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41052014
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[6/9/1997 - 12/4/1997] [Cloning]
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41052014
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[6/9/1997 - 12/4/1997] [Cloning]
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Presidential Electronic Mail from the Automated Records Management System (ARMS)
Automated Records Management System (ARMS) Email from the Office of Policy Development (OPD) Bucket
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42-t-26444780-20130365F-017-003-2016
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RECORD TYPE: PRESIDENTIAL (NOTES MAIL)
CREATOR: Elizabeth Drye ( CN=Elizabeth Drye/OU=OPD/O=EOP [ OPD ])
CREATION DATE/TIME: 9-JUN-1997 17:17:32.00
SUBJECT: unofficial Q&A
TO: Joshua Silverman ( CN=Joshua Silverman/OU=WHO/O=EOP @ EOP [ WHO 1)
READ:UNKNOWN
CC: Laura Emmett ( CN=Laura Emmett/OU=WHO/O=EOP @ EOP [ WHO ])
READ:UNKNOWN
CC: Elena Kagan ( CN=Elena Kagan/OU=OPD/O=EOP @ EOP [ OPD 1)
READ:UNKNOWN
TEXT:
Q.
Why is the Federal government getting involved? Shouldn't that
be left to the states?
A.
The federal government has the experience and expertise to
evaluate emerging technologies -- particularly biomedical technologies --
and ensure that the public is not put at risk. This is why, for example,
the Federal government has responsibility for ensuring the safety and
development of pharmaceuticals and medical devices.
Q.
But does the Constitution give the Federal government authority to ban
cloning?
A.
Under the Commerce Clause of the Constitution it is clear we
have authority to act. Cloning facilities, like reproductive health
facilities and biomedical research centers, would likely affect interstate
commerce in a number of ways -- for example, by acquiring equipment and
medical products from other states; by serving clients from other states;
by advertising accross state lines, and by sharing information and
research findings in a national arena.
RECORD TYPE: PRESIDENTIAL (NOTES MAIL)
CREATOR: Tracey E. Thornton ( CN=Tracey E. Thornton/OU=WHO/O=EOP [ WHO ])
CREATION DATE/TIME: 9-JUN-1997 17:51:43.00
SUBJECT: Re: Cloning
TO: Ann M. Cattalini ( CN=Ann M. Cattalini/OU=WHO/O=EOP @ EOP [ WHO 1)
READ:UNKNOWN
CC: Rachel E. Levinson ( CN=Rachel E. Levinson/OU=OSTP/O=EOP @ EOP [ OSTP 1)
READ:UNKNOWN
CC: Elizabeth Drye ( CN=Elizabeth Drye/OU=OPD/O=EOP @ EOP [ OPD 1)
READ:UNKNOWN
TEXT:
Rachel/Elizabeth: Do we have anyone signed up to do this?
RECORD TYPE: PRESIDENTIAL (NOTES MAIL)
CREATOR: Rachel E. Levinson ( CN=Rachel E. Levinson/OU=OSTP/O=EOP [ OSTP 1)
CREATION DATE/TIME: 9-JUN-1997 08:54:50.00
SUBJECT: cloning hearing on thursday
TO: Tracey E. Thornton ( CN=Tracey E. Thornton/OU=WHO/O=EOP @ EOP [ WHO 1)
READ:UNKNOWN
TO: Elizabeth Drye ( CN=Elizabeth Drye/OU=OPD/O=EOP @ EOP [ OPD ])
READ:UNKNOWN
TEXT:
NBAC members Harold Shapiro (chair), Tom Murray and Carol Greider have
agreed to appear before the Tech Subcommittee (Morella) on Thursday.
1-3, Room 2318 RHOB
RECORD TYPE: PRESIDENTIAL (NOTES MAIL)
CREATOR: Elizabeth Drye ( CN=Elizabeth Drye/OU=OPD/O=EOP [ OPD 1)
CREATION DATE/TIME: 9-JUN-1997 09:04:56.00
SUBJECT: FOR CLONING EVENT -- Final Legislation and Transmittal Letter
TO: G. Timothy Saunders ( CN=G. Timothy Saunders/OU=WHO/O=EOP @ EOP [ WHO ])
READ:UNKNOWN
CC: Phillip Caplan ( CN=Phillip Caplan/OU=WHO/O=EOP @ EOP [ WHO 1)
READ:UNKNOWN
CC: Todd Stern ( CN=Todd Stern/OU=WHO/O=EOP @ EOP [ WHO 1)
READ:UNKNOWN
TEXT:
Here are transmittal letter and the legislation.
Forwarded by Elizabeth Drye/OPD/EOP on 06/09/97
09:02 AM
Elizabeth Drye
06/09/97 08:55:22 AM
Record Type: Record
To:
Phillip Caplan/WHO/EOP
cc:
Todd Stern/WHO/EOP
Subject:
FOR CLONING EVENT -- Final Legislation and Transmittal Letter
Please get to Jon Murchinson and Josh Silverman in Press when you're done.
Thanks.
ATTACHMENT 1
ATT CREATION TIME/DATE: 0 00:00:00.00
TEXT:
Unable to convert ARMS_EXT:[ATTACH.D0JMAIL41533395O.116 to ASCII,
The following is a HEX DUMP:
END ATTACHMENT 2
A BILL
To prohibit any attempt to create a human being using
somatic cell nuclear transfer, to provide for further
review of the ethical and scientific issues associated
with the use of somatic cell nuclear transfer in human
beings, and for other purposes.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives
of the United States of America in Congress assembled,
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the "Cloning
Prohibition Act of 1997".
SECTION 2. FINDINGS.
(a) It has been reported that an adult sheep has been cloned
using a technique called somatic cell nuclear transfer, a form
of cloning.
(b) The National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC) has
reviewed the scientific and ethical implications of this
technology's potential use to clone human beings.
(1) NBAC has found that:
(a) Somatic cell nuclear transfer technology may
have many applications for biotechnology, livestock
Automated Records Management System
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production, and new medical approaches including the
production of pharmaceutical proteins and prospects
for regeneration and repair of human tissues.
(b) However, the possibility of using somatic
cell nuclear transfer for the purposes of creating
a child entails significant scientific uncertainty
and medical risk. Potential risks, known and
unknown, could result in harm to a child.
(2) The NBAC concluded unanimously that at this time
it is morally unacceptable for anyone in the public or
private sector, whether in a research or clinical setting,
to attempt to create a child using somatic cell nuclear
transfer cloning. The Commission's consensus is based
on current scientific information indicating that this
technique is not safe to use in humans at this point.
(3) Moreover, in addition to issues of safety, the
Commission identified many additional serious ethical
concerns which they agreed require a great deal more
widespread and careful public deliberation before this
technology may be used.
(4) NBAC recommended a continuation of the current
moratorium on the use of Federal funds to support any
attempt to create a child by somatic cell nuclear transfer,
and an immediate request to all firms, clinicians,
Automated Records Management System
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investigators, and professional societies to comply
voluntarily with the intent of the Federal moratorium.
(5) NBAC further recommended that Federal legislation
be enacted to prohibit anyone from attempting, whether
in a research or clinical setting, to create a child through
somatic cell nuclear transfer cloning.
(6) NBAC also recommended that the United States
()
cooperate with other countries to enforce mutually
supported restrictions on this activity.
(7) NBAC specified that the legislation should
include a sunset provision and that, prior to the sunset
date, an oversight body should review and report on the
status of somatic cell nuclear transfer technology and
the ethical and social issues associated with its use and
recommend whether the prohibition should be continued.
(8) The Commission concluded that any regulatory or
legislative actions undertaken to effect the foregoing
prohibition should be carefully written SO as not to
interfere with other important areas of research, such
as the cloning of human DNA sequences and cells, which
raise neither the scientific nor the ethical issues that
arise from the possible creation of children through
somatic cell nuclear transfer techniques.
(9) The Commission also found that cloning animals
Automated Records Management System
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by somatic cell nuclear transfer does not raise the same
issues implicated in attempting to use the technique to
create a child, and its continuation should only be subject
to existing regulations regarding the humane use of
animals.
(c) Biomedical research facilities, including those
conducting cloning, and reproductive services facilities affect
interstate commerce.
SECTION 3. PURPOSES -The purposes of this Act are-
(a) To prohibit any attempt to create a human being using
somatic cell nuclear transfer cloning; and
(b) To provide for further review of the ethical and
scientific issues associated with the use of somatic cell
nuclear transfer in humans.
SECTION 4. DEFINITIONS.
(a) "Cloning" means the production of a precise genetic
copy of a molecule (including DNA), cell, tissue, plant, animal,
or human.
(b) "Somatic cell" means any cell of the body other than
germ cells (eggs or sperm).
(c) "Somatic cell nuclear transfer" means the transfer
of a cell nucleus from a somatic cell into an egg from which
the nucleus has been removed.
SECTION 5. PROHIBITION. -It shall be unlawful for any person
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or other legal entity, public or private, to perform or use
somatic cell nuclear transfer with the intent of introducing
the product of that transfer into a woman's womb or in any other
way creating a human being.
SECTION 6. PROTECTED BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH.-Nothing in this Act
shall restrict other areas of biomedical and agricultural
research, including important and promising work that involves:
(1) the use of somatic cell nuclear transfer or other
cloning technologies to clone molecules, DNA, cells, and
tissues; or
(2) the use of somatic cell nuclear transfer
techniques to create animals.
SECTION 7. PENALTIES -
(a) Any person who intentionally violates Section 5 shall
be fined the greater of $250,000 or two times the gross gain
or loss from the offense.
(b) If a person is violating or about to violate Section
5, the Attorney General may commence a civil action in Federal
district court to enjoin such violation.
(c) Any property, real or personal, derived from or used
to commit a violation or attempted violation of Section 5, or
any property traceable to such property, is subject to
forfeiture to the United States in accordance with the procedure
set forth in Chapter 46 of Title 18 of the United States Code.
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(d) The Attorney General of the United States shall have
exclusive enforcement authority under this Act.
SECTION 8. EFFECTIVE DATE. - This Act shall apply to somatic
cell nuclear transfers performed within five years after the
date of its enactment.
SECTION 9. NATIONAL BIOETHICS ADVISORY COMMISSION REPORT.- -No
later than four and one-half years after the enactment of this
Act, the National Bioethics Advisory Commission shall report
to the President on (1) the state of the science of somatic
cell nuclear transfer; (2) the ethical and social issues
associated with the potential use of this technology in humans;
and (3) the advisability of continuing the prohibition
established by this Act. The Commission is authorized to
continue for five years from the date of enactment for this
purpose and for other purposes as established in Executive Order
12975 and subsequent amendments to this order.
SECTION 10. RIGHT OF ACTION.-Nothing in this Act shall be
construed to give any individual or person a private right of
action.
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TO THE CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES:
I am pleased to transmit today for immediate consideration and prompt enactment the
"Cloning Prohibition Act of 1997." This legislative proposal would prohibit any attempt to
create a human being using somatic cell nuclear transfer technology, the method that was used
to create Dolly the sheep. This proposal will also provide for further review of the ethical
and scientific issues associated with the use of somatic cell nuclear transfer in human beings.
Following the February report that a sheep had been successfully cloned using a new
technique, I requested my National Bioethics Advisory Commission to examine the ethical and
legal implications of applying the same cloning technology to human beings. The Commission
concluded that at this time "it is morally unacceptable for anyone in the public or private
sector, whether in a research or clinical setting, to attempt to create a child using somatic cell
nuclear transfer cloning" and recommended that Federal legislation be enacted to prohibit
such activities. I agree with the Commission's conclusion and am transmitting this legislative
proposal to implement its recommendation.
Various forms of cloning technology have been used for decades resulting in important
biomedical and agricultural advances. Genes, cells, tissues, and even whole plants and
animals have been cloned to develop new therapies for treating such disorders as cancer,
diabetes, and cystic fibrosis. Cloning technology also holds promise for producing
replacement skin, cartilage, or bone tissue for burn or accident victims, and nerve tissue to
treat spinal cord injury. Therefore, nothing in the "Cloning Prohibition Act of 1997"
restricts activities in other areas of biomedical and agricultural research that involve: (1) the
use of somatic cell nuclear transfer or other cloning technologies to clone molecules, DNA,
cells, and tissues; or (2) the use of somatic cell nuclear transfer techniques to create animals.
The Commission recommended that such legislation provide for further review of the
state of somatic cell nuclear transfer technology and the ethical and social issues attendant to
its potential use to create human beings. My legislative proposal would implement this
recommendation and assign responsibility for the review, to be completed in the fifth year after
passage of the legislation, to the National Bioethics Advisory Commission.
I urge the Congress to give this legislation prompt and favorable consideration.
WILLIAM J. CLINTON
THE WHITE HOUSE
June 9, 1997
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RECORD TYPE: PRESIDENTIAL (NOTES MAIL)
CREATOR: Elizabeth R. Newman ( CN=Elizabeth R. Newman/OU=WHO/O=EOP [ WHO 1)
CREATION DATE/TIME: 9-JUN-1997 11:37:29.00
SUBJECT: Cabinet Memo 6-9-97
TO: Darby E. Stott ( CN=Darby E. Stott/OU=WHO/O=EOP @ EOP [ WHO ])
READ:UNKNOWN
TO: Elisabeth S. Steele ( CN=Elisabeth S. Steele/O=OVP @ OVP [ UNKNOWN ])
READ:UNKNOWN
TO: Ronda H. Jackson ( CN=Ronda H. Jackson/OU=WHO/O=EOP @ EOP [ WHO ])
READ:UNKNOWN
TO: Christa Robinson ( CN=Christa Robinson/OU=OPD/O=EOP @ EOP [ OPD ])
READ:UNKNOWN
TO: VOLES_L VOLES_L @ A1 @ CD @ LNGTWY [ UNKNOWN ]) (VPO)
READ:UNKNOWN
TO: SILVERMAN_J ( SILVERMAN_J @ A1 @ CD @ LNGTWY [ UNKNOWN ]) (WHO)
READ:UNKNOWN
TO: SCHWARTZ_L ( SCHWARTZ L @ A1 @ CD @ LNGTWY [ UNKNOWN ]) (WHO)
READ:UNKNOWN
TO: MCHUGH_L ( MCHUGH_L @ A1 @ CD @ LNGTWY [ UNKNOWN 1) (WHO)
READ:UNKNOWN
TO: MASON_J [MASON_J @ A1 @ CD @ LNGTWY [ UNKNOWN ]) (WHO)
READ:UNKNOWN
TO: HIGGINS_K ( HIGGINS_K @ Al @ CD @ LNGTWY [ UNKNOWN ] ) (WHO)
READ:UNKNOWN
TO: GOLDBERG_JS ( GOLDBERG_JS @ Al @ CD @ LNGTWY [ UNKNOWN ]) (WHO)
READ:UNKNOWN
TO: ENRIGHT_J(ENRIGHT_J@AI@CD@LNGTWY[_UNKNOWNJ)
READ:UNKNOWN
TO: COHEN_SA ( COHEN_SA @ Al @ CD @ LNGTWY [ UNKNOWN ]) (WHO)
READ:UNKNOWN
TO: CAPLAN P CAPLAN_P @ A1 @ CD @ LNGTWY [ UNKNOWN ] ) (WHO)
READ:UNKNOWN
TO: BALDERSTON_K ( BALDERSTON K @ Al @ CD @ LNGTWY [ UNKNOWN 1) (WHO)
READ:UNKNOWN
TO: Thurgood Marshall Jr. ( CN=Thurgood Marshall Jr./O=OVP @ OVP [ UNKNOWN ])
READ:UNKNOWN
TO: Jonathan Murchinson ( CN=Jonathan Murchinson/OU=WHO/O=EOP @ EOP [ WHO 1)
READ:UNKNOWN
TO: Sylvia M. Mathews ( CN=Sylvia M. Mathews/OU=WHO/O=EOP @ EOP [ WHO 1)
READ:UNKNOWN
TO: Stuart M. Schear ( CN=Stuart M. Schear/OU=WHO/O=EOP @ EOP [ WHO 1)
READ:UNKNOWN
TO: TOIV_B (TOIV_B @ Al @ CD @ LNGTWY [ UNKNOWN ]) (WHO)
READ:UNKNOWN
TO: SILVERMAN S ( SILVERMAN_S @ A1 @ CD @ LNGTWY [ UNKNOWN 1) (WHO)
READ:UNKNOWN
TO: MELLODY_A ( MELLODY_A @ A1 @ CD @ LNGTWY [ UNKNOWN ]) (WHO)
READ:UNKNOWN
TO: MCCURRY_M ( MCCURRY_M @ A1 @ CD @ LNGTWY [ UNKNOWN ]) (WHO)
READ:UNKNOWN
TO: KING_A ( KING_A @ Al @ CD @ LNGTWY [ UNKNOWN ]) (WHO)
READ:UNKNOWN
TO: GREEN_J ( GREEN_J @ A1 @ CD @ LNGTWY [ UNKNOWN 1) (WHO)
READ:UNKNOWN
TO: GLYNN_M ( GLYNN_M @ A1 @ CD @ LNGTWY [ UNKNOWN ]) (WHO)
READ:UNKNOWN
TO: EMANUEL_R ( EMANUEL_R @ A1 @ CD @ LNGTWY [ UNKNOWN 1) (WHO)
READ:UNKNOWN
TO: CATTALINI_A ( CATTALINI_A @ A1 @ CD @ LNGTWY [ UNKNOWN ]) (WHO)
READ:UNKNOWN
TO: BEAUBAIRE D (BEAUBAIRE_D @ A1 @ CD @ LNGTWY [ UNKNOWN ]) (WHO)
READ:UNKNOWN
TO: BAER D ( BAER_D @ Al @ CD @ LNGTWY [ UNKNOWN ]) (WHO)
READ:UNKNOWN
TEXT:
To:
Michael McCurry
From:
Elizabeth Newman
Date:
June 9, 1997
AGRICULTURE
Today - Interview with MSNBC
ONDCP
Today - No Public Events
Tomorrow - Interview with NBC on drug interdiction
ENERGY
Today - the Secretary is in Philadelphia giving a speech to Edison
Electric Institute
EPA
Today and Tomorrow - No Public Events
HHS
Today - the Secretary attends the Cloning event with the President
Tomorrow - No Public Events
INTERIOR
Today - No Public Events
Tomorrow - No Public Events
JUSTICE
Today - the AG has a photo session with George Magazine; Several decisions
from the Supreme Court will be handed down; Press Conference in Atlanta
re: Olympic bombing
Tomorrow - VP, AG, Secretary Rubin - Arson Task Force
LABOR
Today - the Secretary was on the Today show discussing new unemployment
numbers and summer jobs
Tomorrow - the Secretary will be on the Hill testifying on departmental
goals
OMB
Today - No Public Events
VETERANS
Today - the Secretary is in Juneau, Alaska attending National Congress of
American Indians
RECORD TYPE: PRESIDENTIAL (NOTES MAIL)
CREATOR: Elizabeth Drye ( CN=Elizabeth Drye/OU=OPD/O=EOP [ OPD ])
CREATION DATE/TIME: 9-JUN-1997 08:46:08.00
SUBJECT: Fact sheet, Q&A, Cloning Letter, and Transmittall Letter
TO: Janet Murguia ( CN=Janet Murguia/OU=WHO/O=EOP @ EOP [ WHO 1)
READ:UNKNOWN
TO: Susan A. Brophy ( CN=Susan A. Brophy/OU=WHO/O=EOP @ EOP [ WHO 1)
READ:UNKNOWN
TO: Ann M. Cattalini ( CN=Ann M. Cattalini/OU=WHO/O=EOP @ EOP [ WHO ])
READ:UNKNOWN
TO: Lucia A. Wyman ( CN=Lucia A. Wyman/OU=WHO/O=EOP @ EOP [ WHO 1)
READ:UNKNOWN
TO: Tracey E. Thornton ( CN=Tracey E. Thornton/OU=WHO/O=EOP @ EOP [ WHO 1)
READ:UNKNOWN
CC: Daniel C. Tate ( CN=Daniel C. Tate/OU=WHO/O=EOP @ EOP [ WHO ])
READ:UNKNOWN
TEXT:
FOR LEGISLATION POTUS WILL ANNOUNCE TODAY.
ATTACHMENT 1
ATT CREATION TIME/DATE: 0 00:00:00.00
TEXT:
Unable to convert ARMS_EXT:[ATTACH.D77]MAIL46612395Y.116 to ASCII,
The following is a HEX DUMP:
END ATTACHMENT 4
"CLONING PROHIBITION ACT OF 1997"
FACT SHEET
The President today transmitted to the Congress the "Cloning Prohibition Act of 1997."
This legislative proposal would implement the key recommendation of the National Bioethics
Advisory Commission for legislation to prohibit any attempt to create a human being using
somatic cell nuclear transfer technology.
The National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC) Report
President Clinton today accepted the NBAC's report on the possible cloning of human
beings. In February, following reports of the successful cloning of a sheep, the President
asked the NBAC to review the profound ethical issues raised by the possible cloning of human
beings. Today,
Dr. Harold Shapiro, Chair of the Commission and President of Princeton University, formally
presented the report to the President.
The Commission found unanimously that it is morally unacceptable for anyone to attempt to
create a child with the technology used to create Dolly the sheep. The NBAC reported
that attempting to create a child using so-called somatic cell nuclear transfer cloning would
pose great risks to the child and raise other ethical issues needing further discussion. The
NBAC called for a moratorium on the use of the technique in humans.
The Commission also found that the new technology may have many agricultural and medical
benefits, including the development of medicines, therapies for diseases such as cancer, cystic
fibrosis, and diabetes, and prospects for repair and regeneration of human tissues. The
NBAC concluded that the cloning of DNA, cells, tissues, and non-human animals --using
somatic cell nuclear transfer and other cloning techniques --is not ethically problematic when
conducted in compliance with existing regulations and guidelines.
Cloning Prohibition Act of 1997
Acting on the Commission's key recommendation, President Clinton announced legislation
banning the use of the new technology to clone human beings. Consistent with the NBAC's
recommendation, the President's legislative proposal prohibits for five years the use of somatic
cell nuclear transfer to create a human being and directs the NBAC to report to the President
in four and a half years on whether to continue the ban. The proposal is carefully worded to
ensure that it will not interfere with beneficial biomedical and agricultural activities.
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Further Actions By The President
As recommended by the NBAC, President Clinton today also:
Reaffirmed that no Federal funds will be used to clone human beings. The
President stated that the prohibition he put in place in March will remain in
effect while his proposed legislation is pending.
Urged privately funded scientists and clinicians to adhere to the voluntary
moratorium he called for in March. The President asked these professionals
to work through their societies and associations to ensure that all adhere to the
current voluntary ban while his proposed legislation is pending.
Pledged to work with other countries to enforce the prohibition. Several
other countries, including Great Britain, Denmark, Germany, Australia, and
Spain, have banned human cloning.
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TO THE CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES:
I am pleased to transmit today for immediate consideration and prompt enactment the
"Cloning Prohibition Act of 1997.' This legislative proposal would prohibit any attempt to
create a human being using somatic cell nuclear transfer technology, the method that was used
to create Dolly the sheep. This proposal will also provide for further review of the ethical
and scientific issues associated with the use of somatic cell nuclear transfer in human beings.
Following the February report that a sheep had been successfully cloned using a new
technique, I requested my National Bioethics Advisory Commission to examine the ethical and
legal implications of applying the same cloning technology to human beings. The Commission
concluded that at this time "it is morally unacceptable for anyone in the public or private
sector, whether in a research or clinical setting, to attempt to create a child using somatic cell
nuclear transfer cloning" and recommended that Federal legislation be enacted to prohibit
such activities. I agree with the Commission's conclusion and am transmitting this legislative
proposal to implement its recommendation.
Various forms of cloning technology have been used for decades resulting in important
biomedical and agricultural advances. Genes, cells, tissues, and even whole plants and
animals have been cloned to develop new therapies for treating such disorders as cancer,
diabetes, and cystic fibrosis. Cloning technology also holds promise for producing
replacement skin, cartilage, or bone tissue for burn or accident victims, and nerve tissue to
treat spinal cord injury. Therefore, nothing in the "Cloning Prohibition Act of 1997"
restricts activities in other areas of biomedical and agricultural research that involve: (1) the
use of somatic cell nuclear transfer or other cloning technologies to clone molecules, DNA,
cells, and tissues; or (2) the use of somatic cell nuclear transfer techniques to create animals.
The Commission recommended that such legislation provide for further review of the
state of somatic cell nuclear transfer technology and the ethical and social issues attendant to
its potential use to create human beings. My legislative proposal would implement this
recommendation and assign responsibility for the review, to be completed in the fifth year after
passage of the legislation, to the National Bioethics Advisory Commission.
I urge the Congress to give this legislation prompt and favorable consideration.
WILLIAM J. CLINTON
THE WHITE HOUSE
June 9, 1997
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A BILL
To prohibit any attempt to create a human being using
somatic cell nuclear transfer, to provide for further
review of the ethical and scientific issues associated
with the use of somatic cell nuclear transfer in human
beings, and for other purposes.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives
of the United States of America in Congress assembled,
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. -This Act may be cited as the "Cloning
Prohibition Act of 1997".
SECTION 2. FINDINGS.
(a) It has been reported that an adult sheep has been cloned
using a technique called somatic cell nuclear transfer, a form
of cloning.
(b) The National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC) has
reviewed the scientific and ethical implications of this
technology's potential use to clone human beings.
(1) NBAC has found that:
(a) Somatic cell nuclear transfer technology may
have many applications for biotechnology, livestock
Automated Records Management System
Hex-Dump Conversion
production, and new medical approaches including the
production of pharmaceutical proteins and prospects
for regeneration and repair of human tissues.
(b) However, the possibility of using somatic
cell nuclear transfer for the purposes of creating
a child entails significant scientific uncertainty
and medical risk. Potential risks, known and
unknown, could result in harm to a child.
(2) The NBAC concluded unanimously that at this time
it is morally unacceptable for anyone in the public or
private sector, whether in a research or clinical setting,
to attempt to create a child using somatic cell nuclear
transfer cloning. The Commission's consensus is based
on current scientific information indicating that this
technique is not safe to use in humans at this point.
(3) Moreover, in addition to issues of safety, the
Commission identified many additional serious ethical
concerns which they agreed require a great deal more
widespread and careful public deliberation before this
technology may be used.
(4) NBAC recommended a continuation of the current
moratorium on the use of Federal funds to support any
attempt to create a child by somatic cell nuclear transfer,
and an immediate request to all firms, clinicians,
Automated Records Management System
Hex-Dump Conversion
investigators, and professional societies to comply
voluntarily with the intent of the Federal moratorium.
(5) NBAC further recommended that Federal legislation
be enacted to prohibit anyone from attempting, whether
in a research or clinical setting, to create a child through
somatic cell nuclear transfer cloning.
(6) NBAC also recommended that the United States
cooperate with other countries to enforce mutually
supported restrictions on this activity.
(7) NBAC specified that the legislation should
include a sunset provision and that, prior to the sunset
date, an oversight body should review and report on the
status of somatic cell nuclear transfer technology and
the ethical and social issues associated with its use and
recommend whether the prohibition should be continued.
(8) The Commission concluded that any regulatory or
legislative actions undertaken to effect the foregoing
prohibition should be carefully written so as not to
interfere with other important areas of research, such
as the cloning of human DNA sequences and cells, which
raise neither the scientific nor the ethical issues that
arise from the possible creation of children through
somatic cell nuclear transfer techniques.
(9) The Commission also found that cloning animals
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by somatic cell nuclear transfer does not raise the same
issues implicated in attempting to use the technique to
create a child, and its continuation should only be subject
to existing regulations regarding the humane use of
animals.
(c) Biomedical research facilities, including those
conducting cloning, and reproductive services facilities affect
interstate commerce.
SECTION 3. PURPOSES. The purposes of this Act are-
(a) To prohibit any attempt to create a human being using
somatic cell nuclear transfer cloning; and
(b) To provide for further review of the ethical and
scientific issues associated with the use of somatic cell
nuclear transfer in humans.
SECTION 4. DEFINITIONS.
(a) "Cloning" means the production of a precise genetic
copy of a molecule (including DNA), cell, tissue, plant, animal,
or human.
(b) "Somatic cell" means any cell of the body other than
germ cells (eggs or sperm).
(c) "Somatic cell nuclear transfer" means the transfer
of a cell nucleus from a somatic cell into an egg from which
the nucleus has been removed.
SECTION 5. PROHIBITION. It shall be unlawful for any person
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or other legal entity, public or private, to perform or use
somatic cell nuclear transfer with the intent of introducing
the product of that transfer into a woman's womb or in any other
way creating a human being.
SECTION 6. PROTECTED BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH.-Nothing in this Act
shall restrict other areas of biomedical and agricultural
research, including important and promising work that involves:
(1) the use of somatic cell nuclear transfer or other
cloning technologies to clone molecules, DNA, cells, and
tissues; or
(2) the use of somatic cell nuclear transfer
techniques to create animals.
SECTION 7. PENALTIES -
(a) Any person who intentionally violates Section 5 shall
be fined the greater of $250,000 or two times the gross gain
or loss from the offense.
(b) If a person is violating or about to violate Section
5, the Attorney General may commence a civil action in Federal
district court to enjoin such violation.
(c) Any property, real or personal, derived from or used
to commit a violation or attempted violation of Section 5, or
any property traceable to such property, is subject to
forfeiture to the United States in accordance with the procedure
set forth in Chapter 46 of Title 18 of the United States Code.
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(d) The Attorney General of the United States shall have
exclusive enforcement authority under this Act.
SECTION 8. EFFECTIVE DATE. - This Act shall apply to somatic
cell nuclear transfers performed within five years after the
date of its enactment.
SECTION 9. NATIONAL BIOETHICS ADVISORY COMMISSION REPORT -No
later than four and one-half years after the enactment of this
Act, the National Bioethics Advisory Commission shall report
to the President on (1) the state of the science of somatic
cell nuclear transfer; (2) the ethical and social issues
associated with the potential use of this technology in humans;
and (3) the advisability of continuing the prohibition
established by this Act. The Commission is authorized to
continue for five years from the date of enactment for this
purpose and for other purposes as established in Executive Order
12975 and subsequent amendments to this order.
SECTION 10. RIGHT OF ACTION.-Nothing in this Act shall be
construed to give any individual or person a private right of
action.
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Qs and As on Cloning
June 9, 1997
Q.
What did the Commission recommend?
A.
The Commission recommends legislation to prohibit anyone in either the public
or private sector from attempting to create a child using the cloning technology
that made possible the creation of "Dolly" -- so-called "somatic cell nuclear
transfer" technology. The Commission also supports a continuation of the
current moratorium on federal funding of creating a child by cloning while the
legislation is pending. NBAC is also asking the private sector to comply with
the voluntary moratorium President Clinton called for in March, pending the
legislative prohibition. Finally, NBAC also called for continuing public
dialogue on these issues to further understand the ethical and social
implications of this technology.
Q.
What exactly does the President's legislation ban?
A.
The President's legislation prohibits the use of somatic cell nuclear transfer to
create a human being (specifically, "with the intent of introducing the product of
that transfer into a woman's womb or in any other way creating a human
being").
Q.
How will the prohibition be enforced?
A.
The legislation gives the Attorney General authority to seek injunctive relief,
impose civil fines up to $250,000 or twice the profit from a violation of the Act
(whichever is greater), and seize any and all property used in violating the Act
(including entire laboratories).
Q.
Why doesn't it make cloning a criminal act and impose jail time?
A.
We think the penalties in the bill provide an effective deterrent. In particular,
they make it clear no one will profit from this activity. It is appropriate to be
cautious about criminalizing any activity, and at this point we don't have any
indication that we need the threat of criminal sanctions to deter this activity.
Q.
But what if Congress wants to impose criminal sanctions?
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A.
We have seriously considered this option and would be willing to look at it
again.
Q.
Why is there need for a "sunset" provision?
NBAC recommends -- and the President supports -- a sunset provision,
combined with review by an advisory body prior to the sunset date. There are
several reasons to take this approach. First, a sunset provision provides a
strong incentive for Congress and the Administration to renew the national
debate on cloning within several years, ensuring continued attention to the
ethical questions; second, there is a possibility that we will get the precise
legislative language wrong the first time around, given our limited understanding
of the science, the difficulty of defining terms, and the vagaries of the legislative
process; and third, there has been little time to fully consider the moral issues,
and it is possible that convictions may evolve.
follow-up
Q.
But if you think cloning is morally wrong now, won't it be morally wrong for all
time?
Even if one thinks cloning is morally wrong, a sunset provision still makes
sense. As I just noted, it will force a renewed national debate within several
years and will keep the ethical issues squarely in view. A sunset provision will
also make sure we revisit how we've defined the ban and ensure we have done it
exactly right.
Q.
Why ban the cloning of humans?
A.
It is morally unacceptable for anyone in either the public or private sector to
attempt this type of cloning. NBAC found it is simply unsafe; knowing that
"Dolly" was the only successful case in 277 attempts, there is no doubt that
there would be substantial risk to the potential child. And the possibility of
replicating ourselves raises other ethical and religious concerns about the
implications of this technology for our society. These issues need further
discussion before the technology is used.
Q.
Why not ban all cloning? What are the potential benefits of cloning
Automated Records Management System
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research?
A.
There are legitimate and beneficial applications of cloning cells, DNA, tissues,
and animals: including the development of medicines, and therapies for diseases
such as cancer, cystic fibrosis, and diabetes. Cloning also furthers our
knowledge about developmental biology that may one day lead to such advances
as regeneration of tissue in severe burns and spinal cord injuries.
Q.
Why is any additional legislation necessary? Why not extend the President's
moratorium?
A.
The President's moratorium covers only federally funded activities. In March,
President Clinton called for a voluntary ban on privately funded activities.
Legislation is necessary, however, to ensure that the privately funded research
and clinical centers comply with the proposed prohibition on cloning of human
beings using the somatic cell nuclear transfer technique.
