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UC-NRLF
2751
T2
$B 264 126
SIGLLAM UNIVERSITATIS MDCCCLXVIIL OF
EX LIBRIS
Digitized by Google
Digitized by Google
Digitized by Google
Digitized by Google
Digitized by Google
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A
BRIEF DESCRIPTION
OF THE
CANALS AND RAIL ROADS
OF THE U...
UNITED STATES:
Comprehending
NOTICES OF ALL THE MOST IMPORTANT WORKS
OF
INTERNAL IMPROVEMENT
THROUGHOUT
THE SEVERAL STATES.
15
BY H.S. TANNER.
PHILADELPHIA:
PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR.
1
Digitized by Google
NOVEMBER, 1834.
Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1834,
By H. S. TANNER,
in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the Eastern
District of Pennsylvania.
Joseph & William Kite, Printers.
Digitized by Google
A. M. C.
ADVERTISEMENT.
IN consequence of the numerous inquiries re-
lative to the Internal Improvements in the
United States, I have been led to draw up, as an
accompaniment to the preceding map, the sub-
joined account of the Canals and Rail Roads
which exist in the various states. It will serve,
in connexion with the map, to elucidate, fully,
the extent, courses, &c., of those great works,
to which the attention of strangers, in common
with our own citizens, is directed. In the ar-
rangement of the several topics, particular care
has been taken to embody, under the head of
each state, all the canals and rail roads which
exist in it; together with such facts as were
deemed generally useful. Among these will be
found statements relative to the designation ;
points of commencement and termination; gene-
ral course; locality ; length ; point of greatesť
elevation; ascent and descent ; capacity (width,
depth, &c.) ; number of locks or inclined planes
of dams; of aqueducts or viaducts; of tunnels;
of bridges i of sluices ; of culverts ; cost of con-
struction ; present condition; proprietors ; sta-
tionary distances, &c. of each canal and rail
5013
Digitized by Google
iv
ADVERTISEMENT.
road in the United States, so far as the requisite
data have been obtained.
These items being considered most important
in reference to the subject generally, all other
matters, especially those which relate to legis-
lative proceedings, and other preliminary opera-
tions, found in most other works of this sort,
have been purposely omitted as comparatively
uninteresting. My chief aim has been to con-
dense into a small space as much practical in-
formation on the various subjects brought into
view, as a due regard to satisfactory results
would allow. Should errors be detected by
those who are familiar with the details of any of
the works here mentioned; (and that errors may
be found I do not permit myself to doubt) I beg
leave- to request the communication of such
facts as will serve to correct in a future edition
of this work, whatever may be found defective in
this.
H. S. T.
Shakspeare Buildings, Philadelphia, 1834.
Digitized by Google
BRIEF DESCRIPTION
OF
CANALS AND RAIL ROADS.
INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS.
I
MAINE.
CUMBERLAND AND OXFORD CANAL,
Extends from tide water near Portland, to-Se-
bago Pond, a distance of 201 miles. By a lock in
Songo river, the navigation is prolonged into
Brandy and Long Ponds, a farther distance of 30
miles. The canal portion of this work, is wholly
in Cumberland county. Length 501 miles; 34
feet wide at the surface, 18 at the bottom, 4
feet deep; course, north-west; 26 locks; com-
pleted in 1829; cost $250,000 ; constructed by
a joint stock company which possesses banking
privileges.
1*
Digitized by Google
6
NEW HAMPSHIRE. VERMONT.
NEW HAMPSHIRE.
BOW CANAL,
Near Concord, around Bow falls, 1 of a mile
long; 4 locks; finished in 1812 ; cost $25,000.
HOOKSET CANAL.
At the Hookset falls of Merrimac; 825 feet
in length ; 3 locks ; 16 feet fall ; cost $17,000.
AMOSKEAG CANAL.
At the falls of Amoskeag in the Merrimac; 9
locks ; 45 feet fall ; cost $50,000.
UNION CANAL,
Passes seven falls in the Merrimac; length,
including pools, 9 miles ; 7 locks ; cost $50,000.
VERMONT.
BELLOWS FALLS CANAL,
Around those falls; 1 mile long ; 9 locks ;
descent 50 feet.
ATERQUECHEY CANAL.
WHITE RIVER CANAL.
All the preceding canals are designed to over-
come falls in the Connecticut river.
MASSACHUSETTS.
MIDDLESEX CANAL,
Extends from Boston to Chelmsford, on the
Digitized by Google
SLLASNHOVSSVW
7
Merrimac. Length 27 miles ; 30 feet wide at
top, 20 at bottom, 3 feet deep, rise 104 feet, fall
32 feet ; total lockage 136 feet ; 20 locks ; com-
menced in 1789, finished in 1808 ; cost $528,000.
PAWTUCKET CANAL,
In the town of Lowell, is used both for nav-
igating and manufacturing purposes. Length 11
miles ; 90 feet wide at top, and 4 feet deep ;
lockage 32 feet.
BLACKSTONE CANAL.
Extends from Providence, R. I., to Worces-
ter, Mass. It leaves the former place and pur-
sues nearly a due north course into the valley
of the Pawtucket river, which it follows to the
town of Worcester, a distance of 45 miles ; 34
feet at top, 18 at bottom, 4 feet deep; it has
48 locks, 80 by 10 feet ; cost $600,000. Com-
pleted in 1828.
HAMPSHIRE AND HAMPDEN CANAL.
(See Connecticut.)
MONTAGUE CANAL.
Near the Montague falls, in Connecticut river,
3 miles long ; 25 feet wide, and 3 deep ; lock-
age 75 feet.
SOUTH HADLEY CANAL,
Around the South Hadley falls in the Connec-
ticut. Length 2 miles ; 5 locks.
Digitized by Google
8
MASSACHUSETTS.
BOSTON AND WORCESTER RAIL ROAD.
45 miles in length ; passes through the towns of
Newton, Needham, Natick, &c. Commenced in
1832. Estimated cost $883,904. It is proposed
to continue this road to the Connecticut, and to
construct a branch to Millbury.
BOSTON AND PROVIDENCE RAIL ROAD.
The road to Providence leaves Boston, passes
through the towns of Roxbury, Dedham, Wal-
pole, Foxboro, and across Sekonk plain and cove
to India bridge in Providence ; length 43 miles ;
ascent 3811 feet ; descent 378 feet ; difference
of level between Boston and Providence, 31 feet.
General course S. S. W.
BOSTON AND LOWELL RAIL ROAD.
Length 25 ms. now in progress; course N. W.
QUINCY RAIL ROAD,
Used for transporting granite from the quarry
in Quincy to Neponset river. Length 3 miles,
branches 1 mile ; 1 inclined plane, 275 feet in
length, single track.
PROPOSED RAIL ROADS.
From Boston to Taunton, length 32 miles.
From Lowell to Brattleboro.
From Boston to Salem.
From West Stockbridge to the N. Y. State
boundary.
From Boston to Ogdensburg, N. Y.
Digitized by Google
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300 Erie Canal Length 362 miles 10 f.wide at top. 38 Eat be
Lockport 568 Γ.
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I
RHODE ISLAND. CONNECTICUT.
9
RHODE ISLAND.
STONINGTON RAIL ROAD.
(Now in progress), extends from Stonington
in Connecticut, to Providence, 46 miles in
length.
A company has been incorporated to construct
a rail road from Providence to Norwich in Con-
necticut.
CONNECTICUT.
FARMINGTON CANAL.
Commences at New Haven, passes along the
valleys of Mill Creek and Farmington river, and
intersects the north boundary of the state in the
town of Suffield, here the canal terminates at
present. It is proposed to extend this canal to
Northampton, a further distance of 22 miles.
Entire length, so far as completed, 56 miles ; ge-
neral course, nearly north ; 36 feet wide at top,
20 at bottom; 4 feet deep; lockage 18 feet
locks 80 by 12 feet in the clear ; cost $600,000.
ENFIELD CANAL.
Is designed to overcome the Enfield falls in
Connecticut river; length 51 miles; 2 locks of
10 feet lift, each 90 by 20 feet.
NEW YORK.
ERIE CANAL.
The first and by far the most important work
10
NEW YORK.
in this state, is the Erie canal, extending from Al-
bany on the Hudson river, to Buffalo on Lake Erie.
Its general course from Albany is a little north of
west. Leaving Albany it passes along the right
banks of the Hudson and Mohawk, crossing the lat-
ter at Middletown; following the left or north
bank of the Mohawk about 12 miles, it re-crosses
that river over what is termed the upper aque-
duct," pursuing the south bank of the Mohawk
through Schenectady, Schoharie, Canajoharie,
and Little Falls village, it enters the flourishing
town of Utica, 108 miles by the canal from Alba-
ny. Continuing its course by Whitesboro, Rome,
Lenox, Syracuse, Jordan, Montezuma, Lyons,
Palmyra, Pittsford, to Rochester (distant 160
miles from Utica), where it crosses the Genesee
by a splendid aqueduct, built of hewn stone, and
supported by eleven arches. From Rochester
the canal assumes a more western direction un-
til it reaches Lockport, after passing the towns
of Brockport, Albion, Middleport, and some other
"ports" of lesser note; distance from Rochester
to Lockport 63 miles. At Lockport the canal
ascends the mountain ridge, by five double com-
bined locks, each 12.4 feet rise. Nine miles
from Lockport, the canal enters Tonnewanta
creek, at the Little village of Pendleton, from
which to Tonnewanta village, situated at the
mouth of the creek and distant from the former
about 10 miles, the canal is identified with the
Tonnewanta. At a farther distance of 12 miles,
this magnificent work terminates, at the town of
Buffalo. Entire length of the Erie canal 363
NEW YORK.
