Burke
86
11
86
Eilberg
10
84
18
75
Meeds
with the position of the conservative coalition. Failures to vote
Dellums
5
91
89
3 Russo
29
68
-
25
75
22
77
8 Rosenthal
20 74 11 85
3
20
12 Studds
91
2
91
Schulze
82
16
Bonker
2 85 87
4 Derwinski
74 19
67
8
92
9
91
Delaney
16
81
38t 62t 38 56
Yatron
lower both Support and Opposition scores.
Stark
MICHIGAN
35
59
31
64
McCormack
2t
95t
3*
92*
5 Fary2
9t 44+
-
10 Biaggi
36 57 26 65
-
10 Edwards
28
50
1 Conyers
30
56
Edgar
6
92
Foley
19
65
24
6 Hyde
85 14
4
61
3
70
11 Scheuer
24 62 18 72
11 Ryan
7
7 Collins
2 Esch
91
8
32
66
27
67
Hicks
58
9
71
7*
82*
58
24
43
12 Chisholm
35 64 33 64
Shuster
12 McCloskey
44
46
31
4
88
3 Brown
4
77
90
9
91
Adams
5
94
8 Rostenkowski
22
71
24
62
81
15
61
34
13 Solarz
19
71
13 Mineta
11
79
10 McDade
9
84
-
Yates
9
4 Hutchinson
-
46
53
41
55
WEST VIRGINIA
14 McFall
33
67
33
63
8
86
89
92
3
87
6
14 Richmond
4
91
11 Flood
5 Vander Veen
-
-
31
65
38
60
1 Mollohan
38
32
37
54
10 Mikva
6
85
13
86
10*
79*
15 Zeferetti
34
6 Carr
62
12 Murtha
33 44 49 43
15 Sisk
55 39 52* 47*
2 Staggers
82
11
73
10
11 Annunzio
28
55
32
64
16
83
16 Holtzman
26 57 38 55
16 Talcott
92
2
96
13 Coughlin
Riegle
46
43
52
3 Slack
25
75
12 Crane
91
4
78
6
9
76
5
77
17 Murphy
58 40 60 37
17 Krebs
26
45
24
8 Traxler
57
14 Moorhead
18
73
14
87
4
84
10
13 McClory
71
20
60
18 Koch
81
Hechler
35
22
75
35*
25
75
58*
19
81
18 Ketchum
96
91
15 Rooney
14 Erlenborn
9 Vander Jagt
28
69
28
61
WISCONSIN
72
15
60
24
76
15
66
23
19 Rangel
16 Eshieman
19 Lagomarsino
92
8
85*
12*
5
82
5
79
6
10 Cederberg
85
90
62 6 80 12
Aspin
15 Hali
85
20 Abzug
13
79
14
84
9
83
11
7
83
20 Goldwater
2
89
94
17 Schneebell
21 Corman
11
81
16
80
16 Anderson
56
11 Ruppe
72 17 79 17
2 Kastenmeier
35
45
44
54
27
51
35
21 Badillo
15
82
9
88
3
90
78
18 Heinz
12 O'Hara
39
52
41*
56*
3 Baldus
86
85
9
17 O'Brien
75t
13t
74
19
22
68
19
74
22 Bingham
21 74
22 Moorhead
12
13 Diggs
85
90
19 Goodling, W.
15
4 Zablocki
66
18 Michel
4
60
23 Peyser
41
82 10 83 9
56
8
60
40
60
23 Rees
21
8
83
27
57
14 Nedzi
40
49
20 Gaydos
27
56
35
63
5 Reuss
8
90
91
3
19 Railsback
63 26 54* 37*
23
68
15
80
24 Ottinger
24 Waxman
7
91
21 Dent
8
20 Findley
15 Ford
37
87
25 Fish
45
29
59
6 Stelger
8
87
64 27 46 47
12
75
10
83
70t 24+ 62
25 Roybal
16 Dingell
52
38
53
22 Morgan
34
42
29
63
26
59
7 Obey
26 Rousselot
6
10
21 Madigan
71
23
63
29
23
65
21
63
26 Gliman
23 Johnson
17 81 16 81
86
84
44
54
44
8 Cornell
17 Brodhead
52
73
57+ 13t 34*
22 Shipley
90
-
27 McHugh
15
79
12
52 38 54 37
8
12
88
-
27 Bell
11
86
24 Vigorito
18 Blanchard
28
68
32
61
9 Kasten
2
86
6
69
23 Price
24
68
24
76
15
85
28 Stratton
88
10
-
-
-
28 Burke
48
51
50
46
25 Myers
71
28
WYOMING
582371
24 Simon
16
77
19 Broomfield
-
-
73
18
67
22
29 Pattison
29 Hawkins
MINNESOTA
14
83
RHODE ISLAND
AL Roncalio
30 Danielson
28
30 McEwen
35
59
INDIANA
26*
62
14
Quie
76
12
72
St Germain
62*
66
14
14
79
16
20
52
24
65
Madden
13
82
14
81
74
22
58
36
31 Mitchell
77
69
26
71
23
Beard
31 Wilson
2 Hagedorn
16
77
29
67
15
77
2 Fithian
37
55
-
88
8
32 Hanley
32 Anderson
3 Frenzel
25
72
36
58
SOUTH CAROLINA
83
6
77
4
3 Brademas
3
91
97
66
29
41
51
33 Walsh
33 Clawson
63+ 32t 65 23
Davis
64
4 Karth
55
39
67
24
72
Roush
36
35
63
16
67
15
78
34 Horton
34 Hannaford
-
41
36
47
5 Hillis
66
67
5 Fraser
49
Spence
24
35 Conable
91 5 94 4
39
58
25
12
55
5
87
35 Lloyd
6 Nolan
76
21
63
25
Derrick
64
31
11
76
10
74
6 Evans
42
56
11
88
36 LaFalce
7 Myers
92
87
7 Bergland
24
72
Mann
36 Brown
84 12 79 19
37 Pettis'
87t 12t
6
9
18
78
11
84
37 Nowak
19
80
Holland
15
78
8 Hayes
82
8 Oberstar
52
32
-
15
6
92
-
-
38 Kemp
38 Patterson
68
17
64
18
45
34
MISSISSIPPI
84
6
70
22
Jenrette
46
39
-
9 Hamilton
54
63
39 Hastings
39 Wiggins
10 Sharp
32
68
Whitten
81
16
77
74
11
86
11
20
SOUTH DAKOTA
40 Hinshaw
8
78
NORTH CAROLINA
Pressier
66
31
2 Bowen
82
11
83
1. Rep. Jerry L. Pettis (R Calif.) died Feb. 14, 1975. He opposed the coalition on the
41 Wilson
75
15
11 Jacobs
24
70
-
12
14
-
Jones
72t 21t 76 13
Abdnor
90
83
9
IOWA
3 Montgomery
91
93
3
66
Fountain
one issue for which he was eligible. Rep. Shirley N. Pettis (R) sworn in May 6, 1975, to
42 Van Deerlin
14
84 9 86 12
TENNESSEE
Mezvinsky
6
89
10
90
4 Cochran
89
5
83
8
92
4
86
9
3 Henderson
79
17
83
13
Quillen
43 Burgener
80t 41 77 7
succeed her husband.
Lott
92
4
91
2
Andrews
2. Rep. John C. Kluczynski (D III.) died Jan. 27, 1975. He was not eligible for any coali-
Blouin
11
87
-
-
67
25
COLORADO
66
26
Duncan
89 10 92 6
Schroeder
24
Grassley
84
16
MISSOURI
Neal
tion votes. Rep. John G. Fary (D) sworn in July 15, 1975, to replace Kluczynski.
74
90
-
54
41
Lloyd
74
26
Smith
29
66
26
66
Clay
2
86
2
74
19
Preyer
3. Rep. Carl Albert (D Okla.), as Speaker, votes at his own discretion.
76
61
38
57
39
Evins
2 Wirth
35 27 54 28
2 Symington
30
59
25
63
Rose
4. Rep. Richard Fulton (D Tenn.) resigned Aug. 14, 1975. His scores for 1975 were 19
55
3 Evans
32
62
25
69
Harkin
18
76
-
30
61
30
Allen'
25+ 71+
-
per cent support and 28 per cent opposition. Rep. Clifford Allen (D) sworn in Dec. 2,
Bedell
18
80
Sullivan
33
57
27
60
4 Johnson
78 16 55 31
-
8 Hefner
70
24
-
Beard
90 2 91 2
1975, to replace Fulton.
Democrats
Republicans
Democrats
Republicans
COPYRIGHT 1976 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC
COPYRIGHT 1976 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC
PAGE 172-Jan. 24, 1976
Reproduction prohibited whole or in part except by editorial clients.
Reproduction prohibited in whole or except by editorial clients.
Jan. 24, 1976-PAGE 173
Conservative Coalition - 6
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
North-South Split
- KEY
ALABAMA
IOWA
NEW HAMPSHIRE
Allen
86 6 87 10
Clark
5 92 85
Durkin¹
3t 85t - -
Sparkman
66 8 66 14
Culver
2 86 -
McIntyre
15 78 25 69
t Not eligible for all recorded
ALASKA
KANSAS
NEW JERSEY
Gravel
18
48
14
46
Dole
90 5 82 14
Williams
6
90
8
83
votes in 1975.
Stevens
55 31 59 36
Pearson
58 37 41 46
Case
8 89 10* 85*
Not eligible for all recorded
DEMOCRATS' REGIONAL DIVISIONS ROSE IN 1975
ARIZONA
KENTUCKY
NEW MEXICO
Fannin
95 2 91 2
Ford
45
46
-
Montoya
44 42 29 63
votes in 93rd Congress.
80 1 69 2
43 43 35 54
Domenici
85 7 79 19
-Not a member of 93rd Con-
Southern Democrats split from their northern party
Goldwater
Huddleston
ARKANSAS
LOUISIANA
NEW YORK
65
gress.
brethren on 34 per cent of 1975 House and Senate votes,
Bumpers
36 55 -
Johnston
83
14
23
Buckley*
69t 8t 77* 8*
McClellan
89 6 92 6
Long
63
17
58
23
Javits
10
78
13
67
only rarely without Republican support.
NORTH CAROLINA
A majority of voting Republicans joined with the
1975 North-South Split Votes
CALIFORNIA
MAINE
Cranston
13
86
9
84
Hathaway
7
90
9
86
Morgan
62 16 - -
southern Democrats on 336 of the 409 North-South
Tunney
16
78
11
77
Muskie
7
84
7
85
Helms
94 1 95 1
COLORADO
MARYLAND
NORTH DAKOTA
1
2
3
4
splits-166 out of 220 in the Senate and 170 out of 189 in the
The Democratic Party split along regional lines on
all the conservative coalition votes that formed during
Hart
13 80
Beall
58 40 66 27
Burdick
28 69 16* 82*
House. And the Southerners' position usually was
Haskell
19
72
15
75
Mathias
14 71 19 61
Young
92 4 75 15
MASSACHUSETTS
OHIO
TEXAS
successful only when they had Republican support.
1975-166 in the Senate and 170 in the House-and, in
CONNECTICUT
addition, on 54 other Senate and 19 other House votes.
Ribicoff
8
86
8
86
Kennedy
4
84
4
82
Glenn
23 69 - -
Bentsen
58 27 49 36
The southern Democrats went their own way against
These additional votes are listed below by CQ vote
Welcker
34 61 45 49
Brooke
7 86 17 74
Taft
35 31 52* 32*
Tower
95 2 91 3
both Republican and northern Democratic majorities on
DELAWARE
MICHIGAN
OKLAHOMA
UTAH
Biden
14
74
15
78
Hart
7
61
2
90
Bartlett
88
1
93
3
Moss
17 63 9 77
only 73 of 1,214 House and Senate recorded votes during the
number and may be found in the charts published in
the 1975 Weekly Reports. Conservative coalition vote
Roth
64
28
77
20
Griffin
80 10 80 10
Bellmon
79 14 59 11
Garn
87 2 -
first session of the 94th Congress. Those issues for the most
FLORIDA
MINNESOTA
OREGON
VERMONT
numbers are contained in that study. (Conservative
part dealt with strong regional, economic or emotional in-
Chiles
75 20 45 44
Humphrey
7 79 12 79
Hatfield
33
61
28
51
Leahy
3 87 - -
coalition, p. 169)
Stone
79
19
Mondale
7
89
5
85
Packwood
37
53
32
45
Stafford
30 69 43 50
terests.
GEORGIA
MISSISSIPPI
PENNSYLVANIA
VIRGINIA
Without Republican support, southern Democrats won
Nunn
91 9 86 11
Eastland
72
3
84
4
Schweiker
5 93 21 75
Byrd**
93 6 91 6
Talmadge
81 13 84 9
Stennis
83 2 61 4
Scott
36 49 58* 36*
Scott
86
10
83
their point on only three of those 73 votes, uniting in a
Senate Votes (54)
5
HAWAII
MISSOURI
RHODE ISLAND
WASHINGTON
regional stance while Republicans and northern Democrats
43, 46, 49, 51, 75, 93, 95, 103, 104, 115, 172, 184, 194,
74
Inouye
20
55
20*
57*
Eagleton
16
75
13
75
Pastore
17 77 18* 75*
Jackson
20
75
26
Fong
66 21 67* 20*
Symington
22 52 18 61
Pell
7
84
8*
88*
Magnuson
21
70
22
69
were dividing.
218, 222, 223, 225, 271, 294, 306, 310, 315, 316, 318, 319,
IDAHO
MONTANA
SOUTH CAROLINA
WEST VIRGINIA
324, 326, 327, 328, 335, 346, 348, 349, 352, 385, 413, 455,
Church
17
69
13
67
Mansfield
24 65 13 75
Hollings
56 36 54 31
64 35 52 48
With Republican support on 336 other votes, by con-
Byrd
McClure
96 82 5
Metcalf
14 72 14 75
Thurmond
95 92 3
Randolph
48
48
39
53
trast, southern Democrats prevailed over northern
461, 462, 483, 484, 500, 501, 533, 542, 544, 545, 550, 554,
WISCONSIN
Democrats 169 times, a 50 per cent success rate for the
557, 562, 564, 574, 602.
ILLINOIS
NEBRASKA
SOUTH DAKOTA
Stevenson
8
87
9
86
Curtis
88
88
1
Abourezk
7
91
7
83
Nelson
13
86
5
86
Percy
28 60 33 48
Hruska
93 0 92 2
McGovern
4
77
7
79
Proxmire
17
83
19
81
traditional congressional conservative coalition. (Conser-
House Votes (19)
INDIANA
NEVADA
TENNESSEE
WYOMING
vative coalition study, p. 169)
Bayh
3 51 10 69
Cannon
58 29 47 44
Baker
70 5 69 10
McGee
32
36
28
43
Hartke
12 73 16 66
Laxalt
92 5
Brock
86 9 87 5
Hansen
96 0 92 1
House Democrats split along North-South lines on 189
7, 14, 43, 45, 133, 167, 178, 191, 242, 285, 335, 397,
recorded votes, 31 per cent of the 612 recorded votes taken
424, 425, 455, 562, 572, 573, 585.
Democrats
Republicans
*Buckley elected as Conservative.
**Byrd elected as independent.
in 1975. That was a marked increase in North-South splits
from the 22 per cent record of 1974.
1. Sen. John A. Durkin (D N.H.) sworn in Sept. 18, 1975, following a special election
necessitated by a dispute over the outcome of the 1974 general election. The seat was
On all but 19 of those party-split votes, however,
Opposed rescission of $122.9-million in appropriations
vacant from Jan. 3 to Aug. 8, 1975, when Sen. Norris Cotton (R) was appointed to serve
southern Democrats were joined by a majority of House
for the Texas-built F-111 fighter-bomber and supported
until a successor was elected. Cotton's scores for 1975 were 78 per cent support and 22
Republicans. In 1974, southern Democrats had stood alone
dropping a $58.2-million appropriation to develop the F-18
per cent opposition.
in only 14 House recorded votes.
fighter that the Navy had selected over the Texas-built F-
In the Senate, southern Democrats bucked northern
16. (Vote 14, 1979 Weekly Report p. 454; Votes 424 and
Democrats on 37 per cent of 602 recorded votes in 1975. In
425, 1975 Weekly Report p. 2138)
Conservative Coalition Support and Opposition: Senate
1974, the Senate North-South split rate was 39 per cent.
Backed government support for private efforts to
In splitting with northern Democrats on 220 Senate
develop oil shale and other synthetic fuels and opposed
votes in 1975, southern Democrats were up against a
federal strip mining curbs. (Vote 133, 1975 Weekly Report
1. Conservative Coalition Support, 1975. Percentage of 166
3. Conservative Coalition Support, 93rd Congress. Percentage
Republican majority 54 times. In 1974, Senate southern
p. 994; Votes 572 and 573, 1975 Weekly Report p. 2754)
conservative coalition votes in 1975 on which senator voted "yea" or
of 285 conservative coalition roll calls in 1973 and 1974 on which
Democrats went against Republican and northern
Opposed additional federal aid to ailing Northeast and
"nay" in agreement with the position of the conservative coalition.
senator voted "yea" or "nay" in agreement with the position of
Democratic majorities in 48 votes.
the conservative coalition. Failures to vote lower both Support and
Midwest railroads. (Vote 7, 1975 Weekly Report p. 414)
Failures to vote lower both Support and Opposition scores.
Defended higher dairy and cotton price targets. (Vote
Opposition scores.
House
43, 1975 Weekly Report p. 618; Vote 45, 1975 Weekly Re-
2. Conservative Coalition Opposition, 1975. Percentage of 166
4. Conservative Coalition Opposition, 93rd Congress. Percen-
port p. 622)
conservative coalition votes in 1975 on which senator voted "yea" or
tage of 285 conservative coalition roll calls in 1973 and 1974 on
House Republicans, generally closely attuned to
Opposed U.S. contributions to the Inter-American
"nay" in disagreement with the position of the conservative
which senator voted "yea" or "nay" in disagreement with the posi-
southern conservatism on economic and foreign policy
Development Bank.
coalition. Failures to vote lower both Support and Opposition
tion of the conservative coalition. Failures to vote lower both Sup-
issues, left southern Democrats by themselves in 19 North-
scores.
port and Opposition scores.
South splits on regional issues during 1975.
Senate
Southern Democrats won only one of those 19 issues,
turning back a northern-Republican-led attempt to drop a
In the Senate, southern Democrats more frequently
$3-million federal subsidy for a private cotton industry
found themselves without majority Republican support,
organization. That proposal lost by a three-vote margin,
winning only two of 54 votes in which they lined up against
both Republican and northern Democratic blocs.
196-199, as southern Democrats voted 5-79, northern
Democrats 103-81 and Republicans 88-39. (Vote 285, 1975
In one of those votes, southern Democrats held off an
Weekly Report p. 1580)
effort to kill provisions to raise 1975 tobacco price supports.
Southern Democrats were less unified on other issues,
Southern Democrats voted 0-17 on that amendment, with
however, and Republicans and northern Democrats were
northern Democrats dividing 19-16 and Republicans 16-15.
less evenly divided. Southern Democrats therefore lost on
(Vote 115, 1975 Weekly Report p. 673)
18 votes, including issues on which they:
On another issue, southern Democrats voted 16-1 to
table an amendment to emergency tax cut legislation (HR
PAGE 174-Jan. 24, 1976
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COPYRIGHT 1976 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC.
Reproduction prohibited in whole or in part except by editorial clients.
Reproduction prohibited in whole or in part except by editorial clients
Jan. 24, 1976-PAGE 175
North-South Split 3
North-South Split 2
2166) to discount a 10 per cent earned income credit for tax-
Total
North-South
Percentage
payers with children in computing income to determine
Recorded
Democratic
of
their eligibility for federal benefit programs. Northern
Votes
Splits
Splits
Democrats divided 18-23 and Republicans 16-16, so the
1968
514
173
34
Stands of Individual Democrats
proposal was sidetracked.
The 52 votes that the southern Democrats lost to com-
1967
560
148
26
1966
428
124
29
The charts below and on the following page show
COLUMN 2 gives the percentage of recorded votes
bined Republican and northern Democratic majorities in-
1965
459
160
35
how often individual Democrats voted with the southern
on which the member voted "yea" or "nay" in agreement
cluded:
A series of 10 recorded votes during a week of
1964
308*
75
24
and northern positions on party-splitting issues. The
with the majority of voting northern Democrats in 1975.
1963
348
84
24
first two columns are based on the 220 Senate roll calls
maneuvering in which opponents failed to block and delay
action on a measure (HR 6219) extending the 1965 voting
1962
348
74
21
and the 189 House record votes on which the majority of
COLUMN 3 gives the percentage of recorded votes
1961
320
107
voting southern Democrats opposed the stand taken by
on which the member voted "yea" or "nay" in agreement
33
rights act. (Votes 306, 310, 315, 316, 318, 319, 1975 Weekly
with the majority of voting southern Democrats in the
1960
300
119
40
the majority of voting northern Democrats in 1975. The
Report pp. 1644-45; votes 324, 326-328, 1975 Weekly Re-
1959
302
83
27
last two columns show the votes of Democrats on 370
93rd Congress.
port pp. 1728-29)
Senate roll calls and 273 House recorded votes in the
COLUMN 4 gives the percentage of recorded votes
Three preliminary votes and final passage of a measure
*110 civil rights votes eliminated from the session's total of 418 for this study.
93rd Congress.
on which the member voted "yea" or "nay" in agreement
(HR 10481) extending federal aid to New York City. (Votes
COLUMN 1 gives the percentage of recorded votes
with the majority of voting northern Democrats in the
544, 545, 550, 557, 1975 Weekly Report pp. 2745-47)
on which the member voted "yea" or "nay" in agree-
93rd Congress.
Scattered votes on Northeast railroad reorganization,
Individual Scores
ment with the majority of voting southern Democrats
Failure to vote kept the figures for most senators
common-site picketing, foreign aid and defense spending,
in 1975.
and representatives below the maximum possible.
executive pay, Senate cloture rules and various other
The list below shows those senators and represen-
issues.
tatives who supported the southern position most often and
Key
Individual Differences
least often in 1975:
t Not eligible for all recorded votes in 1975.