Q.
With the proposed legislation, are we interfering with people's reproductive freedom?
A.
No.
We don't think people should have the "freedom" to do this activity. It's unsafe and ethically
objectionable.
Q.
How will the recommendations and legislation affect research?
A.
NBAC found that a ban on human cloning will not impede any important research at this time. Basic
research in such areas as animal husbandry and drug development will continue. Similarly, basic
research using somatic cell nuclear transfer technology to study, for instance, the potential for regenerating
tissues and organs will continue.
However, under current federal restrictions, human embryo research
using federal funds will remain prohibited.
Q.
Why would you (or the Commission) support a total ban on cloning people,
but not on creating embryos using cloning technology for research?
A.
The issue of embryo research is an important but separate question. NBAC
found that the technology that created Dolly doesn't raise new questions
related to embryo research. By contrast, the use of somatic cell nuclear
transfer technology to create a child raises a host of new and different ethical
issues relating to safety, individuality, and family integrity. The President's
legislation is directed at these concerns. Further, the President has prohibited
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the use of federal research funds to create an embryo for research purposes --
whether through cloning or any other means.
Q.
If human embryo research is bad, why not ban it in the private sector as well?
A.
Whether to ban privately-funded embryo research is a question that needs
careful deliberation, as such research may offer medical benefit, particularly
with respect to treating infertility. We simply need further discussion about
regulation of this activity in the private sector before pursuing legislation.
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Q.
Does the Federal Government have any jurisdiction over privately funded
research with human embryos?
A.
If the research is part of an effort to develop a drug, biologic, or medical device,
the research is subject to regulation by the Food and Drug Administration.
Otherwise, it is unregulated.
Q.
What happens to human embryos created for research? If they are not
implanted, isn't that tantamount to abortion, or even murder?
A.
Creation of human embryos for research is a prohibited use of Federal funds.
The extent of such research under private sponsorship is unknown; therefore,
we have no reliable information on the fate of human embryos used in this way.
Q.
How will this affect childless couples who see cloning as their only chance to have genetically related
offspring?
A.
Prohibiting this technology will have little practical effect on such couples. Currently neither the science
base nor safety considerations make it possible to produce a child by somatic cell nuclear transfer.
Q.
Is the United States acting unilaterally on this issue? Are we treating this
issue any differently than other countries?
A.
Some European countries have already established legal prohibitions on the
cloning of humans. To the extent that there are common aspects to our
respective policies, we will certainly cooperate with these nations regarding
enforcement.
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RECORD TYPE: PRESIDENTIAL (NOTES MAIL)
CREATOR: Rachel E. Levinson ( CN=Rachel E. Levinson/OU=OSTP/O=EOP [ OSTP 1)
CREATION DATE/TIME:10-JUN-1997 13:57:30.00
SUBJECT: Re: the president's legislation
TO: Elizabeth Drye ( CN=Elizabeth Drye/OU=OPD/O=EOP @ EOP [ OPD )
READ:UNKNOWN
TEXT:
so they noticed. I think the "any other way" is potentially more
problematic than "human being." I read it as referring to some
alternative to a uterus, not an alternative to SCNT but I guess that
wasn;t at all clear.
Jeff Smith is bugging me about a bill sponsor and Lucia Wyman is bugging
him. I think they want to have a meeting on it.
Forwarded by Rachel E. Levinson/OSTP/EOP on
06/10/97 01:54 PM
acapron @ law.usc.edu
06/10/97 01:21:05 PM
Please respond to [email protected]
Record Type: Record
To: nbac-members @ lists.Princeton.EDU
cc:
Subject: Re: the president's legislation
I noticed the same thing reading the bill on the way to Dulles yesterday
after the ceremony; I was puzzled as to whether it was an intentional or
drafting error (lawyers are sometimes prone to introduce "and any other
way" to cover potential oversights: here, they just create an
ambiguity unless they actually intended to throw a bone to the
anti-embryo research forces, without having to get into the issue, which
we declined to examine, of how cloning embryos would compare with other
types of biomedical research that uses embryos).
I also thought that Carol, who was upset by the slip in the original
title of my draft bill, would be really delighted to see this called the
Cloning Prohibition Act!!
Alex
On Mon, 9 Jun 1997, r. alta charo wrote:
> i have glanced at the text of the bill that rachel forwarded to your
list. you may wish to note that there is a profound and signficant
ambiguity in the drafting. i can only presume that it is deliberate.
>
>
> the bill prohibits the transfer into a uterus of a cloned embryo; but it
also prohibits "any other way" of using somatic cell nuclear transfer to
create a "human being".
>
>
> the phrase "human being" is subject to interpretation. if the bill
passes this way, i predict that anti-cloning and anti-abortion people will
join forces to sue in court at the earliest possible moment for an
injunction against cloning embryos, on the theory that embryos are "huamn
beings" (even if they are not legal "persons" as the phrase was used in
key abortion decisions). thus, rather than having the white house or
congress decide whether to prohibit cloning of embryos, it will be left to
the courts.
>
RECORD TYPE: PRESIDENTIAL (NOTES MAIL)
CREATOR: Rachel E. Levinson ( CN=Rachel E. Levinson/OU=OSTP/O=EOP [ OSTP ])
CREATION DATE/TIME:10-JUN-1997 16:14:52.00
SUBJECT: Bill
TO: Elizabeth Drye ( CN=Elizabeth Drye/OU=OPD/O=EOP @ EOP [ OPD ])
READ:UNKNOWN
TEXT:
Forwarded by Rachel E. Levinson/OSTP/EOP on
06/10/97 04:14 PM
acapron @ Law.usc.edu
06/10/97 01:23:00 PM
Record Type: Record
To: Rachel E. Levinson
cc:
Subject: Bill
Rachel:
The bill that Elizabeth gave me yesterday is very problematic. You've
doubtless seen the concern reflected in the commission's e-mail. Can you
tell me whether this is an oversight or an intentional opening of the
door to a ban on all creation of embryos through cloning?? I'd like to
discuss this with you and Elizabeth. I had, but can't find, her phone #
and don't have her e-mail. Appreciate it if you'd supply these, as I
don't want to say anything in interviews or op-eds that misrepresents
what is happening, but right now I'd have to say that the proposed bill
gets the situation wrong.
Alex
ATTACHMENT 1
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END ATTACHMENT
1
Clinton Presidential Records
Automated Records Management System
[EMAIL] and Tape Restoration Project [Email]
This is not a presidential record. This is used as an administrative
marker by the William J. Clinton Presidential Library Staff.
This marker identifies a responsive email, already made available
within another collection.
Collection: Elena Kagan systematic processing project.
Bucket: OPD
Creation Date: 1997-06-12
Subject: Re: Cloning g-8 language
Creator: Elena Kagan
RECORD TYPE: PRESIDENTIAL (NOTES MAIL)
CREATOR: Elizabeth Drye ( CN=Elizabeth Drye/OU=OPD/O=EOP [ OPD ])
CREATION DATE/TIME:12-JUN-1997 15:42:57.00
SUBJECT: Cloning legislation
TO: Lucia A. Wyman ( CN=Lucia A. Wyman/OU=WHO/O=EOP @ EOP [ WHO 1)
READ:UNKNOWN
TEXT:
Here was my first e-mail, sent to these three people at Tracy's advice.
Susan and Janet never contacted me. Ann Catalini worked with us on the
event, which was eventually moved to Monday, June 9, and knew we were
doing legislation as well. Sorry we missed you. It really wasn't
intentional! We were asking for help and could have used your help if we
had been told to contact you.
That said, let's talk this afternoon. Should be a fun issue to work on
together.
Forwarded by Elizabeth Drye/OPD/EOP on 06/12/97
11:24 AM
Elizabeth Drye
06/03/97 04:34:20 PM
Record Type: Record
To:
Janet Murguia/WHO/EOP, Susan A. Brophy/WHO/EOP, Tracey E.
Thornton/WHO/EOP
cc:
Subject:
Cloning legislation
On Saturday, the National Bioethics Advisory Commission is likely to vote
to recommend legislation banning the cloning of human beings (using the
technology that created Dolly the sheep). The President is tentatively
scheduled to meet with the Commission members Tuesday, June 10, and
present legislation we are preparing now to implement NBAC's
recommendation. Can you let me know whom I should work with in your
office to decide which, if any, members of Congress we should reach out
to in advance? Sen Glenn and Congresswoman Morella, among others, have
expressed an interest in working with us on this issue. Can you send
someone to an 11:00 am, Wednesday June 4, event planning meeting in 211
OEOB? Thanks. Please call me if you have any questions 6-5573.
RECORD TYPE: PRESIDENTIAL (NOTES MAIL)
CREATOR: William P. Marshall ( CN=William P. Marshall/OU=WHO/O=EOP [ WHO 1)
CREATION DATE/TIME:12-JUN-1997 17:25:04.00
SUBJECT: Re: Cloning g-8 language
TO: Elizabeth Drye ( CN=Elizabeth Drye/OU=OPD/O=EOP @ EOP [ OPD 1)
READ:UNKNOWN
TEXT:
It looks good to me.
Clinton Presidential Records
Automated Records Management System
[EMAIL] and Tape Restoration Project [Email]
This is not a presidential record. This is used as an administrative
marker by the William J. Clinton Presidential Library Staff.
This marker identifies a responsive email, already made available
within another collection.
Collection: Elena Kagan systematic processing project.
Bucket: OPD
Creation Date: 1997-06-12
Subject: Re: Cloning g-8 language
Creator: Elizabeth Drye
RECORD TYPE: PRESIDENTIAL (NOTES MAIL)
CREATOR: Lucia A. Wyman ( CN=Lucia A. Wyman/OU=WHO/O=EOP [ WHO 1)
CREATION DATE/TIME:12-JUN-1997 18:26:07.00
SUBJECT: Re: Cloning legislation
TO: Elizabeth Drye ( CN=Elizabeth Drye/OU=OPD/O=EOP @ EOP [ OPD D
READ:UNKNOWN
TEXT:
thanks. our fault.
RECORD TYPE: PRESIDENTIAL (NOTES MAIL)
CREATOR: Laura L. Efros ( CN=Laura L. Efros/OU=OSTP/O=EOP [ OSTP ])
CREATION DATE/TIME:13-JUN-1997 10:17:18.00
SUBJECT: Re: Denver Communique
TO: Sherman G. Boone ( CN=Sherman G. Boone/OU=OPD/O=EOP @ EOP [ OPD 1)
READ:UNKNOWN
TEXT:
Sherman,
I made a change in the last sentence of the EID paragraph. The current
version, which was proposed by Canada, implies that the Eight will
strengthen their domestic programs through the WHO, which doesn't make
sense. Besides, the other countries will go ballistic if we put it in.
THanks, Laura
Sherman G. Boone
06/13/97 09:25:24 AM
Record Type: Record
To: Elizabeth Drye/OPD/EOP, dhohman @ os.dhhs.gov @ INET @ LNGTWY, Laura
L. Efros/OSTP/EOP
cc:
Subject: Denver Communique
Proposed re-writes for Denver Communique. Please let me know IMMEDIATELY
if you have any problems with these paragrpahs. Thanks.
Infectious Diseases
26. Infectious diseases, including childhood pneumonia, diarrhea,
tuberculosis, malaria, and HIV/AIDS are responsible for a third of all
deaths in the world. They pose significant challenges to the health,
security and financial resources of the global community. In many parts
of the world, infectious diseases and deaths from infectious disease have
risen sharply in the last decade for a variety of reasons, including the
emergence of drug-resistant microbes and the increased movement of people
and products. In the coming year, our governments will promote more
effective coordination of international responses to outbreaks; promote
development of a global surveillance network, building upon existing
national and regional surveillance systems; and help to build public
health capacity to prevent, detect and control infectious diseases
globally. Central to this work will be strengthening and linking existing
activities in and among each of our countries, in other fora, and through
the World Health Organization. and in other fora, especially the World
Health Organization.
28. Preventing the transmission of HIV infection and the development of
AIDS is an urgent global public health imperative. While other prevention
and treatment methods must be pursued, in the long term the development
of safe and effective vaccines against AIDS holds the best chance of
limiting, and eventually eliminating, the threat of this disease. We will
work to provide the resources necessary to accelerate AIDS vaccine
research, and together will enhance international scientific cooperation
and collaboration. Cooperation among scientists and governments in the
developed and developing world and international agencies will be
critical. We call on other states to join us in this endeavor.
29. The Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) must help
expand the scale and quality of the response to HIV/AIDS. As a group and
with others, we will work to assure that it has resources adequate to
fulfill its mandate.
Reproductive Human Cloning
39. We have taken note of recent successful cloning of an adult sheep,
which could open the way to the use of closing for the replication of
human individuals While recognizing the considerable benefits for basic
research, agriculture and human health from cloning technology, we regard
the deliberate cloning of human beings as ethically unacceptable. We are
encouraged by the serious attention being given to the ethical
implications of this technology by both national and international
bodies. This will enable a measured approach to the debate on which uses
of this technique are, and which are not, unacceptable. We support
international cooperation to enforce common aspects of national policies
on the use of cloning to create human beings.
RECORD TYPE: PRESIDENTIAL (NOTES MAIL)
CREATOR: Rachel E. Levinson ( CN=Rachel E. Levinson/OU=OSTP/O=EOP [ OSTP 1)
CREATION DATE/TIME:13-JUN-1997. 15:24:42.00
SUBJECT: proposed federal legislation
TO: Elizabeth Drye ( CN=Elizabeth Drye/OU=OPD/O=EOP @ EOP [ OPD )
READ:UNKNOWN
TEXT:
Forwarded by Rachel E. Levinson/OSTP/EOP on
06/13/97 03:24 PM
Ihmiike @ mail.health.state.hi.us
06/13/97 03:17:39 PM
Please respond to [email protected]
Record Type: Record
To: nbac-members @ lists.Princeton.EDU
cc:
Subject: proposed federal legislation
A few comments on the proposed legislation
I agree with Alta and others who pointed out that (deliberately or not?)
section 3(a) leaves open the interpretation that cloning embryos for
research would be covered by the phrase "create a human being". From
the Commission's standpoint, we made it clear that we were addressing
only live births, so I would favor changing the language to something
like: "to prohibit any attempt using somatic cell nuclear transfer
cloning to create a child." This would be consistent with the language
we use in the report, and in my mind, is sufficient to distinguish
"child" from "embryo."
Section 4(c), definition of "somatic cell nuclear transfer": in the
report, on page one of the Executive Summary, we define this as "using
nuclei derived from somatic cells other than those of an embryo or
fetus" (which I like; I had concerns at the last meeting to include
embryo and fetal-derived cells in the definition, but decided not to
prolong the discussion on that point). Should we recommend using the
report's definition? Are we prepared to deal with the implications of
using one definition versus the other?
Section 5: language on "or in any other way creating a human being." I
recommend either deleting this phrase, or changing "human being" to
"child," for the same reason as stated above.
Section 6(1): I would replace "the use of somatic cell nuclear transfer
or other cloning technologies" with "cloning technologies". This would
match the definition of "cloning" in section 4(a). So the revised
section would read: "(1) cloning of molecules, DNA, cells, and tissues;"
The next sentence would be unchanged.
larry
RECORD TYPE: PRESIDENTIAL (NOTES MAIL)
CREATOR: Sherman G. Boone ( CN=Sherman G. Boone/OU=OPD/O=EOP [ OPD 1)
CREATION DATE/TIME:13-JUN-1997 09:25:41.00
SUBJECT: Denver Communique
TO: dhohman ( dhohman @ os.dhhs.gov @ INET @ LNGTWY [ UNKNOWN ])
READ:UNKNOWN
TO: Laura L. Efros ( CN=Laura L. Efros/OU=OSTP/O=EOP @ EOP [ OSTP 1)
READ:UNKNOWN
TO: Elizabeth Drye ( CN=Elizabeth Drye/OU=OPD/O=EOP @ EOP [ OPD ])
READ:UNKNOWN
TEXT:
Proposed re-writes for Denver Communique. Please let me know IMMEDIATELY
if you have any problems with these paragrpahs. Thanks.
Infectious Diseases
26. Infectious diseases, including childhood pneumonia,
diarrhea, tuberculosis, malaria, and HIV/AIDS are responsible for a third
of all deaths in the world. They pose significant challenges to the
health, security and financial resources of the global community. In many
parts of the world, infectious diseases and deaths from infectious disease
have risen sharply in the last decade for a variety of reasons, including
the emergence of drug-resistant microbes and the increased movement of
people and products. In the coming year, our governments will promote
more effective coordination of international responses to outbreaks;
promote development of a global surveillance network, building upon
existing national and regional surveillance systems; and help to build
public health capacity to prevent, detect and control infectious diseases
globally. Central to this work will be strengthening and linking existing
activities in and among each of our countries, in other fora, and through
the World Health Organization.
28. Preventing the transmission of HIV infection and the
development of AIDS is an urgent global public health imperative. While
other prevention and treatment methods must be pursued, in the long term
the development of safe and effective vaccines against AIDS holds the
best chance of limiting, and eventually eliminating, the threat of this
disease. We will work to provide the resources necessary to accelerate
AIDS vaccine research, and together will enhance international scientific
cooperation and collaboration. Cooperation among scientists and
governments in the developed and developing world and international
agencies will be critical. We call on other states to join us in this
endeavor.
29. The Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS)
must help expand the scale and quality of the response to HIV/AIDS. As a
group and with others, we will work to assure that it has resources
adequate to fulfill its mandate.
Reproductive Human Cloning
39. We have taken note of recent successful cloning of an adult
sheep, which could open the way to the use of closing for the replication
of human individuals While recognizing the considerable benefits for
basic research, agriculture and human health from cloning technology, we
regard the deliberate cloning of human beings as ethically unacceptable.
We are encouraged by the serious attention being given to the ethical
implications of this technology by both national and international
bodies. This will enable a measured approach to the debate on which uses
of this technique are, and which are not, unacceptable. We support
international cooperation to enforce common aspects of national policies
on the use of cloning to create human beings.
RECORD TYPE: PRESIDENTIAL (NOTES MAIL)
CREATOR: Elizabeth Drye ( CN=Elizabeth Drye/OU=OPD/O=EOP [ OPD ])
CREATION DATE/TIME:13-JUN-1997 15:22:06.00
SUBJECT: Re: Cloning
TO: Sherman G. Boone ( CN=Sherman G. Boone/OU=OPD/O=EOP @ EOP [ OPD ])
READ:UNKNOWN
CC: Rachel E. Levinson ( CN=Rachel E. Levinson/OU=OSTP/O=EOP @ EOP [ OSTP ])
READ:UNKNOWN
TEXT:
Forgot -- we need to change the title of this thing. Can't call it
"reproductive human cloning" since people argue whether it's reproduction
or not. How about just. Cloning Human Beings.
RECORD TYPE: PRESIDENTIAL (NOTES MAIL)
CREATOR: Sherman G. Boone ( CN=Sherman G. Boone/OU=OPD/O=EOP [ OPD ])
CREATION DATE/TIME:13-JUN-1997 14:08:28.00
SUBJECT: Cloning
TO: Elizabeth Drye ( CN=Elizabeth Drye/OU=OPD/O=EOP @ EOP [ OPD ])
READ:UNKNOWN
TEXT:
I've tried playing with this a bit. Sorry that I was so obtuse on the
phone; it's been along couple of weeks
Reproductive Human Cloning:
We have taken note of the recent successful cloning of an adult
sheep, which could open the way to the use of cloning to create a new
human being who is genetically identical to an existing person. While
recognizing the considerable potential benefits for basic research,
agriculture and human health from cloning technology, we regard the
deliberate cloning of human beings as ethically unacceptable. We are
encouraged by the serious attention being given to the ethical
implications of this technology by both national and international
bodies. This will enable a measured approach to the debate on which uses
of this technique are, and which are not, [un]acceptable. We support
international cooperation to enforce common aspects of national policies
[,including legislative bans,] on the use of cloning to create human
beings.
RECORD TYPE: PRESIDENTIAL (NOTES MAIL)
CREATOR: Rachel E. Levinson ( CN=Rachel E. Levinson/OU=OSTP/O=EOP [ OSTP 1)
CREATION DATE/TIME:13-JUN-1997 15:22:16.00
SUBJECT: Re: Cloning
TO: Sherman G. Boone ( CN=Sherman G. Boone/OU=OPD/O=EOP @ EOP [ OPD ])
READ:UNKNOWN
TO: Elizabeth Drye ( CN=Elizabeth Drye/OU=OPD/O=EOP @ EOP [ OPD 1)
READ:UNKNOWN
TEXT:
I would only tweak the title and delete "Reproductive" because cloning
means reproduction.
RECORD TYPE: PRESIDENTIAL (NOTES MAIL)
CREATOR: Sherman G. Boone ( CN=Sherman G. Boone/OU=OPD/O=EOP [ OPD ])
CREATION DATE/TIME:13-JUN-1997 19:20:25.00
SUBJECT: Re: Cloning
TO: Elizabeth Drye ( CN=Elizabeth Drye/OU=OPD/O=EOP @ EOP [ OPD )
READ:UNKNOWN
CC: Rachel E. Levinson ( CN=Rachel E. Levinson/OU=OSTP/O=EOP @ EOP [ OSTP 1)
READ:UNKNOWN
TEXT:
The following is what we're trying to go with in the communique. We will
need a "fact sheet" to bring along with us to Denver.
Human Cloning:
The recent successful cloning of an adult sheep could open the way to the
use of cloning to create a new human being genetically identical to an
existing person. While recognizing the considerable potential benefits
for basic research, agriculture and human health from cloning technology,
we regard the deliberate cloning of human beings as ethically
unacceptable. We are encouraged by the serious attention being given to
the ethical implications of this technology by both national and
international bodies. This will enable a measured approach to the debate
on which uses of this technique are, and which are not, unacceptable. We
support international cooperation to enforce common aspects of national
policies on the use of cloning to create human beings.
RECORD TYPE: PRESIDENTIAL (NOTES MAIL)
CREATOR: Sherman G. Boone ( CN=Sherman G. Boone/OU=OPD/O=EOP [ OPD 1)
CREATION DATE/TIME:13-JUN-1997. 17:16:12.00
SUBJECT: Re: Cloning
TO: Rachel E. Levinson ( CN=Rachel E. Levinson/OU=OSTP/O=EOP @ EOP [ OSTP ])
READ:UNKNOWN
TEXT:
no problem with sheep, but mammal seems closer to home.
RECORD TYPE: PRESIDENTIAL (NOTES MAIL)
CREATOR: Sherman G. Boone ( CN=Sherman G. Boone/OU=OPD/O=EOP [ OPD 1)
CREATION DATE/TIME:13-JUN-1997. 21:37:48.00
SUBJECT: Cloning encore
TO: Rachel E. Levinson ( CN=Rachel E. Levinson/OU=OSTP/O=EOP @ EOP [ OSTP )
READ:UNKNOWN
TO: Elizabeth Drye ( CN=Elizabeth Drye/OU=OPD/O=EOP @ EOP [ OPD ])
READ:UNKNOWN
CC: William J. Antholis ( CN=William J. Antholis/OU=OPD/O=EOP @ EOP [ OPD ])
READ:UNKNOWN
CC: dhohman ( dhohman @ os.dhhs.gov @ INET @ LNGTWY [ UNKNOWN 1)
READ:UNKNOWN
Barbara A. Matzner ( CN=Barbara A. Matzner/OU=OPD/O=EOP [ OPD ])
READ:UNKNOWN
TEXT:
This is what I hope will be the last attempt at a paragraph on cloning
that captures the French proposal, U.S. policy and the EU proposed
revisions. Please let me know how we are doing..
We have taken note of recent scientific experiments which could open the
way to the use of cloning to replicate a human being. While recognizing
the considerable benefits for basic research, agriculture and human health
from cloning technology, we agree on the need for appropriate domestic
legislation and close international cooperation to prohibit the use of
somatic cell nuclear transfer to create a child, while countries explore
ethical and scientific implications in greater depth. We are encouraged by
the reflections underway within national ethics committees, as well as in
various regional and international fora, which will enable a measured
approach in deciding which uses of this technique are, and which are not
unacceptable. We are determined to give a strong impetus to their work
with a view to arriving as soon as possible at an appropriate universal
moratorium.
RECORD TYPE: PRESIDENTIAL (NOTES MAIL)
CREATOR: Rachel E. Levinson ( CN=Rachel E. Levinson/OU=OSTP/O=EOP [ OSTP 1)
CREATION DATE/TIME:13-JUN-1997 16:39:17.00
SUBJECT: Re: Cloning
TO: Sherman G. Boone ( CN=Sherman G. Boone/OU=OPD/O=EOP @ EOP [ OPD ])
READ:UNKNOWN
TEXT:
You could but sheep is accurate and provides the cue that we are talking
about the report from the Roslin Institute in Scotland. I think mammal
might be confusing. Is there some problem with saying sheep?
RECORD TYPE: PRESIDENTIAL (NOTES MAIL)
CREATOR: Elizabeth Drye ( CN=Elizabeth Drye/OU=OPD/O=EOP [ OPD 1)
CREATION DATE/TIME:13-JUN-1997. 15:15:39.00
SUBJECT: Cloning
TO: Sherman G. Boone ( CN=Sherman G. Boone/OU=OPD/O=EOP @ EOP [ OPD ])
READ:UNKNOWN
TO: Rachel E. Levinson ( CN=Rachel E. Levinson/OU=OSTP/O=EOP @ EOP [ OSTP ])
READ:UNKNOWN
TEXT:
Looks fine to me. Rachel?
Forwarded by Elizabeth Drye/OPD/EOP on 06/13/97
03:15 PM
Sherman G. Boone
06/13/97 02:08:12 PM
Record Type: Record
To: Elizabeth Drye/OPD/EOP
cc:
Subject: Cloning
I've tried playing with this a bit. Sorry that I was so obtuse on the
phone; it's been along couple of weeks
Reproductive Human Cloning:
We have taken note of the recent successful cloning of an adult sheep,
which could open the way to the use of cloning to create a new human being
who is genetically identical to an existing person. While recognizing
the considerable potential benefits for basic research, agriculture and
human health from cloning technology, we regard the deliberate cloning of
human beings as ethically unacceptable. We are encouraged by the serious
attention being given to the ethical implications of this technology by b
oth national and international bodies. This will enable a measured
approach to the debate on which uses of this technique are, and which are
not, [un]acceptable. We support international cooperation to enforce
common aspects of national policies [,including legislative bans,] on the
use of cloning to create human beings.
RECORD TYPE: PRESIDENTIAL (NOTES MAIL)
CREATOR: Rachel E. Levinson ( CN=Rachel E. Levinson/OU=OSTP/O=EOP [ OSTP 1)
CREATION DATE/TIME:13-JUN-1997. 15:22:39.00
SUBJECT: Re: Cloning
TO: Elizabeth Drye ( CN=Elizabeth Drye/OU=OPD/O=EOP @ EOP [ OPD ])
READ:UNKNOWN
TEXT:
fine
RECORD TYPE: PRESIDENTIAL (NOTES MAIL)
CREATOR: Sherman G. Boone ( CN=Sherman G. Boone/OU=OPD/O=EOP [ OPD ])
CREATION DATE/TIME:13-JUN-1997. 15:55:11.00
SUBJECT: Re: Cloning
TO: Rachel E. Levinson ( CN=Rachel E. Levinson/OU=OSTP/O=EOP @ EOP [ OSTP 1)
READ:UNKNOWN
CC: Elizabeth Drye ( CN=Elizabeth Drye/OU=OPD/O=EOP @ EOP [ OPD ])
READ:UNKNOWN
TEXT:
one more tweak: could we replace "sheep" with "mammal"?
Clinton Presidential Records
Automated Records Management System
[EMAIL] and Tape Restoration Project [Email]
This is not a presidential record. This is used as an administrative
marker by the William J. Clinton Presidential Library Staff.
This marker identifies a responsive email, already made available
within another collection.
Collection: Elena Kagan systematic processing project.
Bucket: OPD
Creation Date: 1997-06-14
Subject: [no subject]
Creator: Sherman G. Boone
RECORD TYPE: PRESIDENTIAL (NOTES MAIL)
CREATOR: Sherman G. Boone ( CN=Sherman G. Boone/OU=OPD/O=EOP [ OPD 1)
CREATION DATE/TIME:15-JUN-1997 09:19:03.00
SUBJECT: Denver Communique
TO: dhohman ( dhohman @ os.dhhs.gov @ INET @ LNGTWY [ UNKNOWN ])
READ:UNKNOWN
TEXT:
Thanks for your point re: WHO and comma placement. These subtleties are
too subtle for me at this point. I just received your comments on
cloning; should have sent you the attached yesterday; this is the version
that we transmitted. Given the differences with the French position, I'm
sure that we will be revisiting
Forwarded by Sherman G. Boone/OPD/EOP on 06/15/97
09:15 AM
Sherman G. Boone
06/14/97 11:03:28 AM
Record Type: Record
To: Elena Kagan/OPD/EOP, William P. Marshall/WHO/EOP
cc: Elizabeth Drye/OPD/EOP, Rachel E. Levinson/OSTP/EOP
Subject:
The following is revised (by Tarullo) language for the Denver Summit of
the Eight Communique as agreed to by Rachel and Elizabeth. I will run it
by Dan once again; we plan to transmit the communique early this afternoon.
Human Cloning
We have taken note of recent scientific experiments which could open the
way to creating a child by cloning an existing person. While recognizing
the considerable benefits for basic research, agriculture and human health
from cloning technology, we agree on the need for appropriate domestic
legislation and close international cooperation to prohibit the use of
somatic cell nuclear transfer to create a child, while countries explore
ethical and scientific implications in greater depth. We are encouraged by
the reflections underway within national ethics committees, as well as in
various regional and international fora, which will enable a measured
approach in deciding which uses of this technique are, and which are not
unacceptable. We are determined to give a strong impetus to their work
with a view to arriving as soon as possible at an appropriate universal
moratorium.
RECORD TYPE: PRESIDENTIAL (NOTES MAIL)
CREATOR: Barbara A. Matzner ( CN=Barbara A. Matzner/OU=OPD/O=EOP [ OPD 1)
CREATION DATE/TIME:16-JUN-1997 10:30:44.00
SUBJECT: Denver Summit Statement and Communique
TO: Veronique.ARNAULT (Veronique.ARNAULT@ dgl.cec.be UNKNOWN )
READ:UNKNOWN
TEXT:
Enclosed, please find the final version of the Denver Summit Statement of
the Seven and the Communique of the Eight. Both documents are encoded in
Microsoft Word format.
ATTACHMENT 1
ATT CREATION TIME/DATE: 0 00:00:00.00
TEXT:
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MSWordDocWord.Document.6;
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@d (C:\MSOFFICE\WINWORD\TEMPLATE\NORMAL.DOT6CONFRONTING GLOBAL ECONOMIC AND
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ANCIAL CHALLENGES National Security CouncilNatie=
ek%"hxx~VVVC:TT\ddd)VT{Vd79\
`dddFFTddddFTNXj8^~8~^FFdd.dPRIVATE Confronting Global Economic And Financial C
hallenges
Denver Summit Statement by Seven
Introduction
We, the Heads of Stat
e and Government of seven major industrial democracies, and the Representatives
of the European Union, have met in Denver to discuss the challenges which we f
ace in economic, financial and other areas as we approach the 21st Century.
We
remain committed to sustaining growth with low inflation and contributing to W
orld prosperity. The increasing globalization of markets is an important engin
e of world growth that provides opportunities to all countries. Our goal is to
realize the full benefits of globalization for all while meeting the challenge
S it presents.
To achieve this goal, we must:
Implement policies to promote su
stainable, non-inflationary growth; create jobs; restore sound public finances;
and meet the challenge of the aging of our populations.
Work together with oth
er countries to promote open markets for trade and investment and to support gl
obal financial stability, crucial underpinnings of economic growth and prosperi
ty.
Promote the successful integration of the transition and developing countri
es of all regions of the world into the global economy.
Promoting Growth
Since
we met in Lyon, we have been encouraged by the many positive indicators in our
economies: inflation remains low, growth continues at a solid yet sustainable
pace or is increasing, and fiscal actions are reducing budget deficits. We wel
come the impressive gains of the emerging economies, which have contributed sig
nificantly to global growth. We also welcome the progress of the transition ec
onomies toward creating stable macroeconomic conditions and implementing struc
tural reforms. We call on those countries to work with us to ensure the effici
ent functioning of the international monetary and trade system.
But we still h
ave work to do in our own economies. More must be done to restore sound long-t
erm fiscal positions and, in some countries, to ensure the soundness of the fin
ancial system. We are concerned about the high level of unemployment in some co
untries, which has serious consequences for growth, public finances and social
cohesion. Some of our countries have registered strong economic growth and ris
ing employment; in others, the recovery in job growth has not been satisfactory
More needs to be done especially in the latter cases to increase labo
r and product market efficiency through structural reform. We face the challen
ge of ensuring that all, particularly our young people, can participate in grow
th and benefit from it. In this respect, we encourage the work of the OECD on
regulatory reform.
One of the most important challenges we face is responding
to the economic, financial and social implications of the changing demographics
in our aging societies. It could significantly affect our pension and health
care costs; reduce public and private savings, and affect global flows of capit
al. We therefore pledge to undertake structural reforms that will address thes
e issues. We have asked our Finance and Economic Ministers to examine, coordin
ation with other competent national authorities, the economic and fiscal implic
ations of aging, including within the OECD and other relevant international org
anizations.
Our countries circumstances and priorities differ.
In the United S
tates, with a long recovery and successful job creation, it is important to rem
ain vigilant against a resurgence of inflation, to achieve the full promise of
the agreement to balance the federal budget, and to promote savings. Canada, W
ith very low inflation and impressive success in cutting budget deficits, recor
ded increasing growth in the second half of 1996. The continuing upswing shoul
d lead to further job creation.