11
miles; 40 feet wide at top, 28 at bottom, and 4
feet deep; 84 locks on the main canal ; total
lockage 688 ; declivity from Buffalo to Roches-
ter 4 feet ; rise 630 feet, fall 62 feet; total rise
and fall 692 feet ; cost $9,500,000.
Stationary distances along the Erie Canal.
Troy,
7
Jordan,
6 191
Junction,
2
9
Weedsport,
6 197
Schenectady,
19
28
Montezuma, (Lake
Amsterdam,
18
46
Port)
9 206
Schoharie Cr.
7
53
Clyde,
11 217
Caughnawaga,
4
57
Lyons,
9 226
Canajoharie,
12
69
Lockville,
6 232
Little Falls,
19
88
Palmyra,
9 241
Herkimer,
7
95
Fairport,
11 252
Frankfort,
5 100
Pittsford,
8 260
Utica,
10 110
Rochester,
10 270
Whitesboro,
4 114
Ogden,
12 282
Rome,
11 125
Adams,
3 285
New London,
7 132
Brockport,
5 200
Canistota,
14 146
Holly,
5 205
New Boston,
4 150
Albion,
10 305
Chitteningo,
4 154
Lockport,
28 333
Manlius,
8 162
Pendleton,
7 340
Syracuse,
9 171
Tonnewanta,
12 352
Geddesburg,
2 173
Buffalo,
11 163
Canton,
12 185
CHAMPLAIN CANAL.
From its junction with the Erie canal, eight
miles from Albany, the Champlain canal pur-
sues its course through Waterford, Still-water,
and Bemus' Heights, along the right bank of the
Hudson, to within three miles of Fort Miller
where it takes the river for three milesgleAt
Fort Miller Falls is a canal of half a mile in
12
NEW YORK.
length, and then again it takes the river 8 miles
to Fort Edward, from which place the canal
pursues a north east course to Whitehall, after
passing the villages of Sandy Hill, and Fort Ann.
Length of the Champlain Canal from its junc-
tion with the Erie Canal to Whitehall 72 miles ;
40 feet wide at top, 28 feet at bottom, 4 feet
deep ; 21 locks; rise 921, fall 54 feet, total
lockage 188 feet : elevation of Lake Champlain
above the Erie canal, at the junction, 381 feet ;
commenced in 1817; completed 1819; cost
$1,179,872.
HUDSON AND DELAWARE CANAL,
Commences on Hudson River, passes the
towns of Kingston, Marbletown, Mombacus, and
Warwasing, in Ulster county, along the valleys
of the Rondout, Batten Kill and Nevisink river,
to Carpenter's point on the Delaware: general
course from the Hudson to Carpenter's point on
the Delaware, south-west. Length 651 miles ;
ascent 535, descent 80 feet 62 locks; total
lockage 615 feet.
LACKAWAXEN CANAL,
Is a prolongation of the Hudson and Delaware
canal, 17 miles of which is in the state of New
York, and 36 miles in Pennsylvania, making its
entire length from Carpenter's point to Hones-
dale, 53 miles. From Carpenter's point along
the left bank of the Delaware to the mouth ofthe
Lackawaxen, where the canal crosses the Dela-
ware; rise 148 feet in 17 miles; from the mouth
NEW YORK.
13
of Lackawaxen to Honesdale, rise 668 feet in
36 miles; total rise 816 feet in 53 miles; 32 to
36 feet wide, 4 feet deep. At Honesdale, where
the canal terminates, the rail road commences.
Length of the rail road from Honesdale to Car-
bondale, on the Lackawaxen, 24 miles, ascent
900, descent 881 feet ; commenced in 1825, and
completed in the same year.
OSWEGO CANAL,
Consisting of pools and canals, commences on
the Erie canal near Syracuse in Onondaga county,
passes along the valley of, and nearly parallel to,
the Onondago river into Lake Ontario, through
the villages of Liverpool, Three River point, Os-
wego Falls and Oswego, on the right bank of the
river; general course from Syracuse, north west ;
length 38 miles; 14 locks; descent 123 feet
cost $525,115.
SENECA CANAL,
(Pools and canal,) connects the Seneca and
Cayuga lakes with the Erie canal, which it
leaves at Montezuma, passing through Water-
loo, the seat of justice of Seneca county, and
along Seneca outlet, to Geneva ; course from
Montezuma, south west ; length 20 miles; 11
locks; descent 73 feet ; commenced and complet-
ed in 1828 ; cost $214,000.
All the above canals are completed and in suc-
cessful operation.
CHEMUNG CANAL,
Extends from the head waters of Seneca Lake
2
Digitized by Google
14
NEW YORK.
to Elmira, on the Tioga branch of the Susque-
hanna. Length 18 miles, with a navigable feed-
er of 13 miles from Painted Post ; whole length
31 miles; 54 locks, including 1 guard lock ;
completed in 1832 ; cost $300,000.
CROOKED LAKE CANAL.
From Penyan to the outlet of Seneca Lake ;
length 7 miles ; lockage 270 feet ; cost $120,000.
HARLAEM CANAL.
Extends from the Hudson to the East river
through Manhatten Island; length 3 miles; 60
feet wide, and from 6 to 7 deep ; 2 tide locks ;
estimated cost $550,000.
CHITTENANGO CANAL,
From Chittenango mills to the Erie canal, 11
miles in length ; 4 locks.
The following summary exhibits the aggre-
gate length of canals in the state of N. York.
Those having an asterisk (*) attached, are the
property of the state.
Erie canal,
363 *
Champlain canal,
72 *
Hudson and Delaware canal,
651
Lackawaxen canal,
17
Oswego canal,
38 *
Seneca canal,
20 *
Chemung canal,
31
Feeder to do.
15 *
Crooked Lake canal,
7
Tonnewanta canal,
Digitized by Google's *
NEW YORK.
15
Harlaem canal,
3
Chittenango canal,
11
Total 618 Miles.
PROPOSED CANALS.
CHENANGO CANAL,
(Now in progress) from Binghamton on the
Susquehanna, to the Erie canal, near Utica ;
length 93 miles. Lockage 1,009 feet ; estimat-
ed cost $944,800.
BLACK RIVER CANAL,
From Rome to the high falls of Black river,
with a navigable feeder of 9 miles at Boonville,
and thence by slack water navigation to Car-
thage, 40 miles; lockage 1,078 feet ; estimated
cost $602,550.
SODUS CANAL,
From Sodus bay to Seneca river.
Severalother canals are proposed.
RAIL ROADS.
MOHAWK AND HUDSON RAIL ROAD,
Extends from Albany to Schenectady; length
16 miles; commenced in 1830; cost $700,000.
SCHENECTADY AND SARATOGA RAIL ROAD,
From Schenectady on the Erie canal, to Ball-
ston and Saratoga Springs; length 20 miles ;
commenced in 1831, completed in 1832; cost
$250,000.
Digitized by Google
16
NEW YORK.
CATSKILL AND CANAJOHARIE RAIL ROAD,
(Now in progress.) Length 70 miles.
ITHICA AND OWEGO RAIL ROAD,
Length 29 miles ; estimated cost $150,000.
HARLAEM RAIL ROAD,
On Manhatten Island.
ROCHESTER RAIL ROAD,
(Now in progress,) from Rochester along the
Genesee to the head of navigation.
SCHENECTADY AND UTICA RAIL ROAD,
(Now in progress) ; length 80 miles.
BATH RAIL ROAD,
From Bath to Crooked Lake, 5 miles.
ROCHESTER AND BATAVIA RAIL ROAD,
(Now in progress); length 28 miles.
TROY AND BALLSTON RAIL ROAD,
(Now in progress,) via Waterford; length
22 miles.
During the session 1832, the Legislature in-
corporated twenty four companies for as many
rail roads in various parts of the state, with an
aggregate capital of nearly $15,000,000. Most
of these works will, no doubt, be executed.
Digitized by Google
NEW JERSEY.
17
NEW JERSEY.
DELAWARE AND RARITAN CANAL.
Delaware and Raritan Canal, commences at
Bordentown and extends through Trenton, and
along the valley of the Millstone and Raritan to
New Brunswick, forming, in connexion with
the Delaware and Raritan rivers and Staten
Island sound, a complete inland water communi-
cation between the cities of Philadelphia and New
York. Length of canal, 43 miles; 75 feet wide,
and seven feet deep, and will admit vessels of
100 tons; 14 locks, 2 towing paths. Commenc-
ed in 1831, and completed in May, 1834.
A navigable feeder, 24 miles long, has been
constructed along the east bank of the Dela-
ware, intersecting the main trunk in the city of
Trenton.
MORRIS CANAL.
The Morris Canal commences at Jersey City,
opposite New York, pursues a circuitous route
through the Bergen marshes, and crossing the
Hackensack and Passaic rivers a short distance
above their discharge into Newark Bay, enters
the flourishing town of Newark. Here the ca-
nal assumes a course nearly north, which it
maintains to Paterson, passing the village of
Bloomfield. After leaving Paterson, its course
is nearly south-west to the Little Falls of Passa-
ic, where it crosses that river, and thence pur-
2*
Digitized by Google
18
NEW JERSEY.
sues a more western direction, through the little
town of Powerville into Rockaway valley ; still
continuing its western course along the valley
of the Rockaway, until it enters the township of
Roxbury, it ascends the summit level two miles
north-west from Drakesville. From the summit
at Hopatcong pond, the canal is carried along
the left bank of Musconetcong river, which it
crosses one and a half miles south-west from
Andover Forge; thence assuming a south-west
direction, it passes near the villages of Hackets-
town, Beatystown, Anderson, Mansfield, Broad-
way, and New Village, and terminates on the
Delaware at Phillipsburg, opposite Easton.