To some extent, of course, North-South splits reflected
SENATE
Not eligible for all recorded votes in the 93rd Congress.
differences between rural and urban areas, both within
Not a member of 93rd Congress.
northern and southern states.
Most 'Southern' Southerners. The southern
In the House, for instance, two Virginians were among
Democratic senators who voted most frequently with the
Southern Democratic Senators' Scores
the seven southern members who voted most consistently
majority of Southerners on the 220 party-splitting votes in
with the southern Democratic bloc on party-splitting votes.
1975 were: Sam Nunn (Ga.), 90 per cent; John L. McClellan
But two freshman Virginia members, elected by districts
(Ark.), 86; James B. Allen (Ala.), 85. Sen. Harry F. Byrd Jr.
ALABAMA
FLORIDA
KENTUCKY
NORTH CAROLINA
Allen
85 7 86 11
Chiles
including the Washington, D.C., suburbs, were among the
(Va.), an independent, led all senators with 92 per cent.
70 24 43 46
Ford
40 50
Morgan
60 16 -
Sparkman
66 14 65 16
Stone
76
21
Huddleston
39 47 35 54
five southern Democrats who most frequently bolted to
Least 'Southern' Southerners. The southern
SOUTH CAROLINA
LOUISIANA
vote with the northern Democratic majority.
Democratic senators who voted least frequently with the
Johnston
Hollings
53 39 54 32
74 22 59 28
majority of Southerners in 1975 were: Dale Bumpers (Ark.),
Long
59 23 58 24
TEXAS
In the Senate, four first-term southern Democrats
ARKANSAS
GEORGIA
MISSISSIPPI
Bentsen
50 33 46 39
voted least frequently with their region's party majority.
34 per cent; Walter (Dee) Huddleston (Ky.), 39; Wendell H.
Bumpers
34 56
Nunn
90 10 86 12
Eastland
69 78 7
VIRGINIA
McClellan
Ford (Ky.), 40; Lloyd Bentsen (Texas), 50.
86 90 7
Talmadge
82 12 81 9
Stennis
81
61
5
Byrd*
92 90 7
Most 'Southern' Northerners. The northern
Byrd (Va.) elected as independent.
1975 Splits
Democratic senators who voted most frequently with the
majority of Southerners were: Robert C. Byrd (W.Va.), 60
The table below shows 1975 North-South splits:
per cent; Howard W. Cannon (Nev.), 52; Jennings Randolph
Southern Democratic Representatives' Scores
(W.Va.), 41; Joseph M. Montoya (N.M.), 39.
ALABAMA
Total
North-South
Percentage
7 McDonald
89 10
Neal
50
43
4 Roberts
82
82
8
3 Nichols
83 12 85 7
8 Stuckey
75 15 61* 23*
6 Preyer
59 40 56 40
6 Teague
49 56 14
Recorded
Democratic
of
4 Bevill
78 20 73 19
9 Landrum
66 57 12
Rose
52 32 62 29
8 Eckhardt
14 83 13 83
Votes
Splits
Splits
HOUSE
5 Jones
46 34 53 28
10 Stephens
70 64 14
Hefner
68 26
Brooks
45 38 51 43
7 Flowers
77 15 70 19
KENTUCKY
11 Taylor
77
20
81
17
10 Pickle
67 32 62 27
BOTH
ARKANSAS
1 Hubbard
70
27
OKLAHOMA
11 Poage
93 82 9
CHAMBERS
1,214
409
34
Most 'Southern' Southerners. The southern
1 Alexander
56
32
56
28
2 Natcher
52 48 55 45
1 Jones
74 19
12 Wright
61 33 47 41
602
220
37
Democratic representatives who voted most frequently
2 Mills
54 19 30 16
3 Mazzoli
50 49 34 64
Senate
Risenhoover
64 22
13 Hightower
84 10
House
612
with the majority of Southerners on the 189 party-splitting
4 Thornton
68
30
65
32
6 Breckinridge
47 48 40 55
Albert
14 Young
76 22 68 30
189
31
FLORIDA
7 Perkins
37
61
40
60
4 Steed
65 24 76 22
15 Garza
74 20 63 25
issues in 1975 were: W.C. (Dan) Daniel (Va.), 95 per cent;
Sikes
72
12
80
10
LOUISIANA
6 English
85 13
16 White
82 17 74 21
W.R. Poage (Texas), 93; Omar Burleson (Texas), 92; Joe D.
2 Fuqua
66
23
66
17
1 Hebert
30 40 10
17 Burleson
92 95 3
SOUTH CAROLINA
North-South Split History
Waggonner Jr. (La.), 90; G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery (Miss.),
3 Bennett
56
44
61
39
2 Boggs
39 48 38* 52*
18 Jordan
22 77 19 77
Davis
56
37
68
22
4 Chappell
78
11
79
13
90 7 92 5
19 Mahon
Waggonner
84 16 87 11
Derrick
60 34
90; Larry McDonald (Ga.), 89; David E. Satterfield III (Va.),
7 Gibbons
51
35
33
55
Passman
70 12 66 16
20 Gonzalez
44 43 42 52
4 Mann
79
16
78
20
The table below compares the number and percentage
8 Haley
79 20 80 16
7 Breaux
75 17 64 19
Holland
51 34
21 Krueger
70+ 24+
88.
of 1975 splits in both chambers with figures for previous
11 Rogers
54t 39t 65 32
Long
52
44
47
48
Jenrette
47
37
22 Casey
78
9
88
10
-
Least 'Southern' Southerners. The southern
13 Lehman
14t 78t 14* 77*
23 Kazen
87 12 60 29
MISSISSIPPI
TENNESSEE
14 Pepper
24 66 25 62
24 Milford
79
10
Democratic representatives who voted least frequently
70
12
years:
15 Fascell
19 78 21* 77*
1 Whitten
76 12 85 11
Lloyd
72 28
Total
North-South
Percentage
with a majority of their southern colleagues in 1975 were:
2 Bowen
80 13 82 13
Evins
39 25 53 26
GEORGIA
Andrew Young (Ga), 10 per cent; Joseph L. Fisher (Va.), 13;
3 Montgomery
90 3 91 4
Allen²
21t 75t
Recorded
Democratic
of
Ginn
74
23
75
23
7 Jones
66 24 68 14
VIRGINIA
William Lehman (Fla.), 14; Bob Eckhardt (Texas), 14;
2 Mathis
77 10 83 9
NORTH CAROLINA
Votes
Splits
Splits
8 Ford
26 68
1 Downing
83t 11t 82
9
3 Brinkley
83 15 79 18
1 Jones
69 24 75 13
Satterfield
88 92 6
Herbert E. Harris II (Va.), 15.
Levitas
54
45
2 Fountain
79 15 85 13
TEXAS
Daniel
95 95 5
409
34
5 Young
10
81
78
3 Henderson
75 21 84 12
1975
1,214
Most 'Southern' Northerners. The northern
Patman
35 40 34 32
8 Harris
15 85
1974
Democratic representatives who voted most frequently
6 Flynt
68 7 79 10
4 Andrews
63 28 66 26
45
37
42
49
10 Fisher
13 86 -
1,081
326
30
1973
1,135
318
28
with the majority of the Southerners were: Harold Runnels
1. Rep. Carl Albert, as Speaker, votes at his own discretion.
1972
861
330
38
(N.M.), 81 per cent; Goodloe E. Byron (Md.), 78; Richard H.
2. Rep. Richard Fulton (D Tenn.) resigned Aug. 14, 1975. His scores for 1975 were 21
1971
743
279
38
Ichord (Mo.), 76; William J. Randall (Mo.), 66; John M. Slack
per cent support and 27 per cent opposition. Rep. Clifford Allen (D) sworn in Dec. 2,
1975, to replace Fulton.
1970
684
233
34
(W.Va.), 56; George E. Shipley (Ill.), 53; John P. Murtha
1969
422
153
36
(Pa.), 53.
COPYRIGHT 1976 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC.
COPYRIGHT 1976 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC.
Reproduction prohibited in whole or in part except by editorial clients
Jan. 24, 1976-PAGE 177
PAGE 176-Jan. 24, 1976
Reproduction prohibited in whole or in part except by editorial clients
North-South Split - 4
Northern Democratic Senators' Scores
Party Unity
ALASKA
INDIANA
MONTANA
SOUTH DAKOTA
Gravel
15 55 15 45
Bayh
5 52 12 69
Mansfield
25 67 16 70
Abourezk
7 88 12 77
CALIFORNIA
Hartke
14 73 17 63
Metcalf
14 73 16 74
McGovern
4 75 78
Cranston
11 88 11 81
IOWA
NEVADA
UTAH
Tunney
15 78 11 77
Clark
5 93 84
Cannon
52 36 44 47
Moss
17
66
78
COLORADO
Culver
3 88 -
NEW HAMPSHIRE
Hart
14 80
MAINE
Durkin'
2t 83t
VERMONT
PARTY UNITY VOTING ROSE SHARPLY IN 197
-
Haskell
19
74
Hathaway
12 86 11 84
McIntyre
15 77 22 70
Leahy
6 87 -
71
16
CONNECTICUT
Muskie
12 80 83
NEW JERSEY
WASHINGTON
Partisan voting in Congress increased sharply during
Ribicoff
9 85 11 84
MASSACHUSETTS
Williams
8
89
85
Jackson
19
75
23
76
1975 over previous years. Almost half the votes taken in
Kennedy
4 83 83
Magnuson
21 72 21 70
DELAWARE
NEW MEXICO
Biden
15 72 16 77
MICHIGAN
Montoya
39 45 27 63
WEST VIRGINIA
1975 reflected partisan divisions-those where a majority
Definitions
Hart
6
62
87
NORTH DAKOTA
Byrd
60
40
52
48
of voting Democrats opposed a majority of voting
HAWAII
Inouye
19
60
20*
57*
MINNESOTA
Burdick
28 68 21 78
Randolph
41 55 37 54
Republicans. Of the 1,214 recorded votes, 584, or 48 per cent,
Party Unity Votes. Recorded votes in t
Humphrey
7 80 12 77
OHIO
WISCONSIN
were partisan.
IDAHO
Mondale
6 89 85
Glenn
20 71 -
Nelson
13 83 8 84
16 69 15 64
MISSOURI
RHODE ISLAND
Proxmire
23
77
23
The 1975 figure of 48 per cent compared with 37 per
and House that split the parties, a majority
Church
77
ILLINOIS
Eagleton
16 75 16 73
Pastore
16 77 15* 77*
cent in 1974, the last session of the 93rd Congress. Partisan
Democrats opposing a majority of voting Rej
WYOMING
Stevenson
8 86 86
Symington
20 56 19 61
Pell
9 85 9* 85*
McGee
29 45 25 49
voting occurred on 41 per cent of the votes in 1973, 33 per
cluded. Votes on which either party divides evenl
1. Sen. John A. Durkin (D N.H.) sworn in Sept. 18, 1975, following a special election cant from Jan. 3 to Aug. 8, 1975, when Sen. Norris Cotton (R) was appointed to serve un-
cent in 1972 and 40 per cent in 1971. Those figures follow a
necessitated by a dispute over the results of the 1974 general election. The seat was va-
pattern that has shown up in almost every Congress in the
Party Unity Scores. Percentage of pa
til a successor was elected.
past two decades-a higher level of partisan voting in the
votes on which a member votes "yea" or
Northern Democratic Representatives' Scores
first session of a Congress, followed by a drop in partisan
agreement with a majority of his party. Failu
INDIANA
3 Sullivan
divisions and an increase in bipartisan voting during con-
even if a member announced his stand, lo
ARIZONA
32 58 25 61
OHIO
score.
8 33 16 71
1 Madden
15 80 13 81
4 Randall
66 28 57* 39*
9 Ashley
26 66 16 70
gressional election years.
2 Fithian
37
56
5 Bolling
25
69
19
58
14 Seiberling
10
85
92
CALIFORNIA
3 Brademas
5 88 96
36
53
48
18 Hays
35 44 44 38
This variance is due to the House, whose members
Opposition-to-Party Scores. Percentage
42
unity votes on which a member votes "yea" 01
Johnson
35
61
31
58
4 Roush
33 66 36 63
8 Ichord
76
15
75
12
19 Carney
19 76 16 75
are up for re-election every other year. The percentage
11
79
12
79
6 Evans
40 58 -
9 Hungate
33 55 42 56
20 Stanton
15 72 15 77
of partisan votes in the House appears to see-saw from
disagreement with a majority of his party. A
Leggett
16
70
16
70
8 Hayes
17
81
10 Burlison
50
50
56
41
21 Stokes
3 85 70
5 Burton,
9
81
2*
90*
57
32
MONTANA
10 84 10 90
the first session of a Congress to the second session,
party unity and opposition-to-party scores
9 Hamilton
42
66
22 Vanik
6 Burton, P.
4
83
84
10 Sharp
31 69 -
1 Baucus
20 76 -
23 Mottl
27
66
-
Miller
10
89
11 Jacobs
24 70 - -
with the first session being more partisan. The Senate,
100 per cent only if he voted on all party uni
-
-
2 Melcher
37
55
30
64
OREGON
Dellums
7
89
89
IOWA
NEVADA
1 AuCoin
21
on the other hand, has shown a consistent increase in
60
-
Stark
5
84
9
82
1 Mezvinsky
7 88 12 88
AL Santini
50 40 - -
Ullman
36 53 48 45
partisan voting since 1972. The percentage of partisan
Then, southern Democrats voted with a n
10 Edwards
3
94
5* 89*
2 Blouin
12 85
Smith
NEW HAMPSHIRE
3 Duncan
46 49 -
11 Ryan
20
66
23
60
31 65 28 64
19 76 -
32 66 - -
4 Weaver
votes there has increased by four percentage points a year
10
88
Democrats on 35 per cent of partisan votes in
5 Harkin
1 D'Amours
-
13 Mineta
6
93
PENNSYLVANIA
from 1972 to 1975-from 36 per cent in 1972 to 40 per cent in
and 44 per cent in the House.
14 McFall
33 66 35 60
6 Bedell
20 77
-
NEW JERSEY
Barrett
15 Sisk
21 56 17 73
1973, 44 per cent in 1974 and 48 per cent in 1975. In the
39 31 37 51
KANSAS
1 Florio
17 74 -
-
Nix
21 67 14 70
House, the percentage has fluctuated, going from 27 per
Northern Democrats increased their support
Krebs
25 75
12 82 - -
21 Corman
12 79 15 79
Hughes
34 62
-
Green
4 88 89
23 Rees
22
66
9
82
MARYLAND
3 Howard
9
86
8
74
12 83 17 76
cent in 1972 to 42 per cent in 1973, 29 per cent in 1974 and 48
party's position in 1975. They backed their part
4 Ellberg
24 Waxman
4 Thompson
9
77
7
84
72
6 Yatron
35 59 29 66
per cent in 1975.
cent of the votes in the Senate and 79 per cent in
4
-
2 Long
31 63 35 62
85
11
7 91 92
7 Maguire
6t 93t
-
7 Edgar
6 92 - -
an increase from their 1974 support scores of 73
25 Roybal
9
83
3 Sarbanes
28 Burke
87
5
Roe
3
66
25
71
17
86
73
11 Flood
32 64 39 58
The Democrats in both chambers won more of the par-
the Senate and 72 per cent in the House.
6
13
29 Hawkins
7
Helstoski
17 68 6 84
12 Murtha
53 39 51* 48*
80
5
70
6 Byron
78 16 80 18
tisan votes in 1975 than did the Republicans, as had been
30 Danielson
7 Mitchell
10 Rodino
26 64 15 63
81
8
79
5
89
14 Moorhead
19 74 13 79
5
5
90
11 Minish
the case most of the time since the 83rd Congress (1953-54),
Southern Republicans supported their part
31 Wilson
20
cent of partisan votes in the Senate and 81 per
20 53 24 66
76
17
79
15 Rooney
28 69 28 62
MASSACHUSETTS
30
67
13 Meyner
11
84
-
15
20 Gaydos
28 54 34 64
when the Republicans last had majorities in either
32 Anderson
76
2 Boland
19
75
20
72
34 Hannaford
71
14 Daniels
21 69 20 69
21 Dent
38 45 27 56
-
-
12 85
chamber. House Republicans, however, won more partisan
House, a sizable increase over 1974 when they
18
3 Early
35 Lloyd
39 59
15 Patten
30
65
25
74
22 Morgan
31 61 26 58
their party on 73 per cent of partisan votes in
4 Drinan
6 93 96
36 Brown
14
74
14
71
NEW MEXICO
24 Vigorito
27 68 32 61
(1971-72). votes than their Democratic rivals in the 92nd Congress
and 74 per cent in the House.
5 Tsongas
6 92
38 Patterson
16
77
Runnels
6 Harrington
5
81
81
86
10
67
15
RHODE ISLAND
Northern Republicans also supported their
42 Van Deerlin
24
66
15
77
NEW YORK
Germain
14 78 16 77
7 Macdonald
14 65 19 61
On average, Democrats voted with their party on
8 O'Neill
19 73 22 71
Pike
24+ 74+ 30 70
Beard
15
78
-
-
6 92 86
11 89
partisan votes just slightly less than Republicans in
more votes in 1975 than in 1974. In 1975, they S
COLORADO
1 Schroeder
22
76
7
88
Moakley
Downey
-
UTAH
their party on 59 per cent of the votes in the Sen
Wirth
19
76
11 Burke
26 73 22 77
3 Ambro
22 75 -
-
McKay
52 42 52 35
1975-69 per cent of the time compared with 70 per cent.
3 Evans
32
62
29
66
12 Studds
8
92
91
6 Wolff
18 72 17 79
2 Howe
59
That was the reverse of 1974 when Democrats voted with
per cent in the House, compared with 55 per
40
-
CONNECTICUT
MICHIGAN
7 Addabbo
8 84 11 85
Senate and 60 per cent in the House in 1974.
WASHINGTON
Cotter
27
67
22
1 Conyers
8 Rosenthal
4 90 2 90
69
5
61
67
2 Meeds
22
71
14
80
their party slightly more than Republicans-63 per cent to
5 Vander Veen
Delaney
38+ 61+ 36 57
3 Bonker
16
81
62 per cent.
Dodd
12
84
14
85
12*
78*
-
-
Gialmo
24 66 24 64
Carr
10 Blaggi
29
51
15
28
56
84
4 McCormack
38 56 27 64
Moffett
10
88
9
88
The significant change in 1975 was the sharp increase
Party Unity Scoreboard
73
11 Scheuer
-
Riegle
10
76
Foley
26 60 21 70
8 Traxler
12 Chisholm
HAWAII
24
5 86 78
72
38*
53*
6 Hicks
37 63 37 61
in party voting in both chambers among members of both
23
12 O'Hara
13 Solarz
13 78 -
22 67 21 70
7 Adams
19 69 10 82
Matsunaga
16
71
72
14 Richmond
5 90 -
parties. The average House Democrat voted with his party
The table below shows the proportion of p
-
Mink
9
80
11
88
13 Diggs
8
59
59
15 Zeferetti
35
WEST VIRGINIA
14 Nedzi
60
-
23 69 16 79
on 69 per cent of partisan votes in 1975, up from 62 per cent
roll calls in 1975, 1974, 1973, 1972 and 1971:
ILLINOIS
95
Mollohan
35
42
16 Holtzman
48
42
15 Ford
14
6 90 3
72
12
79
1 Metcalfe
3
5
73
46
Staggers
27 56 39 54
16 Dingell
17 Murphy
28
in 1974. The average House Republican voted with his party
75
23
25
65
22
55
63
Slack
56 41 60 36
Murphy
28 70 25 68
on 72 per cent of the partisan votes in 1975, compared with
Total
17 Brodhead
18 Koch
4 94 7 91
Party
9 89 -
Russo
30 68
4 Hechler
19 Rangel
6 84 3 89
26 74 20 80
63 per cent in 1974.
Recorded
18 Blanchard
14 86 -
Unity
Fary'
10t 43t
-
20 Abzug
4
87
3
94
WISCONSIN
Collins
10
71
8"
80*
21 Badillo
5
88
2
77
Aspin
15
77
8
81
The average Senate Democrat voted with his party on
Votes
MINNESOTA
Recorded Votes
8 Rostenkowski
23
69
23
64
Karth
17 66 15 78
22 Bingham
14 84 90
2 Kastenmeler
18 79 11 86
68 per cent of partisan votes in 1975, compared with 63 per
1975
9 Yates
10
85
10
88
Fraser
13
53
85
24 Ottinger
9 88
-
3 Baldus
23 72
10 Mikva
Nolan
13 84
cent in 1974. The average Senate Republican voted with his
Both Chambers
9 81 -
27 McHugh
14 83
Zablocki
41 55 38 62
1,214
584
-
11 Annunzio
29
54
30
66
7 Bergland
21 74 15 80
28 Stratton
48 51 47 49
5 Reuss
8 88 90
party on 64 per cent of partisan votes in 1975, up from 59
Senate
602
288
15 Hall
16
83
8 Oberstar
10
89
-
-
29 Pattison
15 82
Obey
20 79 18 79
per cent in 1974.
House
612
296
22 Shipley
53 37 52 37
MISSOURI
32 Hanley
26 71 34 60
Cornell
13 87 -
23 Price
25 67 24 75
1 Clay
3 86 3 74
36 LaFalce
25 70 -
WYOMING
Southern Democrats voted with their party on only 43
24 Simon
19 74 -
Symington
30 59 25 64
37 Nowak
-
AL Roncallo
35 59 28* 60*
per cent of partisan votes in the Senate and 48 per cent in
1974
21 78
1. Rep. John C. Kluczynski (D III.) died Jan. 27, 1975. He was not eligible for any north- south split votes. Rep. John G. Fary (D) sworn in July 15, 1975, to replace Kluczynski.
the House, indicating somewhat greater southern
Both Chambers
1,081
399
Democratic support of the party's position than in 1974.
Senate
544
241
House
537
158
PAGE 178-Jan. 24, 1976
COPYRIGHT 1978 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC.
Reproduction prohibited in whole or in part except by editorial clients.
COPYRIGHT 1976 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC.
Reproduction prohibited in whole or in part except by editorial clients.