Japan has the objective of achieving strong dom
estic demand-led growth and avoiding a significant increase in its external sur
plus. Further structural reforms, including broader deregulation initiatives a
nd appropriate structural reforms in the fiscal area, are important over the me
dium term to revitalize the Japanese economy further.
France, Germany and Italy
share the challenging task of restoring strong employment growth. While pursui
ng efforts toward restoring sound long-term fiscal positions, they will need to
deepen structural reforms to reduce barriers to job creation and reshape gover
nments role in their economies, including through reforms of the tax and social
security systems. The United Kingdom must keep inflation pressures under cont
rol and maintain budget deficit reduction while strengthening the economys long
-term growth potential, particularly through education and welfare reform.
We
discussed EMU, including its international implications. We welcome the effort
S of European Union countries to achieve a successful introduction of the Euro
and a well-functioning EMU, underpinned by sound macroeconomic and structural p
olicies, that would contribute to the stability of the international monetary S
ystem.
We reiterate our commitment to promoting international monetary stabi
lity. We have asked our Finance Ministers to continue to cooperate closely on
economic policy and in the exchange markets.
Strengthening the Stability of the
Global Financial System
International financial markets are becoming increas
ingly global and complex. This presents new opportunities that can lead to incr
eased efficiencies in the functioning of the international financial system, th
ereby facilitating growth and prosperity. At the same time, these changes pres
ent new challenges. Beginning in Halifax and continuing through Lyon, we have
encouraged financial regulators and the international financial institutions to
take measures to deal effectively with possible systemic or contagion risks an
d foster financial stability, without stifling innovation or undermining the be
nefits of globalization, liberalization and competition. We welcome the concer
ted effort to strengthen the international financial system and endorse our Fin
ance Ministers report, which outlines the progress achieved in the key areas we
identified in Lyon.
National supervisors and international regulatory bodies
have put in place a network of cooperative arrangements and developed proposals
to enhance the supervision of internationally-active financial institutions, o
n both an on-going basis and in emergency situations. These efforts should hel
p the regulatory framework better reflect market developments. Moreover, Finan
ce Ministers have agreed to consider what changes may be needed in their domest
ic laws and regulations, as appropriate, to facilitate information exchange. S
teps have been taken to strengthen risk assessment, reduce foreign exchange se
ttlement risk, and improve market transparency to help our consumers, investors
, and regulators better identify, manage, and control risks. In addition, the
G-10 Working Party on Electronic Money identified a set of broad objectives and
key considerations to help guide national approaches to emerging electronic pa
yment technologies.
The Working Party on Financial Stability in Emerging Mark
et Economies has outlined a concrete strategy to assist emerging economies in S
trengthening their financial systems, and the Basle Committee on Banking Superv
ision has developed a set of Core Principles which will contribute significantl
y to the adoption of improved prudential standards worldwide. We urge the diss
emination and endorsement of these reports and implementation of their recommen
dations.
These efforts to promote financial stability and mitigate possible fi
nancial crises are part of an important ongoing process to which we attach grea
t importance. We urge our national supervisors to develop further and implemen
t proposals to enhance international regulatory cooperation. We call on the in
ternational financial institutions and the international regulatory bodies to f
ulfill their roles in assisting emerging market economies in strengthening thei
r financial systems and prudential standards. Our Finance Ministers will consu
It with the relevant supervisory and international regulatory bodies and intern
ational organizations to develop approaches for further actions, and report pri
or to the next Summit on progress in implementing these initiatives.
Building
an Integrated Global Economy
The International Financial Institutions in a Chan
ging World
The rapid growth of global trade and private capital flows requires
continuing adaptation and reform of the international financial institutions (
IFIs). We therefore reaffirm our support for the ambitious program of IFI refo
rms underway following Halifax, and our conviction that their comprehensive imp
lementation will substantially strengthen the effectiveness of the internationa
I monetary system. We pledge to work collaboratively with the institutions as
they pursue these efforts, and to cooperate among ourselves and with others hav
ing a stake in the international monetary system to provide them the resources
and multilateral support needed for success.
We value the IMFs surveillance of
the international monetary system. We place particular importance on the IMF
helping countries build long-term potential through trade and investment libera
lization. By the time of the World Bank/IMF annual meetings in Hong Kong, we S
eek substantial agreement on key elements of an amendment to the IMF Articles t
o give the IMF the specific mandate to promote capital account liberalization t
o meet the new challenges in global capital markets. We welcome the IMFs progr
ess in strengthening surveillance and promoting improved transparency. Increas
ed attention to financial sector problems that could have significant macroeco
nomic implications, and to promoting good governance and transparency, will hel
p prevent financial crises. Equally important is appropriate transparency in t
he Funds activities with member countries. We welcome the IMFs progress and p
lans in these areas. We seek substantial agreement toward a proposed amendment
of the IMF Articles to provide for an equity allocation of Special Drawing Rig
hts, and ask the IMF to [complete] [report on] this work by the time of the Hon
g Kong World Bank/IMF meetings in September.
The World Banks Strategic Compact
represents a welcome commitment to a new direction, emphasizing greater Bank i
mpact on poverty reduction, strong new partnerships with the private sector, an
d a concentration of operations on countries genuinely committed to sound polic
ies and the welfare of all their citizens. We fully endorse the Banks commitme
nt to a stronger focus on building institutional capacity, especially in the po
orest countries, and its recognition of the central importance of transparency,
accountability, and good governance in this effort. We look forward to full a
nd timely implementation of these commitments. We urge the regional developmen
t banks to participate fully in meeting these same challenges. We welcome the
World Bank Groups initiative to present at the Hong Kong meetings innovative wa
ys to support private sector infrastructure investment in developing countries.
Transparent, accountable, and responsive public institutions are essential to
achieving sustained economic development and healthy democracies. In this reg
ard, we welcome the long-standing efforts of the World Bank to promote good gov
ernance and adoption by the Asian Development Bank of a good governance policy.
We urge the IMF and the World Bank to finalize governance policies, consistin
g of principles and guidelines on best governance practices which would be diss
eminated to the international community and serve as benchmarks for evaluation
of performance. We request that Ministers report back to us in Birmingham on t
he IMFs and World Banks progress in promoting good governance and helping count
ries to combat corruption, which adversely affects economic policy formulation
and execution, resource allocation and economic growth.
It is incumbent on us
to help ensure that the IFIs have the multilateral support and financial resour
ces needed to succeed with their ambitious and important reforms. For the mult
ilateral banks, this means meeting our financial commitments in full, particula
rly with respect to vital concessional lending operations such as IDA. We also
agree that the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) needs sufficien
t resources to continue to support, in close cooperation with other members of
the World Bank Group, private sector investment in developing countries. Recog
nizing the importance of ensuring that the IMF continues to have adequate resou
rces to fulfill its systemic responsibilities, we urge the IMF Board to [comple
te] [report on progress of its work on] the Eleventh General Review of quotas b
y the time of the Hong Kong World Bank/IMF meetings in September. Continuation
of the ESAF with adequate resources is needed to maintain a full role for the
IMF in promoting growth and development in the poorest countries.
[Our governm
ents welcome the new round of Russian economic reform launched this year to pro
mote sustainable growth. Russias plan for fundamental tax reform is essential
to put that countrys fiscal situation on a sound footing. We fully agree with
Russias intention to pursue vigorously structural reforms to improve the invest
ment environment, promote competition, fight crime and corruption, and strength
en the social sector. In this context, full implementation of Russias EFF prog
ram with the IMF is critical. Successful implementation will help Russia to at
tract higher flows of private investment. In addition, a deepening and expansi
on of Russias relations with the World Bank and the EBRD, through both increase
d lending and guarantees, will support this ambitious structural reform agenda.
]
Global Partnership for Development
We reiterate our commitment to sustainab
le and widely-shared economic growth and development, and reaffirm our full par
tnership with developing countries and the multilateral institutions, as agreed
in Lyon. We remain committed, through this partnership and our bilateral effo
rts, to meeting the interrelated challenges of eradicating deep-seated poverty,
investing in human potential and promoting dignity, and building on the clear
lessons and major achievements of the past decade. We recognize and welcome th
e complementary and increasingly important role of the private sector in meetin
g these challenges.
This partnership is based on shared responsibilities and S
hared interests. For our part, we are committed to a sound global financial sy
stem, open trade and investment regimes, and consistent and sustainable growth
in the advanced economies. We must ensure that adequate development assistance
is available, and that it be concentrated primarily where it will have greates
t impact, on the poorest countries in danger of being left further behind, and
on the priority human resource investments that are the ultimate source of sust
ainable development. For their part, recipient countries must pursue sound mac
roeconomic policies; make fiscal choices that genuinely promote development and
minimize unproductive expenditures, especially military expenditures; ensure t
he best possible use of our support; and respect the basic rights of individual
S. We will reinforce these efforts with our active support. We reaffirm the L
yon commitment to support the IFIs efforts to curtail unproductive expenditure
in developing countries through our aid and credits.
Our partnership with the
developing countries, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa, where problems associ
ated with poverty and marginalization are acute, can deepen and take on an addi
tional, more market-oriented dimension as they implement comprehensive, outward
looking and effective economic reform measures to promote financial and fiscal
stability, trade and investment liberalization, sustainable development, and g
rowth. We urge the IFIs to reinforce their efforts to support reforming Sub-Sa
haran African countries in particular to identify priority problems and reinfor
ce steps toward openness, regional integration, and deeper participation in the
world economy. Such actions should assist productive foreign investment and d
omestic social formation. We call on the IFIs to report on their efforts by th
e time of the Hong Kong World Bank/IMF meetings. In addition, we welcome an in
creased focus on microenterprise development strategies in developing countries
to broaden participation, and will work to promote best practices in microfina
nce through bilateral and multilateral assistance.
Debt Relief for the Poorest
Countries
We welcome the substantial progress that has been made in implementi
ng the new debt initiative launched in Lyon to help heavily indebted poor count
ries (the HIPC initiative) implement the bold reforms needed for debt relief to
lead to sustainable financial positions and stronger growth. The IMF and Worl
d Bank have established specific mechanisms to provide effective multilateral d
ebt reduction for countries qualifying under the HIPC initiative, and have made
available initial funds for this purpose. The Paris Club has also shown its r
eadiness to fully participate in the initiative, on the basis of fair burden sh
aring.
We look forward to further implementation of the agreed framework for t
his initiative in the coming year and expect additional countries to qualify fo
r relief in the months ahead. The IMF and World Bank should fulfill their role
S, including the provision of interim relief. They should also continue to coo
rdinate closely with other multilateral institutions to assure their participat
ion, taking into account the particular needs of the African Development Bank.
The success of the new initiative relies on a combination of strong debtor ref
orm programs and effective debt relief. We welcome that some countries have al
ready substantially reduced bilateral concessional debt. Other countries shoul
d reinforce efforts to reduce or, where possible, extinguish such debt for the
poorest reforming countries.
Combating Corruption and Financial Crimes
We urge
the IMF and the multilateral development banks to strengthen their activities
to help countries fight corruption, including measures to ensure the rule of la
W, improve the efficiency and accountability of the public sector, and increase
institutional capacity and efficiency, all of which help remove economic and f
inancial incentives and opportunities for corrupt practices. We support and en
courage the IFIs in their efforts to promote good governance in their respectiv
e areas of competence and responsibility.
In addition to its closer focus on b
road governance issues, the World Bank has taken concrete steps against corrupt
ion by raising public sector procurement standards worldwide through greater tr
ansparency and rigor in the standards it applies to Bank-funded contracts. We
urge the regional development banks to collaborate fully in this effort, includ
ing by establishing procurement standards that meet the highest standard.
We n
ote with satisfaction the decision by the OECD Ministers in May urging implemen
tation of their previous recommendation to eliminate tax deductibility of bribe
s paid to foreign public officials in international business transactions. We
are resolved in our commitment to submit criminalization proposals to our legis
lative bodies by April 1, 1998, and to seek their enactment by the end of 1998.
Also, we are resolved, to that end, promptly to open negotiations of a conve
ntion to be completed by the end of this year with a view to its entry into for
ce as soon as possible within 1998.
We reiterate our commitment to improve int
ernational cooperation between law enforcement agencies and financial regulato
rs on cases involving serious financial crimes and regulatory abuse. We ask our
experts to report and make recommendations at Birmingham.
Money laundering p
oses a continuing threat to the democratic values and financial integrity of al
I of our countries. The Financial Action Task Force (FATF) is leading the inte
rnational fight against money laundering, and we believe that the FATF should c
ontinue its important work. The key challenge will be to spread the anti-money
laundering message to all regions of the globe. FATF should consider expandin
g its membership to include a select group of non-member countries committed to
the Forty FATF Recommendations which can play a significant role in their regi
ons. FATF should seek stronger cooperation with regional organizations, the su
pport of the international financial institutions and the cooperation of the in
ternational financial services industry. Over the next year, we urge the FATF
to review ways to advance its essential work and look forward to receiving its
conclusions in Birmingham as we consider renewal of its mandate for an addition
al five-year period.
Supporting Growing Global Trade and Investment
Trade and
investment are essential to increased prosperity, sustainable economic growth
and job creation. We attach high priority to full and effective implementation
of the Uruguay Round agreements to support the goals of further trade liberali
zation to spread the benefits of globalization. Globalization will only be sus
tainable if everyone enjoys the benefits of the resulting economic gains. We W
elcome the WTOs first Ministerial Conference in Singapore in December, and the
important trade agreements covering $1 trillion in information technology goods
and telecommunications services achieved earlier this year and look forward to
its expansion. We believe that it will be in the interests of all WTO members
to secure a financial services agreement by the end of this year, on a full MF
N basis, that contains significantly improved market access and national treatm
ent commitments from a broader range of countries. We shall negotiate construc
tively to achieve such a result and urge our partners to join us in this effort
Similarly, we look forward to a successful completion in 1998 of the OECD ne
gotiations on the Multilateral Agreement on Investment.
We restate the primacy
of an open, multilateral, trading system based on the WTO. Next years 50th an
niversary of the GATT provides an occasion to reflect on what we have achieved
and an opportunity to look to the future. We endorse the program of work and t
imetable for further trade liberalization built into the Uruguay Round agreemen
ts and elaborated by Trade Ministers at Singapore. We are committed to buildin
g the widest possible support for this process. We agreed to explore further m
arket opening initiatives, taking into account developments in the world econom
y, the widening membership of the multilateral system, and important traditiona
1 trade barriers that remain. We renew our commitment to the observance of int
ernationally recognized core labor standards.
We attach a high priority to exp
anding the membership of the WTO, on the basis of commitments to adhere to WTO
rules and to provide commercially meaningful market access. As agreed at Singa
pore, we also support the further integration of the least-developed countries
in the trading system, through a plan of action, including, for example, provid
ing predictable and favorable duty-free market access conditions for their prod
ucts to help foster the expansion and diversification of their exports. We loo
k to the WTO-UNCTAD-ITC Conference to enhance their capacity to benefit from in
creased trade and investment. We each will continue to improve, through variou
S means, access to our markets for least-developed countries.
The development
of electronic commerce has the potential to yield great benefits to all our cit
izens and enterprises. To do so, it must be able to grow in a predictable and
stable environment. We have directed our officials to work with the OECD, WTO,
other appropriate international organizations, and the private sector to ident
ify opportunities to facilitate global electronic commerce, as well as the chal
lenges it poses to ensure preservation of national security interests, consumer
protections, effective tax administration and the ability to deal with crimina
1 activities, including money laundering.
In Lyon we initiated an effort to st
andardize and simplify customs procedures. We urge our customs experts to comp
lete their work in the next year and report prior to our next meeting on their
efforts to standardize both the data required by customs and other related admi
nistrations to carry out their responsibilities and the form in which data are
to be reported electronically, and to reduce data requirements to a minimum con
sistent with effective administration of customs responsibilities.
The globali
zation of national economies has increased the challenge of harmful tax competi
tion. As stated in the Lyon communiqu, tax schemes aimed at attracting financi
al and other geographically mobile activities can create harmful tax competitio
n between states, carrying risks of distorting trade and investment, and could
lead to the erosion of national tax bases. Harmful tax competition also underm
ines the fairness and neutrality of the tax system. Hence we attach great impo
rtance to the work undertaken by the OECD. We hope that the OECD can produce i
ts conclusions and recommendations on this subject in time for our consideratio
n at next years Summit.
Nuclear Safety
We have made significant progress in im
plementing the 1995 Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with Ukraine on Chornobyl
Closure. We reaffirm our commitment to assist Ukraine, within the context of
the MOU, in mobilizing funds for energy projects to help meet its power needs i
n 2000 and beyond after Chornobyls closure. To date, projects have been agreed
totaling over $1 billion. We call upon Ukraine to continue to undertake the r
eforms necessary for sustainable growth, particularly in its energy sector.
Cho
rnobyl Sarcophagus
We agreed on the importance of securing the environmental S
afety of the sarcophagus covering the remains of the destroyed Chornobyl reacto
r. This task is inevitably beyond the resources of Ukraine alone. This is a m
ajor challenge for the international community. We endorse the setting up of a
multilateral funding mechanism and have agreed that the G7 will contribute $[x
] over the lifetime of the project. We call upon concerned governments and oth
er donors to join us at a special pledging conference this fall to ensure full
implementation of this project.
Denver Summit Statement DRAFT - PAG
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Communiqu
Denver Summit Of The Eight
INTRODUCTION
We, the partici
pants in the Denver Summit of the Eight, as major industrialized democracies, h
ave discussed the steps necessary, both internationally and domestically, to sh
ape the forces of integration to ensure prosperity and peace for our citizens a
nd the entire world as we approach the twenty-first century. We have agreed to
work closely with all willing partners in fostering global partnership for peac
e, security, and sustainable development that includes strengthening democracy,
and human rights, and helping prevent and resolve conflicts.
Continuing the im
portant steps we have taken, the Denver Summit of the Eight marks a new and dee
per participation by Russia in our efforts. Russia has taken bold measures to
complete its historic transformation into a market democracy. We are committed
to continue the trend of increased Russian participation in the work of our of
ficials between summits. Cooperation to integrate Russias economy into the glo
bal economic system represents one of our most important priorities. [We endor
sed Russias commitment to fully implement its EFF program with the IMF.] We wi
11 work together to reach agreement on the conditions of Russias early particip
ation as a creditor in the Paris Club, and support the goal of early Russian ac
cession to the WTO on the basis of [commercial] conditions generally applicable
to newly acceding members. We also look forward to continued Russian progress
toward accession to the OECD.
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL ISSUES
The process of glob
alization, a major factor underlying the growth of world prosperity in the last
fifty years, is now advancing rapidly and broadly. Globalization encompasses
the expansion of cross-border flows of ideas and information, goods and service
s, technology and capital. More openness and integration across the global eco
nomy create opportunities for increased prosperity as countries specialize in t
hose economic activities which they do best, while also promoting increased com
petition and efficiency, and the rapid spread of technological innovations. Our
task, as we enter the 21st Century, is to make the most of these opportunities
At the same time, globalization may create new challenges. The increasing op
enness and interdependence of our economies, with deep trade linkages and ever
greater flows of private capital, means that problems in one country can spill
over more easily to affect the rest. We must cooperate to maintain global econ
omic and financial stability. We must also ensure that all segments of society
, and indeed all countries across the globe, have the opportunity to share in t
he prosperity made possible by global integration and technological innovations
It is particularly important that young adults see the path to a successful
life, and be adequately prepared to follow that path.
Rapid technological chan
ge and demographic shifts are also having an important impact on the global eco
nomy. We must take advantage of the possibilities for growth to address unempl
oyment and economic insecurity. Sound economic policies and the structural ref
orms necessary to allow markets to function properly are essential if we are to
meet the many domestic and international challenges we all face. Measures tha
t expand the availability of high quality education and training and increase t
he responsiveness of labor markets to economic conditions will aid the ability
of our people to adjust to all types of structural changes. We look forward to
the high-level conference on employment that takes place this fall in Japan, wh
ich is expected to contribute to the discussion on responses to structural chan
ges. We also welcome the proposal by the United Kingdom to host a conference of
Finance and Social Affairs Ministers early next year on growth, employability,
and inclusion, to prepare for further discussion of these vital issues at our
meeting next year.
The Opportunities and Challenges of Aging Populations
Increa
sed life expectancy and improved health among our elderly are two major achieve
ments of this century. In the next century, these successes will present us wi
th both opportunities and challenges, as longer life expectancies and lower bir
th rates significantly raise the proportion of seniors in our countries popula
tions. Prime Minister Hashimotos Initiative for a Caring World has provided us
the opportunity to focus on the implications of these developments.
We discus
sed the idea of active aging -- the desire and ability of many older people to
continue work or other socially productive activities well into their later yea
rs, and agreed that old stereotypes of seniors as dependent should be abandon
ed. We considered new evidence suggesting that disability rates among seniors
have declined in some countries while recognizing the wide variation in the hea
Ith of older people. We discussed how our nations can promote active aging of
our older citizens with due regard to their individual choices and circumstance
S, including removing disincentives to labor force participation and lowering b
arriers to flexible and part-time employment that exist in some countries. In
addition, we discussed the transition from work to retirement, life-long learni
ng and ways to encourage volunteerism and to support family care-giving.
We ex
amined the differing implications of population aging for our nations pension,
health and long-term care systems in the next century. Active aging strategies
can be a useful way to advance structural reforms in the areas of health and S
ocial welfare. Some of our countries face major challenges in sustaining their
public pension systems and would benefit from early action to restore balance.
Different ways were suggested to address this issue, including increasing the
labor force participation of seniors, particularly those in their fifties and
early sixties, and raising national savings rates. Investing in human capital,
including maximizing opportunities for life-long learning were mentioned as wa
ys to facilitate the continued work preparedness of mature adults. Some countr
ies will be more affected by the demands of health care financing for seniors
We concluded that efficient and effective management of this challenge should h
elp us to meet the needs of an aging society without overburdening younger gen
erations.
We agreed that it is important to learn from one another how our poli
cies and programs can promote active aging and advance structural reforms to pr
eserve and strengthen our pension, health and long-term care systems. Our gove
rnments will work together, within the OECD and with other international organi
zations, to promote active aging through information exchanges and cross-nation
al research. We encourage collaborative biomedical and behavioral research to
improve active life expectancy and reduce disability, and have directed our off
icials to identify gaps in our knowledge and explore developing comparable data
in our nations to improve our capacity to address the challenges of population
aging into the 21 century.
Small and Medium Enterprises
The contributions of
small and medium-sized enterprises to employment and economic dynamism in our
societies are widely recognized. Fostering a business setting conducive to the
growth of dynamic young enterprises is a key to job creation. In our discussi
on, we surveyed the obstacles to such growth, including the unavailability of d
ebt or equity capital at critical stages of a firms growth, unnecessary regulat
ion, difficulties adopting existing innovative technologies, and the problems o
f smaller businesses in entering global markets. We stress the need to remove
these obstacles. We also examined some exemplary practices within our countrie
S to promote the growth of small and medium-sized companies, as well as vocatio
nal training and education within these companies, and considered how we might
benefit from these successes. Best practices in our countries could also be us
eful examples for developing and transition-market economies, as development of
small and medium-sized enterprises favors creation of jobs and social stabilit
y, disseminates entrepreneurial capacities and helps to promote and diversify e
xports.
GLOBAL ISSUES
Even as global integration and rapid advances in communic
ations and transportation have spurred economic growth, these same trends have
exposed us to complex problems that defy unilateral solutions. In recent year
S our Summits have devoted increasing attention to our cooperative efforts to c
onfront these problems.
Environment
This is a pivotal year for efforts to promo
te sustainable development and protect the environment. We are determined to ad
dress the environmental challenges that will affect the quality of life of futu
re generations and to enhance public awareness, especially among our youth, of
the importance of advancing sustainable development goals.
UNGeneralAssemblySpe
cialSession
We discussed the progress that has been made since the 1992 Rio Ear
th Summit in defining and promoting sustainable development, and we commit ours
elves to taking action in areas critical to advancing this agenda. Sustainable
development demands the full integration of environment, economic and social p
olicies; should be based upon democratic governance and respect for human right
s; and should have poverty eradication as one of its ultimate objectives. In t
his connection, we reaffirm the vital contribution of civil society. We urge t
he United Nations General Assembly, at its Special Session to be held next wee
k, to reaffirm and give impetus to the Rio commitments, to take stock of imple
mentation since Rio, and, most importantly, to develop a manageable list of pri
ority issues to address in future work on sustainable development.
Climate Chan
ge
We are determined to take the lead and show seriousness of purpose in stren
gthening international efforts to confront climate change. We must forge at th
e Third Conference of Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change
in Kyoto, a strong agreement that fully meets the remit of the Berlin mandate,
and that contains legally binding emission limitation and reduction targets. W
e support an agreement that will advance us toward the ultimate goal of stabili
zing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gasses at an acceptable level in
an efficient and cost-effective way[, and that allows Signatories appropriate f
lexibility in the manner in which they meet the targets]. We are committed to a
chieve emissions targets that
[are meaningful, realistic and equitable and whic
h maintain accountability and transparency.]
[are meaningful, realistic and equ
itable, that maintain accountability and transparency, and are effective in lim
iting and reducing green-house gas emissions in the post-2000 era.]
[substantia
lly reduce greenhouse gas emissions below 1990 levels for the years 2005, 2010
and 2020. Developed countries should, individually or jointly, reduce emission
S levels by the year 2010 by 15% with respect to 1990. They should also commit
themselves to common and coordinated policies and measures that would help us
avoid competitive distortions and achieve ambitious targets.]
[reduce greenhous
e gas emissions significantly below 1990 levels by 2005 and 2010, with coordina
ted policies and measures.]
[significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions be
low 1990 levels by 2005 and 2010.]
Action by developed countries alone will not
be sufficient to meet this goal. Measurable steps will also be needed by deve
loping countries, and their obligations will increase as their economies grow.
We agree to work in partnership with them to that effect. In this context, we
resolve to facilitate the development of environmental technology and its diff
usion to developing countries. We also will work with developing countries to
build environmental capacity and to promote environmental education.
We stress
the importance of setting up an appropriate mechanism for monitoring and ensur
ing compliance among Parties. We also agreed to work together to enhance inter
national efforts to further develop global systems for monitoring climate chang
e and other environmental trends.
Forests
Forests continue to be destroyed and
degraded at alarming rates in many parts of the world. To reverse this trend,
we call on all countries to work with us to begin implementation of the proposa
Is for action put forward by the UNCSD Inter-governmental Panel on Forests and
to develop constructive programs, inter alia, to implement national forest prog
rams for sustainable forest management, establish networks of protected areas,
assess the state of each nations forests using agreed criteria and indicators,
harness responsible private sector investment in forests and eliminate illegal
logging. We welcome the progress made in implementing the Brazilian Pilot Prog
ram initiated in Houston. We urge the Special Session of the United Nations
[t
o establish an Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee to develop an internatio
nal convention to ensure the conservation and sustainable management of the wor
Ids forests. This negotiation should be completed by the year 2000.]
[to launc
h an intergovernmental initiative for coordinated action to promote national tr
ansparency and accountability and to build further consensus on global issues,
including on the advisability of initiating a global forest convention.]
Freshw
ater
Many people throughout the world do not have access to safe water. Increa
sed human, industrial and agricultural wastes can diminish water quality, with
adverse effects for ecosystems and human health and safety, particularly for ch
ildren. The Special Session of the UN General Assembly should encourage the CSD
to develop a practical plan of action to address freshwater-related issues, i
ncluding promotion of efficient water use, improvement of water quality and san
itation, technological development and capacity building, public awareness and
institutional improvements. To achieve these objectives, we have also agreed t
o promote bilateral and regional cooperation on freshwater concerns, and to e
nhance coordination of our efforts in this area.
Oceans
We must strengthen our
efforts to protect the worlds oceans. We will work to ensure an effective and
integrated effort to deal with key concerns, including sustainable fishing, S
hipping, marine pollution from land-based and off-shore activities, and oil sp
ill prevention and emergency response. In this connection, we will also enhan
ce cooperation in monitoring the ecology in the Northern Pacific, as well as i
n forecasting earthquakes and tsunamis in this region.
Environmental Standards
for Export Credit Agencies
Private sector financial flows supported by official
export credit agencies (ECAs) of the industrial nations have a significant imp
act on sustainable development worldwide. Governments can help promote sustain
able practices by taking environmental factors into account when providing expo
rt credits and/or credit insurance for investments in infrastructure [and equip
ment]. We encourage the OECD [Participants Group] to develop common environmen
tal guidelines for all export credit agencies as expeditiously as possible[, W
ith the aim of implementing the guidelines by the May 1999 OECD ministerial].
In the interim, we encourage ECAs to exchange information and develop the neces
sary technical expertise on environmental matters.
Childrens Environmental Heal
th
Protecting the health of our children is a shared fundamental value. Childr
en throughout the world face significant threats to their health from an array
of environmental hazards, and we recognize particular vulnerabilities of childr
en to environmental threats. Our governments will explicitly incorporate child
ren into environmental risk assessments and standard setting and together will
work to strengthen information exchange, provide for microbiologically safe dri
nking water, and reduce childrens exposure to lead, environmental tobacco smoke
and other air pollutants.
Institutions
Strong international institutions are e
ssential to coordinating global efforts to protect the environment and to achie
ve sustainable development.
The UNGA Special Session should confirm the role o
f the UN Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD) as the strategic forum for
integrating the social, environmental and economic aspects of sustainable deve
lopment. The CSD should develop action plans with concrete objectives and time
tables to guide its work in the four agreed priority areas: freshwater; oceans;
land resources, including forests; and sustainable energy use.
To ensure an ef
fective response to urgent global environmental problems, we have supported the
refocused mandate for the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), the lead
ing global environmental authority, as affirmed by the UNEP Governing Council i
n Nairobi this year. UNEP should promote the coherent implementation of envi
ronmental protection within the UN system and serve as an authoritative advocat
e for the global environment. The newly formed High-level Committee of Environ
ment Ministers and Officials should consider the international environmental ag
enda and elaborate upon and advance the reforms needed to ensure UNEPs effectiv
eness, with a particular emphasis on greater policy, program and financial acco
untability. We look forward to a revitalized UNEP being able to attract the res
ources needed for its tasks.
In the medium term, further efforts may be necessa
ry to ensure the long-term coherence and efficiency of the UNs work on the envi
ronment. We encourage the Secretary General to review the handling of environm
ental matters within the UN system and to explore possible means and structures
to improve further the coordination among, and effectiveness of, the concerne
d institutions.
We reaffirm the importance of the Global Environmental Facility
as the leading multilateral funding mechanism for the global environment. We
will work to strengthen its finances and enhance its effectiveness. In this re
gard, we will each do our part to contribute to a successful replenishment of t
he Facility.
Infectious Diseases
Infectious diseases, including childhood pneu
monia, diarrhea, tuberculosis, malaria, and HIV/AIDS are responsible for a thi
rd of all deaths in the world. They pose significant challenges to the health,
security and financial resources of the global community. In many parts of th
e world, infectious diseases and deaths from infectious disease have risen shar
ply in the last decade for a variety of reasons, including the emergence of dru
g-resistant microbes and the increased movement of people and products.
In the
coming year, our governments will promote more effective coordination of intern
ational responses to outbreaks; promote development of a global surveillance ne
twork, building upon existing national and regional surveillance systems; and h
elp to build public health capacity to prevent, detect and control infectious d
iseases globally. Central to this work will be strengthening and linking exist
ing activities in and among each of our countries, and in other fora, especiall
y the World Health Organization. [We support the efforts of the WHO and endors
e the recent World Health Assembly resolutions regarding the quality of biologi
cal and pharmaceutical products.]
Preventing the transmission of HIV infection
and the development of AIDS is an urgent global public health imperative. Whil
e other prevention and treatment methods must be pursued, in the long term the
development of safe and effective vaccines against AIDS holds the best chance o
f limiting, and eventually eliminating, the threat of this disease. We will wor
k to provide the resources necessary to accelerate AIDS vaccine research, and t
ogether will enhance international scientific cooperation and collaboration. C
ooperation among scientists and governments in the developed and developing wor
Id and international agencies will be critical. We call on other states to joi
n us in this endeavor.
The Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) mu
st help expand the scale and quality of the response to HIV/AIDS. As a group an
d with others, we will work to assure that it has resources adequate to fulfill
its mandate.
Nuclear Safety
We reaffirm our commitments from the 1996 Moscow S
ummit on Nuclear Safety and Security to give an absolute priority to safety in
the use of nuclear energy. We note that further substantial progress is still
required in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe and in the Newly Indepe
ndent States, especially by strengthening regulatory authorities, enhancing rea
ctor safety and improving safety culture. We consider further joint efforts to
this end a major priority. In this regard, we attach the greatest importance
to the full implementation of the Nuclear Safety Account agreements.
We note wi
th satisfaction the entry into force by the Nuclear Safety Convention and the p
reparations now underway for the first review meeting to be held in April 1999.
We applaud the rapid progress made in developing the Joint Convention on the
Safety of Spent Fuel Management and the Safety of Radioactive Waste Management
and encourage finalization. We welcome the forthcoming adoption of the Protoco
I to amend the Vienna Convention on civil liability for nuclear damage and of a
new Supplementary Funding Convention as called for at the Moscow Nuclear Summi
t. [Each of our governments will give early consideration to joining these new
conventions.] These conventions will facilitate international safety cooperat
ion and provide for increased compensation for victims in the event of a nuclea
r accident.
Global Energy Issues
Market-oriented energy policies can promote su
stainable energy use, energy investment and trade. We request that our officia
Is prepare a concept paper to set the agenda for a proposed Ministerial in Mosc
ow dealing with our shared interests in deregulation, privatization, pipeline t
ransit issues, nuclear safety, and links between energy and the environment.