General course from New York to Easton, west :
length, 101 miles; ascent, 915, descent, 754
feet; total rise and fall, 1669 feet; overcome by
locks and inclined planes. Elevation of Easton
161, and summit level 915 feet above the Atlan-
tic; 32 feet wide at top; 18 at bottom; 4 feet
deep. Rise and fall 1657 feet, of which 223
feet are overcome by 24 locks, and 1334 feet by
23 inclined planes ; 4 guard locks; 5 dams; 30
culverts; 12 aqueducts; 200 bridges. Cost
$1,200,000.
SALEM CANAL,
Extends from Salem creek to the Delaware;
designed to shorten the distance from the upper
parts of Salem county to Philadelphia. Length
4 miles.
Digitized by Google
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310
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100
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Suwance
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280
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75
NEW JERSEY.
19
WASHINGTON CANAL,
Cuts off a considerable bend in Manolapan
creek, and lessens the distance from Washing-
ton to the Raritan river. Length 1 mile.
MANASQUAN AND BARNEGAT CANAL.
(Proposed.)
CAMDEN AND AMBOY RAIL ROAD,
Commences at Camden, opposite Philadelphia;
thence, crossing Cooper's creek, it follows, gen-
erally, the east bank of the Delaware. Six
miles from Camden the road crosses Pensaukin
creek; and six miles farther it crosses Ranco-
cus by a substantial viaduct. The road hence
to Burlington, (6 miles) is perfectly straight,
and from Burlington to Bordentown, a further
distance of ten miles, it is nearly so.
The general direction of the road from Bor-
dentown to South Amboy, its point of termina-
tion, is nearly north-east. At a distance of 21
miles from Bordentown, the road passes Cross-
wicks creek ; 7 miles farther it enters the vil-
lage of Centreville; thence to Hightstown 4
miles; thence, by nearly a direct course, to
Spotswood 11 miles. About one mile beyond
the latter place, the road recrosses the turnpike,
and passes Herbertsville 2 miles from Spotts-
wood. At a farther distance of 7 miles this im-
portant work terminates at the long wharf in
South Amboy. Length from Camden to Bor-
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20
NEW JER$EY.
dentown 271 miles, and thence to South Amboy
331. Total length from Camden to South Am-
boy 61 miles.
PATERSON AND HUDSON RIVER RAIL ROAD,
Extends from Jersey City opposite New York
to Paterson on the Passaic. Length 16.30
miles. It is proposed to extend this road to the
Morris Canal.
NEW JERSEY RAIL ROAD,
Commences on the last mentioned rail road,
about two miles from Jersey City, crosses the
Passaic, and passes through the eastern suburbs
of Newark ; thence through Elizabethtown,
Bridgetown, and Matouchin, to New Brunswick.
The road after leaving Newark runs parallel
with and near to the turnpike leading to New
Brunswick. Length 28 miles.
Companies have been incorporated for con-
structing rail roads—1. From Elizabethtown to
Somerville. 2. From some point on the Cam-
den and Amboy Rail Road, or on the river Del-
ware, to Salem county. 3. From a point on the
Delaware above Paulins Kill, to the Hudson riv-
er. The aggregate capital of these companies
amounts to $1,900,000, which may be extended
to $4,000,000.
Digitized by Google
PENNSYLVANIA.
21
PENNSYLVANIA.
PENNSYLVANIA CANALS AND RAIL ROADS.
Viewing the Columbia Rail Road as only a
link in the great chain of communication be-
tween the Delaware and Ohio Rivers, I shall
commence with a description of that work, and,
proceeding westwardly, take up each division in
regular succession.
COLUMBIA RAIL ROAD,
Commences at the intersection of Broad and
Vine streets, in the city of Philadelphia, pro-
ceeds nearly parallel with, and crosses the
Schuylkill about two miles above the upper
bridge.
Passing the stream by a viaduct 984 feet in
length, the road is conducted to the foot of an
inclined plane, and thence pursues its western
course through the counties of Philadolphia,
Montgomery, Delaware, Chester and Lancaster,
and the towns of Downingstown, Coatsville,
Lancaster and Mount Pleasant, and enters Co.
Iumbia on the Susquehanna by an inclined plane
1720 feet in length. Here the road terminates
at the outlet lock of the central division of the
Pennsylvania Canal.
The entire length of this work from its point
of outset in Philadelphia, to its junction with the
canal at Columbia, is 81.60 miles.
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22
PENNSYLVANIA.
The Columbia Rail Road attains its greatest
altitude at Mine ridge, which is 555 feet above
tide water in the Delaware, and 52 miles west
from Philadelphia. Its general direction is
nearly west, over a broken or uneven country,
traversing in its course several hills having a
mean elevation ofabout 400 feet, until it descends
the valley of the Susquehanna and enters Colum-
bia, which is elevated 237 feet above tide water.
On the line there are 31 viaducts, the aggre-
gate length of whose platforms is 7349 feet; 73
stone culverts, 500 stone drains, and 18 bridges.
Cost about $1,600,000.
CENTRAL DIVISION OF THE PENNSYLVANIA
CANAL.
This division commences at Columbia, follows
the east bank of the Susquehanna, and passes
through the villages of Maytown, Bainbridge,
and Falmouth ; intersects the Union Canal at
Middletown, where there is a side lock of three
feet, connecting this division with the Union
Canal. From Middletown it continues along the
east bank of the Susquehanna, through High-
spiretown and Harrisburg to Duncan's Island.
At the head of this island the canal crosses the
Susquehanna and enters the valley of the Juni-
ata, which it pursues mostly along its north or
left side, and passing Millerstown, Mexico, Mif-
fintown, Lewistown, Huntingdon and Peters-
burg; and through the counties of Lancaster,
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PENNSYLVANIA.
23
Dauphin, Perry, Juniata and Huntingdon, ter-
minates at Hollidaysburg.
Length 1714 miles; course W. N. W. ; look-
age 7474 feet; 40 feet wide at top, 28 at bot-
tom, 4 feet deep; 18 dams; 33 aquaducts; 111
locks, including guards-those between Colum-
bia and Duncan's Island are each 90 by 17 feet,
and those from Duncan's Island to Hollidays-
burg, 90 by 15 feet in the chamber; 15.83
miles of this canal consists of slack water navi-
gation.
ALLEGHENY PORTAGE RAIL ROAD.
This work commences at the termination of
the preceding, at Hollidaysburg, pursues a W.
N. W. course to Blair's Gap, and thence turn-
ing to the S. W. enters and passes along the
valley of the Conemaugh to Johnstown, in Cam-
bria county, having traversed in its course por-
tions of Huntingdon, Bedford and Cambria
counties. This road is connected with the cen-
tral and western divisions of the Pennsylvania
canal by two extensive basins, with which it
communicates by slips and branch rail-wavs.
Length 36.69 miles; rise and fall 2570.29
feet, of which 2007.02 are overcome by planes
of various inclinations, and 563,27 feet by grad-
ing. With the exception of the ends, the grades
never exceed 21.12 feet, and are generally be-,
tween 10 and 15 feet, per mile. Aggregate
length of the bases of the inclined planes, 4.37
miles, and that of the graded portion of the
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PENNSYLVANIA.
road, 32.32 miles. There are 4 extensive via-
ducts; one over the Conemaugh at the Horse
Shoe bend, one at the Ebensburg branch, one
at the Mountain branch, and one across the Bea-
ver Dam branch of the Juniata; of culverts
there are 72, and several bridges. Width of the
road 25 feet exclusive of side drains. Distance
between the rails, 4 feet ; between the tracks 5
feet, including the inner rail of each track. In its
course from Hollidaysburg to Johnstown the
road attains an elevation of 2491 feet above
the Atlantic Ocean. At Johnstown the Portage
Rail Road joins the Western Division of the
Pennsylvania canal.
WESTERN DIVISION OF THE PENNSYLVANIA
CANAL.
This link in the grand chain traverses the
valleys of the Conemaugh, Kiskiminetas and
Allegheny rivers, to its termination at Pittsburg.
After leaving Johnstown, it passes the towns of
Fairfield, Lockport, Blairsville, and Saltzburg
in Indiana county, Warren and Leechburg in
Armstrong, and, crossing the Allegheny above
the mouth of the Kiskiminetas, enters Butler
county, and thence along the right bank of the
Allegheny (which is crossed by a splendid aque-
duct) enters and passes through the city of
Pittsburg, and terminates on the Monongahela
'river. Length 104 miles; 40 feet wide at top,
28 at bottom, 4 feet deep; lockage 471 feet ;
64 locks (exclusive of four on a branch canal to
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PENNSYLVANIA.
25
the Allegheny) 90 by 15 feet within the cham-
ber; 10 dams; 21 ¥ miles of the above canal
consists of slackwater navigation; 2 tunnels; 16
aqueducts; 64 culverts; 39 waste wears; 152
bridges. Cost, $3,000,000,
Entire length of the preceding canals and
rail roads from Philadelphia to Pittsburg, 3944
miles.
STATIONARY DISTANCES
FROM PHILADELPHIA TO PITTSBURG,
COMMENCING AT VINE AND BROAD STREET.
No. 1.
No. 2.
From Philadelphia to Colum-
bia, 812 miles.