Jan. 24, 1976-P
Party Unity 3
Party Unity - 2
Per Cent
Individual Scores
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1 3 4
Total
Party
- KEY
Record
Unity
of
Votes
Recorded Votes
Total
Highest party unity scores-those who in 1975 most
ALABAMA
IOWA
NEW HAMPSHIRE
Allen
26
69
30
66
Clark
91
5
80
8
Durkin'
86+ ot
consistently voted with their party majority against the
Sparkman
41
41
34
47
Culver
90
4
-
Mcintyre
81 12 73 19
t Not eligible for all recorded
1973
41
majority of the other party.
ALASKA
KANSAS
NEW JERSEY
votes in 1975.
1,135
463
Gravel
51
22
50
13
Both Chambers
Dole
86 8 77 17
Williams
88 6 81 8
237
40
Stevens
57
27
53
40
594
Pearson
57
36
41
46
20 74 14* 82*
Not eligible for all recorded
Case
Senate
541
226
42
SENATE
ARIZONA
KENTUCKY
NEW MEXICO
votes in 93rd Congress.
House
Fannin
86
3
86
5
Ford
68
24
-
Democrats
Republicans
Montoya
52 29 74 17
-Not a member of 93rd Con-
Goldwater
73
2
63
6
Huddleston
66
22
67
18
Domenici
77 16 73 22
gress.
1972
33
ARKANSAS
LOUISIANA
NEW YORK
Both Chambers
861
283
92%
Thurmond (S.C.)
92%
Bumpers
69
20
Johnston
40
53
47
40
Buckley*
71t 7t 76* 7*
532
194
36
Cranston (Calif.)
Tower (Texas)
92
McClellan
30
62
30
66
Long
39
46
43
38
Javits
21 70 18 63
Senate
329
89
27
Clark (lowa)
91
CALIFORNIA
MAINE
NORTH CAROLINA
House
Hathaway (Maine) 91
Hansen (Wyo.)
92
Cranston
92
7
85
7
Hathaway
91
5
86
10
Morgan
37
38
-
McClure (Idaho)
91
Tunney
85
8
75
12
Muskie
89
4
83
9
Helms
90
7
86*
6*
1971
Mondale (Minn.)
91
40
COLORADO
MARYLAND
NORTH DAKOTA
Both Chambers
743
297
Leahy (Vt.)
91
Hart
85
7
Beall
55 40 66 29
Burdick
80
14
86*
12*
1
2
3
4
Senate
423
176
42
Haskell
82
11
78
12
Mathias
22
60
21
59
Young
83
13
64
26
320
121
38
HOUSE
CONNECTICUT
MASSACHUSETTS
OHIO
TEXAS
House
Republicans
Ribicoff
90
5
83
10
Kennedy
80
4
79
7
Glenn
76
15
-
-
Bentsen
49
36
53
33
Democrats
Welcker
42
56
42
49
Brooke
19
73
21
67
Taft
44
21
57*
28*
Tower
92
5
86
5
DELAWARE
MICHIGAN
OKLAHOMA
UTAH
Bauman (Md.)
93%
3
91
5
79 9 77 10
Oberstar (Minn.)
97%
Biden
77t 13t 74 14
Hart
68
7
86
6
Bartlett
89
Victories, Defeats on Party Unity Votes
Moss
Robinson (Va.)
93
Roth
65
29
72
25
Griffin
74
16
82
10
Bellmon
80
11
57
13
Garn
87
4
Edwards (Calif.)
95
94
Daniel (Va.)
93
FLORIDA
MINNESOTA
OREGON
VERMONT
Brademas (Ind.)
Chiles
50
44
63
28
Humphrey
81
4
78
11
Hatfield
35
55
31
53
91
2
House
Total
93
Devine (Ohio)
92
Leahy
-
Senate
Reuss (Wis.)
Stone
50
47
Mondale
91
3
81
7
Packwood
48
42
40
40
Stefford
33
63
43
48
92
Collins (Texas)
91
GEORGIA
MISSISSIPPI
PENNSYLVANIA
VIRGINIA
Mineta (Calif.)
Lagomarsino (Calif.)
Nunn
40
59
41
57
Eastland
19
49
23
59
Schweiker
18
81
21
76
25
73
24
72
217
224
441
Byrd**
Democrats won, Republicans lost
Mezvinsky (lowa)
92
Smith (Neb.)
90
Talmadge
39
53
38
53
Stennis
27
60
18
41
Scott
43
43
60*
36*
Scott
84
9
74
13
Republicans won, Democrats lost
71
72
143
Howard (N.J.)
92
HAWAII
MISSOURI
RHODE ISLAND
WASHINGTON
1
9
92
Kelly (Fla.)
89
Inouye
65
11
64*
8
Koch (N.Y.)
13*
Eagleton
82
9
81
8
Pastore
83 10 79* 13*
Jackson
83
10
82
18
Democrats voted unanimously
Republicans voted unanimously
27
10
Fisher (Va.)
92
Holt (Md.)
89
Fong
65
19
63*
20*
Symington
68
12
75
8
Pell
86
6
86*
9*
37
Magnuson
76
11
79
11
Hutchinson (Mich.)
89
IDAHO
MONTANA
SOUTH CAROLINA
WEST VIRGINIA
Sarbanes (Md.)
92
89
Church
73
10
69
10
Mansfield
79
15
79
12
Hollings
61 32 53 35
Byrd
63
36
69
31
Shuster (Pa.)
McClure
91
3
74
10
Metcalf
69
11
74
16
Thurmond
92
3
91
4
Randolph
68
27
71
23
ILLINOIS
NEBRASKA
SOUTH DAKOTA
WISCONSIN
Highest opposition-to-party scores-those who in 1975
Stevenson
87
6
84
10
Curtis
83
2
83
2
Abourezk
88
8
85
7
Nelson
89
8
86
7
Party Scores
Percy
38 50 38 43
Hruska
90 2 92 4
McGovern
76
3
81
8
Proxmire
86
14
81
19
most consistently voted against their party majority.
INDIANA
NEVADA
TENNESSEE
WYOMING
Bayh
55 71 7
Cannon
55 32 62 29
Baker
68
10
65
12
McGee
50
25
53
23
Party unity and opposition-to-party scores below are
Hartke
76 8 68 13
Laxalt
88 5
Brock
83 9 78 10
Hansen
92 2 88 4
SENATE
composites of individual scores and show the percentage of
Democrats
Republicans
time the average Democrat and Republican voted with his
Democrats
Republicans
*Buckley elected as Conservative
**Byrd elected as independent
party majority in disagreement with the other party's ma-
Byrd (Va.)t
73%
Schwelker (Pa.)
81%
jority. Failures to vote lower both party unity and opposi-
Allen (Ala.)
69
Case (N.J.)
74
1 Sen. John A. Durkin (D N.H.) was sworn in Sept. 18, 1975, following special elec-
McClellan (Ark.)
62
Brooke (Mass.)
73
tion necessitated by a dispute over the outcome of the 1974 general election. The seat
tion-to-party scores.
60
Javits (N.Y.)
70
was vacant from Jan. 3 to Aug. 8, 1975, when Sen. Norris Cotton (R) was appointed to
Stennis (Miss.)
1975
1974
59
Stafford (Vt.)
63
serve until a successor was elected. Cotton's scores for 1975 were 55 per cent support
Nunn (Ga.)
and 36 per cent opposition.
DEM.
REP.
DEM.
REP.
HOUSE
62
Democrats
Republicans
69
70
63
Party Unity and Party Opposition: Senate
Party Unity
68
64
63
59
Senate
McDonald (Ga.)
92%
Whalen (Ohio)
73%
House
69
72
62
63
Daniel (Va.)
84
Gude (Md.)
69
Opposition to Party
22
22
24
26
Satterfield (Va.)
83
Peyser (N.Y.)
60
1. Party Unity, 1975. Percentage of 288 Senate Party Unity
3. Party Unity, 93rd Congress. Percentage of 478 Senate Party
25
28
Conte (Mass.)
59
Montgomery (Miss.)77
votes in 1975, on which senator voted "yea" or "nay" in agreement
Unity roll calls in 1973 and 1974 on which senator voted "yea" or
Senate
21
26
56
with a majority of his party. (Party Unity roll calls are those on
"nay" in agreement with a majority of his party.
23
21
24
26
Burleson (Texas)
77
Rinaldo (N.J.)
House
Waggonner (La.)
76
Biester (Pa.)
56
which a majority of voting Democrats opposed a majority of voting
Republicans. Failures to vote lower both Party Unity and Party
t Sen. Byrd (Va.) was elected as an independent.
Opposition scores.)
Sectional Support, Opposition
2. Party Opposition, 1975. Percentage of 288 Senate Party Uni-
4. Party Opposition, 93rd Congress. Percentage of 478 Senate
ty votes in 1975 on which senator voted "yea" or "nay" in disagree-
Party Unity roll calls in 1973 and 1974 on which senator voted
(Figures in parentheses are for 1974)
Party Unity History
ment with a majority of his party.
"yea" or "nay" in disagreement with a majority of his party.
SENATE
Support
Opposition
Composite party unity scores showing the percentage
of time the average Democrat and Republican voted with
Northern Democrats
78%
(73%)
11%
(15%)
his party majority in partisan votes in recent years:
43
(35 )
46
Southern Democrats
(50
Northern Republicans
59
(55 )
31
(33 )
Year
Democrats
Republicans
(73
7
Southern Republicans
85
(11 )
1975
69%
70%
1974
63
62
HOUSE
Support
Opposition
68
68
1973
14%
1972
57
64
79%
(72%)
(14%)
Northern Democrats
62
66
48
(44 )
42
(42 )
1971
Southern Democrats
23
1970
57
59
Northern Republicans
69
(60 )
(28 )
1969
62
62
81
(74
13
Southern Republicans
(15
COPYRIGHT 1976 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC.
Reproduction prohibited in whole or in part except by editorial clients
Jan. 24, 1976-PAGE 181
COPYRIGHT 1976 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC.
PAGE 180-Jan. 24, 1976
Reproduction prohibited in whole or in part except by aditorial clients
Party Unity - 5
Party Unity - 4
1234
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
KEY
KANSAS
Randall
52
43
54
40
Martin
84
12
82
13
7 Jones
49
40
42
42
Armstrong
86 8 79* 16*
Sebellus
85
11
79*
15*
Bolling
85
9
67
14
10 Broyhill
85
11
75
22
Ford
77
CONNECTICUT
Keys
85
10
Litton
70
20
60
28
11 Taylor
40 58 42 57
TEXAS
t Not eligible for all recorded
Cotter
83 13 76 14
Winn
76t 18+ 71* 21*
Taylor
85 9 79 9
NORTH DAKOTA
1 Patman
61 18 51 16
votes in 1975.
Dodd
82 11 -
4 Shriver
71 18 72 24
Ichord
32
59
36
53
AL Andrews
60
34
49
46
2 Wilson
55 26 68 22
Giaimo
75 18 74 17
5 Skubitz
70 20 69 23
Hungate
70
20
74
23
OHIO
3 Collins
91 88* 7*
* Not eligible for all recorded
McKinney
45 47 40 51
KENTUCKY
10 Burlison
70
30
66
32
Gradison
81
17
I
-
4 Roberts
35 57 36 54
votes in 93rd Congress.
5 Sarasin
63 36 48 52
1 Hubbard
51
47
MONTANA
Clancy
83
81
13
5 Steelman
74 20 57 34
Moffett
86
10
-
Natcher
71
29
73
27
1 Baucus
86
11
-
Whalen
26 73 22* 72*
-Not a member of 93rd Con-
6 Teague
26 35 29 34
DELAWARE
Mazzoli
65
33
69
29
2 Melcher
77
17
78
13
Guyer
75
21
67
28
7 Archer
85 88* 10*
gress.
AL du Pont
60
34
51
46
Snyder
78
21
72
20
NEBRASKA
Latte
82
16
15
8 Eckhardt
91 90
FLORIDA
5 Carter
70
28
61
27
Thone
82
18
61
37
Harsha
65
24
9 Brooks
63 22 70* 24*
33 51 34 55
1 Sikes
6 Breckinridge
66 28 71 26
McCollister
84
11
22
Brown
14
68*
22*
10 Pickle
55 57 33
51 38 42
Fuqua
7 Perkins
80
19
83
17
Smith
90
8
-
-
Kindness
85 10
11 Poage
24 72 34 58
Bennett
50 50 49 50 50 49 50
LOUISIANA
NEVADA
9 Ashley
72
20
74
14
12 Wright
64 31 67 22
33 54 38 55
Chappell
Hebert
18
26
19
33
AL Santini
55
37
-
-
10 Miller
86 12 77 23
13 Hightower
37
51
1
2
3
4
Kelly
89 9
Boggs
65 22 71* 19*
NEW HAMPSHIRE
11 Stanton
65
28
60*
38*
14 Young
50
47
58
39
Young
82
11
79
16
3 Treen
81 83 10
D'Amours
75
24
-
I
12 Devine
92
5
15 de Garza
43
46
49
35
Party Unity and Party
Gibbons
52 70 21
4 Waggonner
21 76 26
2 Cleveland
69
67*
30*
Mosher
39
39
39
55
16 White
52 50 43
Haley
37 63 61*
5 Passman
35
49
33
49
NEW JERSEY
14 Seiberling
898937
17 Burieson
22 26 72
Opposition: House
ALABAMA
72 15 74* 18*
84 16
Frey
6 Moore
88 10
Florio
80
13
-
15 Wylle
79 13 75 19
18 Jordan
91 88 8
1 Edwards
78 10 77 11
10 Bafalls
83 14
Breaux
43
49
47
39
Hughes
70
27
-
16 Regula
76t 24t 65 30
19 Mahon
45 54 39 58
2 Dickinson
32t 62t 33 58
11 Rogers
547 41± 48* 52*
Long
68 27 71* 23*
Howard
92
3
77
7
17 Ashbrook
85
8
71
11
20 Gonzalez
61 26 76 20
Nichols
45 53 47 46
12 Burke
53 18 66 21
MAINE
Thompson
82
4
78
4
18 Hays
62 18 64* 22*
21 Krueger
44t 51t
1. Party Unity, 1975. Percentage of 296 House Party Unity
Bevill
57
22
57
25
13 Lehman
84 8*
Emery
61
35
-
Fenwick
51
40
19 Carney
90
83
22 Casey
33 58 40 60
5 Jones
78t 10t 77 10
72
26
65
26
14 Pepper
2 Cohen
56
42
45
51
Forsythe
68
22
58
38
20 Stanton
80
8
81
11
23 Kazen
46 54 61 32
recorded votes in 1975 on which representative voted "yea" or "nay"
Buchanan
39 51 44 46
15 Fascell
85 12 88 10
MARYLAND
Maguire
85t 12t
21 Stokes
88
3
72
24 Milford
29 60 29 56
in agreement with a majority of his party. (Party unity roll calls
Flowers
GEORGIA
Bauman
93
7
86*
14*
Roe
80
16
79
13
22 Vanik
83
9
87
13
UTAH
are those on which a majority of voting Democrats opposed a ma-
ALASKA
48 49 54 45
67
19
67
21
Ginn
Long
67
28
73
23
Helstoski
81
9
83
8
23 Motti
64
30
-
McKay
67
28
58
30
AL Young
29t 57+ 34 58
jority of voting Republicans. Failures to vote lower both Party Uni-
Mathis
Sarbanes
92
7
92
8
10 Rodino
85
3
89
8
OKLAHOMA
Howe
75 22 -
ARIZONA
69 17 67 21
3 Brinkley
36 60 41 56
Holt
89
10
84
14
11 Minish
83
13
84
13
Jones
40t 49+ 43* 50*
VERMONT
ty and Party Opposition scores.)
Rhodes
44 2 80 10
4 Levitas
58 41 -
5 Spellman
90
12 Rinaldo
42t
56+
37
61
2 Risenhoover
47
36
AL Jeffords
48 46 -
Udall
82
7
82
7
5 Young
85 85 6
Byron
23
72
32
65
13 Meyner
90
6
Albert
VIRGINIA
2. Party Opposition, 1975. Percentage of 296 House Party Uni-
Steiger
18 61 28 60
Mitchell
8
14 Daniels
82
10
79
10
Steed
48
40
49
47
1 Downing
25t 68t 30 60
4 Contan
79
7
80
13
6 Flynt
86
5
85
7 McDonald
7 92
8 Gude
28
69
27
68
15 Patten
81
15
82
15
5 Jarman
75
13
16
77
2 Whitehurst
81 13 77 13
ty recorded votes in 1975 on which representative voted "yea" or
ARKANSAS
56
32
57
29
8 Stuckey
31 57 49* 35*
MASSACHUSETTS
NEW MEXICO
English
37
61
-
3 Satterfield
13 83 14 84
"nay" in disagreement with a majority of his party.
Alexander
21
54
32
39
37 31
9 Landrum
1 Conte
39
59
35
62
Lujan
69
17
63
23
OREGON
4 Daniel
93t 6t 87* 8*
2 Mills
19
10 Stephens
32
49
45
39
78
19
74
2 Boland
83
12
76
15
2 Runnels
23
66
32
50
AuCoin
68
19
5 Daniel
15 84 18* 82*
3 Hammerschmidt
Thornton
56 41 60 38
HAWAII
Early
82
15
-
NEW YORK
Ullman
72 18 66 28
3. Party Unity, 93rd Congress. Percentage of 384 House Party
6 Butler
87 9 85 11
Matsunaga
78 7 90 8
Drinan
91
85
14
Pike
79t
19t
72*
27*
Duncan
64
30
7 Robinson
93 5 93 7
Unity recorded votes in 1973 and 1974 on which representative
CALIFORNIA
83
14
76
14
Mink
85
4
91
5 Tsongas
91
2 Downey
88
11
-
-
Weaver
89
9
-
-
8 Harris
91
9
voted "yea" or "nay" in agreement with the majority of his party.
Johnson
74
15
26
IDAHO
6 Harrington
78
9
80
11
3 Ambro
79
17
PENNSYLVANIA
9 Wampler
80
13
77
20
Clausen
86
5
81
9
87 5 79 11
Symms
7 Macdonald
74
15
Lent
61
28
59
33
Barrett
71
9
80
9
10 Fisher
92
-
-
Moss
74 10 76 10
Hanson, G.
85
5
-
8 O'Neill
84
6
83
8
5 Wydier
67
25
63
31
Nix
81
10
79
8
WASHINGTON
4. Party Opposition, 93rd Congress. Percentage of 384 House
Leggett
82 88*
ILLINOIS
9 Moakley
91 6 88 9
6 Wolff
81
13
78
15
Green
88
6
88
8
Pritchard
59
33
43
49
Party Unity recorded votes in 1973 and 1974 on which represen-
5 Burton, J.
89
88
4
Metcalfe
81 2 80 3
10 Heckler
36 54 67
7 Addabbo
88
4
85
9
Eilberg
90 5 83 10
2 Meeds
87 87 7
tative voted "yea" or "nay" in disagreement with a majority of his
6 Burton, P.
11 80 13
11 Burke
90
10
88
12
87
12
2 Murphy
8 Rosenthal
89
4
89
7
5 Schulze
82t 15t
3 Bonker
86
10
7 Miller
8
85
8
3 Russo
78 18
12 Studds
88
11
87
13
9 Delaney
78
21
68
25
6 Yatron
73
23
77
17
87
4 McCormack
76
19
78
14
party.