Tr
ansnational Organized Crime
We remain committed to combating transnational orga
nized crime, and have worked actively to implement the forty recommendations ag
reed upon at Lyon. We have taken action within our own borders and with one an
other, and strengthened cooperation bilaterally, multilaterally, and with other
nations and groups to bring criminals to justice through mutual legal assistan
ce and extradition, to promote cooperation among our law enforcement agencies,
to strengthen document security and improve strategies to combat alien smugglin
g, and to prevent illegal trafficking in firearms. In the coming year, we will
continue our efforts with a special focus on high-tech crimes such as those in
volving computer and telecommunications technology and, as appropriate, other n
ew trends in transnational organized criminal activity.
Illicit Drugs
We are de
termined to intensify our efforts to combat the production, trafficking and use
of illicit drugs, which represent a global threat to the safety of our citizen
s, and the well-being of our societies and institutions. Reaffirming the commo
n responsibility of all concerned States, we recognize that a successful strate
gy to combat illicit drugs requires effective action against both the supply an
d the demand for such drugs. We stress the importance of demand reduction. To
gether with strict law enforcement against use of drugs, programs aimed at trea
tment and rehabilitation, education and prevention are of major importance in o
ur fight against drugs.
We have asked our appropriate government agencies to b
uild on their established patterns of cooperation to address this common threat
In particular, we will study mechanisms that would assist in the development
of healthy, drug-free economies in all States; support further efforts to shar
e relevant information on money-laundering, chemical precursors, new synthetic
drugs, trafficking patterns and methods, and other data; and will work together
to strengthen the capabilities of law enforcement institutions to combat illi
cit drugs. Our governments will work together to develop the agenda for the U
N General Assembly Special Session on Drugs in June 1998.
Terrorism
We reaffirm
our determination to combat terrorism in all forms, irrespective of motive. W
e oppose concessions to terrorist demands and are determined to deny hostage-ta
kers any benefits from their acts. We welcome the growing consensus on adoptin
g effective and legitimate means of countering terrorism.
Last year, our Minist
ers adopted twenty-five recommendations to combat terrorism. We have received
a positive response worldwide, in particular in the UN General Assembly. Toget
her we have made substantial progress on many of these recommendations, includi
ng: drafting and negotiating a UN convention on terrorist bombing; promoting i
mproved international standards for airport security, explosives detection, and
vehicle identification; promoting stronger laws and export controls on the man
ufacture, trade and transport of explosives; initiating a directory of counter-
terrorism competencies; inviting all States to promote the use of encryption wh
ich may allow, consistent with OECD guidelines, lawful government access to com
bat terrorism.
We have asked our Ministers to intensify diplomatic efforts to e
nsure that by the year 2000 all States join the international counterterrorism
conventions specified in the 1996 UN resolution on measures to counter terroris
m. We have instructed our officials to take additional steps: to strengthen t
he capability of hostage negotiation experts and counterterrorism response unit
s; to exchange information on technologies to detect and deter the use of mater
ials of mass destruction in terrorist attacks; to develop means to deter terror
ist attacks on electronic and computer infrastructure; to strengthen maritime S
ecurity; to exchange information on security practices for international specia
I events; and to strengthen international cooperation and consultation.
Human C
loning
We have taken note of recent scientific experiments which could open the
way to creating a child by cloning an existing person. While recognizing the
considerable benefits for basic research, agriculture and human health from clo
ning technology, we agree on the need for appropriate domestic legislation and
close international cooperation to prohibit the use of somatic cell nuclear tra
nsfer to create a child, while countries explore ethical and scientific implica
tions in greater depth. We are encouraged by the reflections underway within n
ational ethics committees, as well as in various regional and international for
a, which will enable a measured approach in deciding which uses of this techniq
ue are, and which are not unacceptable. We are determined to give a strong imp
etus to their work with a view to arriving as soon as possible at an appropriat
e universal moratorium.
[Space Station
We [welcome |[look forward to] the sign
ing of the Agreement to establishing an international space station. This is
an excellent example of international cooperation in carrying out large and pr
omising projects in the field of exploration and peaceful uses of outer space.]
United NationsReform
We reaffirm the crucial role of the United Nations in mai
ntaining international peace and security and in fostering global partnership a
nd sustainable development. To this end, we support thorough-going reform and
welcome progress that has occurred since our meetings in Halifax and Lyon. We W
elcome Secretary General Kofi Annans recent reform proposals and support their
rapid implementation; we also look forward to the Secretary-Generals more exten
sive proposals next month. We remain committed to working with all UN members
to realize these reforms.
In order for the UN to cope with the challenges of th
e 21st century, financial reform should proceed together with necessary reform
measures in other areas. The UN system must be placed on a firm financial foot
ing through full and timely payment of obligations, and development of a more I
ogical and equitable scale of assessments. Budgets throughout the UN system sh
ould be scrutinized with emphasis on prioritization and maximum operating effic
iency. We look forward to the Secretary Generals specific proposals for reinve
sting savings from improved cost-effectiveness in high priority development pro
grams. Robust oversight mechanisms and sound personnel policies are essential
for success.
The urgent challenges of economic and social development require t
he UN to coordinate more effectively the policies and activities of its various
bodies including the specialized agencies. To this end, the UNs Economic and
Social Council (ECOSOC), supported by the Under Secretary General for economic
and social issues, should strengthen its policy and coordination role, in part
icular through streamlining its subsidiary bodies and improving its working rel
ationship with international financial institutions and the WTO. We welcome th
e recent reforms in the governance of the funds and programs as well as in the
various UN bodies, in particular at UNCTAD and in the regional commissions; the
se efforts should be sustained and expanded.
We call for a thorough and urgent
review of the UNs funds and programs, as well as a system-wide review of the ro
les and mandates of specialized agencies and commissions. We welcome the Secre
tary Generals recommendations for strengthened integration at the country level
and better coordination at headquarters. In this context, we recommend the UN
undertake performance evaluations of the coordination of its development activ
ities in a range of representative countries. We expect the least developed co
untries to be the principal beneficiaries of improved efficiency in the UNs dev
elopment work.
We reaffirm that the UN must further improve its ability to act
quickly and effectively to address threats to international peace and security
including by reforming its institutions. We will continue to help develop the
capacities of the UN in preventing and resolving conflicts. We support steps t
aken recently by the UN to strengthen its capacity for rapid reaction from the
early warning stage to the stage of rapid deployment of new, approved, peace ke
eping operations and urge continued improvements in these areas.
AFRICA: PARTN
ERSHIP FOR DEVELOPMENT
At Lyon, we initiated a New Global Partnership for Devel
opment, noting both that developing countries have a fundamental responsibility
for promoting their own development, and that developed countries must support
these efforts. We paid particular attention to the problems of Sub-Saharan Af
rican countries, many of which continue to face unusually severe challenges. T
his year, we aim to translate the principles of that Partnership into new concr
ete action to support the efforts of African countries to participate fully in
the expansion of global prosperity and to spread the benefits throughout their
societies. Our objective is not only to facilitate the progressive integration
of African countries into the world economy, but also to foster the integratio
n of poor populations into economic, social and political life of their countri
es.
We are encouraged by positive developments, including the adoption of demo
cratic and economic reforms in many Sub-Saharan African countries. Since 1990,
more than twenty African nations have held free and fair elections. Democrati
c governance and the rule of law, in Africa as elsewhere, lay the foundation fo
r human rights, including the rights of women, and sustainable development. We
commend those African countries that have set an example by undertaking democr
atic reforms, improving rule of law and administration of justice, avoiding unp
roductive expenditures (including excessive military expenditures), and strengt
hening public institutions and civil society. We will support African efforts
to promote democracy and good governance, improve the integrity of public inst
itutions, enhance the transparency of government spending, in particular of pro
curement, and develop national anti-bribery regulations.
Increased prosperity
ultimately depends upon creating an environment for domestic capital formation,
private sector-led growth and successful integration into global markets. We
are encouraged by the increasing number of Sub-Saharan countries that have made
progress toward financial sustainability through fiscal and financial practice
S and have adopted growth and market oriented economic policies, including trad
e liberalization and investment climate improvement. These initiatives have pr
oduced a welcome acceleration of growth since 1994. We expect the international
financial institutions to play an important role in supporting reform in Sub-S
aharan African countries. Their support should help to promote productive fore
ign direct investment and domestic capital formation. We look forward to the I
Fls reporting on their efforts by the time of the Hong Kong World Bank/IMF meet
ings.
Trade policy is key to development for Sub-Saharan Africa. Trade liberal
ization by African countries will promote more efficient utilization of resourc
es. At the same time, access to our markets is a crucial tool for fostering ec
onomic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa. We each will continue to improve, through
various means, access to our markets for African exports. We support the furth
er integration of the least developed countries into the world trading system.
In this regard, African countries will be major beneficiaries of efforts in the
WTO on a plan of action to provide, inter alia, predictable and favorable mark
et access conditions for least developed countries. We are committed to the e
ffective implementation of this plan and intend to participate actively in the
high-level WTO/UNCTAD/International Trade Center meeting later this year. We W
elcome African initiatives for regional trade liberalization and economic coope
ration.
Consistent with WTO obligations, we will consider ways to enhance opp
ortunities for the Sub-Saharan African countries that need them most and are un
dertaking effective reform measures. We will review our own bilateral aid and
trade promotion programs to ensure that they support climates conducive to econ
omic growth and private investment, including by strengthening capacity.
Subs
tantial flows of official development assistance will continue to play an essen
tial role in building the capacity of Sub-Saharan African countries to achieve
their development objectives. We are committed to a results-oriented approach
to development policy, particularly in alleviating poverty. But development a
ssistance alone cannot overcome inappropriate policies. We will work with Afric
an countries to ensure adequate and well-targeted assistance for those countrie
S which have the greatest need and carry out the necessary broad-based reforms.
This assistance will include support for democratic governance, respect for h
uman rights, sound public administration, efficient legal and judicial systems,
infrastructure development, rural development, food security, environmental pr
otection and human resource development, including health and education of thei
r people. In this regard, we will work to strengthen cooperation among concern
ed institutes to facilitate and coordinate capacity building efforts.
To maximi
ze the effectiveness of our efforts, we will deepen the dialogue with African p
artners, work for greater local ownership of development strategies and encoura
ge the participation of non-governmental actors. We will also strengthen donor
coordination, including with emerging donors. We welcome and fully support th
e emerging trend of intra-regional and inter-regional cooperation to further Af
rican development.
The United Nations plays a major role in development in Afri
ca, and African countries will be major beneficiaries of reform of the UN econo
mic and social development activities. We encourage the UNs development funds
and programs and specialized agencies, to emphasize work in the field in Africa
and to fully integrate and coordinate their efforts, both at the headquarters
and at the country level. We are encouraged by the Economic Commission on Afri
cas efforts to energize and focus its activities. The UN Development Programs
decision to allocate a portion of its resources based on program quality is a u
seful approach to assuring effectiveness, and we urge that it be adopted more b
roadly in the UNs work.
A number of African countries are making impressive eff
orts to harness the information revolution in support of democracy and sustaina
ble development. We welcome the Africa Information Society Initiative. We supp
ort their efforts to establish information networks to link African countries W
ith each other and to the rest of the world. In this regard, we welcome the To
ronto Global Knowledge 97 Conference.
We applaud African leadership in developi
ng effective local capacities in conflict prevention, peacekeeping and post-con
flict reconciliation and recovery. We will support African peace-building init
iatives at the regional, sub-regional and national levels, in particular by the
Organization of African Unity (OAU), taking into account the recent OECD Guide
lines on Conflict, Peace, and Development Cooperation, and we will help to forg
e active partnerships with the United Nations and other donors. We encourage t
he UN Secretary General, as part of his reform efforts, to identify ways the in
ternational community can further strengthen Africas initiatives. We also call
for the expanded utilization of the existing UN Trust Fund for African peaceke
eping and conflict prevention, as well as other relevant UN funds; and broader
and substantial donor commitments to the OAU and to subregional bodies with sp
ecialized mechanisms for conflict mediation, as well as to the UN/OAU Special E
nvoy to the Great Lakes.
We reaffirm our support for long-term efforts to promo
te rapidly deployable African peacekeeping capacities. We welcome closer coord
ination among African troop-contributing countries, regional organizations, don
ors, and the UN in the development of training, joint exercises, common peaceke
eping doctrine, and other efforts to ensure inter-operability. [We also look f
orward to the establishment of an African Peacekeeping Support Group at the UN,
and we urge interested countries to actively explore mechanisms for coordinati
on of practical activities.]
We express our grave concern at the recent attacks
against refugees as well as against personnel of refugee and humanitarian orga
nizations. We emphasize that host States must prevent such acts and prosecute
the perpetrators.
We have requested that our officials report to us prior to ne
xt years Summit in Birmingham about the efforts they have undertaken together t
o implement all aspects of this partnership.
IV. Political Issues
Together, we
are pursuing a strategy of global integration to create a more secure and stabl
e international community. Already, we have used our political cooperation to
broaden and deepen the community of open markets and open societies, and in the
next year we will work together to build on these efforts. Our Partnership fo
r Development is designed explicitly to support the economic and political deve
lopment of nations which run the risk of being marginalized from the process of
integration. We will focus our energies on strengthening adherence to the nor
ms and principles of international cooperation, and will work together to take
effective measures against those who threaten those objectives. We recognize o
ur common interest and responsibility in helping bring an end to conflicts that
threaten to disturb international peace and to undermine our deepened cooperat
ion.
Democracy and Human Rights
Recent years have seen an unprecedented growth
of democracy worldwide. Yet young democratic states can be fragile and short-I
ived. We have a responsibility and opportunity to further strengthen democrati
c values and fundamental freedoms where they have taken hold and extend their r
each where they have not.
Human rights are at the heart of our concerns. Ensur
ing accountability for violations of human rights and international humanitaria
n law is essential to promote conflict resolution and peace. The new UN High C
ommissioner for Human Rights will have a crucial role to play. We will continu
e to give full support to the International Tribunals for the former Yugoslavia
and Rwanda, and work to ensure that the international community and States con
cerned bring to justice through due process persons responsible for violations
of human rights and international humanitarian law.
Recognizing that strengthen
ing democracy is essential to strengthening peace and human rights, and looking
to the 50th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1998,
we will work together in the coming year to build on our governments most effec
tive democratic development, peacebuilding and human rights programs. Our effo
rts will focus on promoting good governance and the rule of law, strengthening
civil society, expanding womens political participation, and boosting business
and labor support for democracy, particularly in young democracies and societie
S in conflict. The protection of the most underrepresented or vulnerable is cr
itical to broaden participation in the democratic process and prevent societal
conflict. We will work to ensure adoption and ratification of international in
struments designed to provide protection to these groups, in particular the spe
edy adoption of an International Labor Organization Convention on the eradicati
on of intolerable forms of child labor. We will work through multilateral and
regional organizations, particularly with the Development Assistance Committee
of the OECD as well as in partnership with non-governmental organizations and y
oung democracies. We also will consider common efforts to promote democracy wh
ere it is not now established.
We have asked our Ministers to form a Working Gr
oup to coordinate these efforts and to make recommendations for consideration a
t our next Summit.
Democracy, economic growth and development cannot reach thei
r full potential without good governance, in particular the accountability of p
olitical leaders and public servants, especially for corruption. We will activ
ely work to eliminate corruption in aid-funded procurement and the cross-border
payment of bribes to government officials. We will take immediate steps to cr
iminalize the bribery of foreign public officials in commercial transactions an
d to eliminate the tax-deductibility of such bribes, and we call upon all other
countries to do the same.
Non-proliferation, Arms Control and Disarmament
Sinc
e the Moscow Summit on Nuclear Safety and Security, we have taken important ste
ps to implement the agreed Programme for Preventing and Combating Illicit Traff
icking in Nuclear Materials. We will expand participation in this program to i
nclude countries in Central and Eastern Europe, and in Central Asia. Further r
egarding the safe and effective management of fissile material, with respect to
such materials no longer required for defense purposes, we will continue our c
ooperation through concrete initiatives, in particular the French-German-Russia
n project to build a pilot plant in Russia to produce MOX fuel from weapons plu
tonium, which is open to additional states, and the related U.S.-Russian cooper
ation on the conversion of weapons plutonium.
We have worked together to advanc
e our common non-proliferation, arms control, and disarmament goals. The Compr
ehensive Test Ban Treaty is an historic milestone, and we call upon all States
to sign and ratify it rapidly to ensure its early entry into force. We welcome
the entry into force of the Chemical Weapons Convention. We advocate its full
and effective implementation, and look forward to the early ratification of th
e Convention by the States that have not yet done so. Recognizing that enhanci
ng confidence in compliance would reinforce the Biological and Toxin Weapons Co
nvention, we reaffirm our determination to develop a legally binding instrument
to ensure its effective implementation.
We reaffirm our unwavering commitment
to full implementation of the objectives set forth in the Non-Proliferation Tre
aty. To that end, we welcome the IAEAs recent adoption of a program on strengt
hening the effectiveness and improving the efficiency of the safeguards system.
We urge all States to conclude additional protocols with the IAEA at the earl
iest possible date. We reaffirm our commitment to the immediate commencement a
nd early conclusion of a convention banning the production of fissile material
for nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices.
We welcome the progress
on strategic arms control made at Helsinki in March, and look forward to the e
arly entry-into-force of the START II agreement and the initiation of START III
negotiations. We reaffirm the key role of the Conventional Forces in Europe Tr
eaty in strengthening European security, and welcome the decision to conclude i
ts adaptation as expeditiously as possible. We welcome the recent agreement am
ong Russia, Kazakstan, Kyrgystan, Tajikistan, and China on reduction of militar
y forces along their borders and consider it an important contribution to the r
egions security.
We endorse unequivocally efforts by the UN Special Commission
and the IAEA to eliminate weapons of mass destruction capabilities in Iraq and
to monitor compliance. We reaffirm the importance of implementing the U.S.-DPR
K Agreed Framework and full compliance by North Korea with its non-proliferatio
n obligations. We therefore place great value on the continuing role of the IA
EA in monitoring the freeze on North Koreas nuclear program, implementing safeg
uards, and helping preserve all information relating to the DPRKs past activity
We welcome the conclusion of negotiations for the EU to participate in the K
orean Peninsula Energy Development Organization (KEDO) and call for further int
ernational support for KEDO, including the provision of funds, as well as the n
ecessity of North-South dialogue. We call on North Korea to halt its developme
nt, deployment and export of ballistic missiles.
We welcome the emerging high-I
evel dialogue between India and Pakistan. We encourage both countries to bring
their activities into conformity with international non-proliferation norms.
Consistent with our support for the CTBTs early entry into force, we encourage
both countries to adhere to that treaty.
We recognize that global security and
stability are strengthened by promoting international responsibility in the tra
nsfer of arms and sensitive technologies, and to that end reaffirm our support
for the Wassenaar Arrangement. We welcome the steady achievements under the UN
Register of Conventional Arms in promoting transparency in armaments. We enco
urage the work of the UN Panel of Governmental Experts on Small Arms to identif
y the ways and means to prevent and reduce the excessive and destabilizing tran
sfer of small arms and light weapons and we will continue to work together to c
urb illegal trafficking in firearms.
Export Control Regimes
We underline our su
pport for the arrangements that make up the international export control regime
S. The Zangger Committee and the Nuclear Suppliers Group, the Missile Technolo
gy Control Regime, and, for those who are members, the Australia Group export c
ontrol regime, all contribute critically to the global application and enforcem
ent of international export control norms.
Anti-personnel Landmines
Last year W
e committed ourselves to spare no effort in securing a global ban on anti-perso
nnel landmines. To this end, we support the effective and complementary effort
S in a variety of fora, including at the Conference on Disarmament and in forma
I negotiations to take place in Oslo in September through the Ottawa Process wi
th the goal of achieving such a ban [as soon as possible] [before the end of th
e year]. We welcome the restrictions on anti-personnel landmines unilaterally
declared by States, including by the members of the EU. We reaffirm the UN Gen
eral Assembly resolution, approved overwhelmingly, calling for concluding an ef
fective, legally-binding international agreement to ban anti-personnel landmine
S as soon as possible. All States should adhere to the strengthened Protocol o
n Mines, Booby Traps and Other Devices. We encourage the international communit
y to develop technological solutions to mine detection and clearance, and to st
rengthen its support for humanitarian demining and assistance to mine victims.
Political Situations
Hong Kong
We recognize the historic nature of China's immi
nent resumption of sovereignty over Hong Kong. Considering our durable interes
ts in this financial and economic center, we welcome and place weight on China'
S commitments, contained in the 1984 UK-PRC Joint Declaration and in the 1990 P
RC Basic Law. These include ensuring Hong Kong's continued stability and prosp
erity and preserving its way of life, its high degree of autonomy including
an independent monetary and economic system -- its fundamental freedoms and the
rule of law. These will provide the essential underpinnings for Hong Kongs fu
ture economic success. We look forward to democratic elections in Hong Kong fo
r a new legislature as soon as possible. We take serious note of China's assu
rances in the Joint Declaration and Basic Law that the provisions of the Intern
ational Covenant of Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant o
n Economic, Social and Cultural Rights will continue to apply in Hong Kong.
Dem
ocratic Republic of the Congo
The momentous changes in the Democratic Republic
of the Congo highlight the importance of peaceful democratic transition and the
establishment of a broadly-based interim administration. We believe it is imp
ortant to assist the new authorities in the transition to an elected government
, promote respect for human rights, address urgent humanitarian needs, and faci
litate economic renewal. We look forward to close cooperation with other donor
countries, the United Nations, OAU, international financial institutions, and
regional leaders in these efforts. The willingness of our governments to assis
t in the rebuilding of national institutions will depend on the new authorities
,
demonstrating their commitment to democratic reform, including elections, sou
nd economic policies, public accountability and respect for human rights.
Haiti
The progress accomplished in Haiti as a result of the United Nations Support M
ission in Haiti, underlines the necessity of continued international assistance
to maintain stability and promote democratization, and economic development.
We will take positive note of the Secretary General's new recommendations on th
e nature of the international presence in Haiti subsequent to the termination o
f the current UNSMIH mandate. We urge that Haiti press forward with implementin
g its economic modernization program.
Middle East Peace Process
The Peace Proce
SS faces a crisis, and we are determined to reinject momentum into it. Restorin
g the sense of security and confidence among Israelis and Palestinians is essen
tial. We shall do our utmost to reinvigorate implementation of the Oslo Accord
S and to uphold the principles of Madrid, including the exchange of land for pe
ace. All the problems need to be addressed peacefully through serious and credi
ble negotiations. Both sides must refrain from actions that impede the peace p
rocess by preempting permanent status negotiations. We believe strongly in the
importance of working with Israel, Syria and Lebanon to resume direct talks in
order to achieve a comprehensive settlement in the region. We welcome the imp
ortant role the Monitoring Group has played in strengthening the Understanding
of April 26, 1996 and in reducing risks to civilians in southern Lebanon and in
Israel. We affirm the importance of the activities within the multilateral fr
amework of the peace process.
Economic growth and prosperity are critical to pe
ace. We urge regional parties to pursue economic cooperation among themselves
and integration into the global economy. We welcome all efforts to promote the
region's development, including assistance to the Palestinians, and urge donor
S to fulfill pledges made.
Iran, Iraq, Libya
[We have noted with interest the
results of the recent elections in Iran and renew our call upon the Government
of Iran to play a constructive role in regional and world affairs. In this reg
ard, while noting the role Iran played in inter-Tajik talks in conjunction with
the United Nations and other regional parties, we call upon the Government of
Iran to desist from material and political support for extremist groups that
are seeking to destroy the Middle East peace process and to destabilize the reg
ion. We further call upon the Iranian Government to reject the use of terroris
m, including against Iranian citizens living abroad, and, in that connection, t
o desist from endorsing the continued threat to the life of Mr. Salman Rushdie
and other people associated with his work. We call on all States to avoid any
cooperation with Iran that might contribute to efforts to acquire nuclear weapo
ns capabilities, or to enhance chemical, biological, or missile capabilities in
violation of international conventions or arrangements.]
We confirm our determ
ination to obtain full compliance with all UN Security Council resolutions rela
ted to Iraq and Libya. Only full compliance with these resolutions could resu
It in the lifting of sanctions. We are pleased to note that the distribution o
f food and medicine under UNSCR 986 is providing some humanitarian relief to th
e Iraqi people.
Bosnia and Herzegovina
[In redraft.]
Cyprus
The Cyprus disput
e has remained unresolved for far too long. We fully support the mission of go
od offices of the United Nations Secretary General on Cyprus aimed at engaging
the two Cypriot communities in negotiations to achieve a comprehensive settleme
nt in accordance with relevant UN Resolutions and high-level agreements. We st
rongly endorse the Secretary Generals recent invitation to the leaders of both
communities and call on them to approach negotiations constructively and in goo
d faith.
Albania
Noting the situation in Albania and its implications for regio
nal stability, we express our appreciation to those organizations and instituti
ons, acting within the coordinating framework of the OSCE under the strong lead
ership of Franz Vranitzky - - especially the EU as well as the WEU, UNHCR and
Red Cross that are working with the Government of National Reconciliation to
restore normalcy in the country. We also applaud the deployment of the Multin
ational Protection Force under Italian leadership and the authority of the UN S
ecurity Council. We underscore the importance that the upcoming elections in A
Ibania restore democratic legitimacy and urge that all parties work together to
restore political order, resume economic reforms, create a sound financial sy
stem and reestablish public safety.
Afghanistan
Noting the recent developments
in Afghanistan, we call on all Afghan parties to stop the fighting and to work
together towards the formation of a broadly representative central government t
hat will protect the rights of all Afghans and abide by Afghanistans internatio
nal obligations. Taking into account risks of regional destabilization, peace
and stability can best be attained through political negotiations under UN ausp
ices with the active and coordinated assistance of all countries concerned and
provided that all external interference ceases. All Afghan parties and concern
ed countries should abide by the provisions of recent resolutions on Afghanista
n adopted by the UN Security Council and General Assembly.
Korean Peninsula
We
welcome the recent developments concerning the Four Party meeting proposal aime
d at achieving permanent peace on the Korean Peninsula, and we call upon the DP
RK to agree to convene those talks without delay, as well as to engage seriousl
y in North-South dialogue.
Cambodia
The recent political instability in Cambodi
a threatened to set back peace as well as the democratization process which Cam
bodian people established under the auspices of the UN in 1993. We strongly ap
peal to all Cambodian leaders to bring about political stability, civil order,
and economic reconstruction through national reconciliation and good governance
as well as through a free and fair election.
Myanmar
[We are concerned by the
current situation in Myanmar and call on the government to make further efforts
for democratization on the occasion of that nations accession to ASEAN, partic
ularly to enter into a meaningful political dialogue with leaders of the democr
atic opposition and ethnic minorities aimed at achieving a solution to the curr
ent situation.] [Concerned by the continuing widespread repression in Myanmar
and the large-scale violations of human rights by the regime, we call on the SL
ORC to enter into a meaningful political dialogue with leaders of the democrati
c opposition and ethnic minorities aimed at achieving a solution to the current
situation. We note the recent decision of the Association of Southeast Asian
Nations to admit Myanmar as a member of the organization in July and express th
e hope that the members of ASEAN will use their influence to encourage an early
return to democracy in Myanmar.]
Next Summit
We have accepted the invitation
of the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom to meet in Birmingham on 15-17 May
next year.
PAGE 16
PAGE 19
Denver Communiqu
DATE \I 6/16/97; TIME 9:3
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NTRODUCTIONNational Security CouncilNational Security Council;
-
END
ATTACHMENT 2
RECORD TYPE: PRESIDENTIAL (NOTES MAIL)
CREATOR: Rachel E. Levinson ( CN=Rachel E. Levinson/OU=OSTP/O=EOP [ OSTP 1)
CREATION DATE/TIME:16-JUN-1997 16:40:44.00
SUBJECT: first draft attached
TO: Elizabeth Drye ( CN=Elizabeth Drye/OU=OPD/O=EOP @ EOP [ OPD 1)
READ:UNKNOWN
TO: Sherman G. Boone ( CN=Sherman G. Boone/OU=OPD/O=EOP @ EOP [ OPD ])
READ:UNKNOWN
TEXT:
re: title "Human Cloning" Don't forget PhRMA's plea not to use this
shorthand for "cloning of entire human beings." Not to raise a dead
horse, and not wanting to get into the busniess of defining a human being,
might we go to "Cloning of Human Beings," however awkward? Guess not.
ATTACHMENT 1
ATT CREATION TIME/DATE: 0 00:00:00.00
TEXT:
Unable to convert ARMS_EXT:[ATTACH.D90JMAIL48490666S.116 to ASCII,
The following is a HEX DUMP:
END ATTACHMENT
1
THE CLONING OF HUMAN BEINGS
FACT SHEET
Summit participants agree that the new animal cloning technology, known as somatic cell
nuclear transfer, should not be used to create children.
Human Cloning
We have taken note of recent scientific experiments which could open the way to creating
a child by cloning an existing person. While recognizing the considerable benefits for
basic research, agriculture and human health from cloning technology, we agree on the need
for appropriate domestic legislation and close international cooperation to prohibit the use of somatic
cell nuclear transfer to create a child, while countries explore ethical and scientific
implications in greater depth. We are encouraged by the reflections underway within national ethics
committees, as well as in various regional and international fora, which will enable a measured approach in deciding
which uses of this technique are, and which are not unacceptable. We are determined to give a strong impetus to
their work with a view to arriving as soon as possible at an appropriate universal moratorium.
"G-8 members" (replace with appropriate term) affirmed the positive uses of cloning
technology for basic science and medical and agricultural research and product
development. Various forms of cloning technology have been used for decades resulting in
important biomedical and agricultural advances. Genes, cells, tissues, and even whole plants
and animals have been cloned to develop new therapies for treating such disorders as cancer,
diabetes, and cystic fibrosis. Cloning technology also holds promise for producing replacement
skin, cartilage, or bone tissue for burn or accident victims, and nerve tissue to treat spinal cord
injury.
While agreeing that such beneficial applications should not be impeded, member nations
concluded that it would be morally unacceptable to create a child using somatic cell nuclear
transfer technology. Several domestic and international advisory bodies have already
expressed this view, which has been implemented in a number of countries. For example, on
May 29, the European Commission's Group of Advisers on the Ethical Implications of
Biotechnology issued its opinion condemning "Reproductive Human Cloning." Great Britain,
Denmark, Germany, Australia, and Spain, have banned human cloning.
On June 7, President Clinton transmitted to Congress the "Cloning Prohibition Act of
1997. This legislative proposal would implement the key recommendation of the President's
National Bioethics Advisory Commission for legislation to prohibit any attempt to create a
human being using somatic cell nuclear transfer technology. In accord with other Bioethics
Commission recommendations, the legislation would continue an existing ban on the use of
government funds for such purposes and call on the private sector to adhere to the federal
ban.
Automated Records Management System
Hex-Dump Conversion
RECORD TYPE: PRESIDENTIAL (NOTES MAIL)
CREATOR: Elizabeth Drye ( CN=Elizabeth Drye/OU=OPD/O=EOP [ OPD ])
CREATION DATE/TIME:16-JUN-1997 09:12:15.00
SUBJECT: Fact sheet for g-8
TO: Rachel E. Levinson ( CN=Rachel E. Levinson/OU=OSTP/O=EOP @ EOP [ OSTP 1)
READ:UNKNOWN
TEXT:
Sherman has asked for a fact sheet for the G-8 on cloning. I think it's
just background for our staff (not to hand out). Is this something you
can take care of? We have our two previous fact sheets to work from.
THanks.
Clinton Presidential Records
Automated Records Management System
[EMAIL] and Tape Restoration Project [Email]
This is not a presidential record. This is used as an administrative
marker by the William J. Clinton Presidential Library Staff.
This marker identifies a responsive email, already made available
within another collection.
Collection: Elena Kagan systematic processing project.
Bucket: OPD
Creation Date: 1997-06-16
Subject: Re: G-8 on Cloning, revised again
Creator: Elena Kagan
RECORD TYPE: PRESIDENTIAL (NOTES MAIL)
CREATOR: Lucia A. Wyman ( CN=Lucia A. Wyman/OU=WHO/O=EOP [ WHO 1)
CREATION DATE/TIME:17-JUN-1997. 12:46:28.00
SUBJECT: Cloning Meetings
TO: Elizabeth Drye ( CN=Elizabeth Drye/OU=OPD/O=EOP @ EOP [ OPD ])
READ:UNKNOWN
TO: Rachel E. Levinson ( CN=Rachel E. Levinson/OU=OSTP/O=EOP @ EOP [ OSTP 1)
READ:UNKNOWN
TO: Jeffrey M. Smith ( CN=Jeffrey M. Smith/OU=OSTP/O=EOP @ EOP [ OSTP 1)
READ:UNKNOWN
TEXT:
Here are the meetings I have scheduled. You should plan on attending. If
you cannot, please let me know.
Tuesday, June 17
4:00 pm, Ben Wu, (Morella) 2319R
Wednesday, June 18
3:00 pm, Kevin Brennan (S. Brown) 328 C
4:00 pm, Kay Holcombe (H. Commerce
Committee)
564 Ford
Friday, June 20
2:30 pm, Karen Nelson and Paul Kim
(Waxman)
2204 R
RECORD TYPE: PRESIDENTIAL (NOTES MAIL)
CREATOR: Elizabeth Drye ( CN=Elizabeth Drye/OU=OPD/O=EOP [ OPD 1)
CREATION DATE/TIME:17-JUN-1997 14:49:40.00
SUBJECT: Re: Cloning Meetings
TO: Lucia A. Wyman ( CN=Lucia A. Wyman/OU=WHO/O=EOP @ EOP [ WHO ])
READ:UNKNOWN
TEXT:
We will meet you at east wing (your office?) at 3:40 then.
RECORD TYPE: PRESIDENTIAL (NOTES MAIL)
CREATOR: Lucia A. Wyman ( CN=Lucia A. Wyman/OU=WHO/O=EOP [ WHO ])
CREATION DATE/TIME:17-JUN-1997 14:44:08.00
SUBJECT: Re: Cloning Meetings
TO: Elizabeth Drye ( CN=Elizabeth Drye/OU=OPD/O=EOP @ EOP [OPD])
READ:UNKNOWN
TEXT:
I'll get a car from East Wing for 3:40. See you soon.