From Columbia to Hollidays-
Fair Mount Wa-
burg, 1713 miles.
ter Works
1
Columbia as above
812
Lemon Hill
1 11
Viaduct over
Marietta
3
842
Schuylkill R. 1}
3
Bainbridge
61
914
Buck Tavern
8 11
Falmouth
31
942
Spread Eagle
5 16
3 102
Columbia Rail Road.
41 201
Central Division of the Pennsylvania Canal.
Middletown
41
99
Paoli
Highspire
Warren
22
Harrisburg
6 108
Valley Creek
7 29
Blue Mt. Gap
5 113
Downingtown
3 32
Port Dauphin
21
1151
Coatsville
8 40
Duncan's Isl.
9
1241
Buck Run
41
Beelen's
44}
51 130
Gap Tavern
7
51
Newport
5 135
Mine Ridge
]
52/
Lower aque-
Mill Creek
5 57
duct
6 141
3 60
Thompsontown
5
Soudersburg
146
Connestoga Cr.
7
67,
Mexico
7 153
Lancaster
2
69
Mifflintown
4
157
Mt. Pleasant
Lewistown
14
171
7 761
Columbia
41 81₫
Waynesburg 14 185
3
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PENNSYLVANIA.
From Philadelphia to Pittsburg,-continued.
Waynesburg as above
185
P. P.R.
Ebensburg Br. 3 275
Aughwick
Staple Bend 10 2851
Falls
12
197
Johnstown
41 2904
Jack's Mt.
6 203
Central Division.
Mill Creek
6 209
No. 4.
Huntingdon
5 214
From Johnstown to Pitts-
Petersburg
7 221
burg, by the Western Divis
Alexandria
7 228
sion of the Pennsylvania
Williamsburg
12
240
Canal, 104 miles.
Frankstown
101
250}
Johnstown, as above
290£
Hollidaysburg
3
253}
Laurel Hill
61 297
Lockport
10
307
No. 3.
Chesnut Hill
5
312
From Hollidaysburg to Johns-
Western Division Penna. Canal.
Blairsville
8 320
town, by the Allegheny
Saltzburg
16 336
Portage Rail Road, 36
Salt Works
7
343
miles.
Warrenton
5 348
Hollidaysburg, as above 2531
Leechburg
10
358
Walker's Point 11 255
Aqueduct over
Portage R. R.
In. Plane, No.
Allegheny
3
361
10
21 2571
Freeport
2 363
In. Plane, No.
Logan's Ferry
13
376
6
61 263
Pine Creek
12
388
Mountain Br.
9
2721
Pittsburg
61
3944
SUSQUEHANNA DIVISION OF THE PENNSYLVANIA
CANAL,
Commences at the outlet lock on Duncan's
Island, where it joins the Central Division, cross-
es the north outlet of the Juniata, and enters
Buffalo township in Perry county ; thence it
pursues nearly a due north course through Per-
ry and Mifflin counties, along the right bank of
the Susquehanna in Union county, to the town
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PENNSYLVANIA.
27
of Northumberland, where it intersects the ca-
nals which extend along the north and west
branches of the Susquehanna. Length 39 miles;
cost of construction $1,039,256 ; 11 locks.
WEST BRANCH CANAL,
Leaves the Susquehanna division at Northum-
berland, and passes along the left bank of the
west branch of Susquehanna, through Northum-
berland and Lycoming counties, to a point op-
posite the mouth of Bald Eagle creek, near
Dunnstown. Length, including several sec-
tions of pool navigation, 65.76 miles; lockage
121 feet; 19 guard and lift locks; 8 dams,
varying from 4 to 10 feet in height; 4 aque-
ducts; cost $927,378.
NORTH BRANCH DIVISION.
Commencing at the basin which unites the
Susquehanna and West Branch divisions at
Northumberland, this canal pursues a north-
eastern course through Northumberland, Colum-
bia and Luzerne counties, and by the towns of
Danville, Bloomsburg, Berwick, &c., and termi-
nates in Wyoming valley, at a dam near Nanti-
coke falls. Length, including 5 miles of pool
navigation above Nanticoke dam, 601 miles ; 40
feet wide at top, 28 at bottom, 4 feet deep ; 7 lift
and one guard locks, each 17 by 90 feet within
the chambers; rise 68.89 feet ; cost $1,096,178.
An extension of this canal 14.98 miles, to the
mouth of the Lackawana, is now in progress.
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PENNSYLVANIA.
Length 75.48 miles; pool navigation 13.91
miles; one aqueduct, 5 locks; rise 43 feet ;
cost $220,594.
DELAWARE DIVISION OF THE PENNSYLVANIA
CANAL,
Commences at Bristol in Bucks, county, 18
miles above Philadelphia.
On leaving the basin at Bristol, the canal
passes in nearly a direct line to Morrisville, op-
posite Trenton, leaving Tullytown on the right,
and Tyburn on the left. On leaving Morrisville
it pursues a course nearly at right angles with the
section from Bristol to Morrisville. Following
this direction, sometimes approaching within a
short distance of, and then receding from the
Delaware, it successively passes the towns of
Yardleyville, Taylorsville, Brownsburg, New
Hope, Lumberville, Smithville and Monroe, and
terminates at Easton, where it unites with the
Lehigh Company's works. Length 59,75 miles.
Rise 170 feet. Cost $1,275,715.
PITTSBURG AND ERIE CANAL.
This canal is merely preparatory to a more
extensive line of canals designed to connect Con-
neaut lake in Crawford county with Lake Erie,
and ultimately with the Ohio river at Pittsburg.
Another section of this work is just completed :
it extends from Newcastle in Mercer county, to
the town of Beaver, on the Ohio, and is 24.75
miles in length. The
improvement of of rench
PENNSYLVANIA.
29
creek (25.70 miles in length) now in course of
execution, will be completed in a few months.
RECAPITULATION.
Pennsylvania Canal, Central
division
171.75
"
"
Western
"
104.00
"
"
Susquehanna
"
39.00
"
"
West branch
"
65.75
"
"
North branch
"
75.48
"
"
Delaware
"
59.75
"
"
Pittsburg and
Erie*
"
73.40
Total, canals
589.18
Columbia Rail Road
81.60
Allegheny Portage
36.69
Total, Rail Road
118.29
Canals, as above
589.18
Grand total of Pennsylvania state works 707.47
Canals and Rail Roads Constructed by Joint
Stock Companies.
CANALS.
SCHUYLKILL NAVIGATION.
This work extends from the dam at Fair-
mount, near Philadelphia, to Port Carbon in
# This includes the French Creek feeder, and all the
other improvements in that section of the state.
3*
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30
PENNSYLVANIA.
Schuylkill county. It consists of a succession
of canals and pools. The pool above Fairmount
dam is entered by a short canal on the west side
of the Schuylkill. This pool extends about six
miles to Flat Rock. About 11 miles from Flat
Rock dam, the Manayunk Canal leaves the last
mentioned pool and rejoins the stream a short 2
distance above the dam, and thus enters the
second pool. This extends 4 miles to an incon-
siderable canal, which connects it with the pool
above. Three miles farther, another small ca-
nal conducts into the pool above Norristown, in
Montgomery county, thence the stream is as-
cended by several short canals and pools, to the
commencement of the Oaks Canal," 3} miles
in length. The Oaks Canal commences half a
mile above the outlet of Perkiomen creek, and
extends along the north or left bank of the
Schuylkill, to a dam about one mile above Phe-
nixville, in Chester county, where it enters the
river. The pool formed by the dam just men-
tioned, extends to the outlet of the Vincent Ca-
nal, nearly five miles in length. About 1 mile
above the termination of the Vincent Canal,
commences the Girard Canal, one of the most
extensive in the series. It is 22 miles in length,
and extends along the right bank of the Schuyl-
kill, from Pigeon creek five miles below Read-
ing in Berks county. In the space between
that point and Reading there are two dams
and a small canal, which is connected with
that passing through Reading, where the Union
Canal intersects the Schuylkill Company's
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PENNSYLVANIA.
31
works. The latter canal enters the Schuylkill
a short distance above Reading, and is on the
left bank of the stream. With the exception of
the Hamburg Canal, ten miles in length, and
another of three miles, the distance from Read-
ing to Hamburg is traversed by a succession of
short canals, mostly on the left bank of the
Schuylkill this is also the case from Hamburg
to Port Carbon, where the navigation ceases.
This work opens a direct communication be-
tween Philadelphia and the anthracite coal re-
gion, in Schuylkill county, whence immense
quantities of it are transported to Philadelphia and
other cities of the union. Length of canals 58,
and of pools 50 miles. Entire length from Fair
Mount to Port Carbon, 108 miles. Canals 36
feet wide at top, 22 at bottom, 3 feet 6 inches
deep; 129 locks, each 80 by 17 feet ; 34 dams ;
1 tunnel, 385 feet in length ; rise 610 feet ; cost
$2,500,176.
Stationary distances from Fair Mount to Port Carbon.
Fish House
1 Unionville
3 46
Viaduct Col. R. R.
11
2
Birdsboro
6 52
Canal at Falls
2
4
Reading
12
64
Wissahiccon Creek
1
5
Maiden Creek
11
75
Manyunk
2
7
Hamburg
12
87
Flat Rock
1
8
Port Clinton
4
91
Soap Stone Quarry
11
91
Bear Creek
5 96
Ferry, Spring Mills
1}
11
Tunnel
2
98
Dam at Gulf Creek
11 121
Schuylkill Haven
31 1011
Norristown
31
16
Tumbling Run
3,1 105
Perkiomen Cr.
81
241
Mount Carbon
105}
Phoenixville
3f
28
Pottsville
106
Pottstown
15
43
Port Carbon
2 108
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PENNSYLVANIA.