8 Dellums
4 Derwinski
71
23
65
22
MICHIGAN
10 Biaggi
68
15
18
Edgar
88
8
Foley
76
12
80
11
9 Stark
83 86 7
95t 3t 88* 4*
5 Fary*
48t 4t -
Conyers
61
5
67
9
11 Scheuer
87
7
8 Blester
42
56
31
64
6 Hicks
80 19 78 21
10 Edwards
11 Ryan
74
14
63
17
6 Hyde
82 15
Each
54
26
42
45
12 Chisholm
89
5
75
7
9 Shuster
89
10
85
15
Adams
80 11 82 9
75
6
84*
5*
46
52
39
57
40
35*
55*
7 Collins
3 Brown
77
18
65
12 McCloskey
48
30
13 Solarz
8
-
-
10 McDade
WEST VIRGINIA
13 Mineta
92
6
8 Rostenkowski
79
10
70
13
4 Hutchinson
89
86
8
14 Richmond
-
Flood
82 14 78 19
1 Mollohan
55
17
62
26
16
9 Yates
89
7
84
13
5 Vander Veen
91 81* 9*
15 Zeferetti
76
19
12 Murtha
32 32*
2 Staggers
74 11 74 19
14 McFall
86
13
80
10 Mikva
86
-
18
6 Carr
81
18
20
16 Holtzman
57
90
8
89
9
13 Coughlin
58
38
46
48
Slack
63
32
64
32
15 Sisk
11 Annunzio
72
13
82
15
71
15
Riegle
77
9
72
12
17 Murphy
62
14
70
11
14 Moorhead
80
9
82
9
Hechier
69 31 76 24
16 Talcott
79
13
12 Crane
84
6
76
7
17
8 Traxler
82
13
75*
18*
18 Koch
83
92
6
85
10
15 Rooney
82
16
12*
WISCONSIN
17 Krebs
82
10
13 McClory
71 22 64 30
9 Vander Jagt
71
17
60
26
19 Rangel
842876
16 Eshleman
10
69
21
83
9
Aspin
79 11 82 10
18 Ketchum
71 17 64 23
10 Cederberg
76
17
20 Abzug
78
15*
90
10
78*
17*
14 Erienborn
79
14
5
88
10
17 Schneebell
2 Kastenmeier
86
11
86
12
19 Legomarsino
20 Goldwater
81
5
75
12
15 Hall
91 -
11 Ruppe
55 26 52* 33*
21 Badillo
86
5
71*
6*
18 Heinz
44 48 46' 51*
3 Baldus
85
11
11
16 Anderson
56 31 45 40
12 O'Hara
77
14
80
12
22 Bingham
88
9
86
19 Goodling, W.
82
14
Zablocki
76 20 80 18
21 Corman
91
3
82
82
85
9
17 O'Brien
69t 19t 68' 24* 69t 68*
13 Diggs
64
66
3
23 Peyser
23
60
34
55
20 Gaydos
68
19
76
22
Reuss
93 86 11
22 Moorhead
72
18
81*
12*
18 Michel
82 78 10
Nedzi
76
14
82
11
24 Ottinger
90
8
21 Dent
64
22
72
13
Stelger
71t 20+ 63* 32*
23 Rees
19 Rallsback
54 31 51* 39*
15 Ford
76
8
25 Fish
82
57
38
43
48
22 Morgan
81 15 76 9
Obey
87 11 83 14
24 Waxman
87
83
8
20 Findley
64 26 51 40
7
16 Dingell
81
11
74
14
26 Gliman
46
51
45
52
23 Johnson
68 21 73 18
8 Cornell
91 9 -
25 Roybal
26 Rousselot
7
84
10
21 Madigan
65
28
61
31
17 Brodhead
90
-
-
27 McHugh
88
24 Vigorito
82
13
79
15
85
9 Kasten
88 10 -
53t 17+ 37* 39*
22 Shipley
54 31 59 29
18 Blanchard
90
10
28 Stratton
66
31
59
35
25 Myers
74
25
-
-
WYOMING
27 Bell
85 70 5
23 Price
81 91 8
19 Broomffeld
67
21
64
26
29 Pattison
84
13
RHODE ISLAND
AL Roncalio
74
19
71*
17*
28 Burke
71
5
24 Simon
82 14
MINNESOTA
30 McEwen
72
17
69*
18*
1 Germain
84
10
81
11
29 Hawkins
81
5
73 15 5
INDIANA
Quie
71
26
62
35
31 Mitchell
64
33
63
31
2 Beard
84
9
30 Danielson
Madden
89
4
86
8
31 Wilson
64 12 15
Hagedorn
85
10
-
32 Hanley
86 11 78 17
SOUTH CAROLINA
75 22 78" 13*
2 Fithian
69 24
Frenzel
69
25
50
43
33 Walsh
55+ 40t 58* 31*
1 Davis
66
29
51
42
32 Anderson
93
3
82 5 76* 5*
3 Brademas
94
Karth
77
84
10
34 Horton
40
44
44
52
2 Spence
83 88 11
33 Clawson
80 12 -
4 Roush
73
25
76
22
Fraser
62
83
7
35 Conable
80
17
67
23
3 Derrick
57 39
34 Hannaford
5 Hillis
65 28 59* 32*
Nolan
88
9
36 LaFalce
75 23
83
14
-
-
4 Mann
36 58 39 57
35 Lloyd
81 10 77 8
6 Evans
62
32
Bergland
88
86
10
37 Nowak
89
10
5 Holland
55
31
-
36 Brown
7 Myers
83 15 74 18
Oberstar
97
2
-
86t 13t
38 Kemp
-
83
8
72
20
6 Jenrette
59
27
-
37 Pettis'
9
8 Hayes
88
10
MISSISSIPPI
85
39 Hastings
76
17
68
22
SOUTH DAKOTA
38 Patterson
9 Hamilton
69
29
75
24
Whitten
33
57
35
61
NORTH CAROLINA
1 Pressler
58
39
-
39 Wiggins
66
17
65
18
12
78
12
10 Sharp
77
23
-
-
2 Bowen
39
54
42
54
57
Jones
49t
45+
41
47
2 Abdnor
80
17
74
20
1. Rep. Jerry L. Pettis (R Callf.) died Feb. 14, 1975. He supported his party on four of
40 Hinshaw
the five votes for which he was eligible and opposed on the other. Rep. Shirley N. Pet-
67
21
Jacobs
65
30
-
-
70
3 Montgomery
17
77
22
73
Fountain
19
36
57
38
61
TENNESSEE
41 Wilson
74 16 78 14
IOWA
Cochran
80
15
76
17
3 Henderson
43
51
45
50
1 Quillen
78+
10+
71*
16*
tis (R) sworn in May 6, 1975, to replace her husband.
42 Van Deerlin
2. Rep. John C. Kluczynski (D III.) died Jan. 27, 1975. He supported his party on the
43 Burgener
87
9
82
11
1 Mezvinsky
92
4
89
11
Lott
79
15
80
14
Andrews
45
45
47
41
2 Duncan
83
16
81
16
Blouin
86
12
-
MISSOURI
Neal
64
31
-
-
3 Lloyd
53
47
-
three votes for which he was eligible. Rep. John G. Fary (D) sworn in July 15, 1975, to
COLORADO
84
Grassley
80
20
-
Schroeder
76
22
10
Clay
89 3 75 4
6 Preyer
69
30
65
30
4 Evins
47
20
53
28
replace Kluczynski.
Smith
80 16 77 15
3. Rep. Carl Albert (D Okla.), as Speaker, votes at his own discretion
Wirth
13
2 Symington
74 15 79 11
Rose
82
56
31
58
34
5 Allen⁴
74+ 21t
Harkin
78
16
-
-
3 Sullivan
70
Hefner
6 Beard
4. Rep. Richard Fulton (D Tenn.) resigned Aug. 14, 1975. His scores for 1975 were 51
77*
16*
69
18
76
17
15
52
42
-
-
88 6 80 11
Evans
per cent support and 7 per cent opposition. Rep. Clifford Allen (D) sworn in Dec. 2, 1975,
Johnson
78
18
31
Bedell
79 17 -
-
55
Democrats
to replace Fulton.
Republicans
Democrats
Republicans
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Reproduction prohibited whole or in part except by editorial clients
Jan. 24, 1976-PAGE 183
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Reproduction prohibited whole or in part except by aditorial clients
Bipartisan Support 2
1975
1974
Bipartisan Support
Presidential Victories, Defeats
Dem.
Rep.
Dem.
Rep.
Bipartisan Support
The table below gives details of presidential wins
Senate
73%
68%
72%
66%
and losses on bipartisan votes taken during 1975:
House
78
76
74
74
BIPARTISAN VOTING SHOWED DECLINE IN 1975
Bipartisan Opposition
Bipartisan Votes
630
Senate
15%
21%
15%
Senate
19%
314
House
12
14
11
Members of Congress were not bound by party
House
14
316
differences on about half of their recorded votes in 1975. Ac-
Definitions
cording to Congressional Quarterly's annual study of bipar-
Presidential Positions
86
Individual Scores
tisan voting, majorities of Democrats and Republicans
Senate
54
voted together on 52 per cent of the year's recorded votes.
Bipartisan Recorded Votes. Votes on which a
House
32
Bipartisan voting was somewhat more common in the
majority of voting Democrats and a majority of voting
Highest bipartisan support scores-those who voted
years immediately preceding 1975. Majorities of both par-
Republicans agreed.
Presidential Victories
with bipartisan majorities most consistently in 1975:
65
ties agreed on 63 per cent of recorded votes in 1974. In 1973,
Senate
44
the total was 59 per cent. The 1975 figure of 52 per cent was
Bipartisan Support Scores. Percentage of bipar-
House
SENATE
21
the lowest recorded since 1964, when bipartisanship showed
tisan recorded votes on which a member votes "yea" or
"nay" in agreement with the bipartisan majority.
Democrats
up on 50 per cent of recorded votes.
Presidential Defeats
Republicans
21
Last year was the first session of the 94th Congress
Failure to vote lowers the score.
Senate
10
Jackson (Wash.)
88%
Beall (Md.)
90%
and, if past patterns hold, bipartisan voting will increase in
House
11
Bipartisan Opposition Scores. Percentage of
Randolph (W.Va.)
86
Stafford (Vt.)
84
1976 even though it is a presidential election year. Congress
Leahy (Vt.)
85
as a whole usually has more bipartisan voting during the
bipartisan recorded votes on which a member votes
Domenici (N.M.)
84
Ford (Ky.)
84
Pearson (Kan.)
82
second session, largely because the House tends to be less
"yea" or "nay" in opposition to the bipartisan majority.
Mondale (Minn.)
84
Scott (Pa.)
82
partisan during years when its members are up for reelec-
A member's Support and Opposition scores add to 100
and block funds for negotiation of a new treaty on the
tion.
per cent only if the member voted on all bipartisan
Panama Canal. (1975 key votes, Weekly Report p. 79)
HOUSE
In 1975, 630 of the 1,214 recorded votes Congress took
recorded votes.
Democrats
showed bipartisan majorities. The votes were divided
Republicans
Other Votes
almost equally between the House and Senate, with each
Natcher (Ky.)
93%
Regula (Ohio)
94%
chamber recording scores of 52 per cent. In 1974, the House
Democrat William H. Natcher (Ky.) (93 per cent). House
Among the bipartisan votes taken in the Senate in 1975
Hall (III.)
92
members who voted against the bipartisan majority most
were 15 separate recorded votes on procedural questions
Thone (Neb.)
91
led in bipartisanship with 71 per cent, compared with 56 per
Burke (Mass.)
92
cent in the Senate.
often were conservatives Larry P. McDonald (D Ga.) (50 per
that arose as conservatives tried unsuccessfully to block a
McDade (Pa.)
91
Preyer (N.C.)
92
proposal to relax the Senate cloture rule and make it easier
Sarasin (Conn.)
89
Democrats had a slight edge over Republicans in 1975
cent) and Steven D. Symms (R Idaho) (43 per cent). Several
McFall (Calif.)
91
Carter (Ky.)
88
in supporting the bipartisan majorities. The average Senate
liberal Democrats also were high on the list, including
to cut off filibusters. A bipartisan majority in the Senate
Murphy (III.)
91
Guyer (Ohio)
88
Democrat was with the majority on bipartisan votes 73 per
Elizabeth Holtzman (N.Y.), Bella S. Abzug (N.Y.) and
prevailed again on four votes defending a proposal to in-
Roush (Ind.)
91
Buchanan (Ala.)
87
cent of the time, compared with 68 per cent for the average
Ronald V. Dellums (Calif.).
crease senators' staff allowances.
Sharp (Ind.)
91
Smith (Neb.)
87
In the House, bipartisan majorities united on eight
Perkins (Ky.)
91
Senate Republican. In the House, the average Democrat
Rinaldo (N.J.)
87
agreed with bipartisan majorities 78 per cent of the time,
Ford's Position
votes related to defense procurement, turning back efforts
Hanley (N.Y.)
91
to trim the Pentagon's buying power. Reflecting the public
Lloyd (Tenn.)
91
while the Republicans agreed on 76 per cent of the votes.
Many of the bipartisan votes came on procedural or
dissatisfaction with politicians, majorities of both parties in
Zablocki (Wis.)
91
Individual Scores
noncontroversial matters, such as the Senate's 83-0
the House supported a modest pay increase for themselves
approval in February of a resolution calling for a study of
instead of a more generous boost.
Highest bipartisan opposition scores-those who voted
Most of the members with high bipartisan voting
the food stamp program. But others occurred on more sub-
against bipartisan majorities most consistently in 1975:
scores were moderates from both parties. Those who op-
stantive issues.
posed the bipartisan majority most often were strongly con-
President Ford usually was on the side of the majority
SENATE
servative, strongly liberal or, in some cases, "maverick"
on bipartisan votes where he took a clear position (86 out of
Bipartisan Scoreboard
voters who took unpredictable positions.
the total 630 bipartisan votes in 1975). Ford was with the
Democrats
Republicans
Senate
majority in 44 out of 54 bipartisan votes in the Senate, and
21 out of 32 House votes.
Total
Byrd (Va.)t
Bipartisan
38%
Per Cent
Helms (N.C.)
50%
The Senate member with the highest bipartisan voting
A bipartisan vote in the Senate, for example, approved
Recorded
Recorded
Allen (Ala.)
36
of
Scott (Va.)
45
score, 90 per cent, was Republican J. Glenn Beall Jr. (Md.).
Votes
Votes
Talmadge (Ga.)
31
the Ford administration's much-debated proposal to station
Total
McClure (Idaho)
41
Next in line was presidential hopeful Henry M. Jackson (D
Proxmire (Wis.)
29
U.S. civilians in the Middle East to monitor a peace
Fannin (Ariz.)
40
Wash.) with 88 per cent. Conservative Republican Jesse A.
Both Chambers
settlement. The bipartisan majority bucked the President
1,214
630
Nunn (Ga.)
27
52%
Curtis (Neb.)
40
Helms (N.C.) had by far the highest Senate bipartisan op-
Senate
602
on another foreign policy vote in the Senate, disapproving
314
52
tByrd (Va) elected as independent.
position score, voting against majorities of both parties 50
House
612
316
funds the administration wanted to support a faction in the
52
HOUSE
per cent of the time. Another conservative Southerner,
Angolan civil war.
Harry F. Byrd Jr. (Va.), had the highest opposition score of
Ford was on the winning side of one surprise bipartisan
Democrats
Republicans
Senate Democrats-38 per cent. (Byrd was elected as an
House vote in 1975-the 345-72 rejection of a proposal to
independent.) One of the few liberals among those high on
authorize a gasoline tax of 20 cents a gallon. The Ways and
Party Scores
McDonald (Ga.)
50%
Symms (Idaho)
43%
the opposition list (29 per cent) was William Proxmire (D
Means Committee had built its congressional energy con-
Satterfield (Va.)
30
Collins (Texas)
42
Wis.), who often is characterized as a maverick voter.
The following bipartisan support and opposition scores
Holtzman (N.Y.)
30
servation program around the gas tax increase, but the
Crane (III.)
40
are composites-the percentage of times the average party
Hechler (W.Va.)
29
President opposed the politically unpopular proposal.
Bauman (Md.)
33
member voted with or against a bipartisan majority of the
Abzug (N.Y.)
28
House
Hansen (Idaho)
33
Bipartisan majorities in the House opposed Ford's posi-
In the House, the highest bipartisan scores went to
tion by voting to overturn stringent new administration
Senate and House. Failures to vote lower both support and
Burleson (Texas)
27
Steiger (Ariz.)
31
opposition scores.
Dellums (Calif.)
27
Shuster (Pa.)
31
Republican Ralph S. Regula (Ohio) (94 per cent) and
food stamp rules, approve strip mining control legislation
Schroeder (Colo.)
26
Rousselot (Calif.)
30
COPYRIGHT 1976 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC.
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COPYRIGHT 1976 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC.
Reproduction prohibited in whole or in part except by editorial clients.
Reproduction prohibited in whole or in part except by editorial clients
Jan. 24, 1976-PAGE 185
Bipartisan Support - 3
Bipartisan Support - 4
1234
1 2 3 4
1
2
3
4
1234
1 2 3 4
- KEY
5 Armstrong
72 22 70* 19*
KANSAS
Randall
81 10 83* 11*
Martin
74 16 80 15
7 Jones
80
8
66
10
CONNECTICUT
Sebelius
79 12 75* 16*
t Not eligible for all
Bolling
86
7
71
10
10 Broyhill
82 13 84* 10*
Ford
74 14
recorded votes in 1975.
Cotter
80
9
77
8
Keys
78 18 -
Litton
81 77 6
11 Taylor
90 7 90* 9*
TEXAS
Dodd
78 15 -
Winn
84+ 7t 84* 7*
Taylor
73t 20t 60 22
NORTH DAKOTA
Patman
63
9
59
7
Not eligible for all
Giaimo
78 9 76 10
4 Shriver
80
4
86
6
Ichord
77
16
71
16
AL Andrews
83
85
5
Wilson
66
9
75
10
recorded votes in 93rd
4 McKinney
81
9
77
5 Skubitz
80
10
76*
15*
Hungate
84 83 12
OHIO
Collins
53 42 52* 42*
5 Serasin
89
9
93
5
KENTUCKY
10 Burlison
86 14 79 18
Gradison
84t 11t
Roberts
75 17 73 17
Congress.
6 Moffett
75 20 -
Hubbard
86
10
-
-
MONTANA
2 Clancy
70 22 65 21
Steelman
80 10 79 13
-Not a member of 93rd
DELAWARE
2 Natcher
93
94
6
Baucus
84
12
3 Whalen
-
83 12 79 14
6 Teague
44 11 49 13
Congress.
AL du Pont
82 88 8
3 Mazzoli
86
9
94*
12*
2 Melcher
80
9
78
10
Guyer
88 7 87 5
Archer
67 28 67* 29*
FLORIDA
4 Snyder
76
21
66
23
NEBRASKA
5 Latta
78 19 82 14
8 Eckhardt
72 18 72 16
Sikes
77
77
9
5 Carter
88
77
10
Thone
91
9
88
8
6 Harsha
72
14
79
12
9 Brooks
75 8 82* 7*
2 Fuqua
86 82 5
6 Breckinridge
81
11
83
9
McCollister
79
13
84
14
Brown
78 16 76 11
10 Pickle
87
79
10
Bennett
82 18 82 18
7 Perkins
91
6
95
5
Smith
87
10
8 Kindness
73
19
11 Poage
70
24
69
22
Chappell
76 12 78 11
LOUISIANA
NEVADA
9 Ashley
74
11
12 Wright
81 9 77 7
1
2
3
4
Kelly
76
20
-
Hebert
37
5
44
7
AL Santini
83
11
10 Miller
-
-
76
22
76
24
13 Hightower
80 9
Young
75 15 73* 22*
Boggs
80 83* 6*
NEW HAMPSHIRE
Stanton
86 6 7*
14 Young
83 13 86 10
Gibbons
78 10 78 9
3 Treen
69 22 66 25
D'Amours
86
8
Devine
66
28
63
28
15 de Garza
84 9 74 11
Haley
84 15 77 15
4 Waggonner
76
21
76
19
2 Cleveland
80
7
85*
10*
13 Mosher
65
12
11
16 White
90
9
83
9
Bipartisan Support
ALABAMA
8*
Frey
81 84 6
5 Passman
76
12
73
11
1 Edwards
9
83*
NEW JERSEY
14 Seiberling
75
78
18
79
18
17 Burleson
70 27 68 28
81t 14+ 79 13
6 Moore
81
17
Florio
15 Wylle
16
18 Jordan
82 12 85 11
71
20
67
22
10 Batells
81
11
-
-
81
10
78
and Opposition: House
2 Dickinson
Nichols
81
11
13
11 Rogers
87+ 7+ 88* 8*
7 Breaux
84
74
8
73
2 Hughes
9
16 Regula
94+ 6+ 90
19 Mahon
85 14
78
13
12 Burke
58 75 11
Long
87
84*
9*
3 Howard
72
12
68
11
17 Ashbrook
Bevill
84
13
60
29
33
20 Gonzalez
66 15 83 14
21 Krueger
79t 12t
68
6
73
7
13 Lehman
82+ 14t 76* 10*
MAINE
4 Thompson
69
14
67
13
18 Hays
75
8
71
9
Jones
Buchanan
87 11 77 8
14 Pepper
75
78
4
Emery
85
13
-
5 Fenwick
75
12
19 Carney
86
9
77
10
22 Casey
74 14 83 14
84
85
11
2 Cohen
86
10
87
8
Forsythe
20 Stanton
74
11
23 Kazen
86
82 6 79 8
15 Fascell
12
79
12
85
10
13
79
13
81
10
1. Bipartisan Support, 1975. Percentage of 316 "bipartisan"
Flowers
GEORGIA
MARYLAND
Maguire
77
20
21 Stokes
-
69
17
65
13
24 Milford
70
14
12
recorded votes in 1975 on which representative voted "yea" or "nay"
ALASKA
64
14
71*
12*
Ginn
83 14 83 15
1 Bauman
65
33
70*
30*
Roe
87
85
7
22 Vanik
77
18
83
16
UTAH
AL Young
2 Long
9 Heistoski
23 Motti
McKay
89 5 79 10
in agreement with majorities of voting Democrats and voting
2 Mathis
61
16
65
23
82
13
80
16
73
12
76
14
74
19
-
ARIZONA
Republicans. Failures to vote lower both Support and Opposition
Rhodes
71
10
69
11
3 Brinkley
78
17
81
13
3 Sarbanes
84
13
89
13
10 Rodino
78
11
84
10
OKLAHOMA
Howe
90
6
-
84 13
4 Holt
76
21
79
18
11 Minish
7
Jones
Udall
41 5 79 7
Levitas
89
89
78t 14t 78* 14*
VERMONT
57 31 61 28
5 Young
68
65
16
5 Spellman
87
11
12 Rinaldo
scores.
87t
7t
89
7
Risenhoover
68
9
AL Jeffords
82
11
-
-
3 Steiger
59 24 59 30
6 Flynt
57 20 58 26
6 Byron
83
13
82
16
13 Meyner
77
13
Albert3
VIRGINIA
4 Conlan
2. Bipartisan Opposition, 1975. Percentage of 316 "bipartisan"
7 McDonald
48 50 -
Mitchell
72
21
69
19
14 Daniels
ARKANSAS
84
5
81
Steed
80
13
14
1 Downing
82t 10+ 81 9
77
9
70
11
8 Stuckey
81 69* 7*
Gude
76
18
80
13
15 Patten
87
9
recorded votes in 1975 on which representatives voted "yea" or "nay"
Alexander
89
9
5 Jarman
65 15 72 17
2 Whitehurst
81 12 82* 8*
63
7
40
3
9 Landrum
51
14
56
11
MASSACHUSETTS
NEW MEXICO
6 English
85
13
I
3 Satterfield
-
66 30 65 31
2 Mills
in disagreement with majorities of voting Democrats and voting
77
18
77
14
10 Stephens
68
10
70
7
1 Conte
83
12
83
10
Lujan
OREGON
4 Daniel
83t 16t 77* 17*
3 Hammerschmidt
76
12
68
16
Republicans. Failures to vote lower both Support and Opposition
4 Thornton
85
8
86
8
HAWAII
2 Boland
84
5
84
6
Runnels
73
19
63
19
AuCoin
77
10
-
Daniel
82 17 76* 23*
Matsunaga
78
87
9
3 Early
20
NEW YORK
Uliman
CALIFORNIA
79
6
82
7
Butler
79 13 81 14
scores.
88 9 86 7
Mink
71
17
78
17
4 Drinan
75
22
79
20
Pike
1 Johnson
86+ 12t 85* 13*
Duncan
84
8
7 Robinson
80 19 76 23
80 6 85 4
IDAHO
5 Tsongas
81
-
2 Downey
83
16
-
-
Weaver
76
20
Harris
-
-
84 14
2 Clausen
3. Bipartisan Support, 93rd Congress. Percentage of 694
Symms
49
43
43
46
18
6 Harrington
55
21
62
21
3 Ambro
76
16
PENNSYLVANIA
9 Wampler
79 11 85 12
Moss
68
17
67
74 13 11
Hansen, G.