RECORD TYPE: PRESIDENTIAL (NOTES MAIL)
CREATOR: Elizabeth Drye ( CN=Elizabeth Drye/OU=OPD/O=EOP [ OPD 1)
CREATION DATE/TIME:17-JUN-1997 14:19:04.00
SUBJECT: Re: Cloning Meetings
TO: Lucia A. Wyman ( CN=Lucia A. Wyman/OU=WHO/O=EOP @ EOP [ WHO ])
READ:UNKNOWN
CC: Rachel E. Levinson ( CN=Rachel E. Levinson/OU=OSTP/O=EOP @ EOP [ OSTP ])
READ:UNKNOWN
CC: Jeffrey M. Smith ( CN=Jeffrey M. Smith/OU=OSTP/O=EOP @ EOP [ OSTP ])
READ:UNKNOWN
TEXT:
How are you getting to the Hill. Can we go together? I will go to today's
meeting.
RECORD TYPE: PRESIDENTIAL (NOTES MAIL)
CREATOR: Lucia A. Wyman ( CN=Lucia A. Wyman/OU=WHO/O=EOP [ WHO 1)
CREATION DATE/TIME:17-JUN-1997 14:57:19.00
SUBJECT: Re: Cloning Meetings
TO: Elizabeth Drye ( CN=Elizabeth Drye/OU=OPD/O=EOP @ EOP [ OPD ])
READ:UNKNOWN
TEXT:
great
RECORD TYPE: PRESIDENTIAL (NOTES MAIL)
CREATOR: Sherman G. Boone ( CN=Sherman G. Boone/OU=OPD/O=EOP [ OPD 1)
CREATION DATE/TIME:17-JUN-1997 08:44:44.00
SUBJECT: Re: first draft attached
TO: Rachel E. Levinson ( CN=Rachel E. Levinson/OU=OSTP/O=EOP @ EOP [ OSTP ])
READ:UNKNOWN
CC: Elizabeth Drye ( CN=Elizabeth Drye/OU=OPD/O=EOP @ EOP [ OPD 1)
READ:UNKNOWN
TEXT:
I've re-worked your draft. I think its not quite there yet; do we wish to
characterize what the President has called for a "ban" "prohibition" or
"moratorium"? I also would prefer to stick with a "title" that has a
little more grab ("Human Cloning" -- the differences among types are
highlighted in the text). Your suggestions on these and other nits
appreciated.
Human Cloning
Fact Sheet
The Summit Leaders agreed that the new animal cloning technology, known as
somatic cell nuclear transfer, should not be used to create children, but
affirmed the positive uses of cloning technology for basic science and
medical and agricultural research and product development.
Various forms of cloning technology have been used for decades resulting
in important biomedical and agricultural advances. Genes, cells, tissues,
and even whole plants and animals have been cloned to develop new
therapies for treating such disorders as cancer, diabetes, and cystic
fibrosis. Cloning technology also holds promise for producing replacement
skin, cartilage, or bone tissue for burn or accident victims, and nerve
tissue to treat spinal cord injury. While agreeing that such beneficial
applications should not be impeded, member nations concluded that it would
be morally unacceptable to create a child using somatic cell nuclear
transfer technology.
This is the view recently expressed by several domestic and international
advisory bodies. Last month, the European Commission,s Group of Advisers
on the Ethical Implications of Biotechnology issued its opinion condemning
&Reproductive Human Cloning.8 On June 9[?], President Clinton accepted
the National Bioethics Advisory Commission,s report on the profound
ethical issues raised by the possible cloning of human beings: the
Commission unanimously agreed that it is morally unacceptable for anyone
to attempt to create a child with the technology used to create Dolly the
sheep.
Attempting to create a child using so-called somatic cell nuclear transfer
cloning would pose great risks to the child and raises ethical issues
needing further discussion, and the Commission called for a moratorium on
the use of the technique in humans. The Commission also found that the
new technology may have many agricultural and medical benefits, concluded
that the cloning of DNA, cells, tissues, and non-human animals -- using
somatic cell nuclear transfer and other cloning techniques -- is not ethica
Ily problematic when conducted in compliance with existing regulations and
guidelines.
Acting on the Commission's key recommendation, President Clinton announced
legislation banning the use of the new technology to clone human beings.
The "Cloning Prohibition Act of 1997" would implement the key
recommendation of the National Bioethics Advisory Commission for
legislation to prohibit any attempt to create a human being using somatic
cell nuclear transfer technology. In addition, the President
ïᵢ½
Reaffirmed that no Federal funds will be used to clone human beings; the
prohibition put in place in March will remain in effect while the proposed
legislation is pending.
� Urged privately funded scientists and clinicians to adhere to the
voluntary moratorium called in March pending legislation.
ïᵢ½ Pledged to work with other countries to enforce a prohibition. Several
countries, including [France?], Great Britain and Germany Spain, have
banned human cloning. The Denver Summit agreement is consistent with this
pledge.
RECORD TYPE: PRESIDENTIAL (NOTES MAIL)
CREATOR: Sherman G. Boone ( CN=Sherman G. Boone/OU=OPD/O=EOP [ OPD ])
CREATION DATE/TIME:17-JUN-1997 13:04:34.00
SUBJECT: Re: Denver Communique
TO: dhohman ( dhohman @ os.dhhs.gov @ INET @ LNGTWY [ UNKNOWN
READ:UNKNOWN
TEXT:
following is a first stab at the cloning "fact sheet" for your
review/consideration:
Cloning Of Human Beings
Fact Sheet
The Summit Leaders agreed that the new animal cloning technology, known as
somatic cell nuclear transfer, should not be used to create children, but
affirmed the positive uses of cloning technology for basic science and
medical and agricultural research and product development.
Various forms of cloning technology have been used for decades resulting
in important biomedical and agricultural advances. Genes, cells, tissues,
and even whole plants and animals have been cloned to develop new
therapies for treating such disorders as cancer, diabetes, and cystic
fibrosis. Cloning technology also holds promise for producing replacement
skin, cartilage, or bone tissue for burn or accident victims, and nerve
tissue to treat spinal cord injury. While agreeing that such beneficial
applications should not be impeded, member nations concluded that it would
be morally unacceptable to create a child using somatic cell nuclear
transfer technology.
This is the view recently expressed by several domestic and international
advisory bodies. Last month, the European Commission,s Group of Advisers
on the Ethical Implications of Biotechnology issued its opinion condemning
&Reproductive Human Cloning.8 On June 9[?], President Clinton accepted
the National Bioethics Advisory Commission,s report on the profound
ethical issues raised by the possible cloning of human beings: the
Commission unanimously agreed that it is morally unacceptable for anyone
to attempt to create a child with the technology used to create Dolly the
sheep.
Attempting to create a child using so-called somatic cell nuclear transfer
cloning would pose great risks to the child and raises ethical issues
needing further discussion, and the Commission called for a moratorium on
the use of the technique in humans. The Commission also found that the
new technology may have many agricultural and medical benefits, concluded
that the cloning of DNA, cells, tissues, and non-human animals -- using
somatic cell nuclear transfer and other cloning techniques -- is not ethica
Ily problematic when conducted in compliance with existing regulations and
guidelines.
Acting on the Commission's key recommendation, President Clinton announced
legislation banning the use of the new technology to clone human beings.
The "Cloning Prohibition Act of 1997" would implement the key
recommendation of the National Bioethics Advisory Commission for
legislation to prohibit any attempt to create a human being using somatic
cell nuclear transfer technology. In addition, the President
ïᵢ½ Reaffirmed that no Federal funds will be used to clone human beings; the
prohibition put in place in March will remain in effect while the proposed
legislation is pending.
i¿½ Urged privately funded scientists and clinicians to adhere to the
voluntary moratorium called in March pending legislation.
i¿½ Pledged to work with other countries to enforce a prohibition. Several
countries, including [France?], Great Britain and Germany Spain, have
banned human cloning. The Denver Summit agreement is consistent with this
pledge.
RECORD TYPE: PRESIDENTIAL (NOTES MAIL)
CREATOR: Sherman G. Boone ( CN=Sherman G. Boone/OU=OPD/O=EOP [ OPD )
CREATION DATE/TIME:18-JUN-1997. 14:23:50.00
SUBJECT: Re: Comment on cloning "fact sheet"
TO: dhohman ( dhohman @ os.dhhs.gov @ INET @ LNGTWY [ UNKNOWN 1)
READ:UNKNOWN
CC: Rachel E. Levinson ( CN=Rachel E. Levinson/OU=OSTP/O=EOP @ EOP [ OSTP ])
READ:UNKNOWN
CC: Elizabeth Drye ( CN=Elizabeth Drye/OU=OPD/O=EOP @ EOP [ OPD ])
READ:UNKNOWN
TEXT:
here's the new fact sheet; please let me know ASAP if there are any more
"problems."
Cloning Human Beings
Fact Sheet
The Summit Leaders agreed that a new animal cloning technology, known as
somatic cell nuclear transfer, should not be used to create children, but
affirmed the positive uses of cloning technology for basic science and
medical and agricultural research and product development.
Various forms of cloning technology have been used for decades resulting
in important biomedical and agricultural advances. Genes, cells, tissues,
and even whole plants and animals have been cloned to develop new
therapies for treating such disorders as cancer, diabetes, and cystic
fibrosis. Cloning technology also holds promise for producing replacement
skin, cartilage, or bone tissue for burn or accident victims, and nerve
tissue to treat spinal cord injury. While agreeing that such beneficial
applications should not be impeded, member nations concluded that it would
be unacceptable to create a child using somatic cell nuclear transfer
technology.
This is consistent with the view recently expressed by several U.S. and
international advisory bodies. Last month, the European Commission,s
Group of Advisers on the Ethical Implications of Biotechnology issued its
opinion condemning &Reproductive Human Cloning.8 On June 9, President
Clinton accepted the National Bioethics Advisory Commission,s report on
the profound ethical issues raised by the possible cloning of human
beings: the Commission unanimously agreed that at this time it is morally
unacceptable for anyone to attempt to create a child with the technology
used to create Dolly the sheep.
The President,s Commission found that attempting to create a child using
so-called somatic cell nuclear transfer cloning raises ethical issues
needing further discussion and would likely pose great risks to the
child. The Commission called for a legislative moratorium on the use of
the technique in humans. However, the Commission found that the new
technology may have many agricultural and medical benefits, and concluded
that the cloning of DNA, cells, tissues, and animals -- using somatic cell
nuclear transfer and other cloning techniques -- is not ethically
problematic when conducted in compliance with existing regulations and
guidelines.
Acting on the Commission's key recommendation, President Clinton announced
legislation banning the use of the new technology to clone human beings.
The "Cloning Prohibition Act of 1997" would prohibit any attempt to create
a human being using somatic cell nuclear transfer technology. In addition,
the President:
i¿½ Reaffirmed that no Federal funds will be used to clone human beings; the
prohibition he put in place in March will remain in effect while the
proposed legislation is pending.
ïᵢ½ Urged privately funded scientists and clinicians to adhere to the
voluntary moratorium he called in March pending legislation.
i¿½ Pledged to work with other countries to enforce common aspects of our
policies. Several countries, including [France?], Great Britain and
Germany, have banned human cloning. The Denver Summit agreement is
consistent with this pledge.
RECORD TYPE: PRESIDENTIAL (NOTES MAIL)
CREATOR: Barbara A. Matzner ( CN=Barbara A. Matzner/OU=OPD/O=EOP [ OPD )
CREATION DATE/TIME:18-JUN-1997 11:23:35.00
SUBJECT: Denver Summit Materials
TO: Sabine.Hader ( Sabine.Hader @ bonn.bmf.bund400.de @ inet [ UNKNOWN ])
READ:UNKNOWN
TEXT:
Sabine! So sorry you are having trouble getting this information. Enjoy
Denver. I'll look forward to hearing from you via e-mail or telephone.
Kind regards, Barbara.
Attached, you will find the latest version of the Denver Summit Communique
of the Eight and the Statement of the Seven.
ATTACHMENT 1
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(C:\MSOFFICE\WINWORD\TEMPLATE\NORMAL.DOT6CONFRONTING GLOBAL ECONOMIC AND
FIN
ANCIAL CHALLENGES National Security CouncilNatie=
ek%"hxx~VVVC:TT\ddd)VT{Vd79\
`dddFFTddddFTNXj8^~8~^FFdd.dPRIVATE Confronting Global Economic And Financial C
hallenges
Denver Summit Statement by Seven
Introduction
We, the Heads of Stat
e and Government of seven major industrial democracies, and the Representatives
of the European Union, have met in Denver to discuss the challenges which we f
ace in economic, financial and other areas as we approach the 21st Century.
We
remain committed to sustaining growth with low inflation and contributing to W
orld prosperity. The increasing globalization of markets is an important engin
e of world growth that provides opportunities to all countries. Our goal is to
realize the full benefits of globalization for all while meeting the challenge
S it presents.
To achieve this goal, we must:
Implement policies to promote su
stainable, non-inflationary growth; create jobs; restore sound public finances;
and meet the challenge of the aging of our populations.
Work together with oth
er countries to promote open markets for trade and investment and to support gl
obal financial stability, crucial underpinnings of economic growth and prosperi
ty.
Promote the successful integration of the transition and developing countri
es of all regions of the world into the global economy.
Promoting Growth
Since
we met in Lyon, we have been encouraged by the many positive indicators in our
economies: inflation remains low, growth continues at a solid yet sustainable
pace or is increasing, and fiscal actions are reducing budget deficits. We wel
come the impressive gains of the emerging economies, which have contributed sig
nificantly to global growth. We also welcome the progress of the transition ec
onomies toward creating stable macroeconomic conditions and implementing struc
tural reforms. We call on those countries to work with us to ensure the effici
ent functioning of the international monetary and trade system.
But we still h
ave work to do in our own economies. More must be done to restore sound long-t
erm fiscal positions and, in some countries, to ensure the soundness of the fin
ancial system. We are concerned about the high level of unemployment in some co
untries, which has serious consequences for growth, public finances and social
cohesion. Some of our countries have registered strong economic growth and ris
ing employment; in others, the recovery in job growth has not been satisfactory
More needs to be done especially in the latter cases to increase labo
r and product market efficiency through structural reform. We face the challen
ge of ensuring that all, particularly our young people, can participate in grow
th and benefit from it. In this respect, we encourage the work of the OECD on
regulatory reform.
One of the most important challenges we face is responding
to the economic, financial and social implications of the changing demographics
in our aging societies. It could significantly affect our pension and health
care costs; reduce public and private savings, and affect global flows of capit
al. We therefore pledge to undertake structural reforms that will address thes
e issues. We have asked our Finance and Economic Ministers to examine, coordin
ation with other competent national authorities, the economic and fiscal implic
ations of aging, including within the OECD and other relevant international org
anizations.
Our countries circumstances and priorities differ.
In the United S
tates, with a long recovery and successful job creation, it is important to rem
ain vigilant against a resurgence of inflation, to achieve the full promise of
the agreement to balance the federal budget, and to promote savings. Canada, W
ith very low inflation and impressive success in cutting budget deficits, recor
ded increasing growth in the second half of 1996. The continuing upswing shoul
d lead to further job creation.
Japan has the objective of achieving strong dom
estic demand-led growth and avoiding a significant increase in its external sur
plus. Further structural reforms, including broader deregulation initiatives a
nd appropriate structural reforms in the fiscal area, are important over the me
dium term to revitalize the Japanese economy further.
France, Germany and Italy
share the challenging task of restoring strong employment growth. While pursui
ng efforts toward restoring sound long-term fiscal positions, they will need to
deepen structural reforms to reduce barriers to job creation and reshape gover
nments role in their economies, including through reforms of the tax and social
security systems. The United Kingdom must keep inflation pressures under cont
rol and maintain budget deficit reduction while strengthening the economys long
-term growth potential, particularly through education and welfare reform.
We
discussed EMU, including its international implications. We welcome the effort
S of European Union countries to achieve a successful introduction of the Euro
and a well-functioning EMU, underpinned by sound macroeconomic and structural p
olicies, that would contribute to the stability of the international monetary S
ystem.
We reiterate our commitment to promoting international monetary stabi
lity. We have asked our Finance Ministers to continue to cooperate closely on
economic policy and in the exchange markets.
Strengthening the Stability of the
Global Financial System
International financial markets are becoming increas
ingly global and complex. This presents new opportunities that can lead to incr
eased efficiencies in the functioning of the international financial system, th
ereby facilitating growth and prosperity. At the same time, these changes pres
ent new challenges. Beginning in Halifax and continuing through Lyon, we have
encouraged financial regulators and the international financial institutions to
take measures to deal effectively with possible systemic or contagion risks an
d foster financial stability, without stifling innovation or undermining the be
nefits of globalization, liberalization and competition. We welcome the concer
ted effort to strengthen the international financial system and endorse our Fin
ance Ministers report, which outlines the progress achieved in the key areas we
identified in Lyon.
National supervisors and international regulatory bodies
have put in place a network of cooperative arrangements and developed proposals
to enhance the supervision of internationally-active financial institutions, o
n both an on-going basis and in emergency situations. These efforts should hel
p the regulatory framework better reflect market developments. Moreover, Finan
ce Ministers have agreed to consider what changes may be needed in their domest
ic laws and regulations, as appropriate, to facilitate information exchange. S
teps have been taken to strengthen risk assessment, reduce foreign exchange se
ttlement risk, and improve market transparency to help our consumers, investors
, and regulators better identify, manage, and control risks. In addition, the
G-10 Working Party on Electronic Money identified a set of broad objectives and
key considerations to help guide national approaches to emerging electronic pa
yment technologies.
The Working Party on Financial Stability in Emerging Mark
et Economies has outlined a concrete strategy to assist emerging economies in S
trengthening their financial systems, and the Basle Committee on Banking Superv
ision has developed a set of Core Principles which will contribute significantl
y to the adoption of improved prudential standards worldwide. We urge the diss
emination and endorsement of these reports and implementation of their recommen
dations.
These efforts to promote financial stability and mitigate possible fi
nancial crises are part of an important ongoing process to which we attach grea
t importance. We urge our national supervisors to develop further and implemen
t proposals to enhance international regulatory cooperation. We call on the in
ternational financial institutions and the international regulatory bodies to f
ulfill their roles in assisting emerging market economies in strengthening thei
r financial systems and prudential standards. Our Finance Ministers will consu
It with the relevant supervisory and international regulatory bodies and intern
ational organizations to develop approaches for further actions, and report pri
or to the next Summit on progress in implementing these initiatives.
Building
an Integrated Global Economy
The International Financial Institutions in a Chan
ging World
The rapid growth of global trade and private capital flows requires
continuing adaptation and reform of the international financial institutions (
IFIs). We therefore reaffirm our support for the ambitious program of IFI refo
rms underway following Halifax, and our conviction that their comprehensive imp
lementation will substantially strengthen the effectiveness of the internationa
I monetary system. We pledge to work collaboratively with the institutions as
they pursue these efforts, and to cooperate among ourselves and with others hav
ing a stake in the international monetary system to provide them the resources
and multilateral support needed for success.
We value the IMFs surveillance of
the international monetary system. We place particular importance on the IMF
helping countries build long-term potential through trade and investment libera
lization. By the time of the World Bank/IMF annual meetings in Hong Kong, we S
eek substantial agreement on key elements of an amendment to the IMF Articles t
o give the IMF the specific mandate to promote capital account liberalization t
o meet the new challenges in global capital markets. We welcome the IMFs progr
ess in strengthening surveillance and promoting improved transparency. Increas
ed attention to financial sector problems that could have significant macroeco
nomic implications, and to promoting good governance and transparency, will hel
p prevent financial crises. Equally important is appropriate transparency in t
he Funds activities with member countries. We welcome the IMFs progress and p
lans in these areas. We seek substantial agreement toward a proposed amendment
of the IMF Articles to provide for an equity allocation of Special Drawing Rig
hts, and ask the IMF to [complete] [report on] this work by the time of the Hon
g Kong World Bank/IMF meetings in September.
The World Banks Strategic Compact
represents a welcome commitment to a new direction, emphasizing greater Bank i
mpact on poverty reduction, strong new partnerships with the private sector, an
d a concentration of operations on countries genuinely committed to sound polic
ies and the welfare of all their citizens. We fully endorse the Banks commitme
nt to a stronger focus on building institutional capacity, especially in the po
orest countries, and its recognition of the central importance of transparency,
accountability, and good governance in this effort. We look forward to full a
nd timely implementation of these commitments. We urge the regional developmen
t banks to participate fully in meeting these same challenges. We welcome the
World Bank Groups initiative to present at the Hong Kong meetings innovative wa
ys to support private sector infrastructure investment in developing countries.
Transparent, accountable, and responsive public institutions are essential to
achieving sustained economic development and healthy democracies. In this reg
ard, we welcome the long-standing efforts of the World Bank to promote good gov
ernance and adoption by the Asian Development Bank of a good governance policy.
We urge the IMF and the World Bank to finalize governance policies, consistin
g of principles and guidelines on best governance practices which would be diss
eminated to the international community and serve as benchmarks for evaluation
of performance. We request that Ministers report back to us in Birmingham on t
he IMFs and World Banks progress in promoting good governance and helping count
ries to combat corruption, which adversely affects economic policy formulation
and execution, resource allocation and economic growth.
It is incumbent on us
to help ensure that the IFIs have the multilateral support and financial resour
ces needed to succeed with their ambitious and important reforms. For the mult
ilateral banks, this means meeting our financial commitments in full, particula
rly with respect to vital concessional lending operations such as IDA. We also
agree that the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) needs sufficien
t resources to continue to support, in close cooperation with other members of
the World Bank Group, private sector investment in developing countries. Recog
nizing the importance of ensuring that the IMF continues to have adequate resou
rces to fulfill its systemic responsibilities, we urge the IMF Board to [comple
te] [report on progress of its work on] the Eleventh General Review of quotas b
y the time of the Hong Kong World Bank/IMF meetings in September. Continuation
of the ESAF with adequate resources is needed to maintain a full role for the
IMF in promoting growth and development in the poorest countries.
[Our governm
ents welcome the new round of Russian economic reform launched this year to pro
mote sustainable growth. Russias plan for fundamental tax reform is essential
to put that countrys fiscal situation on a sound footing. We fully agree with
Russias intention to pursue vigorously structural reforms to improve the invest
ment environment, promote competition, fight crime and corruption, and strength
en the social sector. In this context, full implementation of Russias EFF prog
ram with the IMF is critical. Successful implementation will help Russia to at
tract higher flows of private investment. In addition, a deepening and expansi
on of Russias relations with the World Bank and the EBRD, through both increase
d lending and guarantees, will support this ambitious structural reform agenda.
]
Global Partnership for Development
We reiterate our commitment to sustainab
le and widely-shared economic growth and development, and reaffirm our full par
tnership with developing countries and the multilateral institutions, as agreed
in Lyon. We remain committed, through this partnership and our bilateral effo
rts, to meeting the interrelated challenges of eradicating deep-seated poverty,
investing in human potential and promoting dignity, and building on the clear
lessons and major achievements of the past decade. We recognize and welcome th
e complementary and increasingly important role of the private sector in meetin
g these challenges.
This partnership is based on shared responsibilities and S
hared interests. For our part, we are committed to a sound global financial sy
stem, open trade and investment regimes, and consistent and sustainable growth
in the advanced economies. We must ensure that adequate development assistance
is available, and that it be concentrated primarily where it will have greates
t impact, on the poorest countries in danger of being left further behind, and
on the priority human resource investments that are the ultimate source of sust
ainable development. For their part, recipient countries must pursue sound mac
roeconomic policies; make fiscal choices that genuinely promote development and
minimize unproductive expenditures, especially military expenditures; ensure t
he best possible use of our support; and respect the basic rights of individual
S. We will reinforce these efforts with our active support. We reaffirm the L
yon commitment to support the IFIs efforts to curtail unproductive expenditure
in developing countries through our aid and credits.
Our partnership with the
developing countries, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa, where problems associ
ated with poverty and marginalization are acute, can deepen and take on an addi
tional, more market-oriented dimension as they implement comprehensive, outward
looking and effective economic reform measures to promote financial and fiscal
stability, trade and investment liberalization, sustainable development, and g
rowth. We urge the IFIs to reinforce their efforts to support reforming Sub-Sa
haran African countries in particular to identify priority problems and reinfor
ce steps toward openness, regional integration, and deeper participation in the
world economy. Such actions should assist productive foreign investment and d
omestic social formation. We call on the IFIs to report on their efforts by th
e time of the Hong Kong World Bank/IMF meetings. In addition, we welcome an in
creased focus on microenterprise development strategies in developing countries
to broaden participation, and will work to promote best practices in microfina
nce through bilateral and multilateral assistance.
Debt Relief for the Poorest
Countries
We welcome the substantial progress that has been made in implementi
ng the new debt initiative launched in Lyon to help heavily indebted poor count
ries (the HIPC initiative) implement the bold reforms needed for debt relief to
lead to sustainable financial positions and stronger growth. The IMF and Worl
d Bank have established specific mechanisms to provide effective multilateral d
ebt reduction for countries qualifying under the HIPC initiative, and have made
available initial funds for this purpose. The Paris Club has also shown its r
eadiness to fully participate in the initiative, on the basis of fair burden sh
aring.
We look forward to further implementation of the agreed framework for t
his initiative in the coming year and expect additional countries to qualify fo
r relief in the months ahead. The IMF and World Bank should fulfill their role
S, including the provision of interim relief. They should also continue to coo
rdinate closely with other multilateral institutions to assure their participat
ion, taking into account the particular needs of the African Development Bank.
The success of the new initiative relies on a combination of strong debtor ref
orm programs and effective debt relief. We welcome that some countries have al
ready substantially reduced bilateral concessional debt. Other countries shoul
d reinforce efforts to reduce or, where possible, extinguish such debt for the
poorest reforming countries.
Combating Corruption and Financial Crimes
We urge
the IMF and the multilateral development banks to strengthen their activities
to help countries fight corruption, including measures to ensure the rule of la
W, improve the efficiency and accountability of the public sector, and increase
institutional capacity and efficiency, all of which help remove economic and f
inancial incentives and opportunities for corrupt practices. We support and en
courage the IFls in their efforts to promote good governance in their respectiv
e areas of competence and responsibility.
In addition to its closer focus on b
road governance issues, the World Bank has taken concrete steps against corrupt
ion by raising public sector procurement standards worldwide through greater tr
ansparency and rigor in the standards it applies to Bank-funded contracts. We
urge the regional development banks to collaborate fully in this effort, includ
ing by establishing procurement standards that meet the highest standard.
We n
ote with satisfaction the decision by the OECD Ministers in May urging implemen
tation of their previous recommendation to eliminate tax deductibility of bribe
S paid to foreign public officials in international business transactions. We
are resolved in our commitment to submit criminalization proposals to our legis
lative bodies by April 1, 1998, and to seek their enactment by the end of 1998.
Also, we are resolved, to that end, promptly to open negotiations of a conve
ntion to be completed by the end of this year with a view to its entry into for
ce as soon as possible within 1998.
We reiterate our commitment to improve int
ernational cooperation between law enforcement agencies and financial regulato
rs on cases involving serious financial crimes and regulatory abuse. We ask our
experts to report and make recommendations at Birmingham.
Money laundering p
oses a continuing threat to the democratic values and financial integrity of al
1 of our countries. The Financial Action Task Force (FATF) is leading the inte
rnational fight against money laundering, and we believe that the FATF should c
ontinue its important work. The key challenge will be to spread the anti-money
laundering message to all regions of the globe. FATF should consider expandin
g its membership to include a select group of non-member countries committed to
the Forty FATF Recommendations which can play a significant role in their regi
ons. FATF should seek stronger cooperation with regional organizations, the su
pport of the international financial institutions and the cooperation of the in
ternational financial services industry. Over the next year, we urge the FATF
to review ways to advance its essential work and look forward to receiving its
conclusions in Birmingham as we consider renewal of its mandate for an addition
al five-year period.
Supporting Growing Global Trade and Investment
Trade and
investment are essential to increased prosperity, sustainable economic growth
and job creation. We attach high priority to full and effective implementation
of the Uruguay Round agreements to support the goals of further trade liberali
zation to spread the benefits of globalization. Globalization will only be sus
tainable if everyone enjoys the benefits of the resulting economic gains. We W
elcome the WTOs first Ministerial Conference in Singapore in December, and the
important trade agreements covering $1 trillion in information technology goods
and telecommunications services achieved earlier this year and look forward to
its expansion. We believe that it will be in the interests of all WTO members
to secure a financial services agreement by the end of this year, on a full MF
N basis, that contains significantly improved market access and national treatm
ent commitments from a broader range of countries. We shall negotiate construc
tively to achieve such a result and urge our partners to join us in this effort
Similarly, we look forward to a successful completion in 1998 of the OECD ne
gotiations on the Multilateral Agreement on Investment.
We restate the primacy
of an open, multilateral, trading system based on the WTO. Next years 50th an
niversary of the GATT provides an occasion to reflect on what we have achieved
and an opportunity to look to the future. We endorse the program of work and t
imetable for further trade liberalization built into the Uruguay Round agreemen
ts and elaborated by Trade Ministers at Singapore. We are committed to buildin
g the widest possible support for this process. We agreed to explore further m
arket opening initiatives, taking into account developments in the world econom
y, the widening membership of the multilateral system, and important traditiona
I trade barriers that remain. We renew our commitment to the observance of int
ernationally recognized core labor standards.
We attach a high priority to exp
anding the membership of the WTO, on the basis of commitments to adhere to WTO
rules and to provide commercially meaningful market access. As agreed at Singa
pore, we also support the further integration of the least-developed countries
in the trading system; through a plan of action, including, for example, provid
ing predictable and favorable duty-free market access conditions for their prod
ucts to help foster the expansion and diversification of their exports. We loo
k to the WTO-UNCTAD-ITC Conference to enhance their capacity to benefit from in
creased trade and investment. We each will continue to improve, through variou
S means, access to our markets for least-developed countries.
The development
of electronic commerce has the potential to yield great benefits to all our cit
izens and enterprises. To do so, it must be able to grow in a predictable and
stable environment. We have directed our officials to work with the OECD, WTO,
other appropriate international organizations, and the private sector to ident
ify opportunities to facilitate global electronic commerce, as well as the chal
lenges it poses to ensure preservation of national security interests, consumer
protections, effective tax administration and the ability to deal with crimina
1 activities, including money laundering.
In Lyon we initiated an effort to st
andardize and simplify customs procedures. We urge our customs experts to comp
lete their work in the next year and report prior to our next meeting on their
efforts to standardize both the data required by customs and other related admi
nistrations to carry out their responsibilities and the form in which data are
to be reported electronically, and to reduce data requirements to a minimum con
sistent with effective administration of customs responsibilities.
The globali
zation of national economies has increased the challenge of harmful tax competi
tion. As stated in the Lyon communiqu, tax schemes aimed at attracting financi
al and other geographically mobile activities can create harmful tax competitio
n between states, carrying risks of distorting trade and investment, and could
lead to the erosion of national tax bases. Harmful tax competition also underm
ines the fairness and neutrality of the tax system. Hence we attach great impo
rtance to the work undertaken by the OECD. We hope that the OECD can produce i
ts conclusions and recommendations on this subject in time for our consideratio
n at next years Summit.
Nuclear Safety
We have made significant progress in im
plementing the 1995 Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with Ukraine on Chornobyl
Closure. We reaffirm our commitment to assist Ukraine, within the context of
the MOU, in mobilizing funds for energy projects to help meet its power needs i
n 2000 and beyond after Chornobyls closure. To date, projects have been agreed
totaling over $1 billion. We call upon Ukraine to continue to undertake the r
eforms necessary for sustainable growth, particularly in its energy sector.
Cho
rnobyl Sarcophagus
We agreed on the importance of securing the environmental S
afety of the sarcophagus covering the remains of the destroyed Chornobyl reacto
r. This task is inevitably beyond the resources of Ukraine alone. This is a m
ajor challenge for the international community. We endorse the setting up of a
multilateral funding mechanism and have agreed that the G7 will contribute $[x
] over the lifetime of the project. We call upon concerned governments and oth
er donors to join us at a special pledging conference this fall to ensure full
implementation of this project.
Denver Summit Statement DRAFT - PAG
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Communiqu
Denver Summit Of The Eight
INTRODUCTION
We, the partici
pants in the Denver Summit of the Eight, as major industrialized democracies, h
ave discussed the steps necessary, both internationally and domestically, to sh
ape the forces of integration to ensure prosperity and peace for our citizens a
nd the entire world as we approach the twenty-first century. We have agreed to
work closely with all willing partners in fostering global partnership for peac
e, security, and sustainable development that includes strengthening democracy,
and human rights, and helping prevent and resolve conflicts.
Continuing the im
portant steps we have taken, the Denver Summit of the Eight marks a new and dee
per participation by Russia in our efforts. Russia has taken bold measures to
complete its historic transformation into a market democracy. We are committed
to continue the trend of increased Russian participation in the work of our of
ficials between summits. Cooperation to integrate Russias economy into the glo
bal economic system represents one of our most important priorities. [We endor
sed Russias commitment to fully implement its EFF program with the IMF.] We wi
II work together to reach agreement on the conditions of Russias early particip
ation as a creditor in the Paris Club, and support the goal of early Russian ac
cession to the WTO on the basis of [commercial] conditions generally applicable
to newly acceding members. We also look forward to continued Russian progress
toward accession to the OECD.
