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41 ada's historic and sentimental ties with Great major issues Canada has in general been in Britain continue to be strong, but the US has accord with US policies. taken the place of the UK in providing mili- tary protection and a market for Canadian 3. Canadian-US Relations. goods. As Britain's economic and military Canadian friendship with the US is firmly power declines in comparison with that of the rooted in kinship of the people and by an out- US, the Canadian Government tends to turn look based on fundamental similarities in more and more to the latter as a source of democratic ideals and aspirations. War be- economic and military security. Neverthe- tween the two countries has been unthinkable less, Canada sees no fundamental reason for for many decades. There has been no serious conflicts of interest arising from its dual posi- threat of conflict between Canada and the US tion as a nation of the North American con- since the War of 1812, although during the tinent and a member of the British Common- nineteenth century Canada was not always wealth, but stands for cooperation between free from fear of its increasingly wealthy and the Commonwealth and the US, and casts powerful southern neighbor. This fear, itself in the role of interpreter or bridge be- fanned occasionally by border raids by unor- tween Great Britain and the US. Within the ganized groups, fostered the desire for greater British Commonwealth, the Canadian Gov- security and was a factor in the movement to- ernment supports the practice of consultation ward Confederation among the original Cana- and cooperation as opposed to the adoption dian provinces. of a formal instrument of association or the establishment of permanent governmental With the 1817 Rush-Bagot agreement ef- machinery, which might destroy the present fecting permanent disarmament on the Great advantage of flexibility. Lakes, and subsequent settlement by treaty or by arbitration of the three major boundary Canada is a member of the United Nations disputes in Maine, the West, and Alaska, the and of ten specialized agencies: the Interna- areas of disagreement between Canada and tional Labour Organization (ILO), Interna- the US had by the early twentieth century tional Refugee Organization (IRO), World become narrowed principally to questions of Health Organization (WHO), International fisheries, transportation, and communica- Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), Food and tions. Since 1909 the International Joint Agriculture Organization (FAO), United Na- Commission composed of three Americans and tions Educational, Scientific and Cultural Or- three Canadians has dealt with differences ganization (UNESCO), International Tele- arising between the two countries, principally communications Union (ITU), the Interna- but not exclusively along the common bound- tional Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ary. The twentieth century saw a new era of ment (IBRD), the International Monetary cooperation in Canadian-US relations. Dur- Fund (IMF), and the Universal Postal Union ing World War II the association was drawn (UPU). It was elected a non-permanent closer by the Ogdensberg Agreement (August member of the Security Council for the term 1940), under which the Permanent Joint running from January 1948 through Decem- Board on Defense was set up, and by the Hyde ber 1949, and a member of the Economic and Park Declaration (April 1941) laying the ba- Social Council from January 1946 through De- sis for complete wartime economic coopera- cember 1948. Canada also takes its place on tion. Culturally the two countries are closely a number of UN Commissions and Commit- linked through the radio, press, travel, and tees, is a member of the Atomic Energy Com- education. Economically the standards of mission, and has ratified the Statute of the living are similar, and Canadians are condi- International Court of Justice, upon whose tioned to a mode of life and thought similar bench Canada was represented from Febru- to that of their American neighbors. Never- ary 1946 to February 1949. Canada gives theless, despite cultural and fraternal bonds, vigorous and sincere support to the UN and Canadians have a strong sense of nationhood plays a positive role in its deliberations. On and are sensitive to the slightest encroach-

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    "ocrText": "41\nada's historic and sentimental ties with Great\nmajor issues Canada has in general been in\nBritain continue to be strong, but the US has\naccord with US policies.\ntaken the place of the UK in providing mili-\ntary protection and a market for Canadian\n3. Canadian-US Relations.\ngoods. As Britain's economic and military\nCanadian friendship with the US is firmly\npower declines in comparison with that of the\nrooted in kinship of the people and by an out-\nUS, the Canadian Government tends to turn\nlook based on fundamental similarities in\nmore and more to the latter as a source of\ndemocratic ideals and aspirations. War be-\neconomic and military security. Neverthe-\ntween the two countries has been unthinkable\nless, Canada sees no fundamental reason for\nfor many decades. There has been no serious\nconflicts of interest arising from its dual posi-\nthreat of conflict between Canada and the US\ntion as a nation of the North American con-\nsince the War of 1812, although during the\ntinent and a member of the British Common-\nnineteenth century Canada was not always\nwealth, but stands for cooperation between\nfree from fear of its increasingly wealthy and\nthe Commonwealth and the US, and casts\npowerful southern neighbor. This fear,\nitself in the role of interpreter or bridge be-\nfanned occasionally by border raids by unor-\ntween Great Britain and the US. Within the\nganized groups, fostered the desire for greater\nBritish Commonwealth, the Canadian Gov-\nsecurity and was a factor in the movement to-\nernment supports the practice of consultation\nward Confederation among the original Cana-\nand cooperation as opposed to the adoption\ndian provinces.\nof a formal instrument of association or the\nestablishment of permanent governmental\nWith the 1817 Rush-Bagot agreement ef-\nmachinery, which might destroy the present\nfecting permanent disarmament on the Great\nadvantage of flexibility.\nLakes, and subsequent settlement by treaty or\nby arbitration of the three major boundary\nCanada is a member of the United Nations\ndisputes in Maine, the West, and Alaska, the\nand of ten specialized agencies: the Interna-\nareas of disagreement between Canada and\ntional Labour Organization (ILO), Interna-\nthe US had by the early twentieth century\ntional Refugee Organization (IRO), World\nbecome narrowed principally to questions of\nHealth Organization (WHO), International\nfisheries, transportation, and communica-\nCivil Aviation Organization (ICAO), Food and\ntions. Since 1909 the International Joint\nAgriculture Organization (FAO), United Na-\nCommission composed of three Americans and\ntions Educational, Scientific and Cultural Or-\nthree Canadians has dealt with differences\nganization (UNESCO), International Tele-\narising between the two countries, principally\ncommunications Union (ITU), the Interna-\nbut not exclusively along the common bound-\ntional Bank for Reconstruction and Develop-\nary. The twentieth century saw a new era of\nment (IBRD), the International Monetary\ncooperation in Canadian-US relations. Dur-\nFund (IMF), and the Universal Postal Union\ning World War II the association was drawn\n(UPU). It was elected a non-permanent\ncloser by the Ogdensberg Agreement (August\nmember of the Security Council for the term\n1940), under which the Permanent Joint\nrunning from January 1948 through Decem-\nBoard on Defense was set up, and by the Hyde\nber 1949, and a member of the Economic and\nPark Declaration (April 1941) laying the ba-\nSocial Council from January 1946 through De-\nsis for complete wartime economic coopera-\ncember 1948. Canada also takes its place on\ntion. Culturally the two countries are closely\na number of UN Commissions and Commit-\nlinked through the radio, press, travel, and\ntees, is a member of the Atomic Energy Com-\neducation. Economically the standards of\nmission, and has ratified the Statute of the\nliving are similar, and Canadians are condi-\nInternational Court of Justice, upon whose\ntioned to a mode of life and thought similar\nbench Canada was represented from Febru-\nto that of their American neighbors. Never-\nary 1946 to February 1949. Canada gives\ntheless, despite cultural and fraternal bonds,\nvigorous and sincere support to the UN and\nCanadians have a strong sense of nationhood\nplays a positive role in its deliberations. On\nand are sensitive to the slightest encroach-"
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