60
33
7 Macdonald
69
8
67
4 Lent
82
8
80
7
Barrett
66
8
78
10
10 Fisher
87
13
-
-
"bipartisan" recorded votes in 1973 and 1974 on which represen-
Leggett
62
22
75*
18*
ILLINOIS
8 O'Neill
79
9
80
8
5 Wydier
5 Burton, J.
75
13
76*
13*
Nix
79 11 68 11
WASHINGTON
tative voted "yea" or "nay" in agreement with majorities of voting
Metcalfe
61
12
68
12
22
73
17
9 Moakley
83
14
80
12
6 Wolff
Green
Pritchard
79
6 Burton, P.
67
77
14
79
12
78
18
81
13
77
7
12
Democrats and voting Republicans. Failures to vote lower both
Murphy
91
82
6
74
10 Heckler
80+
11+
78
10
7 Addabbo
Miller
74
10
78
12
Eilberg
84 8 83 9
2 Meeds
86
8
80
12
87 9
67
27
68
21
Russo
11 Burke
92
89
10
8
Schulze
Bonker
84
Dellums
70
19
73
19
84
14
10
Support and Opposition scores.
66
20*
Derwinski
82 12 73 13
Stark
24
69*
12 Studds
80
19
83
16
9 Delaney
87+
9+
80
7
Yatron
84
6
86
5
McCormack
80 7 83 7
20*
Fary
43t 4t
MICHIGAN
10 Biaggi
78
66
9
Edgar
18
5 Foley
84
6
80
10
4. Bipartisan Opposition, 93rd Congress. Percentage of 694
10 Edwards
74t
22t
72*
69
11
64
15
Hyde
85 13 -
Conyers
47
20
49
21
11 Scheuer
11 Ryan
70
20
Biester
82
15
84
11
Hicks
86
11
81
16
"bipartisan" recorded votes in 1973 and 1974 on which represen-
10
Collins
64
12
77*
11*
72
14
77
2 Esch
58
81
12 Chisholm
63
22
56
14
Shuster
65
31
69
30
Adams
80 11 76 13
12 McCloskey
8 Rostenkowski
82
76
6
13 Mineta
81
16
3 Brown
86
9
79
11
13 Solarz
tative voted "yea" or "nay" in disagreement with majorities of
76
18
10 McDade
91
6
91
4
WEST VIRGINIA
14 McFall
91
87
9
9 Yates
79
16
78
18
4 Hutchinson
78
20
72
22
14 Richmond
73
22
-
Flood
90
5
90
5
Mollohan
67
4
80
6
voting Democrats and voting Republicans. Failures to vote lower
7
82
8
74
77
10 Mikva
70
20
15 Sisk
5
5 Vander Veen
89
10
78*
12*
15 Zeferetti
78
8
12 Murtha
7 91* 7*
Staggers
84
both Support and Opposition scores.
6
11 Annunzio
81
6
90
6
16 Talcott
81
80
6 Carr
78
20
16 Holtzman
67
30
75
21
13 Coughlin
85
10
86
8
Slack
89
6
87
7
51 40 42 44
17 Murphy
Moorhead
Hechier
71
29
77
23
17 Krebs
88
12
12 Crane
Riegle
65 12 66* 16*
68
7
66
6
83
8
79
9
24
13 McClory
76
11
82
11
18 Ketchum
70
21
68
8 Traxler
83
10
81*
9*
18 Koch
72
21
77
18
15 Rooney
87 9 86* 5*
WISCONSIN
14 Erlenborn
74
16
75
9 Vander Jagt
71
9
77
19 Rangel
16 Eshleman
19 Lagomarsino
84
15
79*
17*
66
20
74
18
59
76
7
Aspin
78
12
69
13
16*
15 Hall
92
8
-
20 Goldwater
67
12
64*
10 Cederberg
81
10
84
8
20 Abzug
64
28
74
22
17 Schneebell
69 20 74* 17*
2 Kastenmeler
78
22
75
22
16 Anderson
71
9
71
6
21 Corman
79
13
78
12
11 Ruppe
73
10
70*
9*
21 Badillo
61
22
17
18 Heinz
80
85
9
Baldus
87
9
22 Moorhead
74
19
77
17 O'Brien
77+ 8t 81* 10*
12 O'Hara
80
8
76
12
22 Bingham
73
19
75
17
19 Goodling, W.
18
Zablocki
91
6
92
6
23 Rees
71
15
73*
15*
18 Michel
68 18 65 17
13 Diggs
53
9
46
8
23 Peyser
67
6
84
4
20 Gaydos
10
86
11
Reuss
79 13 77 16
77 82 5
Steiger
74t 15t 75* 15*
24 Waxman
67
16
19 Relisback
14 Nedzi
83
11
12
24 Ottinger
74
20
21 Dent
67
10
76
9
25 Roybal
73
20
71
19
20 Findley
79 10 78 12
15 Ford
65
11
13
25 Fish
86
8
82
8
22 Morgan
81
7
84
4
Obey
77 19 80 16
21 Madigan
85
5
82
9
26 Rousselot
59
30
53
35
16 Dingell
80
9
70
13
26 Gilman
84
11
87
9
23 Johnson
85
5
81
6
8 Cornell
85 14 -
22 Shipley
81
9
76
6
27 Bell
61 5 7*
17 Brodhead
70
22
-
-
27 McHugh
83
12
24 Vigorito
85
7
87
6
9 Kasten
84
12
-
23 Price
86
93
6
28 Burke
70t 19t 57 10
18 Blanchard
10
28 Stratton
88
10
82
9
25 Myers
85 13 -
WYOMING
81 14
9
75*
12*
67
17
59
13
24 Simon
29 Hawkins
19 Broomfield
78
9
82
8
29 Pattison
75
16
RHODE ISLAND
AL Roncalio
81
30 Danielson
84
5
73
8
INDIANA
MINNESOTA
30 McEwen
68 14 67* 14*
Germain
82 9 81 10
31 Wilson
67
74
11
Madden
79 8 84 7
Quie
84
9
83
10
31 Mitchell
86
8
89
5
Beard
83
-
2 Fithian
85
7
32 Anderson
76 18 73
Hagedorn
81
13
32 Hanley
91
6
90
4
SOUTH CAROLINA
33 Clawson
61 24 57* 23*
3 Brademas
80
12
82
13
Frenzel
80
14
79
13
33 Walsh
84t
5t
83*
3*
Davis
79
11
77
12
34 Hannaford
Roush
91 8 89 8
80
12
Karth
73
9
81
9
34 Horton
78
5
88
6
Spence
82 16 72 23
5 Hillis
85 84* 5*
35 Lloyd
90
Fraser
47
15
70
16
35 Conable
75
17
72
15
Derrick
81 12
36 Brown
68
15
Evans
85 12
18
72
6 Nolan
75
20
36 LaFalce
88
7
-
-
Mann
9 80 11
37 Pettis'
85t
Myers
84 13 78* 16*
11t
-
7 Bergland
82
9
85
11
37 Nowak
90
8
Holland
73
10
38 Patterson
82
Hayes
84 14
11
-
-
8 Oberstar
84
12
-
-
38 Kemp
78
15
81
14
Jenrette
70
11
-
Hamilton
90
92
6
39 Wiggins
69
15
64
16
MISSISSIPPI
39 Hastings
78
9
80
7
SOUTH DAKOTA
40 Hinshaw
6
10 Sharp
91 9
46
11
Whitten
77
12
74
19
NORTH CAROLINA
Pressier
82
12
11 Jacobs
73
20
-
74
80
2 Bowen
85
8
83
9
1 Jones
85 7 74* 10*
Abdnor
83
11
81
11
1. Rep. Jerry L. Pettis (R Calif.) died Feb. 14, 1975. He supported the bipartisan ma-
41 Wilson
11
42 Van Deerlin
74
13
75
11
IOWA
3 Montgomery
73
18
72
21
2 Fountain
84 11 83 12
TENNESSEE
jority on the one vote for which he was eligible. Rep. Shirley N. Pettis (R) sworn in May 6,
83
14
79
11
Mezvinsky
75
19
87
13
43 Burgener
4 Cochran
85
9
74
15
3 Henderson
82
9
82
13
Quillen
71t 16f 68* 15*
1975, to replace her husband.
Blouin
78
18
-
-
COLORADO
Lott
75
17
72
20
4
70
7
77
10
Duncan
80
17
79
19
2. Rep. John C. Kluczynski (D III.) died Jan. 27, 1975. He was not eligible for any bipar-
Grassley
84
16
-
Schroeder
72
26
72
21
MISSOURI
5 Neal
83
9
Lloyd
91 9
tisan votes. Rep. John G. Fary (D) sworn in July 15, 1975, to replace Kluczynski.
Wirth
Smith
89 8 82 8
80 15
Clay
70
17
60
14
6 Preyer
92
6
90*
5*
Evins
66 65 11
3. Rep. Carl Albert, as Speaker, votes at his own discretion.
3 Evans
5 Harkin
75
18
87 8 77* 12*
2 Symington
77 5 80 5
7 Rose
79
7
79
9
Alien
85+ 10t
4. Rep. Richard Fulton (D Tenn.) resigned Aug. 14, 1975. His scores for 1975 were 53
13
6 Bedell
74
22
-
4 Johnson
75
18
64
3 Sullivan
77
9
78
7
8 Hefner
84
9
-
Beard
67 24 65 24
per cent support and three per cent opposition. Rep. Clifford Allen (D) sworn in Dec. 2,
1975, to replace Fulton.
Democrats
Republicans
Democrats
Republicans
COPYRIGHT 1976 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC.
COPYRIGHT 1976 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC.
PAGE 186-Jan. 24, 1976
Reproduction prohibited whole except by editorial clients
prohibited in whole or in part except by editorial clients
Jan. 24, 1976-PAGE 187
Bipartisan Support 5
1 2 3 4
1
2
3
4
1 2 3 4
- KEY
Politics
ALABAMA
IOWA
NEW HAMPSHIRE
Allen
53
36
74
20
Clark
77 19 74 16
Durkin
62t 16t -
Sparkman
69 20 70* 9*
Culver
81
13
Mcintyre
77 11 82 9
t Not eligible for all
ALASKA
KANSAS
NEW JERSEY
recorded votes in 1975.
Gravel
63
13
55
8
Dole
76 15 81* 11*
Williams
81 16 78 12
Stevens
78
12
80
11
Pearson
82 6 78 8
Case
81 15 79* 16*
Not eligible for all
ARIZONA
KENTUCKY
NEW MEXICO
recorded votes in 93rd
IOWA CAUCUSES: AN EARLY TRIUMPH FOR CARTER
Fannin
53 40 61 29
Ford
84
7
-
Montoya
71
9
84
5
Congress.
Goldwater
34
26
41*
21*
Huddleston
81t
6t
73*
12*
Domenici
84
9
84
7
-Not a member of 93rd
ARKANSAS
LOUISIANA
NEW YORK
Months of spadework and a cool campaign style
Bumpers
75
11
-
Johnston
78
11
76
8
Buckley*
59t 24+ 55* 25*
Congress.
brought Jimmy Carter a resounding victory in the Iowa
McClellan
67
21
76
19
Long
72
15
73
12
Javits
78
13
70
14
caucuses Jan. 19, bringing him within reach of the benefits
CALIFORNIA
MAINE
NORTH CAROLINA
Cranston
82
15
78
11
Hathaway
78
18
77
16
Morgan
59
18
-
and perils of early front-runner status.
Tunney
73
12
73
12
Muskie
80
12
75
11
Helms
46t
50+
60*
34*
The former Georgia governor won no delegates in Iowa;
COLORADO
MARYLAND
NORTH DAKOTA
1
2
3
4
Hart
81
13
-
Beall
90
7
84
11
Burdick
79
13
85
12
none will be formally selected there for more than two
Haskell
77 14 78 11
Mathias
75
10
70
10
Young
73
18
78
12
months. But within hours of the caucuses, he already had
CONNECTICUT
MASSACHUSETTS
OHIO
TEXAS
Ribicoff
77
16
77
16
Kennedy
71
13
70
15
Glenn
82
9
-
Bentsen
73
8
71
7
the newspaper headlines and television coverage that made
Weicker
78
16
75
13
Brooke
73
16
72
15
Taft
56t
12t
67*
17*
Tower
65
29
64
24
George McGovern a credible Democratic contender in 1972.
DELAWARE
MICHIGAN
OKLAHOMA
UTAH
Biden
65
18
72
18
Hart
60
15
69
19
Bertlett
57
32
73
24
Moss
82
7
75*
8*
The caucus results quickly produced arguments that
Roth
71 23 78 18
Griffin
69
17
69*
18*
Bellmon
64
24
53
14
Garn
69
26
-
Carter would be unlikely to duplicate his showing in other
FLORIDA
MINNESOTA
OREGON
VERMONT
states. Rival candidates pointed out that Carter held no
Chiles
74 16 80 11
Humphrey
77
8
79
7
Hatfield
70
18
73
12
Leahy
85
8
-
Stone
79
19
Mondale
84
11
75
10
Packwood
79
15
70
11
Stafford
84
10
83*
8
political office in 1975, giving him an advantage in cam-
GEORGIA
MISSISSIPPI
PENNSYLVANIA
VIRGINIA
paign days that will disappear now that others are running
Nunn
70 27 83* 15*
Eastland
46
18
63
16
Schweiker
81
15
84
13
Byrd**
61
38
73*
24*
Talmadge
61
31
73
13
Stennis
62
24
43
14
Scott
82
10
81*
14*
Scott
45
45
58
30
full-time. Other analysts noted that Carter won in Iowa on
HAWAII
MISSOURI
RHODE ISLAND
WASHINGTON
personal charm and individual contact, and that this will be
Inouye
72 6 72* 7*
Eagleton
82
7
77
10
Pastore
77
11
83*
10*
Jackson
88
9
93
6
impractical in larger states.
Fong
76
12
71*
10*
Symington
75
6
79
6
Pell
78
13
80*
14*
Magnuson
83
9
83
7
IDAHO
MONTANA
SOUTH CAROLINA
WEST VIRGINIA
Nevertheless, the importance of the Iowa result to
Church
73
7
67
10
Mansfield
76
17
71*
16*
Hollings
74
15
76
11
Byrd
81 17 87* 13*
Carter's national standing was hard to overlook. If nothing
McClure
51
41
59
24
Metcalf
71
15
74
17
Thurmond
57
38
68*
23*
Randolph
86
11
of Iowa's Republican Gov. Robert Ray and much of the
86
8
ILLINOIS
NEBRASKA
SOUTH DAKOTA
WISCONSIN
else, he opened up a wide margin over Sen. Birch Bayh of
state party leadership. A spokesman for the Republican
Stevenson
75
13
80*
13*
Curtis
47
40
63
24
Abourezk
71
20
66
20
Nelson
75
18
78
14
Indiana, who drew less than half Carter's vote even though
State Committee, however, stressed that the low uncom-
Percy
69
14
64
12
Hruska
61
28
69
24
McGovern
69
13
77
11
Proxmire
71
29
78
22
INDIANA
NEVADA
TENNESSEE
WYOMING
the two were expected to finish about even. Also disap-
mitted total indicated the satisfaction of party voters with
Bayh
50
6
69
9
Cannon
79 11 80
8
Baker
75 11 69* 11*
McGee
71
8
73
6
pointed were Rep. Morris K. Udall of Arizona, who finished
their two options for President.
Hartke
68
15
68
13
Laxelt
60
27
Brock
67
20
63
21
Hansen
60
34
65
27
a poor fourth despite months of effort, and Sargent Shriver,
Democrats
Republicans
*Buckley elected as Conservative
**Byrd elected as independent.
who did not show the strength he had hoped for in the
The Last War
Catholic neighborhoods of the larger cities.
The only candidate other than Carter who seemed
1. Sen. John A. Durkin (D N.H.) sworn in Sept. 18, 1975, following a special election
pleased was former Sen. Fred R. Harris of Oklahoma, who
The news coverage of the Democratic caucuses was un-
necessitated by a dispute over the outcome of the 1974 general election. The seat was
finished third. "The winnowing-out process has begun," he
precedented. Never had a caucus state attracted so much
vacant from Jan. 3 to Aug. 8, 1975, when Sen. Norris Cotton (R) was appointed to serve
until a successor was elected. Cotton's scores were 50 per cent support and 20 per cent
told supporters, "and we have been winnowed in.
attention, either from candidates or reporters. The political
opposition.
With 88 per cent of the caucus vote counted, Carter had
news from Iowa was nearly as frequent as the news from
27.6 per cent, Bayh 13.2, Harris 9.9, Udall 6.0, Shriver 3.3,
New Hampshire, scheduled to hold the first primary Feb.
Bipartisan Support and Opposition: Senate
and Sen. Henry M. Jackson of Washington 1.1. All the can-
24.
didates fell below the 37.1 per cent recorded for an "uncom-
Part of this was due to a rules change. In 1976, all
mitted" preference. The heavy uncommitted vote was seen
caucus participants are required to state either their can-
3. Bipartisan Support, 93rd Congress. Percentage of 660
by some as a sign of disenchantment with all the con-
didate preference or their desire to remain uncommitted.
1. Bipartisan Support, 1975. Percentage of 314 "bipartisan"
votes in 1975 on which senator voted "yea" or "nay" in agreement
tenders, but others said it simply reflected tactical
This permits an instant hard count of candidate strength,
"bipartisan" votes in 1973 and 1974 on which senator voted "yea" or
decisions based on the political situation in individual
and has made caucus coverage in all states simpler.
with majorities of voting Democrats and voting Republicans.
"nay" in agreement with majorities of voting Democrats and voting
Failures to vote lower both Support and Opposition scores.
Republicans. Failures to vote lower both Support and Opposition
precincts.
Perhaps more important, however, was the success of
McGovern in the Iowa caucuses in 1972.
scores.
GOP Results
McGovern made an unexpectedly strong showing in
4. Bipartisan Opposition, 93rd Congress. Percentage of 660
Iowa, winning 22.6 per cent of the vote, compared to 35.8
2. Bipartisan Opposition, 1975. Percentage of 314 "bipartisan"
"bipartisan" votes in 1973 and 1974 on which senator voted "yea" or
Iowa Republicans caucused Jan. 19 too, but the GOP
per cent uncommitted and 35.5 per cent for the acknow-
votes in 1975 on which senator voted "yea" or "nay" in disagree-
"nay" in disagreement with majorities of voting Democrats and
rules of operation made the result unclear, and detracted
ledged frontrunner, Maine Sen. Edmund S. Muskie.
ment with majorities of voting Democrats and voting Republicans.
voting Republicans. Failures to vote lower both Support and Op-
from the media attention. Republicans did not require
McGovern's percentage, seven times larger than his stand-
Failures to vote lower both Support and Opposition scores
position scores.
caucus participants to state their candidate preference, so it
ing in the national polls at the time, was a breakthrough
was hard to tell who favored whom. The candidates
in his effort to show that he was more than a fringe candi-
themselves did not give the caucuses much attention; Presi-
date.
dent Ford did not visit at all and Ronald Reagan made only
Viewing the emphasis placed on Iowa by Democratic
a brief airport appearance.
contenders this year, Rick Stearns, McGovern's 1972 caucus
The only clue to Republican preference was a straw poll
strategist, commented: "Like the generals fighting the last
conducted at 62 randomly selected caucus sites of 583 par-
war, the candidates themselves make Iowa important in
ticipants. It was conducted by the GOP state committee to
1976." Both McGovern and Muskie campaigned less than a
spur interest in the event. The response was a virtual dead
heat: 45.3 per cent for Ford, 42.5 per cent for Reagan, and
week between them in Iowa, used no broadcast advertising
and left the bulk of the work to their staffs.
10.6 per cent uncommitted. The Reagan campaign claimed
But this year's crop of contenders, hoping to duplicate
the poll showed Ford was in trouble in the Midwest, arguing
McGovern's grass-roots success, gave the state an un-
that the President should have done better with the support
precedented amount of personal attention. The six active
PAGE 188-Jan. 24, 1976
COPYRIGHT 1976 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC.
Reproduction prohibited in whole or in part except by editorial clients
COPYRIGHT 1976 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC.
Reproduction prohibited in whole or in part except by editorial clients
Jan. 24, 1976-PAGE 189
Politics 2
Politics 3
contenders spent a total of 85 days campaigning in the
state. Three of them-Carter, Harris and Udall-reported-
POLITICAL NOTES
CANDIDATES '76: TYDINGS, METZENBAUM TRY AGAIN
ly spent over $10,000 apiece on broadcast media.
Carter began organizing his Iowa operation in early
Two former Democratic senators launched comeback
1975, well before the other candidates. He established a
Illinois Filing
campaigns in mid-January, hoping their experience and
diversified, broad-based organization, headed by a promi-
name-recognition will help them in primaries against am-
nent labor leader, a leading McCarthy supporter in 1968, a
Seven presidential candidates were certified by the
bitious young House members seeking to move to the
black civic leader and the party's 1974 nominee for gover-
Illinois Board of Elections for places on the advisory presi-
Senate.
nor. Carter himself campaigned frequently in Iowa. His
dential preference ballot in the state's primary.
Joseph D. Tydings of Maryland, ousted after one term
appeal to varied segments of the Democratic electorate was
The three Republican entries are President Ford,
in 1970 by Republican J. Glenn Beall Jr., believes voters
evident in demographic information compiled by the
former Gov. Ronald Reagan of California and Lar (America
were misled that year. He was badly damagéd the month
Democratic State Committee from sample precincts.