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL ISSUES
The process of glob
alization, a major factor underlying the growth of world prosperity in the last
fifty years, is now advancing rapidly and broadly. Globalization encompasses
the expansion of cross-border flows of ideas and information, goods and service
s, technology and capital. More openness and integration across the global eco
nomy create opportunities for increased prosperity as countries specialize in t
hose economic activities which they do best, while also promoting increased com
petition and efficiency, and the rapid spread of technological innovations. Our
task, as we enter the 21st Century, is to make the most of these opportunities
At the same time, globalization may create new challenges. The increasing op
enness and interdependence of our economies, with deep trade linkages and ever
greater flows of private capital, means that problems in one country can spill
over more easily to affect the rest. We must cooperate to maintain global econ
omic and financial stability. We must also ensure that all segments of society
, and indeed all countries across the globe, have the opportunity to share in t
he prosperity made possible by global integration and technological innovations
It is particularly important that young adults see the path to a successful
life, and be adequately prepared to follow that path.
Rapid technological chan
ge and demographic shifts are also having an important impact on the global eco
nomy. We must take advantage of the possibilities for growth to address unempl
oyment and economic insecurity. Sound economic policies and the structural ref
orms necessary to allow markets to function properly are essential if we are to
meet the many domestic and international challenges we all face. Measures tha
t expand the availability of high quality education and training and increase t
he responsiveness of labor markets to economic conditions will aid the ability
of our people to adjust to all types of structural changes. We look forward to
the high-level conference on employment that takes place this fall in Japan, wh
ich is expected to contribute to the discussion on responses to structural chan
ges. We also welcome the proposal by the United Kingdom to host a conference of
Finance and Social Affairs Ministers early next year on growth, employability,
and inclusion, to prepare for further discussion of these vital issues at our
meeting next year.
The Opportunities and Challenges of Aging Populations
Increa
sed life expectancy and improved health among our elderly are two major achieve
ments of this century. In the next century, these successes will present us wi
th both opportunities and challenges, as longer life expectancies and lower bir
th rates significantly raise the proportion of seniors in our countries popula
tions. Prime Minister Hashimotos Initiative for a Caring World has provided us
the opportunity to focus on the implications of these developments.
We discus
sed the idea of active aging -- the desire and ability of many older people to
continue work or other socially productive activities well into their later yea
rs, and agreed that old stereotypes of seniors as dependent should be abandon
ed. We considered new evidence suggesting that disability rates among seniors
have declined in some countries while recognizing the wide variation in the hea
lth of older people. We discussed how our nations can promote active aging of
our older citizens with due regard to their individual choices and circumstance
S, including removing disincentives to labor force participation and lowering b
arriers to flexible and part-time employment that exist in some countries. In
addition, we discussed the transition from work to retirement, life-long learni
ng and ways to encourage volunteerism and to support family care-giving.
We ex
amined the differing implications of population aging for our nations pension,
health and long-term care systems in the next century. Active aging strategies
can be a useful way to advance structural reforms in the areas of health and S
ocial welfare. Some of our countries face major challenges in sustaining their
public pension systems and would benefit from early action to restore balance.
Different ways were suggested to address this issue, including increasing the
labor force participation of seniors, particularly those in their fifties and
early sixties, and raising national savings rates. Investing in human capital,
including maximizing opportunities for life-long learning were mentioned as wa
ys to facilitate the continued work preparedness of mature adults. Some countr
ies will be more affected by the demands of health care financing for seniors
We concluded that efficient and effective management of this challenge should h
elp us to meet the needs of an aging society without overburdening younger gen
erations.
We agreed that it is important to learn from one another how our poli
cies and programs can promote active aging and advance structural reforms to pr
eserve and strengthen our pension, health and long-term care systems. Our gove
rnments will work together, within the OECD and with other international organi
zations, to promote active aging through information exchanges and cross-nation
al research. We encourage collaborative biomedical and behavioral research to
improve active life expectancy and reduce disability, and have directed our off
icials to identify gaps in our knowledge and explore developing comparable data
in our nations to improve our capacity to address the challenges of population
aging into the 21st century.
Small and Medium Enterprises
The contributions of
small and medium-sized enterprises to employment and economic dynamism in our
societies are widely recognized. Fostering a business setting conducive to the
growth of dynamic young enterprises is a key to job creation. In our discussi
on, we surveyed the obstacles to such growth, including the unavailability of d
ebt or equity capital at critical stages of a firms growth, unnecessary regulat
ion, difficulties adopting existing innovative technologies, and the problems o
f smaller businesses in entering global markets. We stress the need to remove
these obstacles. We also examined some exemplary practices within our countrie
S to promote the growth of small and medium-sized companies, as well as vocatio
nal training and education within these companies, and considered how we might
benefit from these successes. Best practices in our countries could also be us
eful examples for developing and transition-market economies, as development of
small and medium-sized enterprises favors creation of jobs and social stabilit
y, disseminates entrepreneurial capacities and helps to promote and diversify e
xports.
GLOBAL ISSUES
Even as global integration and rapid advances in communic
ations and transportation have spurred economic growth, these same trends have
exposed us to complex problems that defy unilateral solutions. In recent year
S our Summits have devoted increasing attention to our cooperative efforts to c
onfront these problems.
Environment
This is a pivotal year for efforts to promo
te sustainable development and protect the environment. We are determined to ad
dress the environmental challenges that will affect the quality of life of futu
re generations and to enhance public awareness, especially among our youth, of
the importance of advancing sustainable development goals.
UNGeneralAssemblySpe
cialSession
We discussed the progress that has been made since the 1992 Rio Ear
th Summit in defining and promoting sustainable development, and we commit ours
elves to taking action in areas critical to advancing this agenda. Sustainable
development demands the full integration of environment, economic and social p
olicies; should be based upon democratic governance and respect for human right
s; and should have poverty eradication as one of its ultimate objectives. In t
his connection, we reaffirm the vital contribution of civil society. We urge t
he United Nations General Assembly, at its Special Session to be held next wee
k, to reaffirm and give impetus to the Rio commitments, to take stock of imple
mentation since Rio, and, most importantly, to develop a manageable list of pri
ority issues to address in future work on sustainable development.
Climate Chan
ge
We are determined to take the lead and show seriousness of purpose in stren
gthening international efforts to confront climate change. We must forge at th
e Third Conference of Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change
in Kyoto, a strong agreement that fully meets the remit of the Berlin mandate,
and that contains legally binding emission limitation and reduction targets. W
e support an agreement that will advance us toward the ultimate goal of stabili
zing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gasses at an acceptable level in
an efficient and cost-effective way[, and that allows Signatories appropriate f
lexibility in the manner in which they meet the targets]. We are committed to a
chieve emissions targets that
[are meaningful, realistic and equitable and whic
h maintain accountability and transparency.]
[are meaningful, realistic and equ
itable, that maintain accountability and transparency, and are effective in lim
iting and reducing green-house gas emissions in the post-2000 era.]
[substantia
Ily reduce greenhouse gas emissions below 1990 levels for the years 2005, 2010
and 2020. Developed countries should, individually or jointly, reduce emission
S levels by the year 2010 by 15% with respect to 1990. They should also commit
themselves to common and coordinated policies and measures that would help us
avoid competitive distortions and achieve ambitious targets.]
[reduce greenhous
e gas emissions significantly below 1990 levels by 2005 and 2010, with coordina
ted policies and measures.]
[significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions be
low 1990 levels by 2005 and 2010.]
Action by developed countries alone will not
be sufficient to meet this goal. Measurable steps will also be needed by deve
loping countries, and their obligations will increase as their economies grow.
We agree to work in partnership with them to that effect. In this context, we
resolve to facilitate the development of environmental technology and its diff
usion to developing countries. We also will work with developing countries to
build environmental capacity and to promote environmental education.
We stress
the importance of setting up an appropriate mechanism for monitoring and ensur
ing compliance among Parties. We also agreed to work together to enhance inter
national efforts to further develop global systems for monitoring climate chang
e and other environmental trends.
Forests
Forests continue to be destroyed and
degraded at alarming rates in many parts of the world. To reverse this trend,
we call on all countries to work with us to begin implementation of the proposa
Is for action put forward by the UNCSD Inter-governmental Panel on Forests and
to develop constructive programs, inter alia, to implement national forest prog
rams for sustainable forest management, establish networks of protected areas,
assess the state of each nations forests using agreed criteria and indicators,
harness responsible private sector investment in forests and eliminate illegal
logging. We welcome the progress made in implementing the Brazilian Pilot Prog
ram initiated in Houston. We urge the Special Session of the United Nations
[t
o establish an Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee to develop an internatio
nal convention to ensure the conservation and sustainable management of the wor
Ids forests. This negotiation should be completed by the year 2000.]
[to launc
h an intergovernmental initiative for coordinated action to promote national tr
ansparency and accountability and to build further consensus on global issues,
including on the advisability of initiating a global forest convention.]
Freshw
ater
Many people throughout the world do not have access to safe water. Increa
sed human, industrial and agricultural wastes can diminish water quality, with
adverse effects for ecosystems and human health and safety, particularly for ch
ildren. The Special Session of the UN General Assembly should encourage the CSD
to develop a practical plan of action to address freshwater-related issues, i
ncluding promotion of efficient water use, improvement of water quality and san
itation, technological development and capacity building, public awareness and
institutional improvements. To achieve these objectives, we have also agreed t
o promote bilateral and regional cooperation on freshwater concerns, and to e
nhance coordination of our efforts in this area.
Oceans
We must strengthen our
efforts to protect the worlds oceans. We will work to ensure an effective and
integrated effort to deal with key concerns, including sustainable fishing, S
hipping, marine pollution from land-based and off-shore activities, and oil sp
ill prevention and emergency response. In this connection, we will also enhan
ce cooperation in monitoring the ecology in the Northern Pacific, as well as i
n forecasting earthquakes and tsunamis in this region.
Environmental Standards
for Export Credit Agencies
Private sector financial flows supported by official
export credit agencies (ECAs) of the industrial nations have a significant imp
act on sustainable development worldwide. Governments can help promote sustain
able practices by taking environmental factors into account when providing expo
rt credits and/or credit insurance for investments in infrastructure [and equip
ment]. We encourage the OECD [Participants Group] to develop common environmen
tal guidelines for all export credit agencies as expeditiously as possible[, W
ith the aim of implementing the guidelines by the May 1999 OECD ministerial].
In the interim, we encourage ECAs to exchange information and develop the neces
sary technical expertise on environmental matters.
Childrens Environmental Heal
th
Protecting the health of our children is a shared fundamental value. Childr
en throughout the world face significant threats to their health from an array
of environmental hazards, and we recognize particular vulnerabilities of childr
en to environmental threats. Our governments will explicitly incorporate child
ren into environmental risk assessments and standard setting and together will
work to strengthen information exchange, provide for microbiologically safe dri
nking water, and reduce childrens exposure to lead, environmental tobacco smoke
and other air pollutants.
Institutions
Strong international institutions are e
ssential to coordinating global efforts to protect the environment and to achie
ve sustainable development.
The UNGA Special Session should confirm the role o
f the UN Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD) as the strategic forum for
integrating the social, environmental and economic aspects of sustainable deve
lopment. The CSD should develop action plans with concrete objectives and time
tables to guide its work in the four agreed priority areas: freshwater; oceans;
land resources, including forests; and sustainable energy use.
To ensure an ef
fective response to urgent global environmental problems, we have supported the
refocused mandate for the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), the lead
ing global environmental authority, as affirmed by the UNEP Governing Council i
n Nairobi this year. UNEP should promote the coherent implementation of envi
ronmental protection within the UN system and serve as an authoritative advocat
e for the global environment. The newly formed High-level Committee of Environ
ment Ministers and Officials should consider the international environmental ag
enda and elaborate upon and advance the reforms needed to ensure UNEPs effectiv
eness, with a particular emphasis on greater policy, program and financial acco
untability. We look forward to a revitalized UNEP being able to attract the res
ources needed for its tasks.
In the medium term, further efforts may be necessa
ry to ensure the long-term coherence and efficiency of the UNs work on the envi
ronment. We encourage the Secretary General to review the handling of environm
ental matters within the UN system and to explore possible means and structures
to improve further the coordination among, and effectiveness of, the concerne
d institutions.
We reaffirm the importance of the Global Environmental Facility
as the leading multilateral funding mechanism for the global environment. We
will work to strengthen its finances and enhance its effectiveness. In this re
gard, we will each do our part to contribute to a successful replenishment of t
he Facility.
Infectious Diseases
Infectious diseases, including childhood pneu
monia, diarrhea, tuberculosis, malaria, and HIV/AIDS are responsible for a thi
rd of all deaths in the world. They pose significant challenges to the health,
security and financial resources of the global community. In many parts of th
e world, infectious diseases and deaths from infectious disease have risen shar
ply in the last decade for a variety of reasons, including the emergence of dru
g-resistant microbes and the increased movement of people and products.
In the
coming year, our governments will promote more effective coordination of intern
ational responses to outbreaks; promote development of a global surveillance ne
twork, building upon existing national and regional surveillance systems; and h
elp to build public health capacity to prevent, detect and control infectious d
iseases globally. Central to this work will be strengthening and linking exist
ing activities in and among each of our countries, and in other fora, especiall
y the World Health Organization. [We support the efforts of the WHO and endors
e the recent World Health Assembly resolutions regarding the quality of biologi
cal and pharmaceutical products.]
Preventing the transmission of HIV infection
and the development of AIDS is an urgent global public health imperative. Whil
e other prevention and treatment methods must be pursued, in the long term the
development of safe and effective vaccines against AIDS holds the best chance o
f limiting, and eventually eliminating, the threat of this disease. We will wor
k to provide the resources necessary to accelerate AIDS vaccine research, and t
ogether will enhance international scientific cooperation and collaboration. C
ooperation among scientists and governments in the developed and developing wor
Id and international agencies will be critical. We call on other states to joi
n us in this endeavor.
The Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) mu
st help expand the scale and quality of the response to HIV/AIDS. As a group an
d with others, we will work to assure that it has resources adequate to fulfill
its mandate.
Nuclear Safety
We reaffirm our commitments from the 1996 Moscow S
ummit on Nuclear Safety and Security to give an absolute priority to safety in
the use of nuclear energy. We note that further substantial progress is still
required in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe and in the Newly Indepe
ndent States, especially by strengthening regulatory authorities, enhancing rea
ctor safety and improving safety culture. We consider further joint efforts to
this end a major priority. In this regard, we attach the greatest importance
to the full implementation of the Nuclear Safety Account agreements.
We note wi
th satisfaction the entry into force by the Nuclear Safety Convention and the p
reparations now underway for the first review meeting to be held in April 1999.
We applaud the rapid progress made in developing the Joint Convention on the
Safety of Spent Fuel Management and the Safety of Radioactive Waste Management
and encourage finalization. We welcome the forthcoming adoption of the Protoco
I to amend the Vienna Convention on civil liability for nuclear damage and of a
new Supplementary Funding Convention as called for at the Moscow Nuclear Summi
t. [Each of our governments will give early consideration to joining these new
conventions.] These conventions will facilitate international safety cooperat
ion and provide for increased compensation for victims in the event of a nuclea
r accident.
Global Energy Issues
Market-oriented energy policies can promote su
stainable energy use, energy investment and trade. We request that our officia
Is prepare a concept paper to set the agenda for a proposed Ministerial in Mosc
ow dealing with our shared interests in deregulation, privatization, pipeline t
ransit issues, nuclear safety, and links between energy and the environment.
Tr
ansnational Organized Crime
We remain committed to combating transnational orga
nized crime, and have worked actively to implement the forty recommendations ag
reed upon at Lyon. We have taken action within our own borders and with one an
other, and strengthened cooperation bilaterally, multilaterally, and with other
nations and groups to bring criminals to justice through mutual legal assistan
ce and extradition, to promote cooperation among our law enforcement agencies,
to strengthen document security and improve strategies to combat alien smugglin
g, and to prevent illegal trafficking in firearms. In the coming year, we will
continue our efforts with a special focus on high-tech crimes such as those in
volving computer and telecommunications technology and, as appropriate, other n
ew trends in transnational organized criminal activity.
Illicit Drugs
We are de
termined to intensify our efforts to combat the production, trafficking and use
of illicit drugs, which represent a global threat to the safety of our citizen
s, and the well-being of our societies and institutions. Reaffirming the commo
n responsibility of all concerned States, we recognize that a successful strate
gy to combat illicit drugs requires effective action against both the supply an
d the demand for such drugs. We stress the importance of demand reduction. To
gether with strict law enforcement against use of drugs, programs aimed at trea
tment and rehabilitation, education and prevention are of major importance in o
ur fight against drugs.
We have asked our appropriate government agencies to b
uild on their established patterns of cooperation to address this common threat
In particular, we will study mechanisms that would assist in the development
of healthy, drug-free economies in all States; support further efforts to shar
e relevant information on money-laundering, chemical precursors, new synthetic
drugs, trafficking patterns and methods, and other data; and will work together
to strengthen the capabilities of law enforcement institutions to combat illi
cit drugs. Our governments will work together to develop the agenda for the U
N General Assembly Special Session on Drugs in June 1998.
Terrorism
We reaffirm
our determination to combat terrorism in all forms, irrespective of motive. W
e oppose concessions to terrorist demands and are determined to deny hostage-ta
kers any benefits from their acts. We welcome the growing consensus on adoptin
g effective and legitimate means of countering terrorism.
Last year, our Minist
ers adopted twenty-five recommendations to combat terrorism. We have received
a positive response worldwide, in particular in the UN General Assembly. Toget
her we have made substantial progress on many of these recommendations, includi
ng: drafting and negotiating a UN convention on terrorist bombing; promoting i
mproved international standards for airport security, explosives detection, and
vehicle identification; promoting stronger laws and export controls on the man
ufacture, trade and transport of explosives; initiating a directory of counter-
terrorism competencies; inviting all States to promote the use of encryption wh
ich may allow, consistent with OECD guidelines, lawful government access to com
bat terrorism.
We have asked our Ministers to intensify diplomatic efforts to e
nsure that by the year 2000 all States join the international counterterrorism
conventions specified in the 1996 UN resolution on measures to counter terroris
m. We have instructed our officials to take additional steps: to strengthen t
he capability of hostage negotiation experts and counterterrorism response unit
s; to exchange information on technologies to detect and deter the use of mater
ials of mass destruction in terrorist attacks; to develop means to deter terror
ist attacks on electronic and computer infrastructure; to strengthen maritime S
ecurity; to exchange information on security practices for international specia
I events; and to strengthen international cooperation and consultation.
Human C
loning
We have taken note of recent scientific experiments which could open the
way to creating a child by cloning an existing person. While recognizing the
considerable benefits for basic research, agriculture and human health from clo
ning technology, we agree on the need for appropriate domestic legislation and
close international cooperation to prohibit the use of somatic cell nuclear tra
nsfer to create a child, while countries explore ethical and scientific implica
tions in greater depth. We are encouraged by the reflections underway within n
ational ethics committees, as well as in various regional and international for
a, which will enable a measured approach in deciding which uses of this techniq
ue are, and which are not unacceptable. We are determined to give a strong imp
etus to their work with a view to arriving as soon as possible at an appropriat
e universal moratorium.
[Space Station
We [welcome forward to] the sign
ing of the Agreement to establishing an international space station. This is
an excellent example of international cooperation in carrying out large and pr
omising projects in the field of exploration and peaceful uses of outer space.]
United NationsReform
We reaffirm the crucial role of the United Nations in mai
ntaining international peace and security and in fostering global partnership a
nd sustainable development. To this end, we support thorough-going reform and
welcome progress that has occurred since our meetings in Halifax and Lyon. We W
elcome Secretary General Kofi Annans recent reform proposals and support their
rapid implementation; we also look forward to the Secretary-Generals more exten
sive proposals next month. We remain committed to working with all UN members
to realize these reforms.
In order for the UN to cope with the challenges of th
e 21st century, financial reform should proceed together with necessary reform
measures in other areas. The UN system must be placed on a firm financial foot
ing through full and timely payment of obligations, and development of a more 1
ogical and equitable scale of assessments. Budgets throughout the UN system sh
ould be scrutinized with emphasis on prioritization and maximum operating effic
iency. We look forward to the Secretary Generals specific proposals for reinve
sting savings from improved cost-effectiveness in high priority development pro
grams. Robust oversight mechanisms and sound personnel policies are essential
for success.
The urgent challenges of economic and social development require t
he UN to coordinate more effectively the policies and activities of its various
bodies including the specialized agencies. To this end, the UNs Economic and
Social Council (ECOSOC), supported by the Under Secretary General for economic
and social issues, should strengthen its policy and coordination role, in part
icular through streamlining its subsidiary bodies and improving its working rel
ationship with international financial institutions and the WTO. We welcome th
e recent reforms in the governance of the funds and programs as well as in the
various UN bodies, in particular at UNCTAD and in the regional commissions; the
se efforts should be sustained and expanded.
We call for a thorough and urgent
review of the UNs funds and programs, as well as a system-wide review of the ro
les and mandates of specialized agencies and commissions. We welcome the Secre
tary Generals recommendations for strengthened integration at the country level
and better coordination at headquarters. In this context, we recommend the UN
undertake performance evaluations of the coordination of its development activ
ities in a range of representative countries. We expect the least developed co
untries to be the principal beneficiaries of improved efficiency in the UNs dev
elopment work.
We reaffirm that the UN must further improve its ability to act
quickly and effectively to address threats to international peace and security
including by reforming its institutions. We will continue to help develop the
capacities of the UN in preventing and resolving conflicts. We support steps t
aken recently by the UN to strengthen its capacity for rapid reaction from the
early warning stage to the stage of rapid deployment of new, approved, peace ke
eping operations and urge continued improvements in these areas.
AFRICA: PARTN
ERSHIP FOR DEVELOPMENT
At Lyon, we initiated a New Global Partnership for Devel
opment, noting both that developing countries have a fundamental responsibility
for promoting their own development, and that developed countries must support
these efforts. We paid particular attention to the problems of Sub-Saharan Af
rican countries, many of which continue to face unusually severe challenges. T
his year, we aim to translate the principles of that Partnership into new concr
ete action to support the efforts of African countries to participate fully in
the expansion of global prosperity and to spread the benefits throughout their
societies. Our objective is not only to facilitate the progressive integration
of African countries into the world economy, but also to foster the integratio
n of poor populations into economic, social and political life of their countri
es.
We are encouraged by positive developments, including the adoption of demo
cratic and economic reforms in many Sub-Saharan African countries. Since 1990,
more than twenty African nations have held free and fair elections. Democrati
c governance and the rule of law, in Africa as elsewhere, lay the foundation fo
r human rights, including the rights of women, and sustainable development. We
commend those African countries that have set an example by undertaking democr
atic reforms, improving rule of law and administration of justice, avoiding unp
roductive expenditures (including excessive military expenditures), and strengt
hening public institutions and civil society. We will support African efforts
to promote democracy and good governance, improve the integrity of public inst
itutions, enhance the transparency of government spending, in particular of pro
curement, and develop national anti-bribery regulations.
Increased prosperity
ultimately depends upon creating an environment for domestic capital formation,
private sector-led growth and successful integration into global markets. We
are encouraged by the increasing number of Sub-Saharan countries that have made
progress toward financial sustainability through fiscal and financial practice
S and have adopted growth and market oriented economic policies, including trad
e liberalization and investment climate improvement. These initiatives have pr
oduced a welcome acceleration of growth since 1994. We expect the international
financial institutions to play an important role in supporting reform in Sub-S
aharan African countries. Their support should help to promote productive fore
ign direct investment and domestic capital formation. We look forward to the I
Fls reporting on their efforts by the time of the Hong Kong World Bank/IMF meet
ings.
Trade policy is key to development for Sub-Saharan Africa. Trade liberal
ization by African countries will promote more efficient utilization of resourc
es. At the same time, access to our markets is a crucial tool for fostering ec
onomic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa. We each will continue to improve, through
various means, access to our markets for African exports. We support the furth
er integration of the least developed countries into the world trading system.
In this regard, African countries will be major beneficiaries of efforts in the
WTO on a plan of action to provide, inter alia, predictable and favorable mark
et access conditions for least developed countries. We are committed to the e
ffective implementation of this plan and intend to participate actively in the
high-level WTO/UNCTAD/International Trade Center meeting later this year. We W
elcome African initiatives for regional trade liberalization and economic coope
ration.
Consistent with WTO obligations, we will consider ways to enhance opp
ortunities for the Sub-Saharan African countries that need them most and are un
dertaking effective reform measures. We will review our own bilateral aid and
trade promotion programs to ensure that they support climates conducive to econ
omic growth and private investment, including by strengthening capacity.
Subs
tantial flows of official development assistance will continue to play an essen
tial role in building the capacity of Sub-Saharan African countries to achieve
their development objectives. We are committed to a results-oriented approach
to development policy, particularly in alleviating poverty. But development a
ssistance alone cannot overcome inappropriate policies. We will work with Afric
an countries to ensure adequate and well-targeted assistance for those countrie
S which have the greatest need and carry out the necessary broad-based reforms.
This assistance will include support for democratic governance, respect for h
uman rights, sound public administration, efficient legal and judicial systems,
infrastructure development, rural development, food security, environmental pr
otection and human resource development, including health and education of thei
r people. In this regard, we will work to strengthen cooperation among concern
ed institutes to facilitate and coordinate capacity building efforts.
To maximi
ze the effectiveness of our efforts, we will deepen the dialogue with African p
artners, work for greater local ownership of development strategies and encoura
ge the participation of non-governmental actors. We will also strengthen donor
coordination, including with emerging donors. We welcome and fully support th
e emerging trend of intra-regional and inter-regional cooperation to further Af
rican development.
The United Nations plays a major role in development in Afri
ca, and African countries will be major beneficiaries of reform of the UN econo
mic and social development activities. We encourage the UNs development funds
and programs and specialized agencies, to emphasize work in the field in Africa
and to fully integrate and coordinate their efforts, both at the headquarters
and at the country level. We are encouraged by the Economic Commission on Afri
cas efforts to energize and focus its activities. The UN Development Programs
decision to allocate a portion of its resources based on program quality is a u
seful approach to assuring effectiveness, and we urge that it be adopted more b
roadly in the UNs work.
A number of African countries are making impressive eff
orts to harness the information revolution in support of democracy and sustaina
ble development. We welcome the Africa Information Society Initiative. We supp
ort their efforts to establish information networks to link African countries W
ith each other and to the rest of the world. In this regard, we welcome the To
ronto Global Knowledge 97 Conference.
We applaud African leadership in developi
ng effective local capacities in conflict prevention, peacekeeping and post-con
flict reconciliation and recovery. We will support African peace-building init
iatives at the regional, sub-regional and national levels, in particular by the
Organization of African Unity (OAU), taking into account the recent OECD Guide
lines on Conflict, Peace, and Development Cooperation, and we will help to forg
e active partnerships with the United Nations and other donors. We encourage t
he UN Secretary General, as part of his reform efforts, to identify ways the in
ternational community can further strengthen Africas initiatives. We also call
for the expanded utilization of the existing UN Trust Fund for African peaceke
eping and conflict prevention, as well as other relevant UN funds; and broader
and substantial donor commitments to the OAU and to subregional bodies with sp
ecialized mechanisms for conflict mediation, as well as to the UN/OAU Special E
nvoy to the Great Lakes.
We reaffirm our support for long-term efforts to promo
te rapidly deployable African peacekeeping capacities. We welcome closer coord
ination among African troop-contributing countries, regional organizations, don
ors, and the UN in the development of training, joint exercises, common peaceke
eping doctrine, and other efforts to ensure inter-operability. [We also look f
orward to the establishment of an African Peacekeeping Support Group at the UN,
and we urge interested countries to actively explore mechanisms for coordinati
on of practical activities.]
We express our grave concern at the recent attacks
against refugees as well as against personnel of refugee and humanitarian orga
nizations. We emphasize that host States must prevent such acts and prosecute
the perpetrators.
We have requested that our officials report to us prior to ne
xt years Summit in Birmingham about the efforts they have undertaken together t
o implement all aspects of this partnership.
IV. Political Issues
Together, we
are pursuing a strategy of global integration to create a more secure and stabl
e international community. Already, we have used our political cooperation to
broaden and deepen the community of open markets and open societies, and in the
next year we will work together to build on these efforts. Our Partnership fo
r Development is designed explicitly to support the economic and political deve
lopment of nations which run the risk of being marginalized from the process of
integration. We will focus our energies on strengthening adherence to the nor
ms and principles of international cooperation, and will work together to take
effective measures against those who threaten those objectives. We recognize o
ur common interest and responsibility in helping bring an end to conflicts that
threaten to disturb international peace and to undermine our deepened cooperat
ion.
Democracy and Human Rights
Recent years have seen an unprecedented growth
of democracy worldwide. Yet young democratic states can be fragile and short-l
ived. We have a responsibility and opportunity to further strengthen democrati
c values and fundamental freedoms where they have taken hold and extend their r
each where they have not.
Human rights are at the heart of our concerns. Ensur
ing accountability for violations of human rights and international humanitaria
n law is essential to promote conflict resolution and peace. The new UN High C
ommissioner for Human Rights will have a crucial role to play. We will continu
e to give full support to the International Tribunals for the former Yugoslavia
and Rwanda, and work to ensure that the international community and States con
cerned bring to justice through due process persons responsible for violations
of human rights and international humanitarian law.
Recognizing that strengthen
ing democracy is essential to strengthening peace and human rights, and looking
to the 50th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1998,
we will work together in the coming year to build on our governments most effec
tive democratic development, peacebuilding and human rights programs. Our effo
rts will focus on promoting good governance and the rule of law, strengthening
civil society, expanding womens political participation, and boosting business
and labor support for democracy, particularly in young democracies and societie
S in conflict. The protection of the most underrepresented or vulnerable is cr
itical to broaden participation in the democratic process and prevent societal
conflict. We will work to ensure adoption and ratification of international in
struments designed to provide protection to these groups, in particular the spe
edy adoption of an International Labor Organization Convention on the eradicati
on of intolerable forms of child labor. We will work through multilateral and
regional organizations, particularly with the Development Assistance Committee
of the OECD as well as in partnership with non-governmental organizations and y
oung democracies. We also will consider common efforts to promote democracy wh
ere it is not now established.
We have asked our Ministers to form a Working Gr
oup to coordinate these efforts and to make recommendations for consideration a
t our next Summit.
Democracy, economic growth and development cannot reach thei
r full potential without good governance, in particular the accountability of p
olitical leaders and public servants, especially for corruption. We will activ
ely work to eliminate corruption in aid-funded procurement and the cross-border
payment of bribes to government officials. We will take immediate steps to cr
iminalize the bribery of foreign public officials in commercial transactions an
d to eliminate the tax-deductibility of such bribes, and we call upon all other
countries to do the same.
Non-proliferation, Arms Control and Disarmament
Sinc
e the Moscow Summit on Nuclear Safety and Security, we have taken important ste
ps to implement the agreed Programme for Preventing and Combating Illicit Traff
icking in Nuclear Materials. We will expand participation in this program to i
nclude countries in Central and Eastern Europe, and in Central Asia. Further r
egarding the safe and effective management of fissile material, with respect to
such materials no longer required for defense purposes, we will continue our c
ooperation through concrete initiatives, in particular the French-German-Russia
n project to build a pilot plant in Russia to produce MOX fuel from weapons plu
tonium, which is open to additional states, and the related U.S.-Russian cooper
ation on the conversion of weapons plutonium.
We have worked together to advanc
e our common non-proliferation, arms control, and disarmament goals. The Compr
ehensive Test Ban Treaty is an historic milestone, and we call upon all States
to sign and ratify it rapidly to ensure its early entry into force. We welcome
the entry into force of the Chemical Weapons Convention. We advocate its full
and effective implementation, and look forward to the early ratification of th
e Convention by the States that have not yet done so. Recognizing that enhanci
ng confidence in compliance would reinforce the Biological and Toxin Weapons Co
nvention, we reaffirm our determination to develop a legally binding instrument
to ensure its effective implementation.
We reaffirm our unwavering commitment
to full implementation of the objectives set forth in the Non-Proliferation Tre
aty. To that end, we welcome the IAEAs recent adoption of a program on strengt
hening the effectiveness and improving the efficiency of the safeguards system.
We urge all States to conclude additional protocols with the IAEA at the earl
iest possible date. We reaffirm our commitment to the immediate commencement a
nd early conclusion of a convention banning the production of fissile material
for nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices.
We welcome the progress
on strategic arms control made at Helsinki in March, and look forward to the e
arly entry-into-force of the START II agreement and the initiation of START III
negotiations. We reaffirm the key role of the Conventional Forces in Europe Tr
eaty in strengthening European security, and welcome the decision to conclude i
ts adaptation as expeditiously as possible. We welcome the recent agreement am
ong Russia, Kazakstan, Kyrgystan, Tajikistan, and China on reduction of militar
y forces along their borders and consider it an important contribution to the r
egions security.
We endorse unequivocally efforts by the UN Special Commission
and the IAEA to eliminate weapons of mass destruction capabilities in Iraq and
to monitor compliance. We reaffirm the importance of implementing the U.S.-DPR
K Agreed Framework and full compliance by North Korea with its non-proliferatio
n obligations. We therefore place great value on the continuing role of the IA
EA in monitoring the freeze on North Koreas nuclear program, implementing safeg
uards, and helping preserve all information relating to the DPRKs past activity
We welcome the conclusion of negotiations for the EU to participate in the K
orean Peninsula Energy Development Organization (KEDO) and call for further int
ernational support for KEDO, including the provision of funds, as well as the n
ecessity of North-South dialogue. We call on North Korea to halt its developme
nt, deployment and export of ballistic missiles.
We welcome the emerging high-I
evel dialogue between India and Pakistan. We encourage both countries to bring
their activities into conformity with international non-proliferation norms.
Consistent with our support for the CTBTs early entry into force, we encourage
both countries to adhere to that treaty.
We recognize that global security and
stability are strengthened by promoting international responsibility in the tra
nsfer of arms and sensitive technologies, and to that end reaffirm our support
for the Wassenaar Arrangement. We welcome the steady achievements under the UN
Register of Conventional Arms in promoting transparency in armaments. We enco
urage the work of the UN Panel of Governmental Experts on Small Arms to identif
y the ways and means to prevent and reduce the excessive and destabilizing tran
sfer of small arms and light weapons and we will continue to work together to c
urb illegal trafficking in firearms.