UNION CANAL,
Extends from a point a short distance below
Reading, to Middletown, on the Susquehanna,
and passes through the counties of Berks, Leba-
non and Dauphin. If the pool near Reading be
regarded as a part of the Union canal, that work
commences about 3 miles below Reading on the
west bank of the Schuylkill, and running nearly
due north enters the valley of Tulpehocken creek ;
following that stream chiefly along its left bank,
the canal gradually ascends to the summit, a dis-
tance of 41.29 miles. The summit level is 6.97
miles, and the western section, including 4 of a
mile of towing path, along the right bank of the
Swatara, is 33.80 miles in length, making the en-
tire length of the Union Canal, 82.08 miles.
Course W. S.W. Summit at Lebanon, 4981 feet
above tide water ; ascent 311, descent 2081 ; total
lockage 5191 feet ; 36 feet wide at top, 24 at bot-
tom, 4 feet deep; 93 lift and 2 guard locks, each
75 by 81 feet ; 43 waste wears ; 49 culverts ; 135
bridges 14 aqueducts ; 1 tunnel, 729 feet in
length. A navigable feeder from the Swatara,
6.75 miles long, and a pool formed by a dam at
the head ofthe feeder, have also been constructed
by the Union Canal Company. This improve-
ment affords a navigable communication from the
main trunk of the Union Canal to Pine Grove, a
distance of 23 miles, in a north-east direction.
From Pine Grove the company have laid a rail
road through a gap in the Sharp Mountain, 4
miles in length, to the coal mines.
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PENNSYLVANIA.
33
LEHIGH NAVIGATION.
The Lehigh works, like those on the Schuyl-
kill, consist of several canals and slack water
pools; of the former there are eight, having an
aggregate length of 36.75 miles, and of the lat-
ter, 7 in number, ten miles. These works ex-
tend from Easton to Mauch Chunk, in North-
ampton county. The improvements on the Le-
high above Mauch Chunk are designed for a de-
scending navigation only.
Leaving the Lehigh immediately south of
Easton, the line is conducted by locks, into the
first canal, on the right bank of the river.
About 4 miles above its point of outset, this sec-
tion of the canal terminates at a dam one fourth
mile below Smith's Island, and the pool thus
formed, is entered. This pool is about two
miles in extent. At a distance of 6 miles from
Easton, commences the most extensive section
of canal. It leaves the river one mile below
Jack's mill, passes along the north or left bank,
through Bethlehem, and re-enters the Lehigh
at a dam not far from Allentown, in Lehigh
county, thence by the river 11 miles, thence by
canal to a dam, 3 miles, thence to river 3 mile,
thence by eanal to a dam 41 miles, thence by the
river 17, thence by canal 1 mile to a dam,
thence by the river 21 miles, thence by the ca-
nal 31 miles to the Lehigh water gap. Here the
canal passes the great Blue Mountain, and enters
the coal region. From the termination of the
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PENNSYLVANIA.
last mentioned canal, the river is used for one
mile to a dam at the mouth of the Aquanshicola
creek, then occurs a canal 41 miles long to a
dam, thence by the stream one mile, and then is
entered the last section of canal, 6 miles ia
length, which terminates at Mauch Chunk.
This important work is completed by a rail road
extending from Mauch Chunk to the coal mines,
9 miles distant. Length of canais and pools,
46.75 miles. Course N. W ; 60 feet wide at
top, 45 at bottom, 5 feet deep; 54 locks, each
100 by 22 feet ; 9 dams ; ascent, 364 feet. Sum-
mit at Mauch Chunk 529 feet above tide water.
Cost $1,558,000.
Stationary distances from Altitude of towns, &c. on the
Easton to Mauch Chunk.
Lehigh Navigation.
Miles.
Feet above tide.
Smith's Island
4
Level of dam at Easton 165
Jack's Mill
4 8
Jack's Mill
215
Bethlehem
4 12
Bethlehem
235
Allentown bridge
5 17
Allentown Br.
245
Diley's Creek
3 20
Diley's Cr.
265
Beil's Creek
21 221
Biels
290
Lerch
21
25
Lerch
300
Berlin
3
28
Berlin
313
Basin
3 31
Basin
345
Kuntz .
2
33
Kuntz
369
Craigs' Cr.
3
36
Craig's Cr.
390
Bowmans
3
39
Bowmans
425
Big Creek
1
40
Big Creek
435
Fort Allen
21 421 Fort Allen
470
Lehighton
1 43
Lehighton
475
Falls of Lehigh
1
44
Falls of Lehigh
485
Beaver Creek
1 45
Beaver Creek
500
Mauch Chunk
11 46%
Mauch Chunk
529
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PENNSYLVANIA.
35
LACKAWAXEN CANAL.
That portion of the Hudson and Delaware ca-
nal which follows the valley of the Lackawaxen
creek, in Pennsylvania, and sometimes called the
Lackawaxen canal, commences at M'Carty's
point on the Delaware, passes through Pike and
Wayne counties, and up the Lackawaxen valley
toHonesdale in the latter county, where it unites
with the rail road leading to Carbondale coal
mines. Length 25 miles; course W. N. W. ;
width varies from 32 to 36 feet at top, and 4
feet deep 37 locks, each 76 by 9 feet. Sum-
mit at Honesdale 1000 feet above tide water.
Cost, including rail road, $2,000,000.
For Rail Road see page 38.
CONESTOGA NAVIGATION,
Consists of dams and locks. It commences at
Reigart's landing in the city of Lancaster, and
terminates at Safe Harbour on the Susquehanna.
Length 18 miles. Course S. W. 9 locks, each
100 by 22 feet; 9 dams ; descent 62.
CODORUS NAVIGATION.
Is similar to the preceding, the improvement
having been effected by means of canals and
pools. It extends from York to the Susqueban-
na river and consists of 8 miles of slack water
pools, and 3 of canals; length 11 miles; course
N. E. ; 9 locks.
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PENNSYLVANIA.
WEST PHILADELPHIA CANAL,
Is a small canal now constructing around the
western abutment of the bridge over Schuylkill,
near Philadelphia.
RECAPITULATION.
Miles.
Schuylkill Navigation
108.00
Union Canal
82.08
Lehigh Navigation
36.75
Lackawaxen Canal
25.00
Connestoga Navigation
18.00
Codorus
"
11.00
West Philadelphia Canal
00 08
Total,
280.91
State Canals, as above
589.18
Grand total of canals in Penn-
870.09
sylvania
RAIL ROADS.
COLUMBIA RAIL ROAD.
See page 21.
ALLEGHENY PORTAGE RAIL ROAD.
See page 23.
MAUCH CHUNK RAIL ROAD,
Extends from Mauch Chunk to the coal mines,
9 miles, exclusive of branches which are nearly
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PENNSYLVANIA.
37
5 miles in length ; constructed in 1827; eleva-
tion of the mines above the Lehigh, 936 feet.
ROOM RUN RAIL ROAD,
Extends from Mauch Chunk to the coal mines
on Room Run. Length 5.26 miles.
MOUNT CARBON RAIL ROAD,
Commences at the lower landings of Mount
Carbon, passes through Pottsville, and thence
up the valley of Norwegian creek. Length, in-
cluding two branches, 7.24 miles.
SCHUYLKILL VALLEY RAIL ROAD,
Extends from Port Carbon, where the Schuyl-
kill navigation terminates, and follows the valley
of the Schuylkill to Tuscorora. Length 10 miles.
It has 20 branches extending from this road in
various directions, the aggregate length of which
is 15 miles. Cost of main line $5,500 per mile.
SCHUYLKILL RAIL ROAD,
Thirteen miles in length ; cost $7,000 per
mile.
MILL CREEK RAIL ROAD,
From Port Carbon to the coal mines near
Mill Creek. Length of main line 4, and of
branches 3 miles; cost $20,000.
MINE HILL AND SCHUYLKILL HAVEN RAIL ROAD,
Commences at Schuylkill Haven, extends
4
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38
PHENSYLVANIA.
along 'the west branch of Schuylkill, through
Mine Hill gap, and terminates at the coal mines
in that vicinity. Length, including two branch-
es, 20 miles ; cost $160,000.
PINE GROVE RAIL ROAD,
From Pine Grove in Schuylkill county to the
coal mines, 4 miles above.
LITTLE SCHUYLKILL RAIL ROAD,
Commences at Port Clinton, and extends to
the mines at Tamaqua; length 23 miles.
An extension of this road from Port Clinton to
Reading is proposed, and surveys fixing its
route, have been made by Mr. Robinson. The
line will commence at the lower coal shutes at
Port Clinton, pass along the right bank of the
Schuylkill, and by a tunnel, 620 yards long,
through the Pulpit Rock Hill, thence to a point
near the mouth of Mill creek, thence over Irish
creek. A few miles below the latter creek, the
road will leave the valley of the Schuylkill and
pass near the Pennsylvania Farmer (tavern),
then verging towards the Schuylkill, that river
will be crossed about a third of a mile above the
Peacock locks of the Schuylkill Navigation, and
thence into the borough of Reading. Entire
length 19.75 miles. Estimated cost $746,880.
LACKAWAXEN RAIL ROAD,
Commences at the termination
Digitized ofthegIacka-
PENNSYLVANIA.
39
waxen reanal at Henesdale, and extends to the
coal mines at Carbondale on the Lackawana
river; length 161 miles; 5-inclined planes, which
surmount an elevation of800 feet on the Moosic
mountain; cost $100,000.
WEST CHESTER RAIL ROAD,
Connects the Columbia rail road with the vil-
lage of West Chester; constructed in 1832;
length 9 miles; cost $90,000.