First) Daly. The four Democratic candidates are former
before the election by charges of conflict-of-interest leaked
The committee divided the vote into five demographic
Gov. Jimmy Carter of Georgia, former Sen. Fred Harris of
to Life Magazine by the Nixon administration. The charges
areas-blue-collar, white-collar, city, town and rural
Oklahoma, Sargent Shriver and Gov. George C. Wallace of
were never substantiated, but they may have cost Tydings
precincts. Carter won about one-third of the vote in all but
Alabama.
his seat.
city precincts, where he received an 18-per-cent share. The
Under Illinois law, the preference vote has no bearing
Now he wants it back. But he has serious problems
sample indicated that the runner-up among the candidates,
on the selection of delegates. Most of the delegates to the
within his party from Rep. Paul S. Sarbanes, who has been
Birch Bayh, made his best showing in town precincts,
Democratic and Republican national conventions are
planning to run for more than a year and has been organiz-
Howard M. Metzenbaum
Joseph D. Tydings
where he won 19 per cent, but fell to a low of 4 per cent in
elected separately, from congressional districts, with their
ing for months. Beall is considered vulnerable, but many
the rural precincts. The latter was a surprise, since Bayh
presidential preference or uncommitted status identified on
Democrats question whether Tydings can get the nomina-
had stressed his Indiana farm heritage in bidding for votes
There are already several major contenders for that
the ballot.
tion to oppose him.
and was expected to do much better in rural Iowa.
The filing deadline for delegate candidates was Jan. 14.
The Ohio situation has some similarities. A former
nomination. Former Gov. Warren E. Hearnes (1965-73) is
Among the other candidates, the state committee sur-
the only one who has announced, but candidacies are ex-
Following is an unofficial breakdown of the preferences of
Democratic incumbent, Howard M. Metzenbaum, is run-
vey indicated that only one, Harris, was able to carry over
delegate candidates. On the Democratic side, 170 are run-
pected from U.S. Rep. James W. Symington, who is Stuart's
ning against a House Democrat, James V. Stanton.
10 per cent of the vote from any demographic area. He
ning pledged to Gov. Daniel Walker, 152 to Sen. Adlai E.
son, and from U.S. Rep. Jerry Litton. Another likely
But there are differences. Metzenbaum's incumbency
received 13 per cent of the vote in rural precincts, 11 per
Stevenson III, 135 to Wallace, 93 to Carter, 80 to Harris, 38
entrant is Charles B. Wheeler Jr., the mayor of Kansas
was brief; he was appointed in January 1974 to fill a
cent in cities.
City. Missouri Attorney General John C. Danforth is ex-
to Sen. Hubert H. Humphrey (Minn.), 18 to Shriver, 14 to
vacancy created when William B. Saxbe (R 1969-74)
The demographic analysis of sample precincts was just
Rep. Morris K. Udall (Ariz.), 10 to Sen. Edward M. Kennedy
resigned to become attorney general. Four months later, he
pected to be the Republican nominee. He lost narrowly to
one measure used by the Democratic State Committee to
Symington in 1970.
(Mass.), seven to Sen. Birch Bayh (Ind.), one each to Sens.
was beaten by John Glenn for the Democratic nomination
stimulate interest in the party caucuses. To assist the can-
Lloyd Bentsen (Texas) and Henry M. Jackson (Wash.),
to a full term. His total service was less than a year.
New York
didates, the party made available lists of voters who had
and 109 uncommitted.
Nevertheless, he is using his Senate experience as a
attended earlier precinct caucuses. For the media, they es-
On the Republican side, 90 candidates for delegate filed
campaign issue. "I was a good senator," he said when he an-
The New York Senate field added another candidate
tablished a "caucus central" at the Des Moines Hilton and
pledged to Ford, 85 to Reagan and 56 uncommitted. The
nounced, noting his fight against oil and gas companies.
Jan. 18. He is Abe Hirschfeld, 55, a wealthy building con-
placed volunteers at the 2,530 precinct caucuses around the
total number of delegates may be reduced slightly by
Stanton, a three-term representative from Cleveland, said
tractor who finished last in the Democratic primary in 1974
state to phone in the results. A spokesman at the state com-
withdrawals or failure to gain certification due to a lack of
he was running against bigness in business and bigness in
and drew nearly a quarter of the vote with an intensive
mittee estimated the entire operation cost $30,000, but ex-
enough signatures on filing petitions.
government. He announced Jan. 19.
television campaign. His media blitz this year began with
pected the venture to pay off in contributions.
Both Metzenbaum and Stanton want the seat held by
the theme: "Let a businessman put New York back in
The precinct meetings, attended by an estimated 45,000
Florida Ballot
Republican Robert Taft Jr., who defeated Metzenbaum in
business."
Democrats and 25,000 to 35,000 Republicans, were the first
Fourteen presidential candidates were placed on the
1970. There is a third Democrat considering the con-
There are numerous Democratic possibilities for the
step in the multi-tier caucus process.
ballot Jan. 12 for the March 9 Florida primary. The list of
test-former Gov. John J. Gilligan (D 1971-75).
New York seat of James L. Buckley, who was elected in
The process is similar for both parties but unfolds on
candidates was announced by Secretary of State Bruce
1970 as a Conservative but joined the Republican con-
different dates. Delegates elected in the Democratic
Smathers, who headed the seven-member Presidential Can-
Utah
ference in the Senate.
precinct caucuses go to county conventions on March 6,
didates Selection Committee. Listed on the ballot are all
which in turn elect delegates to both the congressional dis-
Another Senate campaign came into focus Jan. 15 with
Governors
trict conventions on April 10 and the state convention on
nationally recognized candidates. Other candidates may
the announcement by Jack W. Carlson, a Republican and a
May 29. Forty of the national convention delegates are
gain a spot on the ballot by submitting a written request to
former assistant secretary of the interior, that he will
Amid the rush of Senate announcements, there were
the Secretary of State, who will call a committee meeting
challenge Democratic Sen. Frank E. Moss of Utah.
interesting gubernatorial developments. Gerard J. Zeiller,
chosen at the six district conventions. The remaining seven
are selected by the state convention. At all levels, a can-
after Feb. 10 to consider the requests.
The Interior Department is something of a stepping
New Hampshire's former commissioner of health and
The committee approved the names of two
didate or uncommitted group must have at least 15 per cent
stone to Senate politics this year; another assistant
welfare, announced a primary challenge to Meldrim
of the vote to win a proportionate share of the delegates.
Republicans-Ford and Reagan-and 12 Democrats: Bayh,
secretary, Jack Horton, is expected to challenge Democratic
Thomson Jr., the state's incumbent Republican governor.
The results of the precinct caucuses do not dictate the
Bentsen, Sen. Robert C. Byrd (W.Va.), Carter, Sen. Frank
Sen. Gale W. McGee in Wyoming.
Thomson, a hard-line conservative, turned back moderate
composition of the Iowa national convention delegation.
Church (Idaho), Harris, Jackson, former Gov. Terry San-
Both are underdogs. Carlson, 42, said in announcing
opponents to win the nomination in 1972 and 1974. His
The dispersal of the uncommitted bloc and the withdrawal
ford (N.C.), Gov. Milton J. Shapp (Pa.), Shriver, Udall and
that he would fight the "runaway growth" of government.
Republican rivals had been expected to launch a similar ef-
of candidates before the convention will affect the Iowa
Wallace.
He may have opposition within the GOP from former U.S.
fort against him in 1976; Zeiller may be their man.
vote. In 1972 McGovern's national surge toward the
Claiming that he was not a candidate, Church
Rep. Sherman P. Lloyd (1963-65; 1967-73), Utah Attorney
And in Indiana, State Treasurer Jack L. New an-
nomination resulted in his improved showing in the later
attempted to have his name removed from the ballot. But
General Vernon Romney, or advertising executive Des-
nounced his candidacy Jan. 14 for the Democratic guber-
the committee refused, noting that although not an an-
mond Barker.
natorial nomination. The Democratic primary is attracting
stages of the Iowa caucus process. He ended up receiving 35
of Iowa's 46 votes on the first ballot.
nounced candidate, Church had a campaign committee rais-
Horton, 38, seems to have little opposition for his
a crowd even though the Republican incumbent, Gov. Otis
The Republican caucus process is similar to that of the
ing money. Florida law provides that a candidate may
nomination. Other Wyoming Republicans have shown little
L. Bowen, appears strong.
Democrats, with county conventions on Feb. 28 electing
withdraw his name only by submitting an affidavit stating
interest in an uphill contest against McGee.
Already announced on the Democratic side is the
that he is not a candidate and does not intend to become
secretary of state, Larry Conrad. Expected to join the field
delegates to the state convention on June 18 and 19. Thirty
one. Sens. Humphrey and Kennedy both submitted such
Missouri
is State Sen. Robert Fair of Princeton. Conrad is the best-
national convention delegates will be chosen in six con-
affidavits.
gressional district caucuses on June 18. The following day,
In a Missouri Senate development, former U.S. At-
known, but has made enemies within the party during his
In 1972 the names of 14 candidates appeared on the
five years in state government.
their selections will be ratified and six more delegates
torney F. Russell Millin of Kansas City announced Jan. 9
Florida ballot-3 Republicans and 11 Democrats. Wallace
In making his announcement, New said Bowen was
chosen by the full state convention.
for the Democratic nomination to succeed Stuart
-By Rhodes Cook
was an easy winner in the Democratic primary.
I
lax about holding down state spending. He said he would
Symington (D), who is retiring.
show "how costly and reckless the spending is."
-
PAGE 190-Jan. 24, 1976
COPYRIGHT 1976 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC
COPYRIGHT 1976 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC
Reproduction prohibited in whole or part except by editorial clients
Reproduction prohibited in whole or in part except by editorial a
Jan. 24, 1976-PAGE 191
CQ House Votes 1-8
Corresponding to Congressional Record Votes 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11
KEY
5
Y
Voted for (yea)
KANSAS
4 Randall
YYYYYYYN
9 Martin
YYNYYYYY
Paired for.
5 Armstrong
YYNYYYYN
7 Jones
Sebellus
?7YYYYNY
YNYYNYYN
5 Bolling
?7YYYYYN
10 Broyhill
YNNYYYYY
8 Ford
Announced for.
CONNECTICUT
Keys
YYNYYYY?
NNYYYYYN
6 Litton
??YYYYYN
11 Taylor
YYYYYYYN
TEXAS
N
Voted against (nay).
Cotter
NNYYYYYN
Winn
YYYYYYYY
Taylor
YYYYYYYY
NORTH DAKOTA
Patman
X
Paired against.
2 Dodd
YYNYYYYN
Shriver
YYYYYYYY
77777YYN
8 Ichord
77YYYYYN
AL Andrews
YYYYYYYN
Wilson
Announced against.
3 Giaimo
?7YYYYY?
Skubitz
YYYYY?NY
YYYYYYYN
9 Hungate
77YYYYYN
OHIO
Collins
P
Voted "present."
4 McKinney
YYYYY?YY
KENTUCKY
YNYYYNNY
10 Burlison
27YYYYYN
Gradison
YYNYYYYN
4 Roberts
Voted "present" to avoid
5 Sarasin
YYYYYYYN
Hubbard
YYYYYYYY
YYYYYYYN
MONTANA
Clancy
YYNYYY?
5 Steelman
possible conflict of interest.
6 Moffett
YYNYYYYN
Natcher
YYYYYYYN
YYNYYYYN
1 Baucus
NYYYYYYN
Whalen
YYNYY???
?
Did not vote or otherwise
DELAWARE
Mazzoli
Teague
YYYYYYYN
? YYYYNYN
2
NYYYYYYN
Guyer
YYYYYYYN
Archer
1. HR 7897. Indochinese Refugee Education Aid. Quie (R
make position known.
AL du Pont
YYYYYYYN
Snyder
YNYYYYYY
YNNYYYYY
NEBRASKA
Latta
YNNYYYYN
8 Eckhardt
FLORIDA
5 Carter
YYYYYNYY
N??YYYYN
1 Thone
Minn.) amendment to reimburse local school districts only for the
YYYYYYYN
Harsha
? N Y Y Y Y Y N
9 Brooks
Sikes
NYYYNYYN
6 Breckinridge
YYYY?YYN
YYYYYYYN
2 McCollister
YNYYYYNY
Brown
YYNYYYYY
10 Pickle
actual costs incurred in providing education services to Indochinese
2 Fuqua
YYYYY? YN
7 Perkins
NYYYYYYN
YYYYYYYN
3 Smith
YNYYYYNY
8 Kindness
YNNYYYYY
3 Bennett
NYYYYYYN
LOUISIANA
11 Poage
NNNYNYNY
refugee students. Adopted 235-143: R 118-12; D 117-131 (ND 65-109;
NEVADA
Ashley
YY???YYN
NYYYYYYN
Hebert
12 Wright
4 Chappell
????????
YY???YYN
AL Santini
SD 52-22), Jan. 19, 1976. (Story, p. 199)
YYYYYYYN
10 Miller
YNNYYYYY
YYNYNY?Y
13 Hightower
5 Kelly
Boggs
NYYYYYYY
YYY??YYN
NEW HAMPSHIRE
11 Stanton
YYYYYYYY
6 Young
YYNYNYYN
3 Treen
14 Young
YYNYYYYY
YYYYYYYN
1 D'Amours
YYNYYYYN
12 Devine
YNNYYYYY
15 de la Garza
2. HR 7897. Indochinese Refugee Education Aid. Passage of
7 Gibbons
YNYYYYYN
4 Waggonner
YNYYYYYY
YYYYYYY?
2 Cleveland
YYNYYYYY
13 Mosher
NYYYYYYY
16 White
the bill to make federal grants to states to reimburse local school
ALABAMA
8 Haley
YYYYYYNN
5 Passman
NYYYYYNY
YYYYYYYN
NEW JERSEY
14 Seiberling
YYYYYYYN
17 Burleson
1 Edwards
YNYYYYYY
9 Frey
YYNYYYYN
6 Moore
YYNYYYYY
YNNYNYNY
Florio
districts for the actual costs they incurred in providing education
NYYYYYYN
15 Wylle
YYNYYYYN
18 Jordan
2 Dickinson
YYYYY?YY
10 Bafalis
YYNYYO00
Breaux
Y ? Y Y Y Y Y Y
NYYYYYYN
2 Hughes
YYNYYYYN
16 Regula
YYNYYYYN
19 Mahon
services to Indochinese refugee students. Passed 311-75: R 101-32;
3 Nichols
?NYYYPYN
11 Rogers
YYYYYYYN
Long
NYYYYYYN
NYYYYYYN
3 Howard
NYYYYYYN
17 Ashbrook
YNNYYYY?
20 Gonzalez
D 210-43 (ND 162-14; SD 48-29), Jan. 19, 1976. (Story, p. 199)
Bevill
YNYYYYYN
12 Burke
? ? N Y Y Y Y N
MAINE
PYYYYYPN
4 Thompson
NYYYYYYN
18 Hays
NYYYYYYN
Jones
13 Lehman
21 Krueger
NYYY?YYN
77777777
Emery
YYYYYYYN
NNYYY?YY
5 Fenwick
YYNYYYYN
19 Carney
YNYYYYYN
22 Casey
6 Buchanan
YYYYYYYY
14 Pepper
NYYYY???
2 Cohen
YYYYYYYN
YNYYYYYN
6 Forsythe
YYNYYYY?
20 Stanton
27772227
23 Kazen
3. HR 10537. Federal Reclamation Projects. Johnson (D Calif.)
Flowers
YNYYYYYN
15 Fascell
NYYYYYYN
MARYLAND
YYYYYYYN
7 Maguire
NYNYYYYN
21 Stokes
YYYYYYYN
24 Milford
motion to suspend the rules and pass the bill to authorize $77.3-
ALASKA
GEORGIA
1 Bauman
YNNYYYYY
YNYYYYYY
8 Roe
YYYYYYYN
22 Vanik
YYNYYYYN
UTAH
AL Young
NYYYYNNY
1 Ginn
YYYYYYYN
million for federal reclamation projects in Wyoming, North
2 Long
NYNYYYYN
9 Helstoski
NYYYYYYN
23 Motti
YYNYYYYN
McKay
??YYNYNN
ARIZONA
2 Mathis
YNYYYYYN
3 Sarbanes
NYYYYYYN
10 Rodino
Dakota, Oregon and South Dakota. Motion agreed to 284-110: R 59-
NYYYYYYN
OKLAHOMA
Howe
YYYYYYYN
Rhodes
YNYYYYNY
3 Brinkley
YYYYYYYN
4 Holt
YNNYYYYY
11 Minish
YYNYYYYN
Jones
YYYYYYYY
VERMONT
71; D 225-39 (ND 159-27; SD 66-12), Jan. 20, 1976. A two-thirds ma-
Udall
27777YY7
4 Levitas
YNNYYYYN
5 Spellman
NYYYYYYN
12 Rinaldo
YYNYYYYN
2 Risenhoover
NYYYYYYY
AL Jeffords
YYNYYYYN
jority vote (263 in this case) is required for passage under suspen-
Stelger
77777NNY
Young
??YYYYYN
6 Byron
YNYYYYYN
13 Meyner
72777YYN
3 Albert
VIRGINIA
Conian
YYYYYNYY
6 Flynt
YNYYNYNY
7 Mitchell
NYYYYYYN
14 Daniels
sion of the rules.
NYYYYYYN
Steed
777YYYNY
YYNYYYNY
ARKANSAS
7 McDonald
22722272
8 Gude
Downing
YYNYYYYN
15 Patten
NNYYYYYN
Jarman
YNNYYYYY
2 Whitehurst
YYNYYYYY
Alexander
?YYYYYYN
8 Stuckey
NNNYYYNN
MASSACHUSETTS
NEW MEXICO
English
YY?77YYY
3 Satterfield
YNNYYY?Y
4. HR 3710. 101st Airborne Memorial. Nedzi (D Mich.) motion
Mills
YNYYYYNN
9 Landrum
YNYYYYYN
1 Conte
YYNYYYYN
Lujan
27727727
OREGON
Daniel
YYNYYYYY
to suspend the rules and pass the bill to authorize the 101st Air-
3 Hammerschmidt
YYYYYNYY
10 Stephens
77YYYYYN
2 Boland
NY?YYYYN
Runnels
YNYYYY??
AuCoin
YYYYYYYY
5 Daniel
YNNYYYYY
4 Thornton
YYYYYYYN
HAWAII
3 Early
YYYYYYYN
NEW YORK
Ullman
borne Division Association to erect a memorial in the District of
YYYYYY?N
6 Butler
YNNYYYNY
CALIFORNIA
Matsunaga
NYYYYYYN
4 Drinan
NYYYYYYN
Pike
YYYYYYYN
Duncan
YYYYYYYN
7 Robinson
YNNYYYYY
Columbia or surrounding area. Motion agreed to 400-0: R 132-0; D
Johnson
NYYYYYYN
2 Mink
NYYYYYYN
5 Tsongas
NYYYYYYN
2 Downey
YYYYYYYN
Weaver
YYYYYYY?
8 Harris
NYYYYYYN
268-0 (ND 189-0; SD 79-0), Jan. 20, 1976. A two-thirds majority vote
Clausen
NYYYYYYY
IDAHO
6 Harrington
?7YYYYYN
3 Ambro
YNNYYYYN
PENNSYLVANIA
7 Macdonald
Wampler
YYYYYYNY
Moss
??YYYYYN
1 Symms
YNYYNNNY
NYYYYYYN
4 Lent
(267 in this case) is required for passage under suspension of the
YYYYYYYN
Barrett
77YYY???
10 Fisher
NYNYYYYN
Leggett
NYYYYYYN
2 Hansen, G.
YNYYYNNY
8 'Neill
?YYYYYYN
5 Wydler
YYNYYYYN
Nix
NNYYYYYN
WASHINGTON
rules.
5 Burton, J.
NYYYYYYN
ILLINOIS
9 Moakley
NYYYYYYN
6 Wolff
NYYYYYYN
Green
NYYYYYYN
Pritchard
YYYYYYYY
6 Burton, P.
NYYYYYYN
Metcalfe
NYYYY???
10 Heckler
YY??YYN
7 Addabbo
?7YYYYYN
Eilberg
NYYYYYYN
2 Meeds
NYYYYYYN
Miller
NYYYY?YN
2 Murphy
NYYYYYYN
11 Burke
NYYYYYYN
5. S 2718. Railroad Revitalization. Staggers (D Va.) motion
8 Rosenthal
NYYYYYYN
5 Schulze
YYNYYYYN
3 Bonker
NYYYYYYN
Dellums
NYYYYYYN
3 Russo
YYNYYYYN
12 Studds
YYYYYYYN
9 Delaney
YYYYYYYN
Yatron
to suspend the rules and adopt the resolution (H Con Res 527) to
YYYYYYYN
4 McCormack
NYYYYYYN
Stark
NYNYYYYN
4 Derwinski
YYNYYNYN
MICHIGAN
10 Biaggi
27227277
7 Edgar
NYYYYYYN
Conyers
YYNYYYYN Foley
NYYYYYYN
rescind House and Senate action of Dec. 19, 1975, in adopting the
10 Edwards
NYYYYYYN
5 Fary
77NYYYYN
11 Scheuer
YY?YYYYN
8 Blester
YYYYYYYN
Hicks
NYYYYYYN
11 Ryan
YYYYYYYN
6 Hyde
YYNYY?YN
2 Esch
conference report on the bill and to recommit S 2718 to the con-
?2YYYYY?
12 Chisholm
YYYYYYYN
9 Shuster
7NNYYYNY
Adams
YYYYYYYN
12 McCloskey
NYYYYYYY
7 Collins
NYYYYYYN
3 Brown
YNYYYYYY
13 Solarz
ference committee. Motion agreed to 383-15: R 128-4; D 255-11 (ND
NY?YYYYN
10 McDade
YYYYYYYN
WEST VIRGINIA
13 Mineta
NYYYYYYN
8 Rostenkowski
NYYYYYYN
4 Hutchinson
YYNYYYYY
14 Richmond
NYYYYYY?
11 Flood
NYYYYYY?
1 Mollohan
YYYYYYYN
188-1; SD 67-10), Jan. 20, 1976. A two-thirds majority vote (266 in
14 McFall
NYYYYYYN
9 Yates
NYYYYYYN
5 Vander Veen
NYYYYYYN
15 Zeferetti
YYYYYYYN
12 Murtha
YYYYYYYN
this case) is required for passage under suspension of the rules.
15 Sisk
NYYYYYYN
10 Mikva
6 Carr
2 Staggers
NYYYYYYN
NYYYYYYN
NYYYYYYN
16 Holtzman
22227YYN
13 Coughlin
YNNYYYYN
Slack
YYYYYYYN
16 Talcott
NYYYYYYN
11 Annunzio
YNYYYYYN
Riegle
??YYYY7?