Export Control Regimes
We underline our su
pport for the arrangements that make up the international export control regime
S. The Zangger Committee and the Nuclear Suppliers Group, the Missile Technolo
gy Control Regime, and, for those who are members, the Australia Group export c
ontrol regime, all contribute critically to the global application and enforcem
ent of international export control norms.
Anti-personnel Landmines
Last year W
e committed ourselves to spare no effort in securing a global ban on anti-perso
nnel landmines. To this end, we support the effective and complementary effort
S in a variety of fora, including at the Conference on Disarmament and in forma
I negotiations to take place in Oslo in September through the Ottawa Process wi
th the goal of achieving such a ban [as soon as possible [before the end of th
e year]. We welcome the restrictions on anti-personnel landmines unilaterally
declared by States, including by the members of the EU. We reaffirm the UN Gen
eral Assembly resolution, approved overwhelmingly, calling for concluding an ef
fective, legally-binding international agreement to ban anti-personnel landmine
S as soon as possible. All States should adhere to the strengthened Protocol o
n Mines, Booby Traps and Other Devices. We encourage the international communit
y to develop technological solutions to mine detection and clearance, and to st
rengthen its support for humanitarian demining and assistance to mine victims.
Political Situations
Hong Kong
We recognize the historic nature of China's immi
nent resumption of sovereignty over Hong Kong. Considering our durable interes
ts in this financial and economic center, we welcome and place weight on China'
S commitments, contained in the 1984 UK-PRC Joint Declaration and in the 1990 P
RC Basic Law. These include ensuring Hong Kong's continued stability and prosp
erity and preserving its way of life, its high degree of autonomy -- including
an independent monetary and economic system its fundamental freedoms and the
rule of law. These will provide the essential underpinnings for Hong Kongs fu
ture economic success. We look forward to democratic elections in Hong Kong fo
r a new legislature as soon as possible. We take serious note of China's assu
rances in the Joint Declaration and Basic Law that the provisions of the Intern
ational Covenant of Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant o
n Economic, Social and Cultural Rights will continue to apply in Hong Kong.
Dem
ocratic Republic of the Congo
The momentous changes in the Democratic Republic
of the Congo highlight the importance of peaceful democratic transition and the
establishment of a broadly-based interim administration. We believe it is imp
ortant to assist the new authorities in the transition to an elected government
, promote respect for human rights, address urgent humanitarian needs, and faci
litate economic renewal. We look forward to close cooperation with other donor
countries, the United Nations, OAU, international financial institutions, and
regional leaders in these efforts. The willingness of our governments to assis
t in the rebuilding of national institutions will depend on the new authorities
demonstrating their commitment to democratic reform, including elections, sou
nd economic policies, public accountability and respect for human rights.
Haiti
The progress accomplished in Haiti as a result of the United Nations Support M
ission in Haiti, underlines the necessity of continued international assistance
to maintain stability and promote democratization, and economic development.
We will take positive note of the Secretary General's new recommendations on th
e nature of the international presence in Haiti subsequent to the termination o
f the current UNSMIH mandate. We urge that Haiti press forward with implementin
g its economic modernization program.
Middle East Peace Process
The Peace Proce
SS faces a crisis, and we are determined to reinject momentum into it. Restorin
g the sense of security and confidence among Israelis and Palestinians is essen
tial. We shall do our utmost to reinvigorate implementation of the Oslo Accord
S and to uphold the principles of Madrid, including the exchange of land for pe
ace. All the problems need to be addressed peacefully through serious and credi
ble negotiations. Both sides must refrain from actions that impede the peace p
rocess by preempting permanent status negotiations. We believe strongly in the
importance of working with Israel, Syria and Lebanon to resume direct talks in
order to achieve a comprehensive settlement in the region. We welcome the imp
ortant role the Monitoring Group has played in strengthening the Understanding
of April 26, 1996 and in reducing risks to civilians in southern Lebanon and in
Israel. We affirm the importance of the activities within the multilateral fr
amework of the peace process.
Economic growth and prosperity are critical to pe
ace. We urge regional parties to pursue economic cooperation among themselves
and integration into the global economy. We welcome all efforts to promote the
region's development, including assistance to the Palestinians, and urge donor
S to fulfill pledges made.
Iran, Iraq, Libya
[We have noted with interest the
results of the recent elections in Iran and renew our call upon the Government
of Iran to play a constructive role in regional and world affairs. In this reg
ard, while noting the role Iran played in inter-Tajik talks in conjunction with
the United Nations and other regional parties, we call upon the Government of
Iran to desist from material and political support for extremist groups that
are seeking to destroy the Middle East peace process and to destabilize the reg
ion. We further call upon the Iranian Government to reject the use of terroris
m, including against Iranian citizens living abroad, and, in that connection, t
o desist from endorsing the continued threat to the life of Mr. Salman Rushdie
and other people associated with his work. We call on all States to avoid any
cooperation with Iran that might contribute to efforts to acquire nuclear weapo
ns capabilities, or to enhance chemical, biological, or missile capabilities in
violation of international conventions or arrangements.]
We confirm our determ
ination to obtain full compliance with all UN Security Council resolutions rela
ted to Iraq and Libya. Only full compliance with these resolutions could resu
It in the lifting of sanctions. We are pleased to note that the distribution o
f food and medicine under UNSCR 986 is providing some humanitarian relief to th
e Iraqi people.
Bosnia and Herzegovina
[In redraft.]
Cyprus
The Cyprus disput
e has remained unresolved for far too long. We fully support the mission of go
od offices of the United Nations Secretary General on Cyprus aimed at engaging
the two Cypriot communities in negotiations to achieve a comprehensive settleme
nt in accordance with relevant UN Resolutions and high-level agreements. We st
rongly endorse the Secretary Generals recent invitation to the leaders of both
communities and call on them to approach negotiations constructively and in goo
d faith.
Albania
Noting the situation in Albania and its implications for regio
nal stability, we express our appreciation to those organizations and instituti
ons, acting within the coordinating framework of the OSCE under the strong lead
ership of Franz Vranitzky - - especially the EU as well as the WEU, UNHCR and
Red Cross that are working with the Government of National Reconciliation to
restore normalcy in the country. We also applaud the deployment of the Multin
ational Protection Force under Italian leadership and the authority of the UN S
ecurity Council. We underscore the importance that the upcoming elections in A
Ibania restore democratic legitimacy and urge that all parties work together to
restore political order, resume economic reforms, create a sound financial sy
stem and reestablish public safety.
Afghanistan
Noting the recent developments
in Afghanistan, we call on all Afghan parties to stop the fighting and to work
together towards the formation of a broadly representative central government t
hat will protect the rights of all Afghans and abide by Afghanistans internatio
nal obligations. Taking into account risks of regional destabilization, peace
and stability can best be attained through political negotiations under UN ausp
ices with the active and coordinated assistance of all countries concerned and
provided that all external interference ceases. All Afghan parties and concern
ed countries should abide by the provisions of recent resolutions on Afghanista
n adopted by the UN Security Council and General Assembly.
Korean Peninsula
We
welcome the recent developments concerning the Four Party meeting proposal aime
d at achieving permanent peace on the Korean Peninsula, and we call upon the DP
RK to agree to convene those talks without delay, as well as to engage seriousl
y in North-South dialogue.
Cambodia
The recent political instability in Cambodi
a threatened to set back peace as well as the democratization process which Cam
bodian people established under the auspices of the UN in 1993. We strongly ap
peal to all Cambodian leaders to bring about political stability, civil order,
and economic reconstruction through national reconciliation and good governance
as well as through a free and fair election.
Myanmar
[We are concerned by the
current situation in Myanmar and call on the government to make further efforts
for democratization on the occasion of that nations accession to ASEAN, partic
ularly to enter into a meaningful political dialogue with leaders of the democr
atic opposition and ethnic minorities aimed at achieving a solution to the curr
ent situation.] [Concerned by the continuing widespread repression in Myanmar
and the large-scale violations of human rights by the regime, we call on the SL
ORC to enter into a meaningful political dialogue with leaders of the democrati
c opposition and ethnic minorities aimed at achieving a solution to the current
situation. We note the recent decision of the Association of Southeast Asian
Nations to admit Myanmar as a member of the organization in July and express th
e hope that the members of ASEAN will use their influence to encourage an early
return to democracy in Myanmar.]
Next Summit
We have accepted the invitation
of the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom to meet in Birmingham on 15-17 May
next year.
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V.DOCNational Security CouncilH:\COMMUNIQ\61297REV.DOCNational. Security Council
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NTRODUCTIONNational Security CouncilNational Security Council;
}
END
ATTACHMENT 2
RECORD TYPE: PRESIDENTIAL (NOTES MAIL)
CREATOR: Elizabeth Drye ( CN=Elizabeth Drye/OU=OPD/O=EOP [ OPD ])
CREATION DATE/TIME:18-JUN-1997 16:30:56.00
SUBJECT: Re: Comment on cloning "fact sheet"
TO: Sherman G. Boone ( CN=Sherman G. Boone/OU=OPD/O=EOP @ EOP [ OPD 1)
READ:UNKNOWN
CC: Rachel E. Levinson ( CN=Rachel E. Levinson/OU=OSTP/O=EOP @ EOP [ OSTP 1)
READ:UNKNOWN
CC: dhohman ( dhohman @ os.dhhs.gov @ inet @ Ingtwy [ UNKNOWN 1)
READ:UNKNOWN
TEXT:
Looks great to me.
RECORD TYPE: PRESIDENTIAL (NOTES MAIL)
CREATOR: Sherman G. Boone ( CN=Sherman G. Boone/OU=OPD/O=EOP [ OPD ])
CREATION DATE/TIME:18-JUN-1997 14:05:14.00
SUBJECT: Re: Comment on cloning "fact sheet"
TO: dhohman ( dhohman @ os.dhhs.gov@ INET@ LNGTWY [ UNKNOWN 1)
READ:UNKNOWN
CC: Elizabeth Drye ( CN=Elizabeth Drye/OU=OPD/O=EOP @ EOP [ OPD 1)
READ:UNKNOWN
CC: Rachel E. Levinson ( CN=Rachel E. Levinson/OU=OSTP/O=EOP @ EOP [ OSTP ])
READ:UNKNOWN
TEXT:
Thanks for the info, though I'm not sure what to do with it.... I will
e-mail back a revised text in a few minutes.
sgb
dhohman @ os.dhhs.gov
06/18/97 12:56:00 PM
Record Type: Record
To: sherman g. boone
cc:
Subject: Re: Comment on cloning "fact sheet"
Comments by : David [email protected]@OS.DC
Date
: Wednesday, June 18, 1997 13:45:33
Forwarded to : smtp[[email protected]]
[Original Message]
To
:
<[email protected]>
From
: WILLIAM RAUB <[email protected]>
Subject : Comment on cloning "fact sheet"
Date
: Wednesday, June 18, 1997 at 12:28:27 pm EDT
The fact sheet is fine as far as it goes but is silent on one of the most
controversial issues associated with cloning -- i.e., creation of human
embryos for research purposes. If the Summit Leaders choose not to
discuss embryo research, the current draft of the fact sheet could
suffice. If they discuss embryo research, additional text may be needed;
but, at this stage, I have no good idea as to what that language might be.
In view of pre-Summit statements from various nations and multinational
groups, consensus at the Summit re embryo research (other than
agreement to disagree) seems unlikely.
The pertinent background is as follows:
Stricly speaking, the legislative ban recommended by NBAC and
proposed by the President would allow the creation of a human embryo
by somatic cell nuclear transfer if that embryo were intended only for
research use. Some prominent voices within the U.S. (e.g., Senator
Bond, Representative Ehlers, and spokespersons for right-to-life groups)
and in other nations (e.g., the German Research Minister) believe the ban
should extend to research uses as well.
Creation of human embryos for research purposes (irrespective of the
technology employed) already is a prohibited use of funds from the U.S.
federal government. However, privately funded activities within the U.S.
in human embryo research are not subject to this prohibition; nor would
they be prohibited by the President's legislative proposal.
ATTACHMENT 1
ATT CREATION TIME/DATE: 0 00:00:00.00
TEXT:
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Received: by os.dhhs.gov; Wed, 18 Jun 1997 13:45:31 -0400 (EDT)
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END ATTACHMENT 1
RECORD TYPE: PRESIDENTIAL (NOTES MAIL)
CREATOR: Rachel E. Levinson ( CN=Rachel E. Levinson/OU=OSTP/O=EOP [ OSTP 1)
CREATION DATE/TIME:18-JUN-1997 17:36:55.00
SUBJECT: Foreign prohibition of cloning
TO: Elizabeth Drye ( CN=Elizabeth Drye/OU=OPD/O=EOP @ EOP [ OPD 1)
READ:UNKNOWN
TO: Sherman G. Boone ( CN=Sherman G. Boone/OU=OPD/O=EOP @ EOP [ OPD 1)
READ:UNKNOWN
TEXT:
A number of groups have expressed the need for a ban on human cloning but
very few countries have actually passed laws to do this. I would edit the
fact sheet to state that respected international bodies such as the
Council of Europe and the World Health Organization have called for a ban,
consistent with the language in our paragraph for the joint communique.
RECORD TYPE: PRESIDENTIAL (NOTES MAIL)
CREATOR: Elizabeth Drye ( CN=Elizabeth Drye/OU=OPD/O=EOP [ OPD ])
CREATION DATE/TIME:18-JUN-1997. 09:50:58.00
SUBJECT: Cloning hill meetings
TO: Lucia A. Wyman ( CN=Lucia A. Wyman/OU=WHO/O=EOP @ EOP [ WHO ])
READ:UNKNOWN
CC: Rachel E. Levinson ( CN=Rachel E. Levinson/OU=OSTP/O=EOP @ EOP [ OSTP ])
READ:UNKNOWN
TEXT:
I won't be able to go with you today. Too much happening on tobacco.
Sorry.
RECORD TYPE: PRESIDENTIAL (NOTES MAIL)
CREATOR: William J. Antholis ( CN=William J. Antholis/OU=OPD/O=EOP [ OPD ])
CREATION DATE/TIME:26-JUN-1997 10:30:02.00
SUBJECT: for molly reilly: denver communique
TO: tafwipl ( tafwipl @ igc.org @ INET @ LNGTWY [ UNKNOWN ])
READ:UNKNOWN
TEXT:
DENVER SUMMIT OF THE EIGHT
COMMUNIQUE
DENVER, JUNE 22, 1997
INTRODUCTION
1. We, the participants in the Denver Summit of the Eight, as major
industrialized democracies, have
discussed the steps necessary, both internationally and domestically, to
shape the forces of
integration to ensure prosperity and peace for our citizens and the entire
world as we approach the
twenty-first century. We have agreed to work- closely with all willing
partners in fostering global
partnership for peace, security, and sustainable development that includes
strengthening democracy,
and human rights, and helping prevent and resolve conflicts.
2. Continuing the important steps we have taken, the Denver Summit of the
Eight marks a new and
deeper participation by Russia in our efforts. Russia has taken bold
measures to complete an historic
transformation into a democratic state with a market economy. We are
committed to continue the
trend of increased Russian participation in the work of our officials
between Summits and reiterate
our shared commitment to the promotion of a fuller involvement of Russia
in the Summit process.
Cooperation to integrate Russia's economy into the global economic system
represents one of our
most important priorities. We welcome the understanding reached between
Russia and the Chairman
of the Paris Club on the basis for Russia's participation and look forward
to the Paris Club and
Russia finalizing an agreement in the near future. We support the goal of
early Russian accession to
the WTO on the basis of conditions generally applicable to newly acceding
members. We also look
forward to continued Russian progress toward accession to the OECD using
the potential of the
recently created Liaison Committee between Russia and the OECD.
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL ISSUES
3. The process of globalization, a major factor underlying the growth of
world prosperity in the last
fifty years, is now advancing rapidly and broadly. Globalization
encompasses the expansion of
cross-border flows of ideas and information, goods and services,
technology and capital. More
openness and integration across the global economy create opportunities
for increased prosperity as
countries specialize in those economic activities which they do best,
while also promoting increased
competition and efficiency, and the rapid spread of technological
innovations. Our task, as we enter
the 21st Century, is to make the most of these opportunities.
4. At the same time, globalization may create new challenges. The
increasing openness and
interdependence of our economies, with deep trade linkages and ever
greater flows of private
capital, means that problems in one country can spill over more easily to
affect the rest. We must
cooperate to promote global growth and prosperity. We must also insure
that a I segments of
society, and indeed all countries across the globe, have the opportunity
to share in the prosperity
made possible by global integration and technological innovations. It is
particularly important that
young adults see the path to a successful life, and be adequately prepared
to follow that path.
5. Rapid technological change and demographic shifts are also having an
important impact on the
global economy. We must take advantage of the possibilities for growth to
address unemployment
and economic insecurity. Sound economic policies and the structural
reforms necessary to allow
markets to function properly are essential if we are to meet the many
domestic and international
challenges we all face. Measures that expand the availability of high
quality education and training
and increase the responsiveness of labor markets to economic conditions
will aid the ability of our
people to adjust to all types of structural changes. We look forward to
the high-level conference on
employment that takes place this fall in Japan, which is expected to
contribute to the discussion on
responses to structural changes. We also welcome the proposal by the
United Kingdom to host a
conference of ministers responsible for finance and social affairs early
next year on growth,
employability, and inclusion, to prepare for further discussion of these
vital issues at our meeting next
year.
THE OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES OF AGING POPULATIONS
6. Increased life expectancy and improved health among our elderly are two
major achievements of
this century. In the next century, these successes will present us with
both opportunities and
challenges, as longer life expectancies and lower birth rates si
gnificantly raise the proportion of
seniors in our countries' populations. Prime Minister Hashimoto's
"Initiative for a Caring World" has
provided us the opportunity to focus on the implications of these
developments.
7. We discussed the idea of "active aging" -- the desire and ability of
many older people to continue
work or other socially productive activities well into their later years,
and agreed that old stereotypes
of seniors as dependent should be abandoned. We considered new evidence
suggesting that
disability rates among seniors have declined in some countries while
recognizing the wide variation in
the health of older people. We discussed how our nations can promote
active aging of our older
citizens with due regard to their individual choices and circumstances,
including removing
disincentives to labor force participation and lowering barriers to
flexible and part- time employment
that exist in some countries. In addition, we discussed the transition
from work to retirement,
life-long learning and ways to encourage volunteerism and to support
family care-giving.
8. We examined the differing implications of population aging for our
nations' pension, health and
long-term care systems in the next century. Active aging strategies can be
a useful way to advance
structural reforms in the areas of health and social welfare. Some of our
countries face major
challenges in sustaining their public pension systems and would benefit
from early action to restore
balance. Different ways were suggested to address this issue, including
increasing the labor force
participation of seniors and raising national savings rates. Investing in
human capital, including
maximizing opportunities for life-long learning, were mentioned as ways to
facilitate the continued
work preparedness of mature adults. Some countries will be more affected
by the demands of health
care financing for seniors. We concluded that efficient and effective
management of this challenge
should help us to meet the needs of an aging society without overburdening
younger generations.
9. We agreed that it is important to learn from one another how our
policies and programs can
promote active aging and advance structural reforms to preserve and
strengthen our pension, health
and long-term care systems. Our governments will work together, within the
OECD and with other
international organizations, to promote active aging through information
exchanges and cross-national
research. We encourage collaborative biomedical and behavioral research to
improve active life
expectancy and reduce disability, and have directed our officials to
identify gaps in our knowledge
and explore developing comparable data in our nations to improve our
capacity to address the
challenges of population aging into the 21st Century.
SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES
10. The contributions of small and medium-sized enterprises to employment
and economic
dynamism in our societies are widely recognized. Fostering a business
setting conducive to the
growth of dynamic young enterprises is a key to job creation. In our discu
ssion, we surveyed the
obstacles to such growth, including the unavailability of debt or equity
capital at critical stages of a
firm's growth, unnecessary regulation, difficulties adopting existing
innovative technologies, and the
problems of smaller businesses in entering global markets. We stress the
need to remove these
obstacles. We also examined some exemplary practices within our countries
to promote the growth
of small and medium-sized companies, as well as vocational training and
education within these
companies, and considered how we might benefit from these successes. Best
practices in our
countries could also be useful examples for developing and
transition-market economies, as
development of small and medium-sized enterprises favors creation of jobs
and social stability,
disseminates entrepreneurial capacities and helps to promote and diversify
exports. We will pursue
our work in other areas.
GLOBAL ISSUES
11. Even as global integration and rapid advances in communications and
transportation have
spurred economic growth, these same trends have exposed us to complex
problems that defy
unilateral solutions. In recent years our Summits have devoted increasing a
ttention to our cooperative
efforts to confront these problems.
ENVIRONMENT
12. This is a pivotal year for efforts to promote sustainable development
and protect the
environment. We are determined to address the environmental challenges
that will affect the quality
of life of future generations and to enhance public awareness, especially
among our youth, of the
importance of advancing sustainable development goals.
UN General Assembly Special Session
13. We discussed the progress that has been made since the 1992 Rio Earth
Summit in defining and
promoting sustainable development, and we commit ourselves to taking
action in areas critical to
advancing this agenda. Sustainable development demands the full
integration of environment,
economic and social policies; should be based upon democratic governance
and respect for human
rights; and should have poverty eradication as one of its ultimate
objectives. In this connection, we
reaffirm the vital contribution of civil society. We urge the United
Nations General Assembly, at its
Special Session to be held next week, to reaffirm and give impetus to the
Rio commitments, to take
stock of implementation since Rio, and, most importantly, to develop a
manageable list of priority
issues to address in future work on sustainable development.
Climate Change
14. Overwhelming scientific evidence links the build-up of greenhouse
gasses in the atmosphere to
changes in the global climate system. If current trends continue into the
next century, unacceptable
impacts on human health and the global environment are likely. Reversing
these trends will require a
sustained global effort over several decades, with the involvement of all
our citizens, and changes in
our patterns of consumption and production.
15. We are determined to take the lead and show seriousness of purpose in
strengthening
international efforts to confront climate change. Our ultimate goal must
be to stabilize atmospheric
concentrations of greenhouse gasses at an acceptable level. This will
require efficient and
cost-effective policies and measures sufficient to lead to a significant
reduction in emissions.
16. International cooperation will be essential. At the Third Conference
of Parties to the UN
Framework Convention on Climate Change in Kyoto we must forge a strong
agreement that is
consistent with the Berlin Mandate and that contains quantified and legal
ly-binding emission targets.
We intend to commit to meaningful, realistic and equitable targets that
will result in reductions of
greenhouse gas emissions by 201 0. The agreement must ensure transparency
and accountability and
allow Participants flexibility in the manner in which they meet their
targets.
17. Action by developed countries alone will not be sufficient to meet
this goal. Developing countries
must also take measurable steps, recognizing that their obligations will
increase as their economies
grow. We agree to work in partnership with them to that effect by
implementing technological
development and diffusion and supporting environmental education and
capacity building.
18. We stress the importance of setting up an appropriate mechanism for
monitoring and ensuring
compliance among Parties. We also agree to work together to enhance
international efforts to further
develop global systems for monitoring climate change and other
environmental trends.
Forests
19. Forests continue to be destroyed and degraded at alarming rates in
many parts of the world.
To reverse this trend, we call upon all countries to make a long-term
political commitment to achieve
sustainable forest management practices worldwide and to 'join us in the
immediate implementation
of proposals put forward by the UNCSD Intergovernmental Panel on Forests.
We have discussed
in Denver and have agreed to support a practical Action Program that
includes implementing national
programs and building capacity for sustainable forest management;
establishing networks of
protected areas; assessing the state of each nation's forests using agreed
criteria and indicators;
promoting private sector management of forests; and eliminating illegal
logging. We ask that our
officials meet early next year to assess progress in implementing this
Action Program and call for a
report at our next meeting.
20. At the Special Session of the United Nations, we will work with the
active involvement of
environmental groups to build consensus on an international agreement with
appropriately high
international standards to achieve these goals. We welcome the progress
made in implementing the
Brazil Pilot Program initiated in Houston, and see it as an example of
practical international
cooperation.
Freshwater
21. Many people throughout the world do not have access to safe water.
Increased human,
industrial and agricultural wastes can diminish water quality, with
adverse effects for ecosystems and
human health and safety, particularly for children. The Special Session of
the UN General Assembly
should encourage the CSD to develop a practical plan of action to address
freshwater-related
issues, including promotion of efficient water use, improvement of water
quality and sanitation,
technological development and capacity building, public awareness and
institutional improvements.
To achieve these objectives, we have also agreed to promote bilateral and
regional cooperation on
freshwater concerns, and to enhance coordination of our efforts in this
area.
Oceans
22. We must strengthen our efforts to protect the world's oceans. We will
work to ensure an
effective and integrated effort to deal with key issues, including
sustainable fishing, shipping, marine
pollution from land-based and off-shore activities, and oil spill
prevention and emergency response.
In this connection, we will also enhance cooperation in monitoring the
ecology in the Northern
Pacific, as well as in forecasting earthquakes and tsunamis in this
region.
Desertification
23. We welcome the entry into force of the "Convention to Combat
Desertification," and urge the
parties to develop concrete steps to implement the convention at the First
Conference of the Parties
this Fall in Rome.
Environmental Standards for Export Credit Agencies
24. Private sector financial flows from industrial nations have a
significant impact on sustainable
development worldwide. Governments should help promote sustainable
practices by taking
environmental factors into account when providing financing support for
investment in infrastructure
and equipment. We attach importance to the work on this in the OECD, and
'will review progress at
our meeting next year.
Children's Environmental Health
25. Protecting the health of our children is a shared fundamental value.
Children throughout the
world face significant threats to their health from an array of
environmental hazards, and we
recognize particular vulnerabilities of children to environmental threats.
Our governments will
explicitly incorporate children into environmental risk assessments and
standard setting and together
will work to strengthen information exchange, provide for
microbiologically safe drinking water, and
reduce children's exposure to lead, environmental tobacco smoke and other
air pollutants.
Institutions
26. Strong international institutions are essential to coordinating global
efforts to protect the
environment and to achieve sustainable development.
27. The UNGA Special Session should confirm the role of the UN Commission
on Sustainable
Development (CSD) as the strategic forum for integrating the social,
environmental and economic
aspects of sustainable development. The CSD should develop action plans
with concrete objectives
and timetables to guide its work in the four agreed priority areas:
freshwater; oceans; land resources,
including forests; and sustainable energy use.
28. To ensure an effective response to urgent global environmental
problems, we have supported the
refocused mandate for the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), the
leading global
environmental authority, as affirmed by the UNEP Governing Council in
Nairobi this year. UNEP
should promote the coherent implementation of environmental protection
within the UN system and
serve as an authoritative advocate for the global environment. The newly
formed High-level
Committee of Environment Ministers and Officials should consider the
international environmental
agenda and elaborate upon and advance the reforms needed to ensure UNEP's
effectiveness, with a
particular emphasis on greater policy, program and financial
accountability. We look forward to a
revitalized UNEP being able to attract the resources needed for its tasks.
29. Further efforts are necessary to ensure the long-term coherence and
efficiency of the UN's work
on the environment. We encourage the Secretary General to review the
handling of environmental
matters within the UN system and to explore possible means and structures
to improve further the
coordination among, and effectiveness of, the concerned institutions.
30. We reaffirm the importance of the Global Environmental Facility as the
leading multilateral
funding mechanism for the global environment. We will work to strengthen
its finances and enhance
its effectiveness. In this regard, we will each do our part to contribute
to a successful replenishment
of the Facility.
INFECTIOUS DISEASES
31. Infectious diseases, including drug-resistant tuberculosis, malaria,
and HIV/AIDS are
responsible for a third of all deaths in the world. They pose significant
challenges to the health,
security and financial resources of the global community. In many parts of
the world, infectious
diseases and deaths from infectious disease have 'risen sharply in the
last decade for a variety of
reasons, including the emergence of drug-resistant microbes and the
increased movement of people
and products.
32. In the coming year, our governments will promote more effective
coordination of international
responses to outbreaks; promote development of a global surveillance
network, building upon
existing national and regional surveillance systems; and help to build
public health capacity to
prevent, detect and control infectious diseases globally including efforts
to explore the use of regional
stocks of essential vaccines, therapeutics, diagnostics and other
materials. Central to this work will
be strengthening and linking existing activities in and among each of our
countries, with developing
countries, and in other fora, especially the World Health Organization. We
support the efforts of the
WHO and the recent World Health Assembly resolutions regarding the quality
of biological and
pharmaceutical products.
33. Preventing the transmission of HIV infection and the development of
AIDS is an urgent global
public health imperative. While other prevention and treatment methods
must be pursued, in the long
term the development of safe, accessible, and effective vaccines against
AIDS holds the best chance
of limiting, and eventually eliminating, the threat of this disease. We
will work to provide the
resources necessary to accelerate AIDS vaccine research, and together will
enhance international
scientific cooperation and collaboration. Cooperation among scientists and
governments in the
developed and developing world and international agencies will be
critical. We call on other states to
join us in this endeavor.
34. The Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) must help expand
the scale and
quality of the response to HIV/AIDS. As a group and with others, we will
work to assure that it has
resources adequate to fulfill its mandate.
NUCLEAR SAFETY
35. We reaffirm our commitments from the 1996 Moscow Summit on Nuclear
Safety and Security
to give an absolute priority to safety in the use of nuclear energy. We
note that further substantial
progress is still required in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe
and in the Newly
Independent States, especially by strengthening regulatory authorities,
enhancing reactor safety and
improving safety culture. We consider further joint efforts to this end a
major priority. In this regard,
we attach the greatest importance to the full implementation of the
Nuclear Safety Account
agreements.
36. We note with satisfaction the entry into force by the Nuclear Safety
Convention and the
preparations now underway for the first review meeting to be held in April
1999. We applaud the
rapid progress made in developing the Joint Convention on the Safety of
Spent Fuel Management
and the Safety of Radioactive Waste Management and encourage finalization.
We welcome the
forthcoming adoption of the Protocol to amend the Vienna Convention on
civil liability for nuclear
damage and of a new Supplementary Funding Convention. These conventions
will facilitate
international safety cooperation and provide for increased compensation
for victims in the event of a
nuclear accident.
GLOBAL ENERGY ISSUES
37. We decided to convene a ministerial on energy issues in Moscow next
year, and request our
officials to start preparations for such a meeting. Its results will be
discussed at our next Summit.
TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME
38. Our efforts to combat transnational crime will be a priority of the
group for the foreseeable
future. Transnational criminal groups can often adapt to global change
more swiftly and efficiently
than our governments. International crime not only threatens our citizens,
but also undermines young
democracies and nations in transition.
39. Last year, we adopted the Lyon forty recommendations to combat
transnational organized
crime. We have substantially implemented those recommendations, taking
action within our own
borders and with one another. Together, we have strengthened cooperation
bilaterally, multilaterally,
and with other nations and groups to bring criminals to justice through
mutual legal assistance and
extradition, to promote cooperation among our law enforcement agencies, to
strengthen document
security and improve strategies to combat alien smuggling, and to prevent
illegal trafficking in
firearms.
40. We must intensify our efforts to implement the Lyon recommendations.
In the coming year we
will focus on two areas of critical concern: First, the investigation,
prosecution, and punishment of
high-tech criminals, such as those tampering with computer and
telecommunications technology,
across national borders; Second, a system to provide all governments the
technical and legal
capabilities to respond to high-tech crimes, regardless of where the
criminals may be located.
41. We also will develop additional methods to secure our borders. Border
security is central to all
efforts to fight transnational crime, drug-trafficking and terrorism. To
this end, we will combat illegal
firearms trafficking, by considering a new international instrument. We
will seek to adopt standard
systems for firearms identification and a stronger international regime
for import and export licensing
of firearms. We will continue our work to strengthen document security,
and improve strategies to
combat alien smuggling, attacking the problem at the source and transit
the destination countries. Our
governments will also move further ahead with efforts to strengthen
international legal regimes for
extradition and mutual legal assistance, to ensure that no criminal
receives safe haven anywhere in the
world.
ILLICIT DRUGS
42. We are determined to intensify our efforts to combat the production,
trafficking and use of illicit
drugs, which represent a global threat to the safety of our citizens, and
the well-being of our societies
and institutions. Reaffirming the common responsibility of all concerned
States, we recognize that a
successful strategy to combat illicit drugs requires effective action
against both the supply and the
demand for such drugs. We stress the importance of demand reduction.
Together with strict
enforcement of drug-related laws, programs aimed at treatment and
rehabilitation, education and
prevention are of major importance in our fight against drugs.
43. We have asked our appropriate government agencies to build on their
established patterns of
cooperation to address this common threat. In particular, we will study
mechanisms that would assist
in the development of healthy, drug-free economies in all States; support
further efforts to share
relevant information on money-laundering, chemical precursors, new
synthetic drugs, trafficking
patterns and methods, and other data; and will work together to strengthen
the capabilities of law
enforcement institutions to combat illicit drugs. Our governments will
work together to develop the
agenda for the UN General Assembly Special Session on Drugs in June 1998.
TERRORISM
44. We reaffirm our determination to combat terrorism in all forms,
irrespective of motive. We
oppose concessions to terrorist demands and are determined to deny
hostage-takers any benefits
from their acts. We welcome the growing consensus on adopting effective
and legitimate means of
countering terrorism.
45. Last year, our Ministers adopted twenty-five recommendations to combat
terrorism. We have
received a positive response worldwide, in particular in the UN General
Assembly. Together we
have made substantial progress on many of these recommendations, inc
luding: drafting and
negotiating a UN convention on terrorist bombing; promoting improved
international standards for
airport security, explosives detection, and vehicle identification;
promoting stronger laws and export
controls on the manufacture, trade and transport of explosives; initiating
a directory of
counter-terrorism competencies; inviting all States to promote the use of
encryption which may
allow, consistent with OECD guidelines, lawful government access to combat
terrorism.
