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Dissidents (16)
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Records of the National Security Council, Directorate of European and Soviet Affairs (Reagan Administration)
Jack F. Matlock, Jr.'s Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.) Subject Files
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Ronald Reagan Presidential Library
Digital Library Collections
This is a PDF of a folder from our textual collections.
Collection: Matlock, Jack F.: Files
Folder Title: Dissidents (16)
Box: 23
To see more digitized collections visit:
https://reaganlibrary.gov/archives/digital-library
To see all Ronald Reagan Presidential Library inventories visit:
https://reaganlibrary.gov/document-collection
Contact a reference archivist at: [email protected]
Citation Guidelines: https://reaganlibrary.gov/citing
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WITHDRAWAL SHEET
Ronald Reagan Library
Collection Name MATLOCK, JACK: FILES
Withdrawer
JET
4/28/2005
File Folder
DISSIDENTS (16/23)
FOIA
F06-114/6
Box Number
23
YARHI-MILO
2316
ID Doc Type
Document Description
No of Doc Date Restrictions
Pages
9452 MEMO
LENCZOWSKI TO CLARK RE INVITATION
3 7/15/1983 B1
TO SOLZHENITSYN
R
3/19/2013
F2006-114/6
9453 MEMO
LENCZOWSKI TO CLARK RE INVITATION
3 7/15/1983 B1
TO SOLZHENITSYN
R
3/19/2013
F2006-114/6
9454 MEMO
SOLZHENITSYN OPPOSING ARGUMENTS
2
ND
B1
AND RESPONSES
R
3/19/2013
F2006-114/6
9455 CABLE
050844Z OCT 83
2 10/5/1983 B1
R
12/13/2007
F06-114/6
Freedom of Information Act - [5 U.S.C. 552(b)]
B-1 National security classified information [(b)(1) of the FOIA]
B-2 Release would disclose internal personnel rules and practices of an agency [(b)(2) of the FOIA]
B-3 Release would violate a Federal statute [(b)(3) of the FOIA]
B-4 Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential or financial information [(b)(4) of the FOIA]
B-6 Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy [(b)(6) of the FOIA]
B-7 Release would disclose Information compiled for law enforcement purposes [(b)(7) of the FOIA]
B-8 Release would disclose Information concerning the regulation of financial institutions [(b)(8) of the FOIA]
B-9 Release would disclose geological or geophysical information concerning wells [(b)(9) of the FOIA]
C. Closed in accordance with restrictions contained in donor's deed of gift.
THE to LINETED
National Andrei Sakharov Day
By the President of the United States of America
A Proclamation
Dr. Andrei Sakharov has earned the admiration and gratitude of the people of
the United States and other countries throughout the world for his tireless and
courageous efforts on behalf of international peace and on behalf of basic
human freedoms for the peoples of the Soviet Union. In recognition of this
work, Dr. Sakharov was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace. Soviet authorities
prevented Dr. Sakharov from receiving this award in person by prohibiting
him from leaving the Soviet Union.
In the face of continuous harassment and mistreatment by the Soviet authori-
ties, Dr. Sakharov has continued his work for peace and individual human
rights. Despite his exile to the remote city of Gorkiy on January 22, 1980, and
despite continued efforts by the Soviet authorities to deny Dr. Sakharov the
means of continuing his work and of maintaining contact with the outside
world, the example of Andrei Sakharov's courage continues to shine brightly.
The Congress, by Senate Joint Resolution 51, has designated May 21, 1983 as
"National Andrei Sakharov Day" and has authorized and requested the
President to issue a proclamation in observance of that day. On this occasion,
Americans everywhere are given the opportunity to reaffirm that, despite
attempts at repression, the ideals of peace and freedom will endure and
ultimately triumph.
NOW, THEREFORE, I, RONALD REAGAN, President of the United States of
America, do hereby proclaim May 21, 1983 as National Andrei Sakharov Day.
I call upon the American people to observe that day with appropriate ceremo-
nies and activities.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this eighteenth day of
May, in the year of our Lord nineteen hundred and eighty-three, and of the
Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and seventh.
Ronald Reagon
Ace
SAKHAPAN
MEMORANDUM
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
June 8, 1983
TO:
PAULA DOBRIANSKY
Paula perconvers rur
FROM:
CHARLIE PONTICELLI cmp
SUBJECT:
Presidential Letters for Senators Dole and Moynihan
and Congressmen Kemp, Solarz, and Courter regarding
Sakharov Proclamation
Paula-- Ken Duberstein has requested that Presidential letters
be sent, along with ceremonial pens, to the primary sponsors
of the Sakharov proclamation. B. Oglesby has also requested
and additional letter for Congressman Jim Courter.
In putting together the attached draft, I basically "lifted"
from the language in the proclamation.
Could you please approve this draft and/or let me know of any
revisions you deem appropriate??
Many thanks--
3
CLEARED BY PHONE-
6/9/83
DRAFT
DATE??
Dear
:
On May 18, it was my honor to sign Senate Joint Resolution 51,
which designated May 21, 1983, as National Andrei Sakharov Day.
I am pleased to present you with this ceremonial pen in
recognition of your (leadership) efforts in securing passage
of this resolution.
This measure pays appropriate tribute to a man who has earned the
admiration and gratitude of the people of the United States and
other countries throughout the world for his tireless and
courageous efforts on behalf of international peace and on behalf
of basic human freedoms for the peoples of the Soviet Union. In
the face of continuous harassment and mistreatment by the Soviet
authorities, Dr. Andrei Sakharov has continued his work for peace
and individual human rights. Despite his exile to the remote
city of Gorkiy on January 22, 1980, and despite continued efforts
by the Soviet authorities to deny Dr. Sakharov the means of continuing
his work and of maintaining contact with the outside world, the example
of Andrei Sakharov's courage continues to shine brightly.
Again, it is my privilege to recognize your efforts for giving
Americans everywhere the opportunity to reaffirm that, despite
attempts at repression, the ideals of peace and freedom will
endure and ultimately triumph.
Sincerely,
Ronald Reagan
Courter's letter will say "efforts "only -
Dole, Maynihan, Kemp t Solary = "leadership efforts"
MEMORANDUM
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
May 27, 1983
MEMORANDUM FOR CHARLIE PONTICELLI
FROM:
LYNN SKOLNICK
SUBJECT:
PRESIDENTIAL LETTERS ON THE "NATIONAL
ANDREI SAKHAROV DAY" PROCLAMATION
On May 18, 1983 we held a signing ceremony for
the Sakharov proclamation signing. Enclosed are
the four signing pens that the President used --
they should be sent with letters to the primary
sponsors of the legislation, Senators Dole and
Moynihan and Congressmen Kemp and Solarz.
Congressman Courter has requested a letter and
a ceremonial pen. Please check with Pam and B
to see if they want letters and ceremonial
pens to be sent to any of the other members
that attended. (List attached)
Thanks.
Paula Linas Dobriansky Kojelis X "Public (Nsc) aison) 6574
4
MEMORANDUM
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
May 23, 1983
TO:
DAVE FISCHER
FROM:
PAM TURNER
X
SUBJECT:
Attendance at Meeting with the President
The following Senators attended the signing ceremony for the
Resolution honoring Andrei Sakharov on Wednesday, May 18, 1983,
in the Rose Garden.
ACCEPT
Robert Dole
Patrick Moynihan
Edward Kennedy
Claiborne Pell (arrived at end of ceremony)
REGRET
Strom Thurmond
Malcolm Wallop
Charles Percy
cc: Annie 5
Hughes
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
May 18, -1983
MEMORANDUM FOR DAVE FISCHER
to
FROM:
M. B. OGLESBY, JR.
SUBJECT:
Presidential Ceremony Attendance
The following Members of the House of Representatives were
in attendance at the 10:45 Rose Garden Ceremony this morning
in honor of Dr. Andrei Sakharov:
Congressman Jack Kemp (R-New York)
Congressman James Courter (R-New Jersey)
Congressman Gus Yatron (D-Pennsylvania)
Congressman Tom Lantos (D-California)
Regretted:
Congressman Dante Fascell
Congressman Don Ritter
Congressman Chris Smith
Congressman Clement Zablocki
Congressman William Broomfield
Congressman Robert Garcia
THE WHITE HOUSE
Office of the Press Secretary
For Immediate Release
May 18, 1983
NATIONAL ANDREI SAKHAROV DAY
BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
A PROCLAMATION
Dr. Andrei Sakharov has earned the admiration and
gratitude of the people of the United States and other
countries throughout the world for his tireless and courageous
efforts on behalf of international peace and on behalf of
basic human freedoms for the peoples of the Soviet Union. In
recognition of this work, Dr. Sakharov was awarded the Nobel
Prize for Peace. Soviet authorities prevented Dr. Sakharov
from receiving this award in person by prohibiting him from
leaving the Soviet Union.
In the face of continuous harassment and mistreatment by
the Soviet authorities, Dr. Sakharov has continued his work
for peace and individual human rights. Despite his exile to
the remote city of Gorkiy on January 22, 1980, and despite
continued efforts by the Soviet authorities to deny
Dr. Sakharov the means of continuing his work and of
maintaining contact with the outside world, the example of
Andrei Sakharov's courage continues to shine brightly.