17 Murphy
(Story p. 197)
NYYYYYYN
14 Moorhead
NYYYYY?N
Hechler
YNNYYYYN
17 Krebs
NYYYYYYN
12 Crane
27227777
8 Traxler
NYYYYYYN
18 Koch
YYYYYYYN
15 Rooney
YYYYYYYN
WISCONSIN
18 Ketchum
NYYYNYNY
13 McClory
YNNYYYYY
9 Vander Jagt
YYYY??
19 Rangel
YYYYYYYN
16 Eshleman
YYNYYYNN
Aspin
NYYYYYYN
6. HR 6721. Coal Leasing Amendments. Adoption of the
19 Lagomarsino
NYNYYYYY
14 Erlenborn
YYNYYYYY
10 Cederberg
YYNYYYNY
20 Abzug
NYYYYYYN
17 Schneebeli
YYNYYYYY
2 Kastenmeier
NYYYYYYN
resolution (H Res 965) providing for House floor consideration of
20 Goldwater
? Y N Y Y ? Y Y
15 Hall
NYYYYYYN
11 Ruppe
?????YNY
21 Badillo
??YYYYYN
18 Heinz
YY??????
3 Baldus
YYYYYY Y N
21 Corman
227?7YYN
16 Anderson
?7 YYYYYN
12 O'Hara
NYYYYYYN
22 Bingham
the bill (see vote 10, p. 194). Adopted 386-12: R 116-11; D 270-1
NYYYYYYN
19 Goodling, W.
YYNYYYYY
Zablocki
NYYYYYYN
22 Moorhead
NYNYYYYY
17 O'Brien
YYNYYYYY
13 Diggs
22277777
23 Peyser
YYYYYYYN
20 Gaydos
NYYYYYYN
Reuss
7 ? Y Y Y Y Y N
(ND 189-0; SD 8-1), Jan. 21, 1976.
23 Rees
NYYYY?YN
18 Michel
YN??772Y
14 Nedzi
?YYYYYYN
24 Ottinger
NYNYYYYN
21 Dent
YYYYYYYN
24 Waxman
NYYYYYYN
19 Railsback
YYYYYYYY
Ford
Stelger
YYNYYYYN
NYYYYYYN
25 Fish
YYNYYYYY
22 Morgan
NYYYYYYN
Obey
NYYYYYYN
25 Roybal
NYYYYYYN
20 Findley
YYNYYYYN
16 Dingell
YYYYYYYN
26 Gilman
7. HR 6721. Coal Leasing Amendments. Hechler (D W.Va.)
YYYYYYYN
23 Johnson
YYYYYYYY
8 Cornell
NYYYYYYN
26 Rousselot
NYNYYYYY
21 Madigan
YYNYY?Y?
17 Brodhead
NYNYYYYN
27 McHugh
NYYYYYYN
24 Vigorito
YNYYYYYN
9 Kasten
YYNYYYYN
amendment to prohibit any coal mining operations in the national
27 Bell
72777YYY
22 Shipley
NYYYYYYN
18 Blanchard
NYNYYYYN
28 Stratton
NYYYYYYN
25 Myers
YNNYYYYN
WYOMING
park system, the national wildlife refuge system, the national
28 Burke
NYYYYYYN
23 Price
NYYYYYYN
19 Broomfield
YYYYYYYY
29 Pattison
YY?7YYN
RHODE ISLAND
AL Roncalio
NYYYYYNN
29 Hawkins
NYYYYYYN
24 Simon
NYYYYYYN
MINNESOTA
wilderness preservation system, the national system of trails and
30 McEwen
YNYYYYYY
St Germain
NYYYYYYN
30 Danielson
NYYYYYYN
INDIANA
Quie
YYNYYYYY
31 Mitchell
the wild and scenic rivers system. Adopted 370-32: R 111-20; D 259-
YYYYYYY?
Beard
NY???YYN
31 Wilson
NYYYYYYN
1 Madden
NYYYYYYN
2 Hagedorn
YYNYY?YY
32 Hanley
YYYYYYYN
SOUTH CAROLINA
12 (ND 186-2; SD 73-10), Jan. 21, 1976.
32 Anderson
NYYYYYYN
2 Fithian
YNNYYYYN
3 Frenzel
YYNYYYYN
33 Walsh
YYYYYYYN
Davis
Y N Y Y Y Y Y N
33 Clawson
YYNYYNNY
3 Brademas
NYYYYYYN
Karth
?7YYYYYN
34 Horton
YYYYYYYN
Spence
YNNYYYYN
34 Hannaford
NYYYYYYN
4 Roush
YNYYYYYN
5 Fraser
NYYYY???
35 Conable
8. HR 6721. Coal Leasing Amendments. Ruppe (R Mich.)
YNNYYYYN
Derrick
YYYYYYYN
35 Lloyd
NYYYY?YN
5 Hillis
YYNYYYYN
6 Nolan
NYNYYYYN
36 LaFalce
YYYYYYYY
Mann
YNNYYYYN
amendment to delete from the bill language to limit the size of a
36 Brown
YYYYY???
6 Evans
YNNYYYYN
7 Bergland
NYYYYYYN
37 Nowak
NYYYYYYN
Holland
?NYYYYYN
logical coal mining unit to 25,000 acres. Rejected 97-301: R 78-52; D
37 Pettis
NYYYY???
7 Myers
YNYYYYYN
8 Oberstar
NYYYYYYN
38 Kemp
YY??7YYY
Jenrette
YNNYYYYN
38 Patterson
NYYYYYYN
8 Hayes
YYNYYYYN
MISSISSIPPI
19-249 (ND 2-182; SD 17-67), Jan. 21, 1976.
39 Hastings'
?????
SOUTH DAKOTA
39 Wiggins
YY?YYY?Y
9 Hamilton
YYYYYYYN
1 Whitten
77777YYN
NORTH CAROLINA
Pressler
YYYYYYYN
40 Hinshaw
2222222?
10 Sharp
YYNYYYYN
2 Bowen
72272YYN
Jones
YNYYNYYN
Abdnor
YYYYYYNY
41 Wilson
NYYYYYY N
11 Jacobs
YYYYYYYN
3 Montgomery
22277YYN
2 Fountain
YNYYNYYN
TENNESSEE
42 Van Deerlin
NYYYYYYN
IOWA
4 Cochran
72772YYY
3 Henderson
YNYYNYYN
Quillen
YYNYYNNY
43 Burgener
NYYYYYYN
Mezvinsky
NYYYYYYN
Lott
YY???YYY
4 Andrews
7777??YN
Duncan
YYYYYYYN
COLORADO
Blouin
NYNYYYYN
MISSOURI
5 Neal
YYYYYYYN
Lloyd
YNYYNYYN
Schroeder
NYYYYYYN
Grassley
YYNYYYYY
Clay
YYYYYYYN
Preyer
YYNYYYYN
Evins
NYYYYYYN
Wirth
YYNYYYYN
Smith
YYYYYYYN
2 Symington
NYYYYYYN
Rose
NYNYYYYN
Allen
YYYYNY??
Evans
NYYYYYYN
Harkin
YYNYYYYN
3 Sullivan
YNYYYYYN
8 Hefner
YNYYYYYN
Beard
YNNYY??Y
Johnson
YYYYYYYN
Bedell
YYYYYYYN
Democrats
Republicans
Democrats
Republicans
1. Rep. James F. Hastings resigned effective at the close of business Jan. 20, 1976.
PAGE 192-Jan. 24, 1976
COPYRIGHT 1976 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC
COPYRIGHT 1976 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC.
Reproduction prohibited in whole or in part except by editorial clients.
Reproduction prohibited whole or in part except by editorial clients
Jan. 24, 1976-PAGE 193
CQ House Votes 9-12
Corresponding to Congressional Record Votes 12, 13, 14, 15
NICE
9
6
KEY
Y Voted for (yea)
KANSAS
YNYY
Martin
NYYY
Jones
NYYY
Paired for.
5
NYYY
Sebellus
YYYY
Bolling
NYYY
10 Broyhill
NYYY
Ford
NYYY
t Announced for.
CONNECTICUT
Keys
NYYY
Litton
NY??
11 Taylor
NYYY
TEXAS
N Voted against (nay).
Cotter
????
Winn
YY?Y
Taylor
YNYP
NORTH DAKOTA
1 Patman
???Y
X Paired against.
Dodd
NYYY
Shriver
YYYY
Ichord
NYYN
AL Andrews
NYYY
2 Wilson
NY??
Announced against.
3 Giaimo
NYYY
5 Skubitz
YNYY
Hungate
N?YY
OHIO
Collins
YNYN
P Voted "present."
4 McKinney
NYYY
KENTUCKY
10 Burlison
NYYY
Gradison
NYYY
Roberts
YNYY
Voted "present" to avoid
5 Sarasin
NYYY
Hubbard
NYYY
MONTANA
Clancy
????
Steelman
NYYY
possible conflict of interest.
6 Moffett
NYY?
Natcher
NYYY
1 Baucus
NYYY
Whalen
NYYY
6 Teague
NY??
? Did not vote or otherwise
DELAWARE
Mazzoli
NYYY
2 Melcher
NYYY
Guyer
NYYY
7 Archer
YNYY
make position known.
AL du Pont
NY?Y
Snyder
YNYY
NEBRASKA
Latta
NYYY
8 Eckhardt
NYYY
FLORIDA
5 Carter
NYYY
Thone
NYYY
Harsha
NYYY
9 Brooks
NYYY
Sikes
NYYY
6 Breckinridge
NYYY
McCollister
YN??
Brown
YNYY
10 Pickle
NYYY
2 Fuqua
NYYY
Perkins
NYYY
3 Smith
YYYY
Kindness
YYY?
11 Poage
YNYY
3 Bennett
NYYY
LOUISIANA
NEVADA
Ashley
NYYY
12 Wright
NYYY
9
4 Chappell
NYY?
1 Hebert
????
AL Santini
NYYY
10 Miller
YNYN
13 Hightower
NYYY
Kelly
Y N ?
Boggs
NYYY
NEW HAMPSHIRE
11 Stanton
YYYY
14 Young
YNYY
6 Young
????
3 Treen
YNYY
D'Amours
NY?Y
12 Devine
NYYY
15 de Garza
????
7 Gibbons
NYYY
4 Waggonner
NNYN
NYYY
13 Mosher
??YY
16 White
NYYY
ALABAMA
Haley
NYYY
5 Passman
NY??
NEW JERSEY
14 Seiberling
NYYY
17 Burleson
YNYN
1 Edwards
YYYY
Frey
NYYY
Moore
YNYY
Florio
NYYY
15 Wylle
NYYY
18 Jordan
NYYY
Dickinson
NNYY
10 Batalls
...Y
Breaux
YNY?
Hughes
NYYY
16 Regula
NYYY
19 Mahon
NYYY
Nichols
NYYY
11 Rogers
NYYY
Long
NYYY
Howard
NYYY
17 Ashbrook
????
20 Gonzalez
NYYY
Bevill
NYYY
12 Burke
NYYY
MAINE
Thompson
NYYY
18 Hays
NYYY
21 Krueger
NYYY
Jones
NYYY
13 Lehman
??YY
Emery
NYYY
Fenwick
NYYY
19 Carney
NYYY
22 Casey
Y N ? ?
Buchanan
NYYY
14 Pepper
????
2 Cohen
NYYY
Forsythe
YNYY
20 Stanton
??YY
23 Kazen
NYYY
9. HR 6721. Coal Leasing Amendments. Ruppe (R Mich.) mo-
Flowers
NYYY
15 Fasceli
NYYY
MARYLAND
Maguire
NYYY
21 Stokes
NYYY
24 Milford
YNYY
tion to recommit the bill (and thus kill it) to the Committee on
ALASKA
GEORGIA
1 Bauman
YNYN
Roe
NYYY
22 Vanik
NYYY
UTAH
Interior and Insular Affairs. Rejected 80-319: R 62-69; D 18-250
AL Young
YNYY
Ginn
NYYY
2 Long
NYYY
Helstoski
NYYY
23 Mottl
NY??
McKay
NYY?
(ND 3-182; SD 15-68), Jan. 21, 1976.
ARIZONA
Mathis
NYYY
3 Sarbanes
NYYY
10 Rodino
NYYY
OKLAHOMA
Howe
NYYY
Rhodes
YNYY
3 Brinkley
NYYY
Holt
YYYN
11 Minish
NYYY
1 Jones
NYYY
VERMONT
Udall
NYY?
4 Levitas
NYYY
Spellman
NYYY
12 Rinaldo
NYYY
2 Risenhoover
YN?Y
AL Jeffords
NYYY
10. HR 6721. Coal Leasing Amendments. Passage of the bill to
Steiger
YNYY
Young
NYYY
Byron
NYYY
13 Meyner
NYYY
Albert
VIRGINIA
amend the Mineral Leasing Act of 1920 to revise procedures
Conian
YNYY
6 Flynt
NYYY
Mitchell
NYYY
14 Daniels
NYYY
Steed
YYYY
1 Downing
YY??
ARKANSAS
7 McDonald
????
Gude
NYYY
15 Patten
NYYY
Jarman
YNYY
2 Whitehurst
YYYY
governing the leasing and development of coal deposits on federal
Alexander
NYYY
8 Stuckey
YNYN
MASSACHUSETTS
NEW MEXICO
6 English
NYYY
3 Satterfield
YNYY
lands. Passed 344-51: R 95-35; D 249-16 (ND 180-2; SD 69-14), Jan.
2 Mills
YNYY
9 Landrum
YNYY
1 Conte
NYYY
Lujan
????
OREGON
4 Daniel
YYYY
21, 1976.
3 Hammerschmidt
YNYN
10 Stephens
NY?Y
Boland
NYYY
Runnels
????
1 AuCoin
YYYY
Daniel
YNYY
4 Thornton
NYYY
HAWAII
Early
NYYY
NEW YORK
2 Uliman
NYYY
6 Butler
YYYY
CALIFORNIA
Matsunaga
NYYY
4 Drinan
NYYY
Pike
NYYY
3 Duncan
NYYY
Robinson
YYYY
11. HR 10807. Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Savings
NYYY
2 Mink
NYYY
5 Tsongas
NYYY
2 Downey
NYYY
Weaver
NYYY
8 Harris
NYYY
Amendments. Adoption of the resolution (H Res 967) providing for
Clausen
NYYY
IDAHO
6 Harrington
NY??
3 Ambro
NYYY
PENNSYLVANIA
9 Wampler
YYYY
House floor consideration of the bill to authorize fiscal 1976-77
Moss
NYYY
Symms
YNYN
7 Macdonald
NYYY
Lent
NYYY
Barrett
? ? Y Y
10 Fisher
NYYY
4 Leggett
NYY?
2 Hanson, G.
YNYN
8 O'Neill
NYYY
Wydler
YNYY
Nix
NYYY
WASHINGTON
funds to carry out the Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Savings
5 Burton, J.
NYYY
ILLINOIS
9 Moakley
NYYY
6 Wolff
NYYY
Green
NYYY
1 Pritchard
NYYY
Act and strengthen federal authority to enforce the prohibition
6 Burton, P.
NYYY
Metcalfe
????
10 Heckler
NYYY
7 Addabbo
NYYY
4 Eilberg
NYYY
2 Meeds
NYYY
against tampering with auto odometers. Adopted 386-0: R 126-0; D
Miller
NYYY
2 Murphy
NYYY
11 Burke
NYYY
8 Rosenthal
NYYY
5 Schulze
NYYY
3 Bonker
N?Y?
260-0 (ND 183-0; SD 77-0), Jan. 22, 1976.
Dellums
NYYY
3 Russo
NYYY
12 Studds
NYYY
9 Delaney
NYYY
6 Yatron
NYYY
4 McCormack
NYYY
Stark
NYYY
4 Derwinski
YYYY
MICHIGAN
10 Biaggi
????
7 Edgar
??YY
5 Foley
NYYY
10 Edwards
NYYY
Fary
NYYY
Conyers
? Y Y Y
11 Scheuer
NY7Y
8 Blester
NYYY
Hicks
NYYY
12. HR 10807. Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Savings
11 Ryan
NYYY
6 Hyde
NYYY
2 Esch
NY??
12 Chisholm
NY?Y
9 Shuster
YNYN
Adams
NYY?
Amendments. Passage of the bill to authorize $11.2-million in
12 McCloskey
NYYY
7 Collins
NYYY
3 Brown
YNYN
13 Solarz
NYYY
10 McDade
NYYY
WEST VIRGINIA
13 Mineta
NYYY
8 Rostenkowski
NYYY
4 Hutchinson
YYYN
14 Richmond
NYYY
11 Flood
??YY
1 Mollohan
NYYY
fiscal 1976-77 for the Department of Transportation to carry out
14 McFall
NYYY
9 Yates
NYYY
5 Vander Veen
NYYY
15 Zeferetti
NYYY
12 Murtha
NYYY
2 Staggers
NYYY
the Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Savings Act, and to
15 Sisk
N?YY
10 Mikva
NYYY
6 Carr
NYYY
16 Holtzman
NYYY
13 Coughlin
NYYY
Slack
NYYY
strengthen the department's authority to enforce the prohibition
16 Talcott
NYYY
11
YNYY
Riegle
? ? Y Y
17 Murphy
NYYY
14 Moorhead
NYYY
Hechler
NYYY
against tampering with auto odometers. Passed 369-18: R 116-12; D
17 Krebs
N?YY
12 Crane
????
8 Traxier
NYYY
18 Koch
NYYY
15 Rooney
NYYY
WISCONSIN
18 Ketchum
YNYN
13 McClory
NYYY
9 Vander Jagt
????
19 Rangel
NYYY
16 Eshieman
NY??
1 Aspin
NYYY
253-6 (ND 180-2; SD 73-4), Jan. 22, 1976.
19 Legomersino
YY?Y
14 Erlenborn
NYYY
10 Cederberg
YYYY
20 Abzug
NYYY
17 Schneebell
YNYY
2 Kastenmeier
NYYY
20 Goldwater
YYYY
15 Hall
NYYY
11 Ruppe
YNYY
21 Badillo
NYYY
18 Heinz
????
3 Baldus
NYYY
21 Corman
NYYY
16 Anderson
NYY?
12 O'Hara
NY??
22 Bingham
NYYY
19 Goodling, W.
YYYY
Zablocki
NYYY
22 Moorhead
YYYY
17 O'Brien
??YY
13 Diggs
????
23 Peyser
NYYY
20 Gaydos
NYYY
Reuss
NYYY
23 Rees
NYYY
18 Michel
YNYY
14 Nedzi
NYYY
24 Ottinger
NYYY
21 Dent
NYYY
Steiger
NYYY
24 Waxman
NYYY
19 Ralisback
NYYY
15 Ford
NY??
25 Fish
NYYY
22 Morgan
NY?Y
Obey
NYYY
25 Roybal
NYYY
20 Findley
NY?Y
16 Dingell
NYYY
26 Gliman
NYYY
23 Johnson
YYYY
Cornell
NYYY
26 Rousselot
YNYY
21 Madigan
NYYY
17 Brodhead
NYYY
27 McHugh
NYYY
24 Vigorito
NY??
Kasten
NYYY
27 Bell
YYYY
22 Shipley
NYYY
18 Blanchard
NYYY
28 Stratton
NYYY
25 Myers
YYYY
WYOMING
28 Burke
NYYY
23 Price
NYYY
19 Broomfield
NY?Y
29 Pattison
NYYY
RHODE ISLAND
AL Roncalio
NYYY
29 Hawkins
NYYY
24 Simon
NYYY
MINNESOTA
30 McEwen
YNYN
St Germain
NYYY
30 Danielson
NYYY
INDIANA
1 Quie
NYYY
31 Mitchell
NYYY
Beard
NYYY
31 Wilson
NYYY
Madden
NYYY
2 Hagedorn
NYYY
32 Hanley
NYYY
SOUTH CAROLINA
32 Anderson
NYYY
2 Fithian
NYYY
Frenzel
NYYY
33 Walsh
NYYY
1 Davis
NYYY
33 Clawson
YNYY
3 Brademas
NYYY
Karth
NYYY
34 Horton
NYYY
Spence
??YY
34 Hannaford
NYYY
Roush
NYYY
Fraser
??YY
35 Conable
YYYY
3 Derrick
??YY
35 Lloyd
NYYY
Hillis
YYYY
6 Nolan
NYYY
36 LaFalce
NYYY
4 Mann
NYYN
36 Brown
??YY
6 Evans
NYYN
7 Bergland
NYYY
37 Nowak
NYYY
5 Holland
NYY?
37 Pettis
????
Myers
NYYY
8 Oberstar
NYYY
38 Kemp
YNYY
6 Jenrette
NYYY
38 Patterson
NYYY
8 Hayes
NYYY
MISSISSIPPI
39 Vacancy
SOUTH DAKOTA
39 Wiggins
Y?YY
9 Hamilton
NYYY
Whitten
NYY?
NORTH CAROLINA
Pressler
NYYY
40 Hinshaw
????
10 Sharp
NYYY
Bowen
NYYY
1 Jones
NYYY
Abdnor
YYYY
41 Wilson
NYYY
11 Jacobs
NYYY
3 Montgomery
NYYY
2 Fountain
NY?Y
TENNESSEE
42 Van Deerlin
NYYY
IOWA
4 Cochran
NYYY
3 Henderson
NYYY
1 Quilien
YNYY
43 Burgener
YYYY
Mezvinsky
??YY
5 Lott
NYYY
Andrews
NYYY
Duncan
NYYY
COLORADO
2 Blouin
NYYY
MISSOURI
5 Neal
NYYY
Lloyd
NYYY
Schroeder
NYYY
3 Grassley
NYYY
Clay
NYYY
Preyer
NYYY
Evins
NYYY
Wirth
NYYY
Smith
NY?Y
2 Symington
NYYY
Rose
NYYY
5 Allen
NYYY
Evans
NYYY
5 Harkin
NYYY
3 Sullivan
NYYY
Hefner
NYYY
6
YNYY
Johnson
NYYY
6 Bedell
NYYY
Democrats
Republicans
Democrats
Republicans
COPYRIGHT 1976 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC
PAGE 194-Jan. 24, 1976
COPYRIGHT 1976 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC.
whole or in part except by clients
Jan 24, 1976-PAGE 195
Reproduction prohibited in whole or in part except by editorial clients
CQ Senate Votes 1-3
Corresponding to Congressional Record Votes 1, 2, 7
1
2
2
3
2
3
KEY
Transportation and Communications
ALABAMA
IOWA
NEW HAMPSHIRE
Allen
Y
Clark
Y Y N
YYY
Y
Durkin
Voted for (yea)
Sparkman
Y
Culver
YYN
YYY
Paired for.