PHILADELPHIA, GERMANTOWN AND NORRISTOWN
RAIL ROAD.
About 7 miles of this road from Philadelphia
to Germantown, are completed. A new route
to Norristown has been adopted. It leaves the
original line, about 3 miles from Philadelphia,
passes in a north-west direction, and enters the
valley of the Schuylkill, which it follows to Nor.
ristown, passing through Manayunk. The new
section is now in progress.
LYKENS VALLEY RAIL ROAD,
Extends from the Broad Mountain through
Bear Creek gap, and thence on the north side of
Berry's Mountain to Millersburg on the Susque-
hanna, in Dauphin county.
PHILADELPHIA AND TRENTON RAIL ROAD,
Commences at Philadelphia, passes through
or near the towns of Frankford, Bristol, Tully-
town, &c. and terminates at Morrisville, Digitized by oppo-
40
PENNSYLVANIA.
site Trenton; length -26.25 miles. A single
track of this road is now in use.
CENTRAL RAIL ROAD,
Commences at a point 21 miles N. W: of
Pottsville, passes into and along the valley of
Mill Creek until it reaches the first summit on
the Broad Mountain. Thence it proceeds and
gains the summit between the Mahony and
Shamokin creeks, and terminates at Sunbury on
the Susquehanna; length 44.54 miles. A branch
7 miles long, leaves the main line and extends
to Danville; entire length 51.54 miles.
The eastern section of this road was opened
for use on the 24th of September, 1834. On
this section there are 1 large, and 4 inferior in-
clined planes. The former, in Mahoney valley,
is 1650 feet in length, and overcomes an eleva-
tion of 345 feet, and the 4 latter 700 feet.
The coal tunnel on the Girard estate, which
opens a communication between the Mahoney
and Shenandoah valleys, is 2500 feet long.
The western section is rapidly advancing to-
wards completion.
OXFORD RAIL ROAD,
(Now in progress,) leaves the Columbia Rail
Road about 40 miles west from Philadelphia;
passes through Oxford and along the valley of
Octararo, and joins the Susquehanna Rail Road
at the state line. (See Maryland.)
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PENNSYLVANIA.
41
PHILADELPHIA AND READING RAIL ROAD,
Is designed as a connecting link in the great
line of communication by rail roads between
Philadelphia and the anthracite coal region of
Schuylkill county. Surveys and estimates of
cost of the proposed road, have been made by
Mr. Robinson, by which its entire practicability
is established.
The line, as recommended, commences at the
termination of the proposed Reading and Port
Clinton Rail Road, thence along the side of
Neversink mountain, beyond which it leaves the
river for a short distance, and then again re-
sumes the bank and traverses a course towards
the head of the Girard Canal, a section of the
Schuylkill navigation, thence to the Red Shell
Bluffs, opposite Baumstown. Passing again
over the river flats, it crosses the Monocacy
creek, and thence, near Molattin run, to Douglas-
ville. Pursuing its south-eastern course, over
the turnpike, intersecting the boundary between
Montgomery and Berks counties, it passes over
the high table land above Pottstown, which is
entered after crossing the Manatowney creek.
From Pottstown the line is conducted by a
straight course to a bend in the river, and thence
over Sprogle's run and Sanatoga and Mingo
creeks, it crosses the Schuylkill about 300 yards
above Black Rock, near the Vincent canal, and
thence through a tunnel 1969 feet in length, it
reaches Phoenixville. Curving here to the left,
the line passes along the Chester county canal to
4*
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42
DELAWARE.
its termination, crossing French creek ; thence
over Pickering's creek and along the river bank
it reaches the vicinity of Pawling's Bridge,
where the grade commences descending towards
Valley creek, which is crossed. At a farther
distance of a few miles the line enters Norris-
town, beyond which an experimental line only
has been run.
Two other lines for a portion of the above
read have been suggested by the engineer, with
a view to discover a more eligible route.
Entire length of the proposed road from Read-
ing to Norristown, 40.44 miles. Estimated
cost $947,425.
DELAWARE.
CHESAPEAKE AND DELAWARE CANAL,
Commences at Delaware city on the Delaware,
about 42 miles below Philadelphia, passes
through St. George's meadows and along the ra-
vine of Broad creek, and thence into that of
Back creek, a tributary of Elk river, which falls
into Chesapeake Bay ; length 13.63 miles; 66
feet wide at top water line; 10 feet deep; 2 lift
and 2 tide locks, 100 by 22 feet in the chamber ;
completed in 1829; cost $2,200,000.
NEW CASTLE AND FRENCHTOWN RAIL ROAD,
Extends from New Castle to Frenchtown, on
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MARYLAND.
43
Elk river, Maryland ; length 16.19 miles ; radius
of the largest curve 20,000 feet. The inclinations
(with one exception of29 feet a mile,) vary from
10} feet to 16} feet a mile; 4 viaducts, 29 cul-
verts, completed in 1832 ; entire cost of road,
apparatus, &c. $400,000.
A rail road to extend from Wilmington to
Downingtown in Pennsylvania, is proposed.
MARYLAND.
CHESAPEAKE AND OHIO CANAL,
Commences at Georgetown on the Potomac,
pursues the left bank of that river, passes through
the towns of Harper's Ferry, Williamport, Han-
cock, and Old town, to Cumberland, thence,
leaving the Potomac, it follows valleys of Wills
creek, Cassilmans, Youghiogeny and Mononga-
hela rivers, through Connelsville, and Mc. Kees-
port to Pittsburg in Pennsylvania. Distance
from Georgetown to the Pennsylvania state line
189 miles. From that point to Pittsburg, 1521
miles ; whole length as proposed 341.38 miles ;
general course N. W. ; commenced in 1828 ;
398 locks, each are of stone, 100 feet by 15 ;
lockage on the entire work 3,215 feet ; one tun-
nel through the Allegheny mountain, 4 miles and
80 yards in length ; estimated cost $22,375,427 ;
recent estimate $9,347,408 ; $1,000,000 were
subscribed by the United States.
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44
MARYLAND.
A section of this canal, extending from George-
town to Williamsport, a distance of 114.50 miles
is now (Sept. 1834), open for use. In this sec-
tion, there are 44 locks, each 100 by 15 feet,
and 6 feet deep, in addition to several others.
which communicate with the Potomac; 59 cul-
verts between Georgetown and the Point of
Rocks, (48.07 miles,) 19 do. from the latter
place to Harper's Ferry, and 41 above; total
culverts 119. 5 extensive aqueducts over the
Seneca, Monocacy, Catoctin, Antietam and Con-
ecocheagué, respectively ; 5 feeders, to wit, at
Little Falls 1, at Seneca creek 1, from the Poto-
mac at Harper's Ferry falls 1, 1 above, and 1.
8 miles above Williamsport; ascent 353 feet.
For 2 miles. above Georgetown, the canal is 70
feet wide, and 7 feet deep, next 2 miles, 80 feet
and 7 deep ; cost of this section $3,650,000.
A canal about 7 miles long, leading from
Alexandria to intersect the Chesapeake and Ohio
canal at Georgetown, is now constructing.
(See District of Columbia.)
GHESAPEAKE AND DELAWARE CANAL.
(See Delaware.)
PORT DEPOSIT CANAL,
Is designed to overcome the rapids of the Sus-
quehanna, above Port Deposit; length nearly 10
miles.
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MARYLAND.
45
CANAL AT LITTLE FALLS OF POTOMAC.
21 miles long; descent 37 feet; 4 locks of
stone.
CANAL AT GREAT FALLS,
Built of stone, 1200 yards long ; descent 764
feet; 5 locks each 100 feet long, and from 10 to
14 feet wide.
BALTIMORE AND OHIO RAIL ROAD,
Commences at the depot of the company in
Baltimore, passes in a S. W. direction to Elke
ridge landing, and thence along the valley of the
Patapsco, to Parr's spring, thence into and with
the ravine of Bush creek, which it follows to the
Monocacy which is crossed about 31 miles from
Frederick, thence along the Monocacy val-
ley to the Point of Rocks on the Potomac, and
thence to Harper's ferry, 80.50 miles from Bal-
timore ; commenced in 1828 ; capital $5,000,000.
This road is to be continued to some point on
the Ohio river ; a road of a single track extends
from the main line after crossing the Monocacy,
to Frederick, 3} miles.
BALTIMORE AND SUSQUEHANNA RAIL ROAD.
Commenced in 1830 ; is to extend to York in
Pennsylvania; length when completed 76 miles.
The Maryland section of this road is now in pro-
gress, several miles near Baltimore are com-
pleted, and in use.
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46
MARYLAND.
BALTIMORE AND PORT DEPOSIT RAIL ROAD,
To extend from Baltimore to the Susquehanna
at Port Deposit, and thence to unite with the
Oxford rail road of Pennsylvania, which inter-
sects the Columbia rail road about 40 miles from
Philadelphia.
BALTIMORE AND WASHINGTON RAIL ROAD.
This work is now constructing. It commenc-
es on the N. E. boundary of the city of Wash-
ington, about 1 a mile west of the first toll-gate,
passes over Duel ridge to Bladensburg, thence
along the valley of the N. E. branch of the Po-
tomac, crosses the turnpike 7 miles from Bla-
densburg, and again at the Sandy spring road ;
crossing the Patuxent 17 miles from Washing-
ton, then curves towards the south and east, it
crosses Chandler's creek 11 miles south of Wa-
terloo, thence into the valleys of Licking and
Deep runs, anderossing the Patapsco at Elkridge
Handing; is intersects the Baltimore and Ohio
rail road at the Still house branch ; length 374
miles ; estimated cost $1,438,644.