46. We have asked our Ministers to intensify diplomatic efforts to ensure
that by the year 2000 all
States join the international counterterrorism conventions specified in
the 1996 UN resolution on
measures to counter terrorism. We have instructed our officials to take
additional steps: to strengthen
the capability of hostage negotiation experts and counterterrorism
response units; to exchange
information on technologies to detect and deter the use of materials of
mass destruction in terrorist
attacks; to develop means to deter terrorist attacks on electronic and
computer infrastructure; to
strengthen maritime security; to exchange information on security
practices for international special
events; and to strengthen and expand international cooperation and c
onsultation.
HUMAN CLONING
47. We agree on the need for appropriate domestic measures and close
international cooperation to
prohibit the use of somatic cell nuclear transfer to create a child.
SPACE STATION
48. We look forward to the signing of the Agreement to establishing an
international space station.
This is an excellent example of international cooperation in carrying out
large and promising projects
in the field of exploration and peaceful uses of outer space.
UNITED NATIONS REFORM
49. We reaffirm the crucial role of the United Nations in maintaining
international peace and security
and in fostering global partnership and sustainable development. We
support thorough-going reform,
with the goal of strengthening the UN. We welcome progress that has
occurred in the economic and
social fields since our meetings in Halifax and Lyon. In this regard, we
welcome Secretary General
Kofi Annan's recent reform proposals and support their rapid
implementation; we also look forward
to the Secretary General's more extensive proposals next month. We remain
committed to working
with all UN members to realize these reforms.
50. In order for the UN to cope with the challenges of the 21st century,
financial reform should
proceed together with necessary reform measures in other areas. The UN
system must be placed on
a firm financial footing through full and timely payment of obligations,
and development of a more
logical and equitable scale of assessments. Budgets throughout the UN
system should be scrutinized
with emphasis on prioritization and maximum operating efficiency. We look
forward to the Secretary
General's specific proposals for reinvesting savings from improved
cost-effectiveness in high priority
development programs. Robust oversight mechanisms and sound personnel
policies are essential for
success.
51. The urgent challenges of economic and social development require the
UN to coordinate more
effectively the policies and activities of its various bodies including
the specialized agencies. To this
end, the UN's Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), supported by the Under
Secretary
General for economic and social issues, should strengthen its policy and
coordination role, in
particular through streamlining its subsidiary bodies and improving its
working relationship with
international financial institutions and the WTO. We welcome the recent
reforms in the governance
of the funds and programs as well as in the various UN bodies, in
particular at UNCTAD and in the
regional commissions; these efforts should be sustained and expanded.
52. We call for a thorough and urgent review of the UN's funds and
programs, as well as a
system-wide review of the roles and mandates of specialized agencies and
commissions. We
welcome the Secretary General's recommendations for strengthened
integration at the country level
and better coordination at headquarters. In this context, we recommend the
UN undertake
performance evaluations of the coordination of its development activities
in a range of representative
countries. We expect the least developed countries to be the principal
beneficiaries of improved
efficiency in the UN's development work.
53. We reaffirm that the UN must further improve its ability to act
quickly and effectively to address
threats to international peace and security. We will continue to help
develop the capacities of the UN
in preventing and resolving conflicts. We support steps taken recently by
the UN to strengthen its
capacity for rapid reaction from the early warning stage to the stage of
rapid deployment of new,
approved, peacekeeping operations and urge continued improvements in these
areas.
AFRICA: PARTNERSHIP FOR DEVELOPMENT
54. At Lyon, we initiated a New Global Partnership for Development,
noting- both that developing
countries have a fundamental responsibility for promoting their own
development, and that
developed countries must support these efforts. We paid particular at
tention to the problems of
Sub-Saharan African countries, many of which continue to face unusually
severe challenges. This
year, we aim to translate the principles of that Partnership into new
concrete action to support the
efforts of African countries to participate fully in the expansion of
global prosperity and to spread the
benefits throughout their societies. Our objective is not only to
facilitate the progressive integration of
African countries into the world economy, but also to foster the integrati
on of poor populations into
economic, social and political life of their countries.
55. We are encouraged by positive developments, including the adoption of
democratic and
economic reforms in many Sub-Saharan African countries. Since 1990, more
than twenty African
nations have held free and fair elections. Democratic governance and the r
ule of law, in Africa as
elsewhere, lay the foundation for human rights, including the rights of
women, and sustainable
development. We commend those African countries that have set an example
by undertaking
democratic reforms, improving rule of law and administration of justice,
avoiding unproductive
expenditures (including excessive military expenditures), and
strengthening public institutions and civil
society. We will support African efforts to promote democracy and good
governance, improve the
integrity of public institutions, enhance the transparency of government
spending, in particular of
procurement, and develop national anti-bribery regulations.
56. Increased prosperity ultimately depends upon creating an environment
for domestic capital
formation, private sector-led growth and successful integration into
global markets. We are
encouraged by the increasing number of Sub-Saharan countries that have
made progress toward
financial sustainability through fiscal and financial practices and have
adopted growth and market
oriented economic policies, including trade liberalization and investment
climate improvement. These
initiatives have produced a welcome acceleration of growth since 1994. We
expect the international
financial institutions to play an important role in supporting reform in
Sub-Saharan African countries.
Their support should help to promote productive foreign direct investment
and domestic capital
formation. We look forward to the IFls reporting on their efforts by the
time of the Hong Kong
World Bank/IMF meetings.
57. Access to our markets is a crucial tool for fostering economic growth
in Sub-Saharan Africa.
We each will continue to improve, through various means, access to our
markets for African
exports. We support the further integration of the least developed c
ountries into the world trading
system. In this regard, African countries will be major beneficiaries of
efforts in the WTO on a plan
of action to promote capacity building and to provide predictable and
favorable market access
conditions for least developed countries. We are committed to the
effective implementation of this
plan and intend to participate actively in the high-level
WTO/UNCTAD/International Trade Center
meeting later this year. Furthermore, trade liberalization by African
countries will promote more
efficient utilization of resources. We also welcome African initiatives
for regional trade liberalization
and economic cooperation.
58. We will consider ways to enhance opportunities for the Sub-Saharan
African countries that need
them most and are undertaking effective reform measures. We will review
our own bilateral aid and
trade promotion programs to ensure that they support climates conducive to
economic growth and
private investment, including by strengthening capacity.
59. Substantial flows of official development assistance will continue to
play an essential role in
building the capacity of Sub-Saharan African countries to achieve their
sustainable development
objectives. We are committed to a results-oriented approach to development
policy, with the
particular goal of combating extreme poverty. But development assistance
alone cannot overcome
inappropriate policies. We will work with African countries to ensure
adequate and well-targeted
assistance for those countries which have the greatest need and carry out
the necessary broad-based
reforms. This assistance will include support for democratic governance,
respect for human rights,
sound public administration, efficient legal and judicial systems,
infrastructure development, rural
development, food security, environmental protection and human resource
development, including
health and education of their people. In this regard, we will work to
strengthen cooperation among
concerned institutes to facilitate and coordinate capacity building
efforts.
60. To maximize the effectiveness of our efforts, we will deepen the
dialogue with African partners,
work for greater local ownership of development strategies and encourage
the participation of
non-governmental actors. We will also strengthen donor coordination,
including with emerging
donors. We welcome and fully support the emerging trend of intraregional
and inter-regional
cooperation to further African development.
61. The United Nations plays a major role in development in Africa, and
African countries will be
major beneficiaries of reform of the UN economic and social development
activities. We encourage
the UN's development funds and programs and specialized agencies, to
emphasize work in the field
in Africa and to fully integrate and coordinate their efforts, both at the
headquarters and at the
country level. We are encouraged by the Economic Commission on Africa's
efforts to energize and
focus its activities. The UN Development Program's decision to allocate a
portion of its resources
based on program quality is a useful approach to assuring effectiveness,
and we urge that it be
adopted more broadly in the UN's work.
62. A number of African countries are making impressive efforts to harness
the information
revolution in support of democracy and sustainable development. We welcome
the Africa
Information Society Initiative. We support their efforts to establish
information networks to link
African countries with each other and to the rest of the world. In this
regard, we welcome the
Toronto Global Knowledge '97 Conference.
63. We applaud African leadership in developing effective local capacities
in conflict prevention,
peacekeeping and post-conflict reconciliation and recovery. We will
support African peacebuilding
initiatives at the regional, sub-regional and national levels, in
particular by the Organization of African
Unity (OAU), taking into account the recent OECD Guidelines on Conflict,
Peace, and
Development Cooperation, and we will help to forge active partnerships
with the United Nations
and other donors. We encourage the UN Secretary General, as part of his
reform efforts, to identify
ways the international community can further strengthen Africa's
initiatives. We also call for the
expanded utilization of the existing UN Trust Fund for African
peacekeeping and conflict prevention,
as well as other relevant UN funds; and broader and substantial donor
commitments to the OAU
and to subregional bodies with specialized mechanisms for conflict
mediation, as well as to the
UN/OAU Special Envoy to the Great Lakes.
64. We express our support for long-term efforts to promote rapidly
deployable African
peacekeeping capacities. We welcome closer coordination among African
troop- contributing
countries, regional and subregional organizations, donors, and the UN in
the development of training,
joint exercises, common peacekeeping doctrine, and other efforts to ensure
interoperability. We also
welcome recent progress towards the establishment of an African
Peacekeeping Support Group at
the UN, and we urge interested countries to actively explore mechanisms
for coordination of
practical activities.
65. We express our grave concern at the recent attacks against refugees as
well as against personnel
of refugee and humanitarian organizations. We emphasize that host States
must prevent such acts
and prosecute the perpetrators.
66. We have requested that our officials report to us prior to next year's
Summit about the efforts
they have undertaken together to implement all aspects of this
partnership.
POLITICAL ISSUES
67. Together, we are pursuing a strategy of global integration to create a
more secure and stable
international community. Already, we have used our political cooperation
to broaden and deepen the
community of open markets and open societies, and in the next year we will
work together to build
on these efforts. Our Partnership for Development is designed explicitly
to support the economic and
political development of nations which run the risk of being marginalized
from the process of
integration. We will focus our energies on strengthening adherence to the
norms and principles of
international cooperation, and will work together to take effective
measures against those who
threaten those objectives. We recognize our common interest and
responsibility in helping bring an
end to conflicts that threaten to disturb international peace and to
undermine our deepened
cooperation.
DEMOCRACY AND HUMAN RIGHTS
68. Recent years have seen an unprecedented growth of democracy worldwide.
Yet young
democratic states can be fragile and short-lived. We have a responsibility
and opportunity to further
strengthen democratic values and fundamental freedoms where they have
taken hold and extend
their reach where they have not.
69. Human rights are at the heart of our concerns. Ensuring accountability
for violations of human
rights and international humanitarian law is essential to promote conflict
resolution and peace. The
new UN High Commissioner for Human Rights will have a crucial role to
play. We will continue to
give full support to the International Tribunals for the former Yugoslavia
and Rwanda, and work to
ensure that the international community and States concerned bring to
justice through due process
persons responsible for violations of human rights and international
humanitarian law.
70. Recognizing that strengthening democracy is essential to strengthening
peace and human rights,
and looking to the 50th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human
Rights in 1998, we will
work together in the coming year to build on our governments' most
effective democratic
development, peacebuilding and human rights programs. Our efforts will
focus on promoting good
governance and the rule of law, strengthening civil society, expanding
women's political participation,
and boosting business and labor support for democracy, particularly in
young democracies and
societies in conflict. The protection of the most underrepresented or
vulnerable is critical to broaden
participation in the democratic process and prevent societal conflict. We
will work to ensure
adoption and ratification of international instruments designed to
provide protection to these groups,
in particular the speedy adoption of an International Labor Organization
Convention on the
eradication of intolerable forms of child labor. We will work through
multilateral and regional
organizations, particularly with the Development Assistance Committee of
the OECD as well as in
partnership with nongovernmental organizations and young democracies. We
also will consider
common efforts to promote democracy where it is not now established.
71. We have asked our Ministers to pursue these efforts and to make
recommendations for
consideration at our next Summit.
72. Democracy, economic growth and development cannot reach their full
potential without good
governance, in particular the accountability of political leaders and
public servants, especially for
corruption. We will actively work to eliminate corruption in aid-funded
procurement. We will take
prompt steps to criminalize, in an effective and coordinated manner,
bribery of foreign public
officials, and to implement previous undertakings on the tax-deductibility
of such bribes. We call
upon all other countries to do the same.
NON-PROLIFERATION, ARMS CONTROL AND DISARMAMENT
73. Since the Moscow Summit on Nuclear Safety and Security, we have taken
important steps to
implement the agreed "Programme for Preventing and Combating Illicit
Trafficking in Nuclear
Materials." We will expand participation in this program to include cou
ntries in Central and Eastern
Europe, and in Central Asia and the Caucasus.
74. Further regarding the safe and effective management of fissile
material, with respect to such
materials no longer required for defense purposes, we will continue our
cooperation through
concrete initiatives, in particular the French-German-Russian project to
build a pilot plant in Russia
to produce MOX fuel from weapons plutonium, which is open to additional
states, and the related
U.S.-Russian cooperation on the conversion of weapons plutonium.
75. We have worked together to advance our common non-proliferation, arms
control, and
disarmament goals. The Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty is an historic
milestone, and we call upon
all States to sign and ratify it rapidly to ensure its early entry into f
orce. We welcome the entry into
force of the Chemical Weapons Convention. We advocate its full, effective
and universal
implementation, and look forward to the early ratification of the
Convention by the States that have
not yet done so. Recognizing that enhancing confidence in compliance would
reinforce the Biological
and Toxin Weapons Convention, we reaffirm our determination to complete as
soon as possible
through negotiation a legally-binding and effective verification
mechanism.
76. We reaffirm our unwavering commitment to full implementation of the
objectives set forth in the
Non-Proliferation Treaty. To that end, we welcome the IAEA's recent
adoption of a program on
strengthening the effectiveness and improving the efficiency of the
safeguards system. We urge all
States to conclude additional protocols with the IAEA at the earliest
possible date. We reaffirm our
commitment to the immediate commencement and early conclusion of a
convention banning the
production of fissile material for nuclear weapons or other nuclear
explosive devices.
77. We welcome the progress on strategic arms control made at Helsinki in
March, and look
forward to the early entry-into-force of the START II agreement and the
initiation of START III
negotiations. We reaffirm the key role of the Conventional Forces in E
urope Treaty in strengthening
European security, and welcome the decision to conclude its adaptation as
expeditiously as possible.
We welcome the recent agreement among Russia, Kazakstan, Kyrgystan,
Tajikistan, and China on
reduction of military forces along their borders and consider it an
important contribution to the
region's security.
78. We endorse unequivocally efforts by the UN Special Commission and the
IAEA to eliminate
weapons of mass destruction capabilities in Iraq and to monitor
compliance. We reaffirm the
importance of implementing the U.S.-DPRK Agreed Framework and full compl
iance by North
Korea with its non-proliferation obligations. We therefore place great
value on the continuing role of
the IAEA in monitoring the freeze on North Korea's nuclear program,
implementing safeguards, and
helping preserve all information relating to the DPRK's past activity. We
welcome the conclusion of
negotiations for the EU to participate in the Korean Peninsula Energy
Development Organization
(KEDO) and call for further international support for KEDO, including the
provision of funds. We
stress the importance of Four Party talks and the necessity of North-South
dialogue. We call on
North Korea to halt its development, deployment and export of ballistic
missiles.
79. We welcome the emerging high-level dialogue between India and
Pakistan. We encourage both
countries to bring their activities into conformity with international
non-proliferation norms.
Consistent with our support for the CTBT's early entry into force, we
encourage both countries to
adhere to that treaty.
80. We recognize that global security and stability are strengthened by
promoting international
responsibility in the transfer of arms and sensitive technologies, and to
that end reaffirm our support
for the Wassenaar Arrangement. We welcome the steady achievements under
the UN Register of
Conventional Arms in promoting transparency in armaments. We encourage the
work of the UN
Panel of Governmental Experts on Small Arms to identify the ways and means
to prevent and
reduce the excessive and destabilizing transfer of small arms and light
weapons and we will continue
to work together to curb illegal trafficking in firearms.
EXPORT CONTROL REGIMES
81. We underline our support for the arrangements that make up the
international export control
regimes. The Zangger Committee and the Nuclear Suppliers Group, the
Missile Technology Control
Regime, and, for those who are members, the Australia Group export control
regime, all contribute
critically to the global application and enforcement of international
export control norms.
ANTI-PERSONNEL LANDMINES
82. Last year we committed ourselves to spare no effort in securing a
global ban on antipersonnel
landmines. To this end, we note the useful and complementary efforts in a
variety of fora, including at
the Conference on Disarmament and in formal negotiations to take place in
Oslo in September
through the Ottawa Process which has set the goal of achieving such a ban
before the end of the
year. We welcome the restrictions on anti- personnel landmines
unilaterally declared by States,
including by the members of the EU. We reaffirm the UN General Assembly
resolution, approved
overwhelmingly, calling for concluding an effective, legally-binding
international agreement to ban
anti-personnel landmines as soon as possible. All States should adhere to
the strengthened Protocol
on Mines, Booby Traps and Other Devices. We encourage the international
community to develop
technological solutions to mine detection and clearance, and to strengthen
its support for
humanitarian demining and assistance to mine victims.
POLITICAL SITUATIONS
Hong Kong
83. We recognize the historic nature of China's imminent resumption of
sovereignty over Hong
Kong. Considering our durable interests in this financial and economic
center, we welcome and
place weight on China's commitments, contained in the 1984 UK-PRC Joint
Declaration and in the
1990 PRC Basic Law. These include ensuring Hong Kong's continued stability
and prosperity and
preserving its way of life, its high degree of autonomy -- including an
independent monetary and
economic system -- its fundamental freedoms and the rule of law. These
will provide the essential
underpinnings for Hong Kong's future economic success. We look forward to
democratic elections
in Hong Kong for a new legislature as soon as possible. We take serious
note of China's assurances
in the Joint Declaration and Basic Law that the provisions of the
International Covenant of Civil and
Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and
Cultural Rights will continue
to apply in Hong Kong.
Middle East
84. The Peace Process faces a crisis, and we are determined to reinject
momentum into it. Restoring
the sense of security and confidence among Israelis and Palestinians is
essential.
We shall do our utmost to reinvigorate implementation of the Oslo Accords
and to uphold the
principles of Madrid, including the exchange of land for peace. All the
problems need to be
addressed peacefully through serious and credible negotiations. Both sides
must refrain from actions
that impede the peace process by preempting permanent status negotiations.
We believe strongly in
the importance of working with Israel, Syria and Lebanon to resume direct
talks in order to achieve
a comprehensive settlement in the region. We welcome the important role
the Monitoring Group has
played in strengthening the Understanding of April 26, 1996 and in
reducing risks to civilians in
southern Lebanon and in Israel. We affirm the importance of the activities
within the multilateral
framework of the peace process.
85. Economic growth and prosperity are critical to peace. We urge regional
parties to pursue
economic cooperation among themselves and integration into the global
economy. We welcome all
efforts to promote the region's development of viable and sustainable
economies, including
assistance to the Palestinians, and urge donors to fulfill pledges made.
86. We have noted with interest the results of the recent elections in
Iran and renew our call upon
the Government of Iran to play a constructive role in regional and world
affairs. In this regard, while
noting the role Iran played in inter-Tajik talks in conjunction with the
United Nations and other
regional parties, we call upon the Government of Iran to desist from
material and political support for
extremist groups that are seeking to destroy the Middle East peace process
and to destabilize the
region. We further call upon the Iranian Government to respect the human
rights of all Iranian citizens
and to renounce the use of terrorism, including against Iranian citizens
living abroad, and, in that
connection, to desist from endorsing the continued threat to the life of
Mr. Salman Rushdie and other
people associated with his work. We call on all States to avoid
cooperation with Iran that might
contribute to efforts to acquire nuclear weapons capabilities, or to
enhance chemical, biological, or
missile capabilities in violation of international conventions or
arrangements.
87. We confirm our determination to obtain full compliance with all UN
Security Council resolutions
related to Iraq and Libya. Only full compliance with these resolutions
could result in the lifting of
sanctions. We are pleased to note that the distribution of food and
medicine under UNSCR 986 is
providing some humanitarian relief to the Iraqi people.
Cyprus
88. The Cyprus dispute has remained unresolved for far too long. We fully
support the mission of
good offices of the United Nations Secretary General on Cyprus aimed at
engaging the two Cypriot
communities in negotiations to achieve a comprehensive settlement in
accordance with relevant UN
Resolutions and high-level agreements. We strongly endorse the Secretary
General's recent invitation
to the leaders of both communities and call on them to approach
negotiations constructively and in
good faith. We call upon the governments of Turkey and Greece to do
everything possible to
contribute to a solution of the Cyprus problem and to work towards solving
their bilateral disputes
with regard to the Aegean through early meetings of "Wise Men."
Albania
89. Noting the situation in Albania and its implications for regional
stability, we express our
appreciation to those organizations and institutions, acting within the
coordinating framework of the
OSCE under the strong leadership of Franz Vranitzky -- especially the EU
as well as the WEU,
UNHCR and Red Cross -- that are working with the Government of National
Reconciliation to
restore normalcy in the country. We applaud the deployment of the
Multinational Protection Force
under Italian leadership and the authority of the UN Security Council. We
underscore the need for
the Albanian parties to work together to ensure that the elections
reinforce democracy and thereafter
work to reestablish order and public safety, pursue economic reform, and
create a sound financial
system.
NEXT SUMMIT
90. We have accepted the invitation of the Prime Minister of the United
Kingdom to meet in
Birmingham on 15-17 May next year.
RECORD TYPE: PRESIDENTIAL (NOTES MAIL)
CREATOR: William J. Antholis ( CN=William J. Antholis/OU=OPD/O=EOP [ OPD 1)
CREATION DATE/TIME:26-JUN-1997 16:16:37.00
SUBJECT:
TO: DAVID (Pager) #LEAVY ( DAVID (Pager) #LEAVY [ UNKNOWN ])
READ:UNKNOWN
TEXT:
need strategically planned cloning fact sheet ASAP, rm 223.
RECORD TYPE: PRESIDENTIAL (NOTES MAIL)
CREATOR: Elizabeth Drye ( CN=Elizabeth Drye/OU=OPD/O=EOP [ OPD ])
CREATION DATE/TIME: 1-JUL-1997 13:19:10.00
SUBJECT: Re: feedback on cloning leg.
TO: Rachel E. Levinson ( CN=Rachel E. Levinson/OU=OSTP/O=EOP @ EOP [ OSTP ])
READ:UNKNOWN
TEXT:
Thanks for the update, Rachel. Hope you are doing well. I'm swallowed up
in tobacco but very much want to stay abreast of cloning.
RECORD TYPE: PRESIDENTIAL (NOTES MAIL)
CREATOR: Thomas L. Freedman ( CN=Thomas L. Freedman/OU=OPD/O=EOP [ OPD 1)
CREATION DATE/TIME: 7-JUL-1997 20:05:48.00
SUBJECT: accomplishements
TO: Paul J. Weinstein Jr. ( CN=Paul J. Weinstein Jr./OU=OPD/O=EOP @ EOP [ OPD 1)
READ:UNKNOWN
TEXT:
have we ever had science and technology advancement as a separate insert?
(Mars, NIH, internet expansion and freedoms, cloning)...
RECORD TYPE: PRESIDENTIAL (NOTES MAIL)
CREATOR: Elizabeth Drye ( CN=Elizabeth Drye/OU=OPD/O=EOP [ OPD 1)
CREATION DATE/TIME:21-JUL-1997 16:34:07.00
SUBJECT: Re: House cloning hearings
TO: Rachel E. Levinson ( CN=Rachel E. Levinson/OU=OSTP/O=EOP @ EOP [ OSTP ])
READ:UNKNOWN
TEXT:
I agree, unless NIH thinks it would be rude to decline to comment. Harold
knows Ehlers, so I'd defer to Varmus on this. If he wants to say
something, WH has to review it.
RECORD TYPE: PRESIDENTIAL (NOTES MAIL)
CREATOR: Rachel E. Levinson ( CN=Rachel E. Levinson/OU=OSTP/O=EOP [ OSTP ])
CREATION DATE/TIME:21-JUL-1997 16:06:01.00
SUBJECT: House cloning hearings
TO: Elizabeth Drye ( CN=Elizabeth Drye/OU=OPD/O=EOP @ EOP [ OPD ])
READ:UNKNOWN
TEXT:
I think our position is fairly clear right now, despite a glitch in our
prohibition ("or in any other way"). I don't see what we have to gain by
making a statement. Let the other guys put some pressure on Ehlers and
Sensenbrenner and see if that causes any changes in their language that
might make it come closer to our bill. What would we say that is new? Is
there anything to be gained by going on record now, especially when we
haven't been asked formally?
RECORD TYPE: PRESIDENTIAL (NOTES MAIL)
CREATOR: Rachel E. Levinson ( CN=Rachel E. Levinson/OU=OSTP/O=EOP [ OSTP 1)
CREATION DATE/TIME:29-JUL-1997 16:43:52.00
SUBJECT: Re: Cloning Bill
TO: Elizabeth Drye ( CN=Elizabeth Drye/OU=OPD/O=EOP @ EOP [ OPD ])
READ:UNKNOWN
TEXT:
prohibits any project of research that includes the use of human somatic
cell nuclear transfer technology to produce and embryo.
Ehlers said that he was just using language that had already passed
Congress and been signed into law by the President (!)
It goes to Commerce. No guarantees on what happens there. BIO would
really like our help but they are really doing just swell on their own.
ASRM has joined forces with them. Rivers said that she had heard from
some members of NBAC. I have only guesses on who that might be.
RECORD TYPE: PRESIDENTIAL (NOTES MAIL)
CREATOR: Rachel E. Levinson ( CN=Rachel E. Levinson/OU=OSTP/O=EOP [ OSTP ])
CREATION DATE/TIME:29-JUL-1997 16:13:35.00
SUBJECT: Cloning Bill
TO: Lucia A. Wyman ( CN=Lucia A. Wyman/OU=WHO/O=EOP @ EOP [ WHO ])
READ:UNKNOWN
TO: Elizabeth Drye ( CN=Elizabeth Drye/OU=OPD/O=EOP @ EOP [ OPD 1)
READ:UNKNOWN
CC: Clifford J. Gabriel ( CN=Clifford J. Gabriel/OU=OSTP/O=EOP @ EOP [ OSTP 1)
READ:UNKNOWN
CC: Jeffrey M. Smith ( CN=Jeffrey M. Smith/OU=OSTP/O=EOP @ EOP [ OSTP ])
READ:UNKNOWN
TEXT:
Ehlers' bill, as amended, was passed by the Science committee with the
addition of one of Lynn Rivers' amendments, a savings clause that protects
some biomedical research. Her other amendments that would have narrowed
the subject matter were defeated, largely because the Democrats went off
to the WH at 2. Connie Morella and Roscoe Bartlett offered their concerns
about the bill and might have carried Rivers' language but it was not to
be despite the masterful efforts of Ben Wu and minority staff.
RECORD TYPE: PRESIDENTIAL (NOTES MAIL)
CREATOR: Elizabeth Drye ( CN=Elizabeth Drye/OU=OPD/O=EOP [ OPD ])
CREATION DATE/TIME:29-JUL-1997 16:15:18.00
SUBJECT: Re: Cloning Bill
TO: Rachel E. Levinson ( CN=Rachel E. Levinson/OU=OSTP/O=EOP @ EOP [ OSTP ])
READ:UNKNOWN
TEXT:
Thanks. What is the precise language/scope of Ehler's prohibition? Is
there a sunset (I assume not)?
RECORD TYPE: PRESIDENTIAL (NOTES MAIL)
CREATOR: Rachel E. Levinson ( CN=Rachel E. Levinson/OU=OSTP/O=EOP [ OSTP ])
CREATION DATE/TIME: 4-AUG-1997 15:15:07.00
SUBJECT: ehlers
TO: Elizabeth Drye ( CN=Elizabeth Drye/OU=OPD/O=EOP @ EOP [ OPD 1)
READ:UNKNOWN
TEXT:
House Science Committee Mark-up of Cloning Bill
On July 29, the House Science Committee reported out the Human
Cloning Research Prohibition Act of 1997 (H.R. 922) sponsored by Rep.
Ehlers (R-MI). Maryland GOP Reps. Morella and Bartlett spoke against the
bill citing its breadth and vagueness as possible impediments to important
biomedical research. Rep. Lynn Rivers (D-MI) offered amendments that
would have tightened the language and brought it closer to the
Administration,s bill. Only one of these amendments was adopted,
largely because the majority of Democrats left the hearing to attend a
celebration of the budget deal at the WH. The Ehlers bill states that
Federal funds may not be used to conduct or support any research that
includes the use of human somatic cell nuclear transfer technology to pr
oduce an embryo, thus shifting the focus of debate from cloning to produce
a human being to embryo research. The bill has no sunset clause but would
require NSF to contract with the National Research Council to conduct a
study of the impact of the Act on research, five years after enactment.
The bill goes to the Commerce Committee for consideration after the
break.
RECORD TYPE: PRESIDENTIAL (NOTES MAIL)
CREATOR: Victoria A. Wachino ( CN=Victoria A. Wachino/OU=OMB/O=EOP [ OMB ])
CREATION DATE/TIME: 6-AUG-1997 18:03:16.00
SUBJECT: Embryo Research Provision--Guidance Needed by 7/7/97
TO: Jennifer L. Klein ( CN=Jennifer L. Klein/OU=OPD/O=EOP @ EOP [ OPD 1)
READ:UNKNOWN
TO: Rachel E. Levinson ( CN=Rachel E. Levinson/OU=OSTP/O=EOP @ EOP [ OSTP 1)
READ:UNKNOWN
TO: Elizabeth Drye ( CN=Elizabeth Drye/OU=OPD/O=EOP @ EOP [ OPD ])
READ:UNKNOWN
CC: Barry T. Clendenin ( CN=Barry T. Clendenin/OU=OMB/O=EOP @ EOP [ OMB ])
READ:UNKNOWN
CC: Richard J. Turman ( CN=Richard J. Turman/OU=OMB/O=EOP @ EOP [ OMB ])
READ:UNKNOWN
CC: Joshua Gotbaum ( CN=Joshua Gotbaum/OU=OMB/O=EOP @ EOP [ OMB 1)
READ:UNKNOWN
TEXT:
OMB has received for review a written draft NIH response to a question for
the record that Senator Specter asked about embryo research during a
recent NIH appropriations hearing. Josh Gotbaum suggested that I contact
you for feedback on NIH's response.
Senator Specter's question, which follows a series of questions about the
Administration's position on cloning, is:
"Does the Administration support extending the ban on federal funding for
human embryo research in the FY98 Labor, HHS and Education appropriations
bill?"
NIH's draft response is:
"No. The administration believes that the ban on Federal funding of human
embryo research should be lifted. The President's Budget for FY 1998, in
reference to Public Law 104-208, Section 512, the embryo research funding
ban, states that "The Administration proposes to delete this provision and
does not support addressing this issue in legislation."
NIH's observation about the statement in the FY98 budget is correct.
However, this statement was made before cloning became an issue. The ban
on Federal funding for embryo research appears to be a de facto ban on
cloning human embryos. As you know, the President's Cloning Prohibition
Act would prohibit Federal funding for attempts to create a human being
through somatic cell nuclear transfer.
Please let me know whether you think NIH's response is acceptable or
suggest an alternative response by cob, Thursday August 7th.
RECORD TYPE: PRESIDENTIAL (NOTES MAIL)
CREATOR: Daniel D. Heath ( CN=Daniel D. Heath/OU=OMB/O=EOP [ OMB )
CREATION DATE/TIME: 2-OCT-1997 19:44:32.00
SUBJECT: Mad Cow and Clones (whenever will I be able to use that title again!)
This is thin, I realize, but haven't been able to get calls back.
TO: Dorothy Robyn ( CN=Dorothy Robyn/OU=OPD/O=EOP@EOP OPD ])
READ:UNKNOWN
CC: Melissa Green ( CN=Melissa Green/OU=OPD/O=EOP@EOP OPD ])
READ:UNKNOWN
TEXT:
Mad Cow Disease
There are no known incidents of bovine spongiform encephalitis (BSE) in
the US, despite the most aggressive surveillance of any country (except
now in the UK) in the world. The FDA proposed in January 1997 stricter
regulations, including a mandatory ban on ruminent to ruminent feed.
Federal government monitoring and examination measures in place since 1990
ensure that the US is as free of BSE as is scientifically accurate to
claim.
Possible objections by the European Union to the use of BSE drugs conform
to a pattern of trade impediments by the EU. Typically the EU masks a
social or economic objection to a US product in with a psuedo-science
attack on the US approval process and the FDA, despite our system being
equivalent or better than the EU's.
Cloning
The successful cloning of Dolly the sheep in Scotland in February 1997
provoked the Administration to propose the "Cloning Prohibition Act of
1997". It implemented the National Bioethics Advisory Commission's
recommendation to prohibit any attempt to create a human being using
somatic cell nuclear transfer technology. The President had asked the
Commission to review the profound ethical issues raised by cloning. He
also prohibited the use of Federal funds for human cloning, and called for
scientists to adhere to a voluntary moratorium. Human cloning aside, the
Administration accepts that animal cloning could yield enormous benefits,
to produce new agricultural crops, new medical treatments and cures, and
new access to the genetic code.
Clinton Presidential Records
Automated Records Management System
[EMAIL] and Tape Restoration Project [Email]
This is not a presidential record. This is used as an administrative
marker by the William J. Clinton Presidential Library Staff.
This marker identifies a responsive email, already made available
within another collection.
Collection: Elena Kagan systematic processing project.
Bucket: OPD
Creation Date: 1997-12-04
Subject: Genetic Screening.
Creator: Sylvia M. Mathews