The Congress, by Senate Joint Resolution 51, has
designated May 21, 1983 as "National Andrei Sakharov Day" and
has authorized and requested the President to issue a
proclamation in observance of that day. On this occasion,
Americans everywhere are given the opportunity to reaffirm
that, despite attempts at repression, the ideals of peace and
freedom will endure and ultimately triumph.
NOW, THEREFORE, I, RONALD REAGAN, President of the
United States of America, do hereby proclaim May 21, 1983 as
National Andrei Sakharov Day. I call upon the American people
to observe that day with appropriate ceremonies and
activities.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this
eighteenth day of May, in the year of our Lord nineteen
hundred and eighty-three, and of the Independence of the
United States of America the two hundred and seventh.
RONALD REAGAN
DissiDENTS
6/8/83
WILED SOVIET DISSIDENT TREATED FOR BRAIN INJURIES
MOSCOW, JUNE 8, REUTER - IMPRISONED SOVIET HUMAN RIGHTS
ACTIVIST YURI ORLOV HAS BEEN UNDERGOING MEDICAL TREATMENT FOR
SKULL AND BRAIN INJURIES. ACCORDING TO A LETTER FROM THE
AUTHORITIES TO HIS WIFE,
IRINA ORLOV TOLD WESTERN REPORTERS TODAY THAT THE
PROSECUTOR"S OFFICE IN THE URALS TOWN OF CHUSUVOY, WHERE HER
HUSBAND IS HELD IN A LABOR CAMP, HAD GIVEN NO DETAILS IN THE
LETTER OF HOW HE SUSTAINED THE INJURIES.
THE LETTER, WHICH TURNED DOWN HER APPEALS FOR HER HUSBAND"S
EARLY RELEASE FROM IMPRISONMENT, SAID ONLY THAT HE HAD BEEN
UNDER A DOCTOR"S CARE AND HAD RECOVERED.
ORLOV, A 58-YEAR-OLD PHYSICIST, WAS A FOUNDER OF THE MOSCOW
HELSINKI HUMAN RIGHTS MONITORING GROUP IN THE MID-19708.
HE WAS TRIED ON CHARGES OF ANTI-SOVIET AGITATION IN 1978
AND SENTENCED TO SEVEN YEARS IN A LABOR CAMP FOLLOWED BY FIVE
YEARS OF INTERNAL EXILE.
IRINA ORLOV CHARGED LAST JANUARY THAT HER HUSBAND HAD BEEN
SEVERELY BEATEN IN THE PRESENCE OF CAMP ADMINISTRATORS IN THE
AUTUMN AND HAD BEEN REFUSED MEDICAL TREATMENT.
MORE 0926 RD
R108R I5872)LZQTC2CRYR
AM-ORLOV 2 MOSCOW
SHE HAS CLAIMED ON OTHER OCCASIONS THAT HE HAD BEEN
PHYSICALLY MALTREATED AT THE CAMP.
THE PROSECUTOR"S LETTER, WHICH ARRIVED IN MOSCOW YESTERDAY,
WAS THE FIRST OFFICIAL EVIDENCE TO BACK UP HER ALLEGATIONS.
IRINA ORLOV SAID THE PROSECUTOR'S LETTER RULED OUT CLEMENCY
FOR HER HUSBAND. SHE SAID IT APPEARED TO BE A RESPONSE TO AN
APPEAL FOR HIS FREEDOM WHICH SHE ADDRESSED TO SOVIET LEADER
YURI ANDROPOV IN MAY.
IN A STATEMENT, SHE APPEALED TO THE CHIEF U.S. DELEGATE AT
THE MADRID EUROPEAN SECURITY CONFERENCE, MAX KAMPELMAN, TO HELP
HER HUSBAND.
""I CONSIDER THAT ONLY EXTRAORDINARY ATTEMPTS FROM THE WEST
CAN HELP WIN MY HUSBAND"S RELEASE AND PREVENT HIM FROM DYING IN
A SOVIET CONCENTRATION CAMP, ## SHE SAID.
REUTER 0928 RB
Dissidents
4711
MEMORANDUM
NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL
July 13, 1983
ACTION
MEMORANDUM FOR WILLIAM P. CLARK
FROM:
JACK F. MATLOCK
gm
SUBJECT:
Appointment Request for Solzhenitsyn
Walter Annenberg has written the President to call his atten-
tion to an article in the Wall Street Journal on Alexander
Solzhenitsyn. He suggests that there may come a time when it
would be advantageous to invite Solzhenitsyn to lunch at the
White House. The article is an interesting one and worth
reading. As for inviting Solzhenitsyn, I feel that this is an
option we should keep open for the future, but that now is not
an appropriate time for the following reasons:
Solzhenitsyn represents only one strain of anti-Soviet
emigre thinking, which is at considerable variance with
that of Sakharov, for example. A meeting at the White
House would not be universally welcomed by anti-Soviet
emigres and even could be seen as a gratuitous slap at
Sakharov following his courageous and very helpful
article in Foreign Affairs.
Solzhenitsyn refused an invitation last year to attend on
May 11 both a lunch and a subsequent private meeting with
the President at the White House. While he would
probably accept an invitation to meet with the President
alone, the fact remains that he has passed up a previous
opportunity for a meeting.
A meeting at this time would be interpreted by some
segments of U.S. and allied public opinion as running
counter to our desire for negotiations with the Soviet
Union.
At Tab I is a memorandum from you to Fred Ryan recommending
against inviting Solzhenitsyn to lunch at the White House at
this time but pointing out that this is an option that we
should keep open for the future.
Twe
Paula Dobriansky, Peter Sommer, and Ty Cobb concur. John
Lenczowski believes that a lunch with Solzhenitsyn should be
arranged now and will be forwarding his comments to you
separately.
RECOMMENDATION
OK
NO
That you send the memo at Tab I to Fred
Ryan.
Attachment:
Tab I
Memo to Fred Rvan
4711
MEMORANDUM
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
MEMORANDUM FOR FREDERICK J. RYAN, JR.
FROM:
WILLIAM P. CLARK
SUBJECT:
Lunch with Alexander Solzhenitsyn
With regard to Walter Annenberg's suggestion that Alexander
Solzhenitsyn be invited to lunch at the White House, I feel
that this is an option we should keep open for the future, but
that now is not an appropriate time for the following reasons:
--
Solzhenitsyn represents only one strain of anti-Soviet
emigre thinking, which is at considerable variance with
that of Sakharov, for example. A meeting at the White
House would not be universally welcomed by anti-Soviet
emigres and even could be seen as a gratuitous slap at
Sakharov, following his courageous and very helpful
article in Foreign Affairs.
--
Solzhenitsyn refused an invitation last year to attend on
May 11 both a lunch and a subsequent private meeting with
the President at the White House. While he would
probably accept an invitation to meet with the President
alone, the fact remains that he has passed up a previous
opportunity for a meeting.
:
A meeting at this time would be interpreted by some
segments of U.S. and allied public opinion as running
counter to our desire for negotiations with the Soviet
Union.
Dissedents 12
4711 add-on
MEMORANDUM
NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL
CONFIDENTIAL
July 15, 1983
ACTION
MEMORANDUM FOR WILLIAM P. CLARK
THROUGH:
CHARLES P. TYSON
FROM:
JOHN LENCZOWSKI JL
SUBJECT:
Invitation to Solzhenitsyn
I fully agree with Walter Annenberg that the President should
invite Solzhenitsyn to lunch. And I believe that now is a
particularly good time, since he has just received the Templeton
Foundation Prize for Progress in Religion which cited him as a
"pioneer in the renaissance of religion in atheist nations," and
"a living symbol of the continuing vitality of the Orthodox
tradition of spirituality." A Presidential meeting with him at
this time could have a powerful symbolic political effect that
would serve the security interests of our country and the entire
Free World.
There are several reasons for this:
--
Solzhenitsyn is a unique symbol of the superior power of
faith over totalitarian oppression.
:
He is the most prominent political figure in the world
today unabashedly articulating the political consequences
of our failure to recognize the existence of absolute good
and absolute evil and the relationship of these concepts to
the contemporary world situation. He therefore serves an
indispensable role in explaining the fundamental moral
essence of the East-West conflict. His Templeton address
and subsequent press conference remarks are only the most
recent of his powerful expositions on the importance of
religion and moral consciousness in avoiding the
totalitarian temptation and the spiritual and therefore
geo-political capitulation to communism.
--
His message included one key point that should be broadcast
repeatedly across the land: that a false confidence from
relying on our nuclear umbrella has "relaxed the West,
sapping its strenth, its moral qualities, its courage.
Freedom does not depend on any 'umbrella', it depends on
stout hearts and steadfast men." The President should be
the premier promoter of this idea, and should use Solzhenitsyn
as part of his campaign.
DECLASSIFIED
CONF IDENTIAL
Declassify on: OADR
NLRR
BY RW
NARADATE
3/19/13
CONFIDENTIAL
2
Such a meeting would be a major symbolic reaffirmation of
the President's renunciation of the policy of appeasement
which inspired Kissinger to recommend against a meeting
between Solzhenitsyn and President Ford.
Such a meeting would signal our willingness to conduct a
policy of true reciprocity. Do Soviet Party leaders ever
hesitate to meet with any opponent of American democracy
(e.g., Angela Davis, et al.) to avoid offending the U.S.
Government?
Such a meeting would do valuable service to our public
diplomacy effort. One photograph with Solzhenitsyn will
tell a thousand words to millions of people.
Solzhenitsyn is a hero to the American labor movement. In
appreciation for all he has done in the interests of the
working man, the AFL-CIO gave him a national platform for
two of his most powerful addresses.
I do not believe the arguments presented to you in opposition to
inviting Solzhenitsyn now outweigh the arguments in favor.
--
Argument: Solzhenitsyn represents one strain of "emigre"
thinking which is at variance with that of Sakharov. Receiving
Solzhenitsyn would not be universally welcomed and would be seen
as a slap at Sakharov especially now after his recent Foreign
Affairs article.
Response: Sakharov's article reveals that he is much
closer to Solzhenitsyn than many people think. The
President has already given recognition to one courageous
man, with one strain of thought. It would therefore be
neither unbalanced nor insulting to give recognition to
another courageous man with another strain of thought.
Argument: Solzhenitsyn refused a previous invitation to a
White House lunch last year.
Response: It is my understanding that the way the
invitation was handled almost guaranteed that Solzhenitsyn
would decline it. He originally learned of the invitation
and the controversy surrounding it in the newspapers. In
any event this argument appears to be designed not to
oppose an invitation now but rather to oppose any further
invitation ever.
--
Argument: An invitation now would be seen by Western
publics as running counter to our desire for negotiations with
the Soviets.
CONFIDENTIAL
CONFIDENTIAL
3
Response: This argument dictates that our public diplomacy
efforts in dealing with the Soviet threat be guided not by
the necessity of telling the truth about the nature of that
threat but by appeasing and abetting the pacifist, isolationist
and neutralist sentiments and wishful thinking of elements
of the Western public. This is the perfect prescription
for self-censorship "in the interests of negotiations.
Argument: (Presented at our staff discussion.) An invitation
now would harm our efforts to free Shcharansky.
Response: If one accepts this logic, then all the Soviets
have to do to preclude us from any freedom of action
whatsoever is keep another prominent, courageous soul in
the Gulag whose release many Americans would like to
secure. We must never let our freedom of action be held
hostage by either Soviet terrorism or the prospect of
Soviet concessions in any negotiations. In any event, the
theory underlying this argument has been proven false from
another perspective: President Nixon's mining of Haiphong
harbor a few weeks before the Moscow summit of 1972 did not
prevent that summit (and all its results) from taking
place.
CONCLUSION: I suspect that to say that Solzhenitsyn should not
be invited now on account of the arguments presented is another
way of opposing any invitation ever. Now is as good a time as
any. Solzhneitsyn was received by Prime Minister Thatcher with
great accolades. His picture and his message have been all over
the European press, and the alleged ill effects on pacifist
opinion do not appear to have taken place. To the contrary,
Europe has been given a moral boost. As Phil Nicolaides
recommended in an earlier memo to you, now is the time for the
President to applaud the man's courage, wisdom and genius.
RECOMMENDATION
That you authorize Admiral Poindexter to forward the Schedule
Proposal at Tab I to Fred Ryan requesting a Presidential
luncheon with Solzhenitsyn.
Approve
Disapprove
Attachments:
Tab I
Proposed Schedule Proposal
Tab II
Jack Matlock's memorandum, July 13
CONFIDENTIAL
4711
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
CONFIDENTIAL
SCHEDULE PROPOSAL
TO:
FREDERICK J. RYAN, JR., DIRECTOR
PRESIDENTIAL APPOINTMENTS AND SCHEDULING
FROM:
JOHN M. POINDEXTER
REQUEST:
To invite Alexandr Solzhenitsyn for a
private lunch with the President.
PURPOSE:
That the President may hear Solzhenitsyn's
message first hand and applaud the man's
courage and wisdom.
BACKGROUND:
A previous attempt to honor Solzhenitsyn at
the White House was rejected by the Ford
Administration. The handling of an earlier
attempt in this Administration to invite him
faced some problems and controversy, the
result of which was that Solzhenitsyn
declined. He has just received the
Templeton Award and was received by Prime
Minister Thatcher in Britain.
PREVIOUS
PARTICIPATION:
None.
DATE AND TIME:
To be determined.
LOCATION:
Oval Office and White House
PARTICIPANTS:
The President
Mrs. Reagan (?)
Mr. Alexandr Solzhenitsyn
OUTLINE OF EVENTS:
President to receive Solzhenitsyn in Oval
Office, photo opportunity, proceed to lunch.
REMARKS REQUIRED:
Talking points to be provided.
MEDIA COVERAGE:
Press pool photo
RECOMMENDED BY:
John Lenczowski, NSC
OPPOSED BY:
Jack Matlock, NSC
PROJECT OFFICER:
Charles P. Tyson
C&S
7/12/02
CONF IDENTIAL
Declassify on: OADR
4711
MEMORANDUM
NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL
July 13, 1983
ACTION
MEMORANDUM FOR WILLIAM P. CLARK
FROM:
JACK F. MATLOCK
gm
SUBJECT:
Appointment Request for Solzhenitsyn
Walter Annenberg has written the President to call his atten-
tion to an article in the Wall Street Journal on Alexander
Solzhenitsyn. He suggests that there may come a time when it
would be advantageous to invite Solzhenitsyn to lunch at the
White House. The article is an interesting one and worth
reading. As for inviting Solzhenitsyn, I feel that this is an
option we should keep open for the future, but that now is not
an appropriate time for the following reasons:
--
Solzhenitsyn represents only one strain of anti-Soviet
emigre thinking, which is at considerable variance with
that of Sakharov, for example. A meeting at the White
House would not be universally welcomed by anti-Soviet
emigres and even could be seen as a gratuitous slap at
Sakharov following his courageous and very helpful
article in Foreign Affairs.
--
Solzhenitsyn refused an invitation last year to attend on
May 11 both a lunch and a subsequent private meeting with
the President at the White House. While he would
probably accept an invitation to meet with the President
alone, the fact remains that he has passed up a previous
opportunity for a meeting.
A meeting at this time would be interpreted by some
segments of U.S. and allied public opinion as running
counter to our desire for negotiations with the Soviet
Union.
At Tab I is a memorandum from you to Fred Ryan recommending
against inviting Solzhenitsyn to lunch at the White House at
this time but pointing out that this is an option that we
should keep open for the future.
TwL
Paula Dobriansky, Peter Sommer, and Ty Cobb concur. John
Lenczowski believes that a lunch with Solzhenitsyn should be
arranged now and will be forwarding his comments to you
separately.
RECOMMENDATION
OK
NO
That you send the memo at Tab I to Fred
-
Ryan.
Attachment:
T
4711
MEMORANDUM
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
MEMORANDUM FOR FREDERICK J. RYAN, JR.
FROM:
WILLIAM P. CLARK
SUBJECT:
Lunch with Alexander Solzhenitsyn
With regard to Walter Annenberg's suggestion that Alexander
Solzhenitsyn be invited to lunch at the White House, I feel
that this is an option we should keep open for the future, but
that now is not an appropriate time for the following reasons:
--
Solzhenitsyn represents only one strain of anti-Soviet
emigre thinking, which is at considerable variance with
that of Sakharov, for example. A meeting at the White
House would not be universally welcomed by anti-Soviet
emigres and even could be seen as a gratuitous slap at
Sakharov, following his courageous and very helpful
article in Foreign Affairs.
--
Solzhenitsyn refused an invitation last year to attend on
May 11 both a lunch and a subsequent private meeting with
the President at the White House. While he would
probably accept an invitation to meet with the President
alone, the fact remains that he has passed up a previous
opportunity for a meeting.
--
A meeting at this time would be interpreted by some
segments of U.S. and allied public opinion as running
counter to our desire for negotiations with the Soviet
Union.
Dissidents
4711 add-on
18
MEMORANDUM
NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL
CONFIDENTIAL
July 26, 1983
ACTION
MEMORANDUM FOR WILLIAM P. CLARK
FROM:
JOHN LENCZOWSKI
SUBJECT:
Invitation to Solzhenitsyn
I fully agree with Walter Annenberg that the President should
invite Solzhenitsyn to lunch. And I believe that now is a
particularly good time, since he has just received the Templeton
Foundation Prize for Progress in Religion which cited him as a
"pioneer in the renaissance of religion in atheist nations.' A
Presidential meeting with him at this time could have a powerful
symbolic political effect that would serve the security interests
of our country and the entire Free World.
There are several reasons for this:
-- Solzhenitsyn is a unique symbol of the superior power of
faith over totalitarian oppression.
-- He is the most prominent political figure in the world
today unabashedly articulating the political consequences of our
failure to recognize the existence of absolute good and evil and
the relationship of these concepts to the current world situation.
He therefore serves an indispensable role in explaining the
fundamental moral essence of the East-West conflict. His
remarks in Britain are only the most recent of his powerful
expositions on the importance of religion and moral consciousness
in avoiding the totalitarian temptation and the spiritual and
ultimately geo-political capitulation to communism.
-- His message included one key point that should be broadcast
repeatedly across the land: that a false confidence from
relying on our nuclear umbrella has "relaxed the West, sapping
its strength, its moral qualities, its courage. Freedom does
not depend on any 'umbrella', it depends on stout hearts and
steadfast men. The President should be the premier promoter of
this idea, and should use Solzhenitsyn as part of his campaign.
-- Such a meeting would be a major symbolic reaffirmation of
the President's renunciation of the policy of appeasement which
inspired Kissinger to recommend against a meeting between
Solzhenitsyn and President Ford. It would also help blunt
criticism by many of the President's strongest supporters of the
appointment of Kissinger to the Central America Commission.
DECLASSIFIED
CONFIDENTIAL
Declassify on: OADR
NLRR 506-114/6#9453
BY RW
E3/19/13
CONFIDENTIAL
2
--
Such a meeting would signal our willingness to conduct a
policy of true reciprocity. Do Soviet Party leaders ever
hesitate to meet with any opponent of American democracy (e.g.,
Angela Davis, et al.) to avoid offending the U.S. Government?
-- Such a meeting would do valuable service to our public
diplomacy effort. One photograph with Solzhenitsyn will tell a
thousand words to millions of people.
-- Solzhenitsyn is a hero to the American labor movement. In
appreciation for all he has done in the interests of the working
man, the AFL-CIO gave him a national platform for two of his
most powerful addresses.
-- The President himself recently quoted Solzhenitsyn's
Templeton address in his Captive Nations speech.
-- Such a meeting would be a clear demonstration to the
Soviets that while we are prepared to expand a dialogue with
them, renew expired treaties and pursue new agreements, we are
not going to engage in the kind of self-censorship and public
silence about our principles and national purpose that
characterized the "detente" period of the 1970s. Ambassador Max
Kampelman used this same logic to explain his principled closing
speech at CSCE after we compromised our position on the final
document.
-- Finally, I do not believe the arguments presented to you in
opposition to inviting Solzhenitsyn now outweigh the arguments
in favor. These arguments and my responses appear in Tab I,
which I encourage you to read.
CONCLUSION: I suspect that to say that Solzhenitsyn should not
be invited now on account of the arguments presented is another
way of opposing any invitation ever. Now is as good a time as
any. Solzhenitsyn was received by Prime Minister Thatcher with
great accolades. His picture and his message have been all over
the European press, and the alleged ill effects on pacifist
opinion do not appear to have taken place. To the contrary,
Europe has been given a moral boost. As Phil Nicolaides recom-
mended in an earlier memo to you, now is the time for the
President to applaud the man's courage, wisdom and genius.
My preliminary explorations at State reveal that Counselor Ed
Derwinski, Assistant Secretary Elliott Abrams and Ambassador Max
Kampelman support such an invitation.
RECOMMENDATION
That you authorize me to prepare a schedule proposal and seek
the official State Department position on this issue.
Approve
Disapprove
CONFIDENTIAL
CONFIDENTIAL
3
Attachments:
Tab I
Opposing Arguments and Responses
Tab II
Jack Matlock's memorandum, July 13
CONFIDENTIAL
CONFIDENTIAL
OPPOSING ARGUMENTS AND RESPONSES
--
Argument: Solzhenitsyn represents one strain of "emigre"
thinking which is at variance with that of Sakharov. Receiving
Solzhenitsyn would not be universally welcomed and would be seen
as a slap at Sakharov especially now after his recent Foreign
Affairs article.
Response: Sakharov's article reveals that he is much
closer to Solzhenitsyn than many people think. The President
has already given recognition to one courageous man, with
one strain of thought. It would therefore be neither
unbalanced nor insulting to give recognition to another
courageous man with another strain of thought.
-- Argument: Solzhenitsyn refused a previous invitation to a
White House lunch last year.
Response: It is my understanding that the way the invitation
was handled almost guaranteed that Solzhenitsyn would
decline it. He originally learned of the invitation and
the controversy surrounding it in the newspapers. In any
event this argument appears to be designed not to oppose an
invitation now but rather to oppose any further invitation
ever.
-- Argument: An invitation now would be seen by Western
publics as running counter to our desire for negotiations with
the Soviets.
Response: This argument dictates that our public diplomacy
efforts in dealing with the Soviet threat be guided not by
the necessity of telling the truth about the nature of that
threat but by appeasing and abetting the pacifist, isolationist
and neutralist sentiments and wishful thinking of elements
of the Western public. This is the perfect prescription
for self-censorship "in the interests of negotiations."
-- Argument: (Presented at our staff discussion.) An invitation
now would harm our efforts to free Shcharansky.
Response: If one accepts this logic, then all the Soviets
have to do to preclude us from any freedom of action
whatsoever is keep another prominent, courageous soul in
the Gulag whose release many Americans would like to
secure. We must never let our freedom of action be held
hostage by either Soviet terrorism or the prospect of
Soviet concessions in any negotiations. In any event, the
theory underlying this argument has been proven false from
another perspective: President Nixon's mining of Haiphong
harbor a few weeks before the Moscow summit of 1972 did not
prevent that summit (and all its results) from taking
place.
DECLASSIFIED
CONFIDENTIAL
Declassify on: OADR
NLRR #9454
BY RW NARA DATE 3/19/13
22
CONFIDENTIAL
2
--
Argument (This is the European Bureau's position) :
Solzhenitsyn is not a supporter of democracy and does not
represent the Russian democratic opposition. The President
instead should meet with Russian democrats.
Response: This argument is simply inaccurate. Solzhenitsyn
considers his principal message to be a moral one and sees
the question of governmental structures to be of "secondary
significance.' While he has never stated a preference for
any specific form of government, he is a staunch opponent
of illegality, arbitrariness and tyranny. His recommendations
of positive attributes for a good society, nevertheless,
include such prerequisites of democracy as the uncondition-
ality of natural rights. His criticisms of Western democracy
are not aimed at the principle of democratic government but
at some of the difficulties of its application.
CONFIDENTIAL
23
4711
JL
MEMORANDUM
NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL
July 13, 1983
ACTION
MEMORANDUM FOR WILLIAM P. CLARK
FROM:
JACK F. MATLOCK
gm
SUBJECT:
Appointment Request for Solzhenitsyn
Walter Annenberg has written the President to call his atten-
tion to an article in the Wall Street Journal on Alexander
Solzhenitsyn. He suggests that there may come a time when it
would be advantageous to invite Solzhenitsyn to lunch at the
White House. The article is an interesting one and worth
reading. As for inviting Solzhenitsyn, I feel that this is an
option we should keep open for the future, but that now is not
an appropriate time for the following reasons:
:
Solzhenitsyn represents only one strain of anti-Soviet
emigre thinking, which is at considerable variance with
that of Sakharov, for example. A meeting at the White
House would not be universally welcomed by anti-Soviet
emigres and even could be seen as a gratuitous slap at
Sakharov following his courageous and very helpful
article in Foreign Affairs.
Solzhenitsyn refused an invitation last year to attend on
May 11 both a lunch and a subsequent private meeting with
the President at the White House. While he would
probably accept an invitation to meet with the President
alone, the fact remains that he has passed up a previous
opportunity for a meeting.
A meeting at this time would be interpreted by some
segments of U.S. and allied public opinion as running
counter to our desire for negotiations with the Soviet
Union.
At Tab I is a memorandum from you to Fred Ryan recommending
against inviting Solzhenitsyn to lunch at the White House at
this time but pointing out that this is an option that we
should keep open for the future.
Paula Dobriansky, Peter Sommer, and Ty Twe Cobb concur. John
Lenczowski believes that a lunch with Solzhenitsyn should be
arranged now and will be forwarding his comments to you
separately.
RECOMMENDATION
OK
NO
That you send the memo at Tab I to Fred
-
Ryan.
Attachment:
MEMORANDEM
4711
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASPINGTON
MEMORANDUM FOR FREDERICK J. RYAN, JR.
FROM:
WILLIAM P. CLARK
SUBJECT:
Lunch with Alexander Solzhenitsyn
With regard to Walter Annenberg's suggestion that Alexander
Solzhenitsyn be invited to lunch at the White House, I feel
that this is an option we should keep open for the future, but
that now is not an appropriate time for the following reasons:
--
Solzhenitsyn represents only one strain of anti-Soviet
emigre thinking, which is at considerable variance with
that of Sakharov, for example. A meeting at the White
House would not be universally welcomed by anti-Soviet
emigres and even could be seen as a gratuitous slap at
Sakharov, following his courageous and very helpful
article in Foreign Affairs.
--
Solzhenitsyn refused an invitation last year to attend on
May 11 both a lunch and a subsequent private meeting with
the President at the White House. While he would
probably accept an invitation to meet with the President
alone, the fact remains that he has passed up a previous
opportunity for a meeting.
--
A meeting at this time would be interpreted by some
segments of U.S. and allied public opinion as running
counter to our desire for negotiations with the Soviet
Union.
I
4711
\
NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL
7.18.83
John L
Redo cover memo
and Tab I. Dres
State oppose a support?
That answer should be
reflected at Tab I.
Bob K
CONF INDENTIAL
Diffidents
NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL
26
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TAGS: SHUM, PINS, UR
SUBJECT: SOVIET LAW AND YOSIF BEGUN
REF: MOSCOW 012546
1. (CONF IDENTIAL ENTIRE TEXT)
E
2. APROPOS OF INNA SPERANSKAYA S "LEGAL" ARGUMENTS
X
IN SUPPORT OF HER COMMON-LAW HUSBAND, IT IS TRUE
D
THAT ACCORDING TO ARTICLE 97, 9 MONTHS IS THE MAXIMUM
PERIOD OF TIME A PERSON CAN BE IMPRISONED PENDING
COMPLETION OF THE INVESTIGATION AND HANDING DOWN OF AN
INDICTMENT. EVEN EXTENDING THIS PERIOD FROM SIX TO
S
NINE MONTHS REQUIRES THE SANCTION OF THE PROCURATOR
GENERAL OF THE USSR.
3. HOWEVER, SOVIET "LAW" DOES NOT PROVIDE EVEN A
THEORETICAL SAFEGUARD AGAINST INDEFINITE IMPRISONMENT
WITHOUT A TRIAL. IN 1965-66, SINYAVSKIY AND DANIEL
WERE HELD IN PRISON CONSIDERABLY LONGER THAN NINE
E
MONTHS WITHOUT AN INDICTMENT OR TRIAL. WHEN HAL
X
BERMAN, A PROFESSOR AT HARVARD LAW SCHOOL WHO WAS IN
MOSCOW AT THE TIME, ASKED SOVIET LEGAL OFFICIALS
HOW THIS COULD BE ALLOWED, THEY REPLIED THAT THE
SUPREME SOVIET, PRESUMABLY ACTING THROUGH ITS
PRESIDIUM, HAD PASSED A SPECIAL "LAW" SUSPENDING THE
S
9-MONTH LIMIT IN THE "SPECIAL CASE" OF THESE TWO
INDIVIDUALS.
4. AT THE TIME HAL WAS REGARDED AS THE FOREMOST EXPERT
ON SOVIET LAW IN THE U.S., AND HE USED TO ARGUE
STRONGLY THAT THE SOVIET LEGAL SYSTEM REALLY DID
PROVIDE SAFEGUARDS AGAINST ARBITRARY BEHAVIOR BY STATE
AUTHORITIES. HOWEVER, EVEN HE HAD TO ADMIT THAT PLACING
THE ULTIMATE DISCRETIONARY AUTHORITY FOR HOLDING A
SUSPECT WITHOUT TRIAL INDEFINITELY IN A BODY THAT HAD
NEVER REGISTERED LESS THAN A COMPLETELY UNANIMOUS
VOTE ON ANY ISSUE IN THE ENTIRE HISTORY OF ITS
EXISTENCE, DID NOT PROVIDE MUCH CONFIDENCE IN THE
INTEGRITY OF THE SYSTEM.
5. IN SUM, WHILE SOVIET LAW CAN OCCASIONALLY BE USED
BY DISSIDENTS TO EMBARRASS THE SOVIETS WHEN THEY
"HONOR IT" IN THE BREECH, IT IS, AS THE RUSSIAN
PROVERB HAS IT, IT IS LIKE THE GUIDE-POLE IN THE RIG
DECLASSIFIED
NLS F06-414/6*9455
CONF IDENTIAL BY
LOT
NARA,
DATE
12/13/07
CONF DENTIAL
27
NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL
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OF A CART- - IT GOES WHERE IT IS GUIDED. SHINN
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CONF IDENTIAL
FICE
DiSSiDEUJS
18
BEGUN TRIAL VIOLATES "COMMON STANDARDS OF JUSTICE" ACCORDING TO
MORRIS ABRAM -- NEW YORK
Morris B. Abram, Chairman of the National Conference on Soviet
Jewry, and a prominent New York attorney, issued the following
statement concerning the trial of veteran Jewish activist Iosif
Begun, which began yesterday in the Soviet city of Vladimir.
This, the third trial of famed Soviet Jewish mathematician
Iosif Begun, violates common standards of justice in at
least the following respects:
Firstly, he is being tried for the same act for which he
served previous time, acts which by civilized norms are not
crimes at all, namely, "parasitism" (first trial), residence
in a city of his choice (second trial), and now, for "anti-
Soviet agitation," which is merely human expression
applauded as free speech in the West. Secondly, he is
brought to trial over 11 months after arrest, during which
he had been held without bail, denied counsel of his own
choice, and kept in categorical violation of the Soviets'
own rule that trials must take place within a maximum of
nine months after arrest.
The real offense which Begun has committed is the attempt to
teach and foster a 5,000-year old language, the literature
of which has furnished the world with moral insight and
great beauty -- Hebrew. His treatment is another horrible
example of Soviet inhumanity to man and disrespect for the
decent opinion of mankind.
By telephone from David Harris
10/13/83
fl
Dissidents
October 13, 1983
29
New Wave of Repression in the Soviet Union
It appears that a new campaign of repression is now underway
in the Soviet Union. We have received information that three
human rights activists have been tried, are now being tried, or
will come to trial in the near future. Those individuals are
Iosif Begun, Father Sigitas Tamkevicius, and Oleg Radzinskiy.
We understand that prisoner of conscience Iosif Begun, who was
arrested in Leningrad on November 6, 1982, and has spent the past
eleven months in custody, came to trial yesterday, October 12,
reportedly on charges of "anti-Soviet agitation and propaganda."
The situation of Mr. Begun, who has been seeking to emigrate
from the USSR since 1971, is well known. A self-taught Hebrew
scholar and a leader in the refusenik community, he has endured
numerous hardships and harassments, including a previous
three-year sentence of internal exile, as a result of his efforts
on behalf of Jewish culture in the Soviet Union. His courage in
defense of religious freedom has earned him respect and admiration
worldwide. Nevertheless, despite repeated expressions of concern
for Mr. Begun by the United States Government, by human rights
groups, and by the public at large, the Soviet authorities see fit
to pursue their criminal case against him.
The United States Government has long taken an active interest
in Mr. Begun, and has raised his case at many levels. Diplomats
at our Embassy in Moscow have requested permission to travel to
Vladimir, the site of the trial, but that permission has been
refused. Because Vladimir is an open city, close to Moscow and
frequently visited by foreigners, we must conclude that this
refusal to grant routine travel permission stems from Soviet
unwillingness to allow Western observers to attend Mr. Begun's
trial.
The United States Government condemns the proceedings now
underway against Iosif Begun. The past half year has seen a
number of Soviet actions, such as new measures against such
prominent refuseniks as Lev Elbert and Yakov Mesh, and an increase
in officially-sanctioned anti-Semitism, which underscore the
Soviet Union's poor performance on human rights questions in
general, and on issues involving Soviet Jewry in particular. The
trial of Mr. Begun -- so soon after the CSCE review in Madrid --
can only further call into question the Soviet Union's commitment
to the human rights it professes to respect. We call upon the
Soviet authorities to acknowledge the legitimate widespread
concern for the plight of Mr. Begun, and to grant him the
permission to emigrate he has so long sought.
We have also received reports that Father Sigitas Tamkevicius,
a Lithuanian Catholic priest who has been active on behalf of
religious freedom in the Soviet Union, has come to trial, or will
do so shortly. Father Tamkevicius, who with Father Alfonsas
Svarinskas was a founder of the Catholic Committee for the Defense
of Believers' Rights, was arrested May 6 of this year in the hall
31
of the courthouse in Vilnius, Lithuania in which the trial of
Father Svarinskas was taking place (Svarinskas was that same day
sentenced to seven years of internal exile and three years in a
labor camp). We do not at present have information on the charges
against Father Tamkevicius, but it seems likely that he will face
the same charges leveled against Mr. Begun and, earlier, Father
Svarinskas: "anti-Soviet agitation and propaganda." The United
States Government condemns this kind of official persecution of
those in the USSR who seek to exercise the basic right of freedom
of worship, and we hope that Father Tamkevicius will not suffer
the same fate as his colleague Father Svarinskas.
Finally, we have received reports that Oleg Radzinskiy will
also come to trial soon. Mr. Radzinskiy, a member of the
unofficial Soviet peace organization "Group to Establish Trust
Between the US and the USSR", was arrested October 28, 1982, and
has been held for almost a year. Mr. Radzinskiy, too, reportedly
faces charges of "anti-Soviet agitation and propaganda." The
inability of the Soviet authorities to tolerate the activities of.
those such as Mr. Radzinskiy who try to work for peace and
disarmament outside the channels of the official, government-
controlled, "captive" peace group must inevitably call into
question much-repeated Soviet statements regarding the USSR's
commitment to peace. There is a stark contrast between agressive
Soviet efforts to encourage peace demonstrations in the West and
their arrests and exile of peace activists in the East.
33
Draft: : EUR/SOV: JJBoris 023
10/12/83 x28720 #7312B
Clear: EUR/SOV: CHanson of
EUR/SOV:RFSmith
EUR/SOV:BLPasccenr application
HA: JBuncher gyper
EUR: MPalmer
DiSSiDENTS
THE WHITE HOUSE
33
Office of the Press Secretary
For Immediate Release
October 18, 1983
STATEMENT BY THE PRESIDENT
Barely a month after attending an international conference in Madrid and
joining 34 nations in a commitment to respect human rights, the Soviet
Union has gone back on its word, launching a new campaign of repression
against human rights activists.
Moscow has just sentenced a well-known Soviet refusenik, Iosif Begun, to
7 years imprisonment and 5 years of internal exile. The punishment of
this courageous Jewish believer is the most severe measure specified in
Article 70 of the Soviet criminal code, dealing with dissemination of
so-called anti-Soviet propaganda.
Soviet persecution of religious and political dissidents is not new. In
the case of Mr. Begun, the Soviet regime has refused for 13 years to honor
his request to emigrate to Israel.
But Soviet policy toward Jewish emigration and dissident movements has
sunk to a new low of brutality and repression. Anti-semitism has escalated
dramatically, as has harassment of other human rights defenders. We have
received reports that Father Sigitas Tamkevicius, a Lithuanian Catholic
priest active on behalf of religious freedom, is facing a similar fate
as Iosif Begun.
Finally, we have received reports that Oleg Radzinskiy has also been tried.
Mr. Radzinskiy, a member of the unofficial Soviet peace organization "Group
to Establish Trust Between the US and USSR" was arrested October 28, 1982,
and has been held for almost a year. The inability of Soviet authorities
to tolerate any activities by those who are not members of their government-
controlled, "captive" peace groups illustrates the hypocrisy of their
statements. There is a night and day contrast between aggressive Soviet
efforts to encourage peace demonstrations in the West and their brutal
arrests and exile of peace activists in the East.
We condemn these illegal and inhumane acts. We hold the Soviet Union
accountable for its violations of numerous international agreements and
accords on human rights to which it is a party. We call upon the Soviets
to reverse their inhumane policies and to prove to the world they will
back up their words with action, and start living up to their agreements.
#
#
#
USSR
Dissidents
DRAFT
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
SCHEDULE PROPOSAL
October 20, 1983
TO:
FREDERICK RYAN, DIRECTOR, PRESIDENTIAL
APPOINTMENTS AND SCHEDULING
FROM:
FAITH WHITTLESEY
REQUEST:
For the President to host a White House
concert of the Soviet Emigre Orchestra in
honor of Andrei Sakharov.
PURPOSE:
To express support for Soviet dissident
Andrei Sakharov, the Soviet human and
national rights movements and to recognize
Americans working on behalf of human rights
in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe.
BACKGROUND:
May 21 is the birthday of Andrei Sakharov,
the Nobel Peace Prize winner and recognized
leader of the human rights movement in the
Soviet Union. In recent years, American
supporters of Dr. Sakharov have organized
public events in honor of him and other
defenders of human rights to draw
public attention to their oft forgotten
struggle.
The Soviet Emigre Orchestra, an 18-piece
all-string ensemble of world renown, is
planning a U.S. and European concert tour as
part of this effort. Their first concert
DRAFT
DRAFT
will be at the Kennedy Center on May 16,
1984. The short concert at the White House
would serve as a highly-publicized kick-off
for this important tour, providing the White
House an opportunity to honor Dr. Sakharov
and the human rights movement in the Soviet
Union and Eastern Europe.
PREVIOUS
Sakharov Day Proclamation Signing Ceremony,
PARTICIPATION:
May 1983 in the Rose Garden.
DATE:
May 5-15, 1984
LOCATION:
The East Room
DURATION:
1 1/2 hours (The President could limit his
participation to 15 minutes).
PARTICIPANTS:
150 leaders of East European-American
communities, prominent Soviet and East
European dissidents residing in the United
States, and presidents of human rights
organizations.
OUTLINE OF EVENT:
The President makes opening remarks. The
orchestra would play several pieces (not
longer than 30 minutes total) Guests would
then
go to the East Room for light refreshments
(coffee and pastries).
REMARKS REQUIRED:
Brief remarks
MEDIA COVERAGE:
Full press
RECOMMENDED BY:
Faith Whittlesey
PROJECT OFFICER:
Linas Kojelis, x2741
DRAFT
INVITATION TO PATICIPATE IN THE CPERATION
"SAS"
which means
SAVE ANDREI SAKHAROV
Dear Friends:
We respectfully invite you to join a group of 40 Nobel Prize winners,
Presidents of major American Universities, members of the United States
Congress, and many other outstanding individuals in their effort to save life
of one of the world's greatest scientists and human rights advocates, Peace
Nobel Laureate Dr. Andrei Sakharov who is slowly dying in the exile in the
remote city of Gorky. Despite the urgent recommendation of physicians for
immediate hospitalization, the Soviet government does not permit Sakharov to
enter the Academy of Sciences hospital in Moscow. The Soviets are also saying
that they will not allow Sakharov to travel to the West on the basis of state
security.
This means only one thing: Andropov and his friends are hoping to end
Sakharov affair by allowing him to die in Gorky.
The Andrei Sakharov Institute is coordinating a campaign "SAS" - Save
Andrei Sakharov with the hope that strong public pressure on the Soviet
authorities will force them to liberate Sakharov and his wife. We plan to
organize a series of scientific seminars, public demonstrations, and gala
performances to attract world's attention to Sakharov case.
Realizing the importance of the European participation in this campaing
we plan to rent a bus in Europe, decorate it with posters and pictures of
Andrei Sakharov and go from town to town collecting petitions and
demonstrating in front of Soviet Embassies. Travelling in the bus will be the
Soviet Emigre Orchestra - an excellent group of musicians composed of Soviet
emigres. The orchestra will play in the best concert halls, churches,
synagogues, and public parks. This will be their musical tribute to Andrei
Sakharov. We hope that this campaign will generate enough publicity to force
the Soviet government into liberation of Anorei Sakharov and his wife.
The estimated budget of this project is around $200,000. Not such a big
sum when we are talking about saving life of a great scientists and great
human being. Still, we have to raise this amount of money. We hope the United
States of America has 200 organizations or incividuals which will contribute
$1,000 each to this project. The contributions made out to the anorei Sakharov
Institute are fully tax-deductible and can be sená to the address:
The Andrei Sakharov Institute
c/o Department of Physics
American University
Washington, D.C. 20016
For further information, please contact Dr. Loward D. Lozansky at
(202)-364-0200
37
SAKHAROV SCHOLARSHIP FUND
Division of the Sakharov International Committee, Inc.
c/o Department of Physics, 102 McKinley Building
President
American University
"Sheldon Lee Glashow
Washington, D.C. 20016
Harvard University
Executive Director
Tel. (202) 364-0200
Edward D. Lozawky
American University
Members of the Board
*Philip W. Anderson
Bell Laboratories
"Christian B. Anfinsen
Weizmann Institute of Science
*Julies Axelred
National Institute of Health
"Baruj Benscerraf
Harvard Medical School
Richard Bereadzen
President. American University
"Past Berg
Signford University
Marvin H. Bernstein
President. Brandeis University
*Hans Bethe
Cornell University
*Konrad Block
Harvard University
Derek C. Bok
THE INTERNATIONAL SAKHAROV DAY
President. Harvard University
*Herbert c. Brown
Purdue University
*Owes Chamberiain
University of California. Los Angeles
*Leon N. Cooper
Brown University
*Carl F. Corl
Proposal presented by the ANDREI SAKHAROV INSTITUTE
The Massachusetts General Hospital
"AMan M. Connack
Tufts University
*Andre Coursed
Organizing Committee:
Columbia University
Sidney Drell
Deputy Director. Stanford
Linear Accelerator Center
Vladimir Bukovsky, Stanford University
Renute Dulbecco
Sheldon Lee Glashow, Harvard University
The Salk Institute
Herman Feshback
Edward Kuznetsov, Munich, Germany
M.I.T.
*Val Flich
Robert Laffont, Paris, France
Princeson University
*Pani F. Flory
Edward D. Lozansky, American University
Stanford University
Marvis L. Goldberger
Nikolaus von Mach, Brussels, Belgium
President. California Institute
of Technology
Vladimir Maximov, Paris, France
*H. K. Harther
Rockefeller University
Louis Michel, French Academy of Sciences
"Gerbard Herzberg
National Research Council of Canada
Efrem Yankelevich, Sakharov Official Representative
"Robert W. Holle)
The Salk Institute
Donald Kennedy
President. Stanford University
*Arthur Kornberg
Stanford University
For further information, please contact:
Leon Ledermen
Director. Fermilab
"Andre Lweff
French Academy of Sciences
Dr. Edward D. Lozansky
Robert E. Marshak
President-Elect. American
Department of Physics
Physical Society
American University
Lowis Michel
French Academy of Sciences
Washington, D.C. 20016
*Robert S. Mulliken
University of Chicago
Tel.' (202)-364-0200
*Marshall Nirenberg
National Invitute of Health
"Hys Prigagine
Brussel University
*James Rainwater
Columbia University
John A. Silber
President. Boston University
"Herbert A. Simoa
Carnegie-Mellon Univers :y
Micksel 1. Sovern
President, Columbia University
Edward Teller
Lawrence Livermore Laboratory
"Howard Temis
University of Wisconsin
John Toll
President. University of Maryland
"Charin Towars
University of California, Berkeley
George Vineyard
Director. Brookhaven Laboratory
*George Wald
Harvard University
"Torstee N. Weet
Harvard Medical School
Efree
Sakharos Official Representative in the West
*Nobel Laureates
Affiliation for Identification purposes only
INTERNATIONAL ANDREI SAKHAROV DAY
The Andrei Sakharov affair has taken a decisive turn during the last
several months. On the one hand, the health of Sakharov and his wife Elena
Bonner is quickly deteriorating, but despite the recommendation of the
physicians, the Soviet government continues to deny to Sakharov his access to
the Academy of Sciences hospital. On the other hand, we are aware that the
Sakharovs have now changed their position on remaining in the Soviet Union and
are definitely want to go to the West. They have accepted invitations from
different governments and scientific organizations to work and live abroad.
But here again, the Soviet government categorically refused to grant Sakharovs
the exit visas on the ridiculous pretext of state security.
In the recently published letter signed by the leading American and
European atomic experts, the scientists categorically reject the idea that
Sakharov posesses valuable secret information after being out of the field for
more that 15 years. It is obvious that the Soviets are using Sakharov case as
an important bargaining chip in their political game with the West. Therefore,
all people who care about fate of this great man and who are devoted to the
ideals of liberty and justice should continue their fight for the liberation
of Andrei Sakharov and his wife. The only weapon which belongs to us in this
fight is a strong public pressure on the Soviet authorities.
The Andrei Sakharov Institute (formerly the Sakharov International
Committee) was instrumental in getting the United States Congress to adopt a
joint Senate-House resolution to declare May 21 as National Andrei Sakharov
Day. When the President of the United States has signed this resolution on May
18, 1983 he appealed to all American people and to people of good will all
over the world to commemorate this day with appropriate ceremonies and
activities. Many individuals and organizations had responded to his appeal.
During the month of May of 1983 conferences, meetings, demonstrations,
concerts in honor of Sakharov took place in Ansterdam, Paris, Marceilles,
Milan, Tokyo, Boston, New York and Washington, D.C.
At this moment the Andrei Sakharov Institute in cooperation with many
American and European organizations is planning different activities for the
May of 1984. We plan to organize several scientific seminars in different
European and American cities to discuss Sakharov's scientific accomplishments
and his contributions to the cause of peace, freedom and human rights. The
world's most prestigious universities will be presenting Sakharov with the
honorary degree.
Each seminar will be followed by a tribute to Andrei Sakharov featuring
several prominent speakers who are well recognized in this particular country
and the Soviet Emigre Orchestra with an oustanding soloist. The Soviet Emigre
Orchestra has an excellent reputation. It played with great success in the
best American and European Concerts Halls. In the summer of 1983 the orchestra
had been invited to participate in the Yegudi Menuhin festival in Austria.
To cut down the cost for the orchestra tour we plan to rent a bus in
Europe which will carry the musicians, the instruments and all publicity
posters and flyers. Not only this will bring down the expenses for the
transportation, but being properly decorated with Sakharov pictures and
appropriate posters, the bus itself will become a generator of publicity.
Also, some concerts will take place in the churches, synagogues, and
other public places. For example, the biggest and the most prestigious church
in Brussels, has already agreed to offer us their space.
PLAN OF ORGANIZATION
Step 1. The selection of the sites for the seninars and concerts and
solicitation of support from difrerent American and European Organization.
October - December 1983.
Step 2. Traveling of the coordinator to each location for the arrangement of
all necessary details on the sites. January - February 1984.
Step 3. Preparation and printing of all necessary materials. The final
selection of speakers. March - April 1984.
Step 4. The news conference with the announcement of the program of the
upcoming events. At this conference the world's renown scientists, writers,
musicians, artists, political leaders, and representatives of different trade
union, religious, human rights and ethnic groups will make a statement for the
International Andrei Sakharov Day. May 16, 1984, New York City.
Step 5. The reception in honor of Andrei Sakharov in the White House with the
President of the United States, congressional leaders and prominent guests.
May 18 1984 (negotiations with the White house staff are taken place now).
Step 6. Scientific seminar and concert in New York City. Carnegie Hall has been
booked for May 21, 1984.
Step 7. May 22, 1984 - beginning of the European tour. At this moment we plan
to have seminars and concerts in at least ten European cities: London,
Brussels, Amsterdam, Stockholm, Oslo, Geneva, Paris, Milan, Madrid, Munich.
Other cities may be added on the request of the local organizations.
PARTICIPANTS
To cut down the cost of the project we will rely mostly on the local
scientific community to organize and conduct the scientific seminars, but we
plan to invite at least two prominent European scientists to each American
seminar and two American scientists to each European seminar. The final
selection of the speakers will be made in February - March 1984. We believe
that the majority of the Advisory Board of the Andrei Sakharov Institute will
be available for the participation in these seminars. There are about 40 Nobel
Laureates and two hundred fifty members of the National Academy of Sciences,
as well as many leading European scientists among them (partial list of the
potential participants is attached).
We believe that if properly organized, the International Sakharov Day
will become a major public political, scientific and cultural event which may
force the Soviet government to reconsider their stand in the Sakharov affair.
BUDGET FOR THE SCIENTIFIC SEMINARS
Rent of the auditoriums, microphones, projectors
in kind
Travel and perdiem for each scientist is counted for two days:
Travel and perdiem for two European scientists to New York
$ 2,800
Travel and perdiem for two European scientists to Washington, D.C.
2,800
Travel and perdiem for ten American scientists to Europe
14,000
Speakers fees
in kind
Printing, xerox, publicity, equipment rent
3,000
Pcstage
800
Telephone
3,000
Travel expenses for coordinator (two trips to all locations) :
Lound trip airline tickets from the US to Paris 2 X $1200
2,400
Travel in Europe (airlines, trains and rental cars to ten cities)
2,000
Peraiem for 40 days (2 trips to ten cities, two days per city)
4,000
subtotal
$34,800
BUDGET FOR THE 12 CONCERTS
Orchestra Fee ($4,000 per concert)
$48,000
Soloists @ $1,000 per concert
12,000
Airline tickets (20 people and 5 cello)
30,000
Bus in Europe for three weeks
4,000
Perdiem for 3 weeks at $70 per person (20 people)
29,400
Rent of the 6 concert halls @ $3,000 per hall (6 in kind)
18,000
Publicity at @ $1,000 per concert
12,000
subtotal
$153,000
SALARIES AND BENEFITS
Coordinator for 5 months ( 2,000 per nonth
$10,000
Secretary for 5 months
6,000
Fringe Benefits at 21%
3,360
subtotal
$19,360
Total
$207,160
Executive Board of the Andrei Sakharov Institute
President
*Sheldon Lee Glashow, Harvard University
Executive Director
Edward D. Lozansky, American University
Vice-President for Finance
Charles W. Sutherland, Government Travel Management Corporation
Secretary
Sanford A. Gradinger, Provident Mutual Life Insurance Company
Directors
Vladimir Bukovsky, Stanford University
Earl Callen, American University
Edward A. Clark, President, Long Island University
Arthur S. Davis, Attorney at Law
Efrem Yankelevich, Sakharov official reprsentative in the West
Advisory Board
*Philip W. Anderson, Bell Laboratories
*Julius Axelrod, National Institute of Health
*Baruj Benacerraf, Harvard University
*Paul Berg, Stanford University
*Hans A. Bethe, Cornell University
*Konrad Bloch, Harvard University
*Nicolaas Bloembergen, Harvard University
*Baruch S. Blumberg, University of Pennsylvania
Derek C. Bok, President, Harvard University
*Herbert C. Brown, Purdue University
*Owen Chamberlain, University of California
*Leon N. Cooper, Brown University
*Carl F. Cori, Massachusetts General hospital
*Allan M. Cormack, Tufts University
*Andre Cournand, Columbia University
Bob Dole, United States Senator
Sidney Drell, Stanford University
*Renato Dulbecco, Salk Institute
Herman Feshbach, M.I.T.
*Val Fitch, Princeton University
*Paul J. Flory, Stanford University
*Donald A. Glaser, University of California
*Gerhard Herzberg, National Research Council of Canada
*Robert W. Holley, Salk Institute
Jack Kemp, Member of the Congress
Donald Kennedy, President, Stanford University
*Arthur Kornberg, Stanford University
Leon Lederman, Director, Fermilab
*Edwin M. McMillan, University of California
Daniel Patrick Moynihan, Member of the Congress
*Robert S. Mulliken, University of Chicago
*James Rainwater, Columbia University
*Paul A. Samuelson, M.I.T.
*Glenn T. Seaborg, University of California
*herbert A. Simon, Carnegie-Mellon University
Michael I. Sovern, President, Columbia University
*Torsten N. Wiesel, Harvard Medical School
*J. D. Watson, Director, Cold Spring harbor Laboratory
*Nobel Laureate
42
Major projects of the Andrei Sakharov Institute (formerly the Sakharov
International Committee) since its establishment in March 1980.
April 29, 1980: Special Scientific Session in honor of Sakharov,
Shoreham-Americana Hotel, Washington, D.C.
June 15, 1980: Tribute to Sakharov, Eastman School of Music, Rochester, NY
November 10, 1980: Tribute to human rights activists in connection with the
opening of the Madrid Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, Teatro
Real de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
February 9, 1981: Tribute to Sakharov, Shcharansky and Brailovsky, Boston
Symphony Hall, Boston, Mass. Participants: Boston Symphony Orchestra, Senators
Edward Kennedy and Paul Tsongas, Rep. Margaret Heckler and Barney Frank, dean
of Harvard School of Arts and Science Henry Rosovsky, Nobel Laureate Sheldon
Lee Glashow.
May 19, 1981: Tribute to Sakharov in connection with his 60th birhday, Kennedy
Center, Washington, D.C. Participants: Soviet-Emigre Orchestra, Lazar Gosman
conducting, Senator Edward Kennedy, Rep. Millicent Fenwick, Prof. Sheldon Lee
Glashow.
May 1981: Creation of the Divided Families Group.
December 1981: Creation of the Sakharov Scholarship Fund to promote Sakharov
scientific and humanistic ideals.
January 30, 1982: Tribute to Pclish trade union Solidarity, American
University, Washington, D.C.
March 21, 1982: Tribute to Afghan Freedom Fighters, Sylvania Theater,
Washington, D.C.
September 21, 1982: Tribute to the victims of Babi Yar, Kennedy Center,
Washington, D.C.
November 9, 1982: Tribute to the Ukrainian Helsinki Group, American
University, Washington, D.C.
December 10, 1982: Human Rights Day, Tampa Theater, Tampa Bay, Florida.
May 18, 1983: President Reagan 'signed the Congressional Resolution proclaiming
May 21, as National Andrei Sakharov Day. The resolution was cosponsored by
Senators Dole and Moynihan, and Representatives Kemp and Solarz.
May, 1983: The Andrei Sakharov Institute has coordinated several lectures,
conferences and concerts in honor of Sakharov in New York Boston, Paris,
London, Amsterdam, Brussels, Marceilles, Milan, Tokyo. The main event took
place on May 20 at the Kennedy Center, Washington, D.C. (speaker Rep. Tom
Lantos).
In addition, members of our Committee have given many lectures on different
subjects related to the Soviet Union. They published books and articles in the
magazines and the newspapers, and appeared many times on national television
programs.
Dissidents
43
FILE
November 28, 1983
Following info received from John Boris/State 632-8720
Information available through:
The List of Political Prisoners in USSR - May 1, 1983
Published by USSR News Brief, Cahiers du Samizdat
48 rue du Lac
1050 Brussels, Belgium
Dr. Andrei Dmitriyevich Sakharov
G. Gorky 137
Shcherbinka, 2
ul. Gagarina 214, kv. 3
USSR
Mr. Anatoly B. Shcharanaskiy
Chistopol (prison)
422950
Tatarskaya ASSR
G. Chistopol
uchr. UE-148/ST-4
10
SAKHAROV
CONFIDENTIAL
NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL
MESSAGE CENTER
PAGE 01
MOSCOW 5072
DTG: 021228Z DEC 83 PSN:060312
E08115
AN005595
TOR: 336/2321Z
CSN:HCE099
RECEIVING MONEY FROM KISSEL MAN AND "FATHERLY ATTENTION"
FROM SEMENOV.
DISTRIBUTION: FORT-01 DOBR-01 ROBN-01 LENC-01 MAT-01
/005 A1
4. YAKOVLEV THEN JUMPS TO THE LATE 1960'S WHEN BONNER AND
SAKHAROV MARRIED. YAKOVLEV SAYS BONNER'S FIRST ACTION AFTER
WHTS ASSIGNED DISTRIBUTION:
THE MARRIAGE WAS TO FORCE SAKHAROV'S THREE CHILDREN BY HIS
SIT:
FIRST WIFE OUT OF THE HOME. SHE SUBSTITUTED HER OWN SON
E OB:
AND DAUGHTER AS "SAKHAROV'S CHILDREN." IT IS PRECISELY
AT THIS JUNCTURE, ARGUES YAKOVLEV, THAT SAKHAROV, AT
BONNER'S INSTIGATION, BECAME WHAT IS "KNOWN IN THE WEST" AS
A DEFENDER OF HUMAN RIGHTS.
ROUTINE
STU4627
DE RUEHMO #5072 3361228
5. PROBLEMS DEVELOPED, HOWEVER, SAYS YAKOVLEV, BECAUSE
R 0212282 DEC 83
BONNER'S CHILDREN DID NOT DO WELL IN SOVIET INSTITUTES OF
FM AMEMBASSY MOSCOW
HIGHER EDUCATION. AS A RESULT, HE CLAIMS, THEY BEGAN TO
PRESS FOR PERMISSION TO EMIGRATE, AND BONNER ENCOURAGED
TO SECSTATE WASHDC 3111
THEM, HOPING TO GAIN ACCESS TO SAKHAROV'S FOREIGN BANK
ACCOUNTS AND THE NOBEL PRIZE MONEY HE HAD RECEIVED FOR
INFO AMCONSUL LENINGRAD 4824
HIS "ANTI-SOVIET WORK." SHE ALLEGEDLY FDRCED SAKHAROV TO
SUPPORT THESE EMIGRATION EFFORTS AND WOULD REGULARLY "BEAT
ONFIDENTIAL
HIM WITH WHATEVER HAPPENED TO BE HANDY." THE EMIGRATION
CAS 6/10/02
EFFORTS SUCCEEDED IN 1977, AND YAKOVLEV SAYS BONNER FOLLOWED
LIMITED OFFICIAL USE MOSCOW 15072
THIS BY RAISING A HUE AND CRY FOR "FAMILY REUNIFICATION"
E.O. 12356: N/A
TO HELP HER SON'S FIANCE EMIGRATE. HE CHARGES THAT "UNDER
TAGS: SHUM, UR
A TORRENT OF BLOWS" SHE FORCED SAKHAROV TO SUPPORT THE
SUBJECT: SOVIET JOURNAL SLANDERS SAKHAROV/BONNER
EFFORT AND EVEN TO DECLARE A HUNGER STRIKE.
REF: MOSCOW 14360
1. SUMMARY: IN A SLANDEROUS ATTACK ON ELENA BONNER AND
6. WITHOUT GOING INTO DETAIL ABOUT SAKHAROV'S OPINIONS ON
ANDREY SAKHAROV, HISTORIAN NIKOLAY YAKOVLEV ALLEGES THAT
DISARMAMENT, YAKOVLEV DECLARES THAT "THAT WHICH SAKHAROV
BONNER IS AN AGENT OF WESTERN INTELLIGENCE AND "INTER-
PREACHES AGAINST HIS OWN HOMELAND" WOULD BE CONSIDERED
NATIONAL ZIONISM." YAKOVLEV CHARGES THAT SHE HAS LED A
CRIMINAL IN ANY WESTERN COUNTRY. HE SAYS THE "ADMINISTRA-
LIFE DEVOTED TO SEDUCING OLDER MEN TO GAIN ACCESS TO THEIR
TIVE MEASURES" TAKEN AGAINST SAKHAROV (I.E., HIS EXILE TO
MONEY. AFTER MARRYING SAKHAROV, YAKOVLEV CLAIMS THAT SHE
DROVE HIS CHILDREN BY HIS FIRST WIFE FROM HIS HOME ANO
GOR'KIY) HAVE THE FULL APPROVAL OF SOVIET PUBLIC OPINION.
INSTIGATED HIS SO-CALLED (IN YAKOVLEV'S VIEW) HUMAN RIGHTS
HE DESCRIBES SAKHAROV'S PERSONAL SITUATION AS MARKED BY
EFFORTS. SHE LITERALLY BEAT HIM, SAYS YAKOVLEV, INTO
REGULAR FLUCTUATIONS IN MOOD: CALM WHEN HIS WIFE IS IN
HELPING HER SUPPORT THE EMIGRATION EFFORTS OF HER CHILDREN,
MOSCOW AND DEPRESSED WHEN SHE IS IN GOR'KIY. YAKOVLEV
AND TODAY SAKHAROV'S ONLY MOMENTS OF REPOSE COME WHEN
CLAIMS THAT WHEN BONNER PERIODICALLY TRAVELS TO MOSCOW, SHE
BONNER TRAVELS TO MOSCOW AND LEAVES HIM ALONE IN GOR'KIY.
VISITS THE AMERICAN EMBASSY AND RECEIVES "ACADEMIC WAGES"
SHE PURPORTEDLY TAKES ADVANTAGE OF THESE TRIPS TO VISIT
ON BEHALF OF SAKHAROV.
THE US EMBASSY TO RECEIVE MONEY ("ACADEMIC WAGES") ON
HARTMAN
SAKHAROV'S BEHALF. END SUMMARY.
BT
2. AS REPORTED REFTEL, THE OCTOBER ISSUE OF MAN AND THE
LAW, A MONTHLY PUBLICATION OF THE SOVIET MINISTRY OF
JUSTICE, CONTAINS A SLANDEROUS ATTACK ON ELENA BONNER AND
ANDREY SAKHAROV BY NIKOLAY YAKOVLEV, DOCTOR OF HISTORICAL
SCIENCES AT THE INSTITUTE OF SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH. THE
COMMENTS ON BONNER/SAKHAROV APPEAR AS PART OF A SERIES OF
ARTICLES RUNNING IN THE JOURNAL SINCE JUNE BASED ON
YAKOVLEV'S BOOK "THE CIA VERSUS THE USSR." UNDER THE
TITLE "E. BONNER AND CHILDREN & CO.," YAKOVLEV TRIES TO LINK
HER WITH THE CIA AND "INTERNATIONAL ZIONISM" IN THEIR
ALLEGED EFFORTS "TO UNDERMINE THE SOVIET SYSTEM." A COPY
OF FULL TEXT WILL BE POUCHED TO EUR/SOV.
3. SAKHAROV, ASSERTS YAKOVLEV, DESERVES PITY AS THE VICTIM
OF CIA INSPIRED INTRIGUES. ALL WAS WELL WITH HIM UNTIL
HE MET ELENA BONNER WHO, EARLY IN HER LIFE, HAD ATTAINED
A HIGH LEVEL OF "PROFESSIONALISM" IN SEDUCING OLDER MEN TO
GET AT THEIR MONEY. YAKOVLEV ALLEGES THAT A LONG SERIES OF
ROMANCES CULMINATED IN 1950 WHEN BONNER BECAME ROMANTICALLY
INVOLVED WITH BOTH YAKOV KISSEL'MAN AND IVAN SEMENOV. BY
1951, YAKOVLEV ASSERTS, SHE HAD REGISTERED MARRIAGES WITH
BOTH MEN, AND HER CHILDREN GREW UP WITH TWO FATHERS--
CONFIDENTIAL