NEWCASTLE AND FRENCHTOWN RAIL ROAD.
(See Delaware.)
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DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
47
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
WASHINGTON BRANCH CANAL,
Connects the Chesapeake and Ohio canal with
the Potomac in the city of Washington; length
1.21 miles ; 1 tide lock ; cost $25,978.
ALEXANDRIA CANAL,
Extends from the point of termination of the
Chesapeake and Ohio canal at Georgetown, to
Alexandria 7.24 miles ; estimated cost $372,204
from 18 to 60 feet wide, and from 5 to 6 deep ;
Potomac aqueduct, 1714 feet long.
CHESAPEAKE AND OHIO CANAL.
(See Maryland.)
BALTIMORE AND WASHINGTON RAIL ROAD.
(See Maryland.)
VIRGINIA:
JAMES RIVER CANAL,
Is merely a series of 12 locks, which connect
the river with a*basin at Richmond, 880 feet
above tide water ; from this basin proceeds the
Richmond canal, 25 feet wide and 4deep, for 21
miles, when it unites with the river. Three
miles further is a short canal, with 3 locks,
around a fall of 34 feet.
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48
VIRGINIA.
JAMES AND JACKSON RIVER CANAL AND NAVIGA-
TION.
Commences at the basin at Richmond and ex-
tends to Maiden's Adventure falls, in Goochland
county, 301 miles; 40 feet wide, 31 deep; com-
pleted in 1825 ; cost $623,295.
BALOONY FALLS CANAL,'
Extends along the bank of James river,
through a gap of the Blue ridge; length 6.81
miles; 96 feet lockage; cost $340,000. An ex-
tension of the James river canal is now in course
of execution. The Roanoke improvements con-
sist of a slack water navigation, and extends
from the Weldon canal in N. Carolina to Salem
in Virginia, 244 miles. The Dan, Chowan,
Slate, Rappahannoc, Shenandoah, Potomac,
Monongabela and Kanawha rivers have been
similarly improved.
DISMAL SWAMP CANAL.
Extends. from Deep creek, a tributary of
Chesapeake Bay, to Joices creek a branch of
Pasquotank river of Albemarle sound ; length
23 miles; 40 feet wide, 61 deep, at intervals of
a quarter of a mile, the canal is widened to 60,
for turn out stations; 6 locks 100 by 20 feet ;
summit level 16} feet above the Atlantic at mid
tied. Two lateral canals, one from lake Drum-
mond, 5 miles in length, which, in addition to
its uses for the purposes of navigation, serves as
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VIRGINIA.
49
a feeder to the main trunk, and the other, 6 miles
long, opens a communication between the princi-
pal canal, and the head waters of North West
river.
RAIL ROADS.
MANCHESTER RAIL ROAD.
Extends westwardly from Manchester to the
coal mines ; length 13 miles.
WINCHESTER RAIL ROAD,
Extends from Harper's ferry to Winchester,
in Frederick county ; length 30 miles.
PETERSBURG AND ROANOKE RAIL ROAD.
Extends from Petersburg in Virginia to Blake-
ley at the foot of the Roanoke canal, in N. Care-
lina; length 59.38 miles A branch from this
road leaves the main line about 10 miles from
Blakely, which extends to the head ofthe rapids
of Roanoke; length about 12 miles.
PORTSMOUTH AND ROANOKE RAIL ROAD.
Commences at Portsmouth, opposite Norfolk,
passes in a direct course, intersects the Peters-
barg road, 6 miles from Blakely, and terminates
on the Roanoke, a short distance below the Pe-
tersburg branch ; length 80 miles.
RICHMOND AND PETERSBURG RAIL ROAD.
(Now in progress,) length 21.50 milesgle
5
50
NORTH CAROLINA.
RICHMOND AND FREDERICKSBURG RAIL ROAD,
(Now in progress,) length 64 miles.
BELLEPLAIN RAIL ROAD,
Extends from Fredericksburg to Belleplain,
situated on a branch of the Potomac, (in pro-
gress,) length 11 miles.
Several other rail roads are proposed.
NORTH CAROLINA.
DISMAL SWAMP CANAL,
(See Virginia.)
LAKE DRUMMOND CANAL,
A navigable feeder of the preceding ; it ex-
tends from lake Drummond to the summit level
of the Dismal Swamp canal ; length 5 miles, 16
feet wide, 41 deep, with a guard gate near the
lake.
NORTH WEST CANAL,
Connects North West river with the Dismal
Swainp canal ; length 6 miles ; 24 feet wide, 4
feet deep.
WELDON CANAL,
Forms the commencement of the Roanoke
SOUTH CAROLINA.
51
navigation. It extends around the falls of Ro-
anoke, above the towns of Weldon and Blakely ;
length 12 miles ; lockage 100 feet.
CLUBFOOT AND HARLOW CANAL,
Extends from the head waters of Clubfoot,
to those of Harlow creek, near Beaufort ;
length 11 miles.
The navigation of the Roanoke from the Wel-
don canal to the town of Salem in Virginia, a
distance of232 miles ; the Cape Fear; the Yad-
kin, the Tar, New and Catawba rivers, have
been greatly improved by joint stock companies.
RAIL ROADS,
Are projected to extend from Fayetteville to
Cape Fear river; from Wilmington through
Fayetteville and Salisbury, to Beatty's ford on
the Catawba, a distance of 250 miles; and sev-
eral others.
For an account of the rail road extending from
Blakely to Petersburg and Norfolk respectively.
See Virginia.
SOUTH CAROLINA.
SOUTH CAROLINA RAIL ROAD,
Commences at Charleston, pursues a N. W.
course and crosses the head waters of Ashly
river, 28 miles from Charleston ; 7 miles far-
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52
SOUTH CAROLINA.
ther it crosses Four-holes swamp. At a distance
of 65 miles from Charleston the Edisto is passed :
thence by a direct course, 58 miles, it enters
the valley of Big Horse creek, which it pursues
for a few miles, then runs westward, and termi-
nates in the town of Hamburg, opposite Augusta.
Entire length, 135.75 miles. Several towns and
villages have been erected along the line of this
road ; among them are Beesville, Summerville,
Branchville, Midway, Blacksville, Aken, &c.
It is proposed to construct'a branch to Orange-
burg, and thence to Columbia, &c. and another
to Barnwell C. H.
SANTEE CANAL,
Connects the harbour of Charleston with the
Santee. It commences on the west branch of
Cooper river, and passing along Biggin Swamp,
intersects Santee river at Black Oak island.
Length, 22 miles ; course, N. N. W.; 32 feet
wide at top, 20 at bottom ; 4 feet deep; rise
and fall, 103; 13 locks, each 60 by ten feet ;
completed in 1802 cost, $700,000. By means
of this canal, and the Santee and Congaree riv-
ers, which have been improved, a navigable
communication is afforded from Charleston to
Columbia.
WINYAW CANAL,
Extends from Winyaw Bay to Kinlock creek,
a branch of Santee river. Length, 7.40 miles ;
course, S. W.
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SOUTH CAROLINA.
53
THE NAVIGATION OF THE catawba,
Has been improved by the construction of
several small canals : 1. extends from Patton Is
land to Davy's Ferry, 2 miles-2. from 11 miles
below M'Donald's Ferry to Fishing creek, 21
miles-3. from Mountain Island to Rocky creek,
14 miles-4. from Rocky creek to the Catawba,
900 yards-5. from Jones's Mill to Elliot's, 4
miles, (this is styled the Wateree canal.)
SALUDA CANAL,
Extends from the head of Saluda Shoals to
Granby Ferry, on the Congaree, passing through
the town of Columbia; 6.20 miles in length;
descent, 36 feet.
DREHR'S CANAL,
Is designed to overcome a fall of 120 feet
in Saluda river. Length, 1} miles.
LORICK'S CANAL,
On Broad river, 11 miles above Columbia; 1
mile long.
LOCKHART'S CANAL.
In Union District, around Lockhart's Shoals
in Broad river, 24 miles long.
5*
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54
GEORGIA. FLORIDA.
GEORGIA.
SAVANNAH AND OGECHEE CANAL,
Commences at Savannah, and intersects the
Great Ogechee a short distance above the mouth
of Cannouchee river. General course W. S.
W.; length 16 miles: 5 feet deep, 33 wide at
bottom; locks 90 by 18 feet ; cost $165,000.
An extension of this work of 60 miles to the
Alatamaha is proposed.
ALATAMAHA AND BRUNSWICK RAIL ROAD,
Twelve miles in length.
Several other rail roads have been proposed.
FLORIDA.
With the exception of some good common
roade, nothing has yet been done in the way
of internal improvement. Routes for proposed
canals to connect the Atlantic with the Gulf of
Mexico, have been traced, and will be complet-
ed before long. The route which will, proba-
bly, be adopted, commences on the St. Mary's
river, about three miles above the town of that
name; pursues a western course along the val-
ley of the St. Marys, and enters the marshes of
Okefinokeswamp. On leaving the swamp, the line
assumes a south-west direction, through Hamil-
ton county, and passes into the valley of Alapa-
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ALABAMA.
55
ha, which it follows to the mouth of Withlacu-
chee. From this point, it passes westward,
parallel with and near to the great road from St.
Augustine to Tallahassee, crosses Oscilla river,
and intersects St. Marks river at the town of
Rock Haven. Thence along the valley of the
St. Marks, by the towns of Magnolio, &c. and
terminates in Appalachicola Bay. Length 250
miles ; greatest altitude 217 feet ; general
course south-west.
The three other routes, commence at the
same point, and terminate at the mouth of the
Suwanee, and Tampa Bay, respectively.
ALABAMA.
Its internal improvements consist of a Rail
Road now in progress from Decatur, in Morgan
county, to a point 10 miles below Tuscumbia, on
the Tennessee. Length 62 miles.
HUNTSVILLE CANAL,
From Triana on the Tennessee, to the town
of Huntsville, 16 miles in length.
A canal has been commenced, extending from
the head of the Muscle Shoals to Florence.
Length 37 miles. Otherimprovements are con-
templated.
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56
MISSISSIPPI. LOUISIANA.
MISSISSIPPI.
ST. FRANCISVILLE AND WOODVILLLE RAIL ROAD.
Twenty-six miles in length.
VICKSBURG AND CLINTON RAIL ROAD.
Length 37 miles (proposed).
LOUISIANA.
LA FOURCHE CANAL,
Commences on the Mississippi above New
Orleans, passes to Duck Lake, thence into Quat-
chas Lake, to Solet Lake, thence into the ra-
vine of Grand Caillou, thence to the bank of
Bayou Black, and terminates in Berwick's Bay.
Entire length, including the natural navigation,
85 miles.
L. VERET CANAL,
Extends from a point on the La Fourche, to
Lake Veret. About 8 miles in length.
NEW ORLEANS AND PONTCHARTRAIN CANAL,
Six miles in length. Commences at the south-
west part of the city, and intersects Lake Pont-
chartrain west of Fort St. John.
Several unimportant canals exist in the neigh-
bourhood of New Orleans, and in the parishes
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i
TENNESSEE.
KENTUCKY.
57
bordering on the Mississippi. These have been
constructed by individuals, for private use.
NEW ORLEANS AND PONTCHARTRAIN RAIL ROAD,
Five miles long; cost, including Breakwater
on the lake, about $80,000.
TENNESSEE.
No internal improvements yet completed.-
Navigable communications between the waters
of the Tennessee and those. of the Coosa, are
contemplated. A rail road from the town of
Randolph on the Mississippi, to Jackson in Mad-
ison county, 65 miles in length, is proposed, and
measures for insuring its early completion, have
been adopted.
KENTUCKY.
LOUISVILLE AND PORTLAND CANAL,
The only canal in this state is the important
one around the falls in the Ohio at Louisville.
Length about one and a half miles; 4 locks, suf-
ficiently capacious to admit steam-boats of the
largest class ; lockage 22 feet; 200 feet wide
at the surface, 50 at the bottom; cost about
$730,000.
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ILLINOIS. INDIANA.
LEXINGTON AND OHIO RAIL ROAD,
Commences at Lexington, passes through
Frankfort, and thence to Shippingport. Great-
est inclination 30 feet per mile; smallest curva-
ture 1000 feet radius; estimated cost $1,000,000.
ILLINOIS.
A canal about 100 miles in length, from Otto-
wa, or perhaps from Hennepin lower down the
Illinois, to Lake Michigan, has been long con-
templated.
INDIANA.
This state has undertaken to construct a ca-
nal from the Wabash to the Maumee, called the
Wabash and Erie canal. This work is not yet
commenced. It is to commence on the Wabash,
at or near the town of Lafayette, pass along the
valley of the Wabash to the entrance of Little
River, thence up that river to the Aboite, across
that stream, thence over the summit to the Mau-
mee at Wayne, thence with that river to the
eastern boundary of the state. Length 127
miles; estimated cost $1,081,970. Congress
has granted 355,200 acres of land (valued at
$756,750) in the immediate vicinity of the pro-
posed canal, in aid of the work.
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OHIO.
59
OHIO.
OHIO AND ERIE CANAL,
Extending from Portsmouth, at the intersec-
tion of the Scioto with the Ohio river, to Cleve-
land on Lake Erie, is now completed. After
leaving Portsmouth the canal crosses the Scioto,
and pursues a course nearly due north, along
the right bank of that river ; passes Chillicothe
and enters Circleville, where it recrosses the Sci-
oto, and continues its route along the valley of
the Scioto, to its intersection with the Columbus
feeder. Here the canal suddenly turns and pur-
sues an eastern direction through the towns of
Hebron, Newark, Irville, and Coshocton into the
valley of Tuscarawas river, which it follows to
the summit, after passing through Newcomers-
town, Salem, Schoenbrun, New Philadelphia,
Bolivar, Massillon, Clinton, &c. On leaving
Akron, at the Portage'summit, the canal descends
the valley of the Cuyahoga, which it follows and
terminates at Cleveland: length from Ports-
mouth to Cleveland, 307 miles; summit level
499 feet above the Ohio at Portsmouth ; 305
feet above Lake Erie, and 973 feet above the
Atlantic Ocean; general course, north east; 40
feet wide; 4 deep; lockage 1,185 feet; com-
menced in 1825, completed in 1832.
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60
OHIO.
Stationary distances along the Ohio and Erie canal, from
Cloveland to Portsmouth.
Akron,
38
Newark,
40 173
New Portage,
9
47
Bloomfield,
52 225
Massillon,
21
68
Circleville,
11 236
Bolivar,
12
80
Chillicothe,
20 256
New Philadelphia,
14
94
Piketon,
24 280
Gnadenhutten,
13
107
Portsmouth,
27 307
Coshocton,
26 133
Lateral eanals extend from the preceding, to
Columbus (10 miles) to Lancaster (9 miles), and
to Zanesville, (14 miles.)
MIAMI CANAL,
Now in operation, extends from Cincinnati, on
the Ohio river, along the ravines of Mill creek
and the Great Miami, to Dayton ; passing in its
course the towns of Springfield, Hamilton, Mid-
dletown, Franklin, and Miamisburg : length
from Cincinnati to Dayton, 68 miles ; general
course north north-east : summit level at Day-
ton, 175 feet above the Ohio at Cincinnati, and
606 above the Atlantic; as deduced from a con-
tinued series of levelling operations from tide
water on the Hudson to Lake Erie, and thence
to the several points just mentioned. The di-
mensions are the same as those of the Ohio and
Erie canal. Completed in 1830 ; cost $746,852.
An extension of this work is now in progress.
It is carried along the valleys of St. Mary's, Au
Glaize, and Maumee rivers, to Lake Erie, an
entire distance from Cincinnati of 265 miles.
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OHIO.
61
These great works are the property of the state.
Other canals of an important character are pro-
jected. A mong them is one from the Portage
summit of the Ohio canal, along the valleys of Ma-
honing and Beaver rivers, to intersect the West-
ern division of the Pennsylvania canal, Works
for the improvement of the navigation of the
Muskingum have been commenced, and are now
probably completed. The importance of the
former to the commerce of Pennsylvania, must
be apparent on an inspection of the map. Much
of the produce of 'the interior which now passes
into Lake Erie, and thence into the Erie canal,
would find its way into the Pennsylvania canal,
and thus at once augment the revenue of the
state, and the commerce of its -capital.
Rail reads are proposed, to extend from San-
dusky to Dayton, a distance of 153 miles, and
to pass through. the towns of Tiffin, Bellefon-
taine, Urhana, and Springfield. Estimated cost
1,648,575.
Stationary distances along the Miami canal, from Cincin-
nati to Dayton.
Reading,
12
Franklin,
6 48
Hamilton,
16 28 Miamisburg,
6 54
Middletown,
14 42 Dayton,
14 68
6
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62
CANADA.
CANADA,
RIDEAU CANAL,
Is intended to unite the waters of Lake On-
tario with Ottawa river. It commences at
Kingston on Lake Ontario, pursues a north-
eastern' direction, through a chain of lakes,
with most of which it becomes identified in its
course, until fl intersects Rideau river. Con-
tinuing its route along the banks, and sometimes
in the bed of that river, it enters the Ottawa at.
Bytown, a short distance above the mouth of the
former, in north lat. 45° 23'. This highly im-
portant work, the existence of which is scarcely
known in the United States, is now in active
progress, under the direction of a board of com-
missioners, assisted by a corps of the Royal Eat
gineers. Length from Kingston to Bytown on
the Ottawa, including the natural navigable
courses, 1291 miles; 53 locks, each 33 feet
wide and' 134 long. Ascent from Kingston to
the summit pond by 19 locks, 165 feet; descent
from the summit pond to the Ottawa, by 34
locks, 290 feet; total lockage 355 feet. De-
pression of the Ottawa below Lake Ontario at
Kingston, 125.feet; general course, north-north-
east.
WELLAND CANAL,
Is designed to open a navigable communica-
tion between Lakes Erie and Ontario. It leaves
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CANADA.
63
the former at Port Maitland, near the mouth of
Grand river, crosses the Wainfleet Marshes to
Chippewa river, and passes along its valley
about ten miles. On leaving the Chippewa, the
canal assumes a northern direction, traverses a
deep cut, of nearly two miles in extent, and of
the mean depth of 45 feet, and after a further
course of 8 or 10 miles, enters Lake Ontario at
Port Dalhousie, about nine miles west of Niag-
ara village. This splendid work, equalled in
depth by the, Chesapeake and Delaware canal
only, is rapidly verging towards its completion.
It admits the passage of the largest vessels that
navigate the lakes, the dimensions of the locks
north of the mountain ridge, being 22 feet wide,
100 long, and 8 feet deep; those on the south
of the ridge, 45. feet in width and 120 in length.
Length from Port Maitland to Port Dalhousie 36
miles: 34 locks, all descending. Descent, 334
feet ; general course north-east.
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1
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on the date to which renewed.
Renewed books are subject to immediate recall.
881969
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MAR 20'69-7 PM
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CALIFORNIA LIBRARY
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