McIntyre
t
Announced for.
ALASKA
KANSAS
NEW JERSEY
Gravel
YYN
Dole
YYY
YYY
N
Williams
Voted against (nay).
Stevens
Pearson
YYY
YYY
X
YYY
Case
Paired against.
NEW MEXICO
Announced against.
ARIZONA
KENTUCKY
RAIL MODERNIZATION BILL
vice's record of growing debt and deteriorating service, the
Fannin
N
Ford
YYY
Montoya
YYY
P
Voted "present."
YYY
Voted "present" to avoid
House stunned postal officials in 1975 by voting to require
Goldwater
N
Huddleston
Domenici
NYY
LOUISIANA
NEW YORK
possible conflict of interest.
ARKANSAS
?
House and Senate conferees reached agreement Jan. 22
the Postal Service to come to Congress for annual
Bumpers
YYY
Johnston
YYY
Buckley*
Y
Did not vote or otherwise
McClellan
YYY
Long
YYY
Javits
YYY
make position known.
on a new version of the controversial rail modernization
appropriations, a change that would end the Postal Ser-
CALIFORNIA
MAINE
NORTH CAROLINA
and deregulation bill (S 2718) that was acceptable to Presi-
vice's independence. The Senate Post Office and Civil Ser-
Cranston
N
Hathaway
YYY
Morgan
ttt
dent Ford.
vice Committee planned to consider that proposal, along
Tunney
???
Muskie
YYY
Helms
YYY
COLORADO
MARYLAND
NORTH DAKOTA
The bill had been cleared by Congress on Dec. 19, the
with a Postal Service request for increased subsidies, in
Hart
YYN
Beall
YYY
Burdick
YYY
last day of the first session, but was never sent to the Presi-
January or February. (1975 Weekly Report p. 2341)
-
Haskell
YYY
Mathias
YYY
Young
NYY
CONNECTICUT
MASSACHUSETTS
OHIO
TEXAS
dent because of the likelihood that Ford would veto it as in-
Ribicoff
YYY
Kennedy
YYN
Glenn
Y Y N
Bentsen
Y Y
flationary. The new compromise reduced the overall
House Passage:
Weicker
NYY
Brooke
YYY
Taft
YYN
Tower
NYY
DELAWARE
MICHIGAN
OKLAHOMA
UTAH
authorizations in the bill to $6.37-billion. As originally
Biden
YYY
Hart
YYN
Bartiett
NYY
Moss
Y Y
approved, the estimated authorizations totaled between $7-
EDUCATIONAL BROADCASTING
Roth
Y Y
Griffin
NYN
Bellmon
YYY
Garn
YYY
FLORIDA
MINNESOTA
OREGON
VERMONT
billion and $7.5-billion. Final action is expected the week of
Chiles
YYY
Humphrey
YYY
Hatfleld
Leahy
Y Y
Jan. 26.
The House Jan. 20 passed by voice vote under suspen-
YYY
Stone
YYY
Mondale
???
Packwood
NYY
Stafford
NYY
Since the bill had already been cleared, the House and
sion of the rules barring floor amendments a bill (HR 9630)
GEORGIA
MISSISSIPPI
PENNSYLVANIA
VIRGINIA
YYY
Senate had to take the unusual parliamentary route of
authorizing $38.75-million for educational broadcasting
Nunn
YYY
Eastland
YYY
Schwelker
Byrd**
YYY
Talmadge
YYY
Stennis
???
Scott
YYY
Scott
NYY
passing a separate measure rescinding their December ac-
facilities and telecommunications demonstration projects
HAWAII
MISSOURI
RHODE ISLAND
WASHINGTON
Inouye
???
Eagleton
YYY
Pastore
Jackson
YYY
tion. The House adopted Jan. 20 a resolution (H Con Res
for fiscal 1977 and the budget transition period, July-
YYY
Fong
???
Symington
YYY
Pell
YYY
Magnuson
YYY
527) formally canceling the earlier congressional approval
September 1976.
IDAHO
MONTANA
SOUTH CAROLINA
WEST VIRGINIA
Church
YYY
Mansfield
YYY
Hollings
Byrd
YYY
of S 2718 and returning it to the conference committee. The
The non-controversial measure was a one-year exten-
YYY
McClure
Y Y N
Metcalf
YYY
Thurmond
YYN
Randolph
YYY
vote was 383-13. The Senate then adopted H Con Res 527 by
sion of the public broadcasting matching grants program
ILLINOIS
NEBRASKA
SOUTH DAKOTA
WISCONSIN
voice vote Jan. 21. (House vote 5, p. 192)
that was first authorized in a 1962 law (PL 87-447).
Stevenson
YY?
Curtis
NYY
Abourezk
???
Nelson
Y
Designed to stimulate greater use of education program-
Percy
Y Y N
Hruska
NYY
McGovern
Proxmire
YYY
Objections
INDIANA
NEVADA
TENNESSEE
WYOMING
ming, the biN would provide a federal share of up to 75 per
Bayh
???
Cannon
YYY
Baker
NYN
McGee
???
The main objection voiced by the Ford administration
cent for the purchase and installation of radio and televi-
Hartke
YYY
Laxalt
???
Brock
YYY
Hansen
???
was the level of authorizations in the first conference ver-
sion broadcasting equipment.
Democrats
Republicans
*Buckley elected as Conservative.
**Byrd elected as independent.
sion. One item the administration had strenuously objected
The $37.5-million in the bill reserved for the matching
to, which was modified in the new version, was the $2.4-
funds program could not be used for the purchase of land or
billion authorization for improved passenger service in the
for building costs.
Northeast corridor between Washington, D.C., and Boston.
Five classes of applicants would be eligible for the
Ford had requested only $1.4-billion for a more modest
authorizations under the program: 1) public schools, 2)
modernization program. Conferees agreed on $1.86-billion.
state public broadcasting agencies, 3) public colleges and
universities, 4) nonprofit public broadcasters and 5)
Regulations Dropped:
municipalities operating public broadcasting agencies. To
promote the growth of public radio, which had lagged
NEW POSTAL SERVICE POLICY
behind public television, the bill proposed separate
1. S 2350. National Security Council. Passage, over the
88-0: R 35-0; D 53-0 (ND 37-0; SD 16-0), Jan. 22, 1976. A two-thirds
priorities for awards to television and radio stations.
President's Dec. 31 veto, of the bill to make the secretary of the
majority vote (59 in this case) is required for approval of the
treasury a member of the National Security Council. Passed (thus
ratification of a treaty. A "yea" was a vote supporting the
In an effort to improve relations with Congress, the
HR 9630 also authorized $1,250,000 in new funds for a
overriding the President's veto) 72-16: R 20-15; D 52-1 (ND 37-0; SD
President's position.
U.S. Postal Service Jan. 12 announced the abolition of two
demonstration program to promote the development of
15-1), Jan. 22, 1976. A two-thirds majority vote (59 in this case) is
policies that had been adopted in 1971 to protect the service
nonbroadcast telecommunications-satellite, cable, fiber
required to override a veto. A "nay" was a vote supporting the
3. S 961. 200-Mile Fishing Limit. Bentsen (D Texas)
from political pressure.
optics and other means of transmission.
President's position. (Story, p. 1498)
amendment, as amended by Stevens (R Alaska) perfecting
Dropping a regulation that had been the source of con-
Both the facility grants and demonstration programs
amendment, to require the secretary of state to enter into
siderable irritation to senators and representatives, the
would be administered by the Department of Health,
2. Treaties. Resolutions of ratification of the following treaties:
negotiations with each foreign nation in whose waters U.S. long-
Postal Service declared that henceforth members could go
Education and Welfare. HR 9630 was reported (H Rept 94-
Inter-American Convention on Political Rights for Women (Ex D,
distant fishermen fish for the purpose of reaching agreements to
81st Congress, First Session); Convention on the Political Rights of
protect U.S. tuna and shrimp fishing interests there; if the
directly to local postmasters with constituent complaints
772) unanimously Jan. 19 by the House Interstate and
Women (Ex J, 88th Congress, First Session); International
about mail service. Previously, members of Congress were
Foreign Commerce Committee.
-
secretary of state determined that any other nation refused to
Telecommunications Convention (Ex J, 93rd Congress, First
negotiate such an agreement in good faith the secretary of the
required to take problems to Postal Service headquarters in
Session); Telegraph and Telephone Regulations (Ex E, 93rd
treasury would be required to impose an embargo against imports
Washington, D.C., even though they might have a district
Congress, Second Session); and Partial Revision of the Radio
of seafood and seafood products from that nation. Adopted 71-16: R
office in the same building as the local postmaster.
TRANSPORTATION NOTES
Regulations (Ex G, 94th Congress, First Session). Adopted en bloc
27-8; D 44-8 (ND 28-8; SD 16-0), Jan. 22, 1976.
The second regulation dropped by the Postal Service
had prohibited members from taking part in dedication
ceremonies for new post offices. That rule had been adopted
Highway Bill
in 1971 in an attempt to dispel the political image of the
Conferees to the bill (HR 8235) amending the Federal-
Post Office Department that was reorganized into the
Aid Highway Act were appointed by the Senate Jan. 19 and
Postal Service in 1971. The new policy was a compromise;
by the House Jan. 20. Conferees' negotiations on the widely
members may participate in opening day ceremonies, but
varying House and Senate versions were scheduled to begin
they may not make speeches.
Jan. 27 and were expected to take a month or longer. (House
The policy changes were announced by a Postal Service
passage, 1975 Weekly Report p. 2900; Senate action, p.
increasingly nervous about its future. Angry over the ser-
2785)
PAGE 196-Jan. 24, 1976
COPYRIGHT 1976 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC
Reproduction prohibited in whole or in part except by editorial clients
COPYRIGHT 1978 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC
Reproduction prohibited in whole or in part except by aditorial clients.
Jan. 24, 1976-PAGE 197
Speaking in favor of the committee version during
Health/Education/Welfare
floor debate Jan. 19, Education and Labor Committee
Foreign Policy/National Security
Chairman Carl D. Perkins (D Ky.) contended that the ad-
ministration had promised to pay the full costs of educating
the estimated 43,000 Indochinese refugee children. "But
House Passage:
now," he added, "the administration has backed down on
HEARINGS BEGIN ON INTELLIGENCE PANEL PROPOSAL
these commitments and is giving out grants which average
REFUGEE EDUCATION AID
only one-fourth of the costs of providing a regular
education."
The Senate Government Operations Committee Jan. 21
unless the President repeatedly ignored the committee's
After cutting back sharply the amount of money
Most of the children, Perkins added, needed bilingual
began eight days of hearings on proposals to create a com-
viewpoint. In that case, he said, Congress could restrain the
authorized, the House Jan. 19, on a 311-75 vote, passed a bill
education and other special services which "are going to
mittee on intelligence oversight. Chairman Abraham
executive through budgetary methods.
(HR 7897) granting funds to local school districts to pay for
cost more money than is involved in providing a regular
Ribicoff (D Conn.) said he hoped to have a bill reported by
Mansfield on the other hand, declared that Congress
the additional costs incurred for educating Indochinese
education."
March 1 for consideration by the Senate Rules Committee.
should "be in on the take-off" of a covert plan. He told the
refugee students. (Vote 2, p. 192)
Calling the committee version a "rip-off," Albert H.
Testifying in favor of a new Senate panel to monitor
committee that if the intelligence panel was opposed to a
Under the bill as passed, each state would receive a
Quie (R Minn.), ranking Republican on the committee,
the intelligence functions of the CIA, FBI, National Securi-
covert proposal, it should inform the administration and
grant, to be distributed to local school districts, equal to the
offered the amendment cutting back funding. "We ought to
ty Agency and other intelligence components of the federal
take the dispute to the Senate floor for a vote within 30
costs of supplying Vietnamese and Cambodian refugee
reimburse school districts for what they actually spend on
government were Senate Majority Leader Mike Mansfield
days.
children with English language instruction, special
refugee children rather than make lump sum payments
(D Mont.) and Frank Church (D Idaho), chairman of the
Differing with both Mansfield and Church as well as
materials and supplies and other basic education services
which they can use for almost anything," he declared.
Senate Select Intelligence Committee. Both called for an
with others on the Ribicoff committee who favored a new
needed because of the influx of the refugee students. Those
Congress would not be justified in making payments to
oversight panel that would: 1) have a rotating membership
oversight apparatus was John G. Tower (R Texas), vice
costs could include additional teachers but could not take
a school "where they hire no additional teacher, where they
to assure the committee did not become too close to the
chairman of the Senate Select Intelligence Committee.
into account overhead and construction costs or transporta-
do not pay the teacher any more, where they do not buy any
agencies being supervised; 2) consider all budgetary re-
Tower said that he "too, initially leaned toward the
tion expenditures.
more materials of any kind, where they do not have to buy
quests of the various intelligence agencies on an annual
creation of a separate oversight committee," but "I am now
Each state's grant would be reduced by the amount it
additional school buses," Quie added.
basis, and 3) receive reports from the executive branch on
of the view that haste and simplicity may be the enemy of a
received in education grants under the Indochina Migration
Still others sided with the Ford administration, oppos-
covert actions being planned before they were implemented
solution." Tower asserted that the legislation being drafted
and Refugee Assistance Act of 1975 (PL 94-23). Under that
ing any additional grants altogether. "We absorbed 80,000
by the CIA. The third proposal was the most controversial.
to set up the committee-which is expected to be released
act, school districts were receiving $300 for each refugee
Hungarian refugees without special programs," said R.
The two senators differed, however, on an important
by the select committee by the end of January-began with
child educated plus an additional $300 for each one enrolled
Lawrence Coughlin (R Pa.). "We absorbed 450,000 displaced
question raised by members of the Ribicoff committee:
the "assumption that existing committees are incompetent
over a total of 100.
persons and 189,000 eastern Europeans without special
whether the intelligence panel should have the authority to
to pursue implementation of the findings and recommen-
Many members, especially those representing districts
programs. We annually absorb about 400,000 immigrants
set in motion a congressional veto of a covert operation
dations" for improved oversight.
with large numbers of Indochinese refugees, did not believe
without special programs."
proposed by the White House. Church maintained that it
Breaking with the bipartisan consensus that had ex-
the PL 94-23 grants were adequate to cover all of the costs
Quie's amendment, which also would limit the program
was the constitutional function of Congress to "advise" the
isted previously on the Senate intelligence committee,
associated with educating the refugee children.
to fiscal 1976, passed on a 235-143 vote. (Vote 1, p. 192)
executive branch on foreign activities, and that the
Tower said he was "not prepared to accept the legislation as
The version of the bill reported by the Education and
An aide to Quie said a precise cost estimate could not
legislative branch's involvement should stop at that point
drafted because I believe serious analysis will reveal it to
Labor Committee (H Rept 94-719) on Dec. 12, 1975, would
be made but suggested that Quie's amendment might cut
be both a premature and a simplistic solution to an ex-
have authorized grants to the states equal to the number of
the cost of the program to one-third of what the committee
tremely complicated set of problems," Tower added.
-
refugee children in each school multiplied by the state's
version would have cost.
average per pupil expenditure. The grant would be reduced
After passing the bill, the House agreed to substitute
by the amount the school received under PL 94-23.
its language for that of S 2145, passed by the Senate Oct. 29,
Senate Overrides Veto:
The Congressional Budget Office estimated the cost of
1975. The Senate bill would authorize $125.5-million in
the committee version of HR 7897 at $56.7-million in fiscal
fiscal 1976-77 for reimbursements to school districts. (1975
NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL
1976-77. The administration, which opposed the bill, placed
Weekly Report p. 2384)
I
the costs at $64.8-million for the two-year period.
-By Martha V. Gottron
The Senate Jan. 22 voted to override President Ford's
Dec. 31 veto of legislation (S 2350) adding the secretary of
Associate Editors
Michael L. Pleasants
Robert J. Moore
the treasury as a member of the National Security Coun-
Weekly
David M. Maxfield
David Tarr
David Speights
cil. The vote was 72-16, 13 more than the two-thirds
Patricia Ann O'Connor
Pat Towell
majority necessary to override a veto.
Report
Donald Smith
Ted Vaden
Art Department
A date had not yet been announced for an override vote
Elder Witt
Elizabeth Wehr
Howard Chapman (Director)
Editorial Staff
Laura Weiss
Richard A. Pottern
in the House.
Thomas J. Arrandale
Research Staff
The bill had been passed by the Senate Oct. 9 and by
Chairman of the Board
Elizabeth Bowman
Wayne Walker
the House without amendment Dec. 17. (Final passage,
Nelson Poynter
Mary Cohn
Edna Frazier (Librarian)
1975 Weekly Report p. 2834; veto message, p. 60)
Rhodes Cook
James R. Berger
President and Editor
Prudence Crewdson
Harrison H. Donnelly
General Manager
In his veto message, the President argued that the bill
Eugene C. Patterson
Susan Henry Davis
Walter E. Eling
Paul P. Massa
was unnecessary because many channels existed for advis-
Bruce F. Freed
Gary C. Hong
ing the President on the integration of foreign economic
Executive Editor
Judy Gardner
Diane Huffman
Sales Manager
policy. "Most issues that come before the council on a
AI Gordon
Wayne Kelley
Susan B. Jenkins
Robert C. Hur
Martha V. Gottron
regular basis do not have significant economic and
Diantha Johnson
monetary implications," he said.
Senior Editors
Robert E. Healy
Hillary Johnson
Promotion Director
Mercer Cross (Administration)
Ed Johnson
David Loomis
James V. Bullard
Stuart Symington (D Mo.), the legislation's sponsor, in
Robert E. Cuthriell (Research)
Karen Landis
Warden Moxley
Senate debate Jan. 22 urged that the veto be overridden:
Robert A. Diamond (Books)
Mary Link
Carol J. Ott
Controller
"That this President, or any President, would subscribe to
Alan Ehrenhalt (Politics)
Margaret Hurst Lowe
Bob Rankin
Jonathan C. Angier IV
Peter A. Harkness (Managing Editor)
Carolyn Mathiasen
the narrow view that national security is limited to only
John L. Moore (Asst. Managing Editor)
Mary Neumann
Proofreaders
Production
diplomatic and military problems-and would not
Michael D. Wormser (Asst. Managing Editor)
Peg O'Hara
Eugene J. Gabler
I. D. Fuller (Manager)
Senators Frank Church (D Idaho)(C) and John G. Tower (R Tex-
Matt Pinkus
Sumie Kinoshita
Kathleen E. Walsh (Asst. Manager)
as) (R) listen as Majority Leader Mike Mansfield (D Mont.)
automatically include economic considerations-is little
testifies before the Senate Government Operations Committee.
short of astounding."
COPYRIGHT 1976 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC
Reproduction prohibited in whole or in part except by editorial clients
Jan. 24, 1976-PAGE 199
PAGE 198-Jan. 24, 1976
COPYRIGHT 1976 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC.
Reproduction prohibited in whole or in part except by editorial clients
o
C
CONGRESSIONAL
QUARTERLY
Weekly Report
Jan. 24, 1976
Pages 109-200
Economic Affairs
Presidential Support
The Budget
111
Ford's Support Up in Congress
156
Rejecting an election-year "policy of the quick
House and Senate Scores
161
fix," President Ford sent Congress a $394.2-
billion fiscal 1977 budget that he said would
Voting Participation
put the nation on the path toward reduced in-
New Records for Attendance, Votes
164
flation and unemployment.
House and Senate Scores
166
Congressional Reaction
113
Ford Budget Cuts
114
Conservative Coalition
The Budget Dollar
115
Support Drops
169
The Budget in Brief by Agency
116
House and Senate Scores
172
Economic Assumptions
118
Budget 'Roadmap'
119
North-South Split
The Budget by Function
120
Democrats' Regional Divisions Rise
175
122
Northern and Southern Democratic Stands 177
National Security
International Affairs
123
Party Unity
Science, Space and Technology
124
Energy, Environment, Resources
124
On the Upswing
179
House and Senate Scores
181
Agriculture
126
Commerce/Transportation
126
Consumer Protection
127
Bipartisan Support
Community and Regional Development 128
Down in 1975
184
Housing
129
House and Senate Scores
186
Education/Labor/Social Services
130
Health
132
Politics
Income Security
134
lowa Caucuses: Triumph for Carter
189
Veterans
135
Months of spadework and a cool campaign
Law Enforcement and Justice
135
style brought Jimmy Carter a resounding vic-
General Government
136
tory Jan. 19, bringing him within reach of the
Revenue Sharing, Fiscal Aid
136
benefits and perils of early front-runner status.
Allowances
137
Political Notes
190
Undistributed Offsetting Receipts
137
Candidates '76: Tydings and Metzenbaum
191
Economy Notes
137
Ford Budget Message Text
138
Transportation and Communications
Rail Modernization Bill
197
Executive Branch
New Postal Service Policy
197
The State of the Union
140
Educational Broadcasting
197
The election-year agendas outlined by Presi-
Highway Bill
197
dent Ford and Sen. Edmund S. Muskie drew
some clear philosophical battle lines between
Foreign Policy/National Security
the administration and Congress.
Intelligence Oversight Proposals
198
Ford State of the Union Text
144
National Security Council
198
Text of Muskie's Democratic Response
149
Health/Education/Welfare
Inside Congress
Refugee Education Aid
199
Committee Secrecy
152
Congressional committees opened their
Expiring Legislation
110
doors to the public and press in record
numbers in 1975, continuing a trend begun in
1973 with the adoption of House and Senate
House Votes (1-12)
192
rules aimed at keeping closed meetings to a
minimum.
Senate Votes (1-3)
196
PAGE 200-Jan. 24